This Study Guide Is Better Than The Textbook

James Stewart’s Father

April 22, 2023

1 Calculus I Review
1.1 Limits
LIMIT LAWS ON A BUDGET
1. limx→∞ f (x) ± g(x) = limx→∞ f (x) ± limx→∞ g(x)

2. limx→∞ f (x) · g(x) = limx→∞ f (x) · limx→∞ g(x) (works for constants)

3. limx→∞ [f (x)]n = [limx→∞ f (x)]n for n ∈ Z

If f (x) ≥ g(x), limx→∞ f (x) ≥ limx→∞ g(x)

SQUEEZE T HEOREM : If f (x) ≥ g(x) ≥ h(x) and limx→∞ f (x) = limx→∞ h(x) = L, then limx→∞ g(x) = L as well.

IN T ERMEDIAT E VALUE T HEOREM : If f is continuous on [a,b] and N is between f(a) and f(b) then there exists
c ∈ (a, b) = N

If limx→a g(x) = b, and f(x) is continuous at b, then limx→a f (g(x)) = f (b).

L’HOPITAL’S RULE: For indeterminate limits:

′
f (x)→0 or ∞ f (x)
limx→a g(x)→0 or ∞ = limx→a g ′ (x)

For indeterminate products, write it as a quotient.

For indeterminate differences, write it as a quotient.

For indeterminate powers, say limx→a f (x)g(x) is of the form 00 , ∞∞ , or 1∞ . Then write

1.2 Graphing, Continuity, and Differentiability

A function is usually not differentiable if there is a:

-corner or kink (limits disagree)

-there is a discontinuity or vertical tangent line

Types of discontinuities:

-Removable Discontinuity:

-Jump Discontinuity:

-Infinite Discontinuity:

1
-operations with continuous functions are continuous functions as well (including nesting)

-all polynomials are continuous over R

-rational, exp, trig, log, and root functions continuous over their domain

-absolute max/min at c means f (c) ≥ / ≤ f (x) for all x

-local max/min at c means that when x is near c, f (c) ≥ / ≤ f (x)

-Extreme value theorem: If f is continuous on [a, b], then there exists absolute maximum f(c) and f(d) such that c, d ∈ [a, b].
′
-Fermat’s theorem: If there is a local extremum at c, f (c) = 0 or DN E.
′
-Critical number: c ∈ DOMAIN is a critical number when f c = 0 or DN E. The converse is not true, since the graph of x3
has a horizontal tangent at (0,0) which is clearly not a local extremum.

Closed interval method to find abs. max/mins on [a,b]: 1. Find y-values of critical numbers on (a,b) 2. Find y-values of
endpoints a and b 3. Select the largest and smallest from each list, giving the absolute max/min of f.

Rolle’s theorem: If f is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b), and f(a) = f(b), then there exists c ∈ (a, b) such that
′
f (c) = 0.

Mean value theorem(probably not gonna be covered but here it is anyways): if f is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on
′ ′ ′
(a,b) then there exists c ∈ (a, b) such that f (c) = f (b)−f
b−a
(a)
or f (c)(b − a) = f (b) − f (a). It follows that if f (x) = 0 for all
x ∈ (a, b) then f is constant on (a, b).
′
If f (x) > 0 for x ∈ (a, b) f(x) is increasing on (a,b) and vice versa.
′
FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST: f (x) changes from positive to negative, there is a local maxima. If it changes from negative
to positive, there is a local minima. If it doesn’t change sign, there are no local extrema.

Concavity: A function that is above all its tangents is called concave upwards, a function that is below all its tangents is
called concave downwards.
′′ ′′
CONCAVITY TEST: If f (x) > 0 for x ∈ l then f(x) is concave upwards on l. If f (x) < 0 for x ∈ l then f(x) is concave
downwards on l.

INFLECTION POINT: A point where the concavity of a function changes.

′′ ′ ′′
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST: say f (x) is continuous near c. If f (x) = 0 and f (x) > 0 then there is a local min at c.
′ ′′
f (x) = 0 and f (x) < 0 then there is a local max at c.

GRAPHIN G FUN CT ION S

1. Determine the Domain and Range

2. Find the x and y intercepts

3. Evaluate the symmetry

4. Find the asymptotes

5. Find the intervals of increase/decrease

6. Find the concavity

7. Locate local extrema

2
8. Brute force, input x or y values.

1.3 Understanding Derivatives

-A derivative at a = slope of tangent line at a = instantaneous rate of change at a

-A first derivative of position function = velocity function, second derivative = acceleration function

-Know power rule, constant multiple rule, sum/difference rule, product rule, quotient rule, chain rule (also in Leibniz notation),
power rule derived from chain rule

-Know implicit differentiation

-Know logarithmic differentiation

-Difference between dy and δy, dx and δx

′
Linearization for approximation of derivative at a: L(x) = f (a) + f (a)(x − a)

USEFUL DERIVAT IVES :

d x
dx a = ax ln a

d 1
dx loga x = x ln a

d x
dx a = ax ln a

d
dx tan(x) = sec2 (x)

d
dx csc(x) = − csc(x) cot(x)

d
dx sec(x) = sec(x) tan(x)

d
dx cot(x) = − csc2 (x)

d
dx sin−1 (x) = √ 1
1−x2

d
cos−1 (x) = √ −1
dx 1−x2

d
dx tan−1 (x) = 1
1+x2

d
dx csc−1 (x) = √1
|x| x2 −1

d
dx sec−1 (x) = √1
|x| x2 −1

−1
d
dx cot−1 (x) = 1+x2

1.4 Related Rates

1. Define variables and known and unknown derivatives

2. Use the chain rule to find a more accessible unknown

3. Write one variable in terms of the other and find the derivative

4. Substitute and solve

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EX AMPLE PROBLEM : The volume of a sphere increases at 100 cm2 /s. Find the instantaneous rate of radius increase
when r = 25.

Let V be the volume and r be the radius. Then dV dr dV dV dr

dt = 100. We must solve for dt . Notice that by the chain rule, dt = dr · dt .
4 3 dV 4 2 2
By the Volume formula for a sphere, V = 3 πr . Differentiating, we have dr = 3 π3r = 4r . Inputting our given value for
dV 2 dr dr 1
dt : 100 = 4r · dt and inputting r = 25, dt = 25 .

1.5 Optimization
STEPS OF OPTIMIZATION:

1. 2. 3. ohio

1.6 FTC and Integration

1.7 Stuff you should know just because
-dom, range of trig functions -change of base formula -log rules -trig identities

2 Calculus II
2.1 Techniques of integration/improper integrals
2.2 Areas and Volumes
2.3 Differential Equations
2.4 Polar Coordinates
2.5 Sequences and Series
2.6 Stuff you should know just because

3 Plagiarized Practice Problems

Do limits exist at endpoints of a function?

A: No. There is only one limit, the other left/right limit wouldn’t exist.

tan(x)
Find limx→0 x .

0
A: As by L’Hopital’s rule, we have an indeterminate form of 0 so the limit equals limx→0 sec2 (x) which is clearly 1.

Find the derivatives:

2
a) tan−1 [3x ]
2
A: Let f (x) = tan−1 (x) and g(x) = 3x . Next, f ′ (x) = 1
1+x2 and g’(x) can be calculated using the chain rule with 3x and x2 .
2 2
d x2 2 3x ln(3)2x 3x ln(3)2x
We have dx 3 = 3x ln(3) · 2x. Next we apply the chain rule again to get our answer: 1+[3x2 ]2
= 1+9x2
.

(2x−1)10
b) e4x

A:
√
c) log2 5x + 2

A:

d) csc lnxx

4
A:
4
e) 2x tan x

A:
√
f) sin4 (x) 5x2 + 1

A:
√
x
g) √
3 4
x +1

A:

h) (sin x)2x

A:

i) x2 + 4y 2 = 10

d 2 d 2
A: Proceeding by implicit differentiation with respect to x: 2x + 4 dx y = 0. Applying the Leibniz Chain Rule, dx y =
d 2 dy ′ ′ ′ ′ x
dy y · dx = 2yy . Thus we have 2x + 8yy = 0. Isolating y , we have the differential equation y = − 4y .

The figure below represents an observer at point A watching balloon B as it rises from point C. The balloon is rising at a
constant rate of 2 meters per second and the observer is 100 meters from point C.

(1)

Express your answers in terms of the correct units of measurement:

a. Find the rate of change in x at the instant when y = 75.

A:

b. Find the rate of change in the area of right triangle BCA at the instant when y = 75.

A:

c. Find the rate of change in θ at the instant when x = 125. (Use your calculator and express your answer to the fourth
decimal place.)

A:

4 Conclusions from last final

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