INTRODUCTION

TO HUMANITIES
HUMANITIES
• ETYMOLOGY
It came from the Latin word “humanus” which means
refined, culture and human

Refined - Norms, being civilize, and socialize

Cultured - Adaptation to environment (social
interaction, norms)
Human - Having the nature of people, being a person
HUMANITIES

Definition
- The expression of ourselves without using of words
(painting, sculptures, dancing, mosaic, cross stitch, collage,
paper and folding)
- The study of man’s expression feelings, thought, intuition,
values, and ideas
- The study of man’s experience, goals, and aspirations
- It is used to dramatize individual expressions
AIM OF HUMANITIES
•During Medieval Age
The humanities dealt with the metaphysics of the
religious philosopher.

•During Renaissance Period

To make man richer because during that time
only the rich people can make art like paintings,
sculpture and etc.

•During 19th and 20th century

Is to appreciate and understand the importance
of human being, his ideas and aspirations
Other Related fields in
Humanities

• Psychology
• Sociology
• Anthropology
• History
• Literature
• Religion
• Visual and Performing Arts
• Philosophy
MAN AND SOCIETY
MAN AND SOCIETY

• Our existence is social

• Our existence is an existence through
the others
• Our existence is an existence for one
another
PHILOSOPHY
“The unexamined life is
not worth living”
-Socrates
PHILOSOPHY
• In the popular mind, it is something
obscure, and idiosyncratic;
• It is human’s attempt to think most
speculatively, reflectively, and
systematically about universe and their
relationship to that universe;
• It most significant task is to evaluate the
totality of human experience;
• Classically, it is the “search for meaning”;
PHILOSOPHY

• It most significant task is to evaluate

the totality of human experience;
• Classically, it is the “search for
meaning”;
PHILOSOPHY
• It is the attempt to give an account of
what is true and what is important
rather than myth, tradition, bald
assertion, oracular utterances, local
custom or mere prejudice. It includes
the scrutiny of relations between
humanity and nature, and between
individual and society.
(World Book Encyclopaedia, 1994)
 MAJOR
DISCIPLINES IN
PHILOSOPHY
MAJOR DISCIPLINES IN
PHILOSOPHY
• Logic – sound and right reasoning
• Epistemology – validity of knowledge
• Metaphysics – fundamental concept of
being
• Aesthetics – philosophical study of beauty
• Cosmology- real things in the universe
• Theodicy – God and his nature
• Social Philosophy – human and their rel. to
society
• Ethics – morality of human acts.
ETHICS
ETHICS (etymology)
• From the Greek word “ethos” which
means ‘a characteristic way of doing
things or body of customs;

• It also came from the word “ethikos”

which means ‘character’. Ethics
defines the character of an individual
defining ETHICS…
• The science of morality of human
acts;
• A practical science which is meant to
teach how human ought to live;
• Scientific study of moral judgment;
• A system of moral principles; and
• Also described as “moral philosophy”
defining ETHICS…
• It is a branch of philosophy that deals
with the principles of conduct of an
individual. It works as a GUIDING
PRINCIPLE as to decide what action to
take either the good or the bad.
These principles are the standards or
guidelines which govern the life of a
person.
BRANCHES OF ETHICS…
• NORMATIVE – actions are judged by
their merits, allowing societies to
develop codes of conduct for
behaviour; determining morality
through your own actions; application
of the Golden Rule.
“do unto others as you would have
them do unto you”
BRANCHES OF ETHICS…
• DESCRIPTIVE – if normative ethics try
and define how people should act,
descriptive ethics ask what do people
think is moral? It does not claim that
things are right or wrong, but simply
studies how individuals or societies
define their morals. What makes
something right or wrong in a specific
culture?
Why do people choose to do right
things? Why do they choose to be
called as a good person?
imperative of
ETHICS
IMPERATIVE OF ETHICS…
• Human freedom;

• Existence of God; and

• Immortality of the soul.

(Quito, E., 2008)

IMPERATIVE OF ETHICS…
Human Freedom
– freedom is an inherent human power
to act or not to act that makes them
responsible for their actions. Ethics will
be irrelevant in the absence of human
freedom.

- What if humans are designed to only follow

what they are destined to obey?
IMPERATIVE OF ETHICS…
Human Freedom (cont…)
- What would happen if humans are designed
to only follow what they are destined to
obey?

- Their actions then would not deserve any

reward or punishment. Justice is deserved
only to humans who are free to choose their
course of action. Freedom always entails the
right to choose.
IMPERATIVE OF ETHICS…
Existence of God (Supreme Being)
– God’s presence is a salient factor that
makes sense in the study of ethics.
Without God’s existence that
postulates human’s belief, they
(humans) find no reason to do good
and avoid evil.
IMPERATIVE OF ETHICS…
Immortality of the Soul
– if there is no life after earth where
the soul believed to perpetuate life
beyond, then good deed are not
rewarded nor evil doers are punished.

So?
IMPERATIVE OF ETHICS…
Immortality of the Soul (cont…)
– Hence, there is no sense at all to lead
a better life, neither to make sacrifices
nor to deny one’s self from the lure of
this world. Immortality of the soul is,
indeed, a cornerstone in ethics.
morals &
ETHICS
Morals (etymology)
• From the Latin word “mos” which
means customs;

Morals (definition)
• Customs established by group of
individuals in a society; and
• It is concerned with the principles of
right and wrong;
 key differences
between
MORALS & ETHICS
(Grannan, 2018)
MORAL and ETHICS
• MORALS deals with ‘right or wrong’.
ETHICS deals with ‘good or bad’;

• MORALS are general guidelines

framed by the society; ETHICS is a
response to a particular situation;
MORAL and ETHICS
• MORALS refers to customs and the
customs are determined by group of
individuals or some authority; ETHICS
refers to character and character is an
attribute;
• MORALS are dictated by society,
culture or religion; ETHICS are chosen
by the person himself that governs his
life;
MORAL and ETHICS
• MORALS are framed and designed by
the group – the individual can either
accept or reject the norm; while
people are free to think and choose
the principle of his life in ETHICS;
• MORALS are expressed in the form os
statements while ETHICS are
translated into an explicit action;
MORAL and ETHICS
• MORALS do not have any application
to business, whereas, ETHICS is widely
applicable in the business known as
business ethics.
• MORALS may vary from society to
society and culture to culture. As
opposed to ETHICS, this remains same
regardless of any culture, religion or
society.
MORAL and ETHICS
“Ethics and morality loosely have to do
with distinguishing between ‘good and
evil’ and ‘right and wrong’. Many
people think of morality as something
that’s personal and normative,
whereas, ethics is the standards of
‘good and evil’ distinguished by a
certain social setting’
moral standards&
non-moral
standards
MORAL STANDARDS
• These are set of norms in a society in
accord to moral principles that
supposed to determine about the
kind of people believe are morally
right and deter them from doing what
is considered as wrong – those laws
or commands that allow specific
actions to be committed or that
disallow actions contrary to these
norms.
MORAL STANDARDS
• It deals with matters, which can
seriously injure or seriously benefit
human beings while it is not the case
with non-moral standards;
• It does not evaluate standards on the
basis of the interests of a particular
individual or group, but one goes
beyond personal interest to a
universal standpoint;
MORAL STANDARDS

• May refer to the standards that a

person or a group has about what is
right and wrong, or good and evil;
NON-MORAL STANDARDS
• Basic examples of non-moral
standards include rules of etiquette,
fashion standards, rules in games, and
various house rules.
characteristics of
moral standards
MORAL STANDARDS
• It involves serious wrongs or significant
benefits;
• It is ought to be preferred to other
values;
• Not established by the authority figures;
• Have the trait of universality;
• Based on impartial considerations; and
• Associated with special emotions and
vocabulary.
references
• Agdalpen, R., Francisco J., (2019).
Ethics. Mindshappers Co., Inc.
• Leano, R.D., Gubia-on, A. (2018)
Ethics for College Students.
Mindshappers Co., Inc.