«Зіставна граматика англійської та української мов»

галузь знань __________03 Гуманітарні науки________________________

(шифр і назва)
спеціальність__________035 Філологія_______________________________
(шифр і назва)
спеціалізація 035.041 Германські мови та літератури (переклад включно), перша – англійська____
( назва)
освітній рівень_____перший (бакалаврський) рівень
(бакалавр, магістр)
освітньо-професійна програма Теорія і практика перекладу з англійської мови
і другої іноземної мови_________________
( назва)
статус дисципліни_______Нормативна_________________
(нормативна чи вибіркова)
Навчальний рік __2020‒2021__________
Семестр 5
Схвалено на засіданні кафедри англійської і німецької філології та перекладу імені професора І.В.Корунця
Протокол № 8 від «19» листопада 2021 року

Завдання. Provide a grammatical analysis of the following text by distinguishing as many various
grammatical phenomena as possible (e.g., different parts of speech, different grammatical
categories of the parts of speech, types of non-finite forms of the verb, syntactic structures of
different types, syntactic relations, syntactic connections, etc.) and by giving a comprehensive
description of the phenomena analysed (in the text, the lexis under study should be underlined).

THE NEEDIEST CASES FUND

As Pandemic Reveals Gaps in Safety Nets, ‘You Can’t Look Away’

By Wadzanai Mhute
 Dec. 7, 2020

“Since Covid hit, the amount of people in need of food has gone up.” These organizations
are providing meals and helping unemployed workers.
Latinos Progresando entered new territory when the coronavirus pandemic hit Chicago.
The organization, a nonprofit that focuses on assisting immigrants, suddenly needed to
shift its programming.
Its founder, Luis Gutierrez, saw people who’d counted on their jobs at restaurants being
laid off, as well as needs in the community for personal protective equipment and more
access to food.
“Food insecurity is real in this country, and since Covid hit, the amount of people in need
of food has gone up,” he said. “Organizations like ours in the city and country have just
been stepping in to fill in these gaps. A lot of these things were there, but Covid exposed
it. Nobody can deny it. You can’t look away.”
To meet the community’s needs, Latinos Progresando gave financial help to people who’d
lost jobs. The organization also began to distribute masks and groceries to those struggling.
On the first day of one pop-up stand, in August, 40 people were in line at 6 a.m. for a food
distribution that started at 10 a.m.
When these challenges suddenly arose, Latinos Progresando received support from the
Hispanic Federation. The Hispanic Federation has given $14 million in emergency
assistance grants to help more than 200 organizations coping with immediate needs
because of the coronavirus pandemic. The New York Times Neediest Cases Fund was
among the organizations to support the emergency grants.
The Hispanic Federation grants also supported ourBridge in North Carolina, which
provides food and tutoring for children in the community. Ruby Orduna credits ourBridge
with helping her and her family onto a better track. A single mother and immigrant from
Mexico with no family in the United States, Ms. Orduna learned about the program three
years ago, when she was working late hours and her children would stay with a sitter for
long periods.
Sometimes it was hard for her to pay her bills and see to her children’s needs. The program
has been a lifesaver, she said, especially for her younger children.
“It’s helped me and my kids emotionally a great deal,” she said in Spanish through an
interpreter. “I pick them up, help them with their homework. Since I didn’t have family to
rely on here, now they feel like they have a family.”
Ms. Orduna, 42, had worked at a computer cables plant, where she carried heavy loads,
sometimes 90 wires at a time, causing shoulder injuries. While attending an ourBridge
health fair, she learned about open positions at the organization and started volunteering
in the kitchen. A few months later, she was hired as a classroom assistant.
Sil Ganzó, the executive director of ourBridge, says her staff is very connected to the
community’s refugees, asylum seekers and first-generation immigrants. At the outset of
the pandemic, the most pressing need among them was food, and the Hispanic Federation
assistance helped provide 5,000 breakfasts and lunches.
“We made sure that the meals we were providing were culturally appropriate,” Ms. Ganzó
said. “The meals, the products and produce were selected and handpicked by people from
that community.”
Citymeals on Wheels, a nonprofit organization that delivers meals to older adults in New
York City, also received a grant this year from The Fund’s endowment, which receives
donations larger than $100,000.
Citymeals recipients are generally homebound and many are further limiting their time
around others because of the virus.

1. Articles are determiners or noun markers that function to specify if the noun is general
or specific in its reference.
A, an – indefinite article, express exact or obvious about something, functional part of
speech,
the – definite article, functional part of speech, express something which is not clear,
obvious or exact.
2. Verb is a part of speech with grammatical meaning of process, action.
learned – notional verb, according to the morphological classification: simple verb,
according to the formal classification: standart (regular) verb, according to the semantic
classification: actional, according to the functional classification: objective transitive verb.
Active voice, indicative mood, past tense is expressed by the suffix –ed. The function in
the sentence is the simple verbal predicate. (She learned about open positions)
3. A noun is a part of speech that names a person, place, thing, idea, action or quality.
Restaurant – common, inanimate, non-human, concrete noun, countable noun, noun in
common case, the masculine gender, the function in the sentence – the adverbial modifier
of place. (Its founder saw people who’d counted on their jobs at restaurants).
People – common, animate, human, collective noun of the noun person, plural form,
common case, the syntactic function is the sunject (40 people were in line).
4. An adjective is a part of speech that modifies a noun or a pronoun by qualifying,
specifying or describing it.
Younger – qualitative adjective, the comparative degree. The function in the sentence is
the attribute, qualitative attribute (younger children).
Immediate, financial, single - qualitative adjective, the positive degree, the attribute,
qualitative attribute.
5. The category of case is a morphological category which denotes relations of nouns
towards other words in the sentence.
The community’s needs, children’s needs, the Fund’s endowment, the community’s
refugees - genitive case, genitive of possessor
6. Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements are placed side by side
so that one element identifies the other in a different way. Apposition is a syntactic process
of the adnection type.
Its founder, Luis Gutierrez, saw people… - determining apposition, N app+ N head,
prepositionless apposition, the syntactic function is the attribute, inserted member of the
sentence.
Sil Ganzó, the executive director of our Bridge, says….– descriptive apposition,
prepositionless apposition, the syntactic function is the attribute, inserted member of the
sentence.
7. The gerund is the -ing for of the verb used as a subject or object in a sentence.
 Assisting, programming, helping, volunteering – non-finite form of the verb, the form:
Active Indefinite, the syntactic function is the object (The organization, a nonprofit that
focuses on assisting immigrants, suddenly needed to shift its programming).
8. The Infinitive is the base form of the verb.
To help, to shift, to fill, to pay, to distribute - non-finite form of the verb do, the to-
infinitive, the form: Indefinite Active.
The syntactic function is the part of a predicative (It was hard for her to pay her bills), the
part of a compound verbal aspect predicate (The organization also began to distribute
masks), the part of a compound verbal modal predicate (Suddenly needed to shift its
programming).
9. Direct speech is a representation of the actual words someone said. A direct speech
report usually has a reporting verb in the past simple.
“Food insecurity is real in this country, and since Covid hit, the amount of people in need
of food has gone up,” he said. - the exact words of the speaker are enclosed in Inverted
Commas or Quotation Marks.
10. Inserted members of the sentence.
Inserted adverbial modifier of time. This type is used to clarify and focus on the time of
the event.
A few months later, she was hired as a classroom assistant.
On the first day of one pop-up stand, in August, 40 people were in line at 6 a.m. for a food
distribution that started at 10 a.m.
11. A syntactic relation is a relation holding between a constituent and the clause that it
forms part of.
 the form is chạnged: that community, 200 organizations – agreement, pick them up,
helping her and her family - government;
 the form is not changed: culturally appropriate, helped emotionally, – adjoinment,
A few months later, she was hired as a classroom assistant. - enclose/nesting.
 syntactic relations of independence (parataxis): A lot of these things were there, but
Covid exposed it.
 syntactic relations of dependence (hypotaxis): We made sure that the meals we were
providing were culturally appropriate.
12. Syntactic connections are connections between the constituents.
Coordination joins two independent clauses that contain related ideas of equal importance.
Coordination is based on syntagmatic relations of independence.
Copulative (masks and groceries, a single mother and immigrant, me and my kids), adversative
(A lot of these things were there, but Covid exposed it).
13. Subordination means combining two sentences or ideas in a way that makes one more
important than the other. Subordination is based on syntagmatic relations of dependence.
Objective (to pay her bills, to support the emergency grants), attributive (a single mother, a
computer plant, long periods), adverbial (culturally appropriate, suddenly arose).
14. Formal devices of syntactic connection
Conjunctions (function words) are linguistic elements that link two or more words, phrases,
clauses, or sentences within a larger unit.
Connectors (coordinators (and, but) and subordinators (that, when, which, where)).
Prepositions (prepositions of different adverbial meanings, of temporal and spatial meanings –
gone up, pick up, look away), grammatical prepositions (of, to, with, by, for, about).
15. The category of voice is an expression of relationship between an action and its subject and
object.
Passive voice means that a subject is a recipient of a verb’s action.
Was hired, were selected and handpicked – passive voice, transitive verb, direct (primary)
passive, the form: Past Indefinite.
16. A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality.
Can’t- express inability to do sth, functional part of speech, semi-notional verb, followed by the
infinitive look (Can’t Look Away’).
Can deny - express an ability to do sth, functional part of speech, semi-notional verb.
17. Syndeton means the coordination between sentences or words by using conjunctions, while
asyndeton means the coordination between sentences or words without using conjunctions.
Asyndeton: The program has been a lifesaver, she said, especially for her younger children
Syndeton: A single mother and immigrant from Mexico with no family in the United States, Ms.
Orduna learned about the program three years ago, when she was working late hours and her
children would stay with a sitter for long periods.
18. Number is a grammatical category of the English noun, which shows whether we speak of
one substance or more than one. This grammatical meaning of the category of number is
expressed by the opposition of two grammatical number forms: the singular form and the plural
form.
Focuses, gaps, restaurants, breakfasts, lunches – countable noun, plural, marked member of
opposition, suffix –(e)s expresses the plural form.
19. A sentence is the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought.
A complex sentence is a sentence that contains an independent clause and at least one subordinate
clause.
We made sure that the meals we were providing were culturally appropriate. - complete sentence,
declarative, composite (complex sentence), object clause, introduced by conjunction that.
20. The category of mood expresses the relations between the action and reality from the speaker's
point of view.
The indicative mood is the form of a verb that is used to express statements of fact. We use the
indicative mood to express assertion, denial or question.
Latinos Progresando entered new territory when the coronavirus pandemic hit Chicago.