LISTENING

waterglide?

scream

crescent moon

cliffs

paper

bad weather

silent

younger sons
g f

a d

d c
b h

g a
READING
 Test 4
Parta
You are going to read an article in which five people talk about careers in archaeology. For
questions 47-56, choose from the books (A-E).
Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet.
Which person
suggests that archaeology has a unique appeal?
describes how mutually supportive archaeologists tend to be?
criticises people who advise against studying archaeology?
points out the economic contribution that archaeology can make?
welcomes the media profile that archaeology now has?
points out that jobs in archaeology can often be short-term?
emphasises the commitment some archaeology students feel towards
their subject?
mentions the value of an archaeological perspective on wider issues?
believes archaeologists often overlook job opportunities that exist
for them?
mentions the appeal of studying a subject with a practical side to it?
86
Careers in archaeology
A Jack Stone from The Archaeological
Association
The visibility of archaeology on TV and in the press
has increased enormously in recent years. Whether
this makes it an attractiva career, given an economic
climate in which young people understandably
favour jobs with good salaries - not common in
archaeology - is debatable, but generally, it's had a
positive impact. Many archaeologists are hired by
small companies to work on excavations; these jobs
are often interesting but don't tend to last more than
a few months at a time. Then, there are those who
work for government organisations, caring for the
historical environment. These jobs are more stable,
but there are fewer of them. Some people stay on at
university doing research and teaching, and others
do museum work. In my experience, most people go
into archaeology with their feet firmly on the ground.
B Dr Paul Simpson, university lecturer
lt's probably what they see on film and TV, but many
people assume that archaeology equals digging
big holes. White this is obviously an aspect of
our work, the bulk of what we do nowadays is
lab-based. Few university programmes cover the
ground archaeology does. Spanning sciences and
humanities, it requires all sorts of skills, and in my
department at least, we teach everything from human
evolution to the industrial revolution. The number of
people wanting to study archaeology is regrettably
small - tiny relative to history, for example. Potentia!
salaries partly explain this, but it's also down to
misguided school teachers saying, 'Why not choose
a safe subject like business?' Perhaps they forget
it's perfectly feasible to study archaeology and then
succeed in an unrelated career. Having said this,
half the final-year students in my department stay
in archaeology, and tend to be obsessive about it.
There's something about telling stories based on
evidence you've discovered - and knowing that if
you hadn't discovered it, no-one would have - that
cannot be experienced in any other field.
C Victoria Walker, postgraduate student
l'm researching links between Roman civilisation
and lreland 2,000 years ago, which I realise non­
archaeologists might think somewhat obscure. I
have a fantastic bunch of academics and students
Reading and Use of English
backing me up and there's a tremendous sense
of being in it together. lt's a challenging discipline,
and one that because of the fieldwork particularly
suits a hands-on person like me. Archaeology's
wonderful even if you end up doing a completely
different kind of job. With hindsight, I now see that
the undergraduate course is as much about learning
how to do things that ·can be used in other areas of
life, like how to gather and interpret evidence, as it is
about archaeology itself.
D Mark Anderson, field archaeologist
My company excavates sites before big construction
projects like roads and shopping centres get started
on them. Some remains date back many thousands
of years, others a couple of centuries; they might be
castles, temples, small houses or even just ancient
farmland. Over the years, however, l've worked
extensively on wetland sites like marshes and river
estuaries. This means I have unusual expertise and
am in demand for digs in such locations. Much of
our work is practical, but we also use imagination to
figura out what the tiny fragments we dig up might
mean. This, I fee!, is something historians, with their
access to masses of evidence, tend to miss out on.
People say archaeology is a luxury - today's world
has far greater problems to salve than investigating
how ancient people lived. lt's hard to argue with
this, but our troubled globe is run by people seeking
quick, short-term solutions, and a deeper, longer-term
understanding of humanity's history, derived from
archaeology, would surely enhance their thinking.
E Tina Cray, museum manager
Even at university I ·was always rńore interested
in the theoretical side of things than digging, but
on graduating I assumed, like many others in my
position, that excavation is what archaeology's all
about. lt took me a while to realise there were
other paths to explore. l'm now part of a team·
that runs museums and heritage sites, and we
provide a valuable, if underestimated, service to the
community. There's the key role museums play in
ensuring that knowledge of the past doesn't remain
the preserve of a privileged minority. My team has
also overseen an impressive rise in the number of
tourists visiting museums and monuments, and this
has stimulated local businesses and created jobs.
87
 3. USE OF ENGLISH

1 For questions 1–4, read the text and the sentences below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best
fits each gap.

For some people, life in an English village is a form of retreat, allowing them to live closer to
nature in a relaxed and peaceful setting. Others, who perhaps are more accustomed to the
hustle and bustle of city life, may feel more (1) _____ about living in a quiet and perhaps
more isolated place and consider the idea of everyone knowing each other quite bizarre.
However, it is this notion of a (2) _____ community which is often a striking difference
between city and country life. Knowing everyone near where you live and having (3) _____
respect for your neighbours in a small community does, in effect, (4) _____ .

1 A suspicious B troubled C apprehensive D mistrustful

2 A close-knit B jam-packed C thickset D close-up
3 A collective B two-sided C mutual D returned
4 A pay for B pay off C work off D work for

2 For questions 1–14, read the texts below and think of the word that best fits each gap. Use only one word
in each gap.
1.
I think personality has (1) __________
played? a huge role in my success. I’ve always been the kind
of person to take pleasure (2) __________
in whatever I do, whether it’s for work or play.
Sometimes people have been surprised (3) __________
by my ability to manage my time so
effectively and have also asked (4) where
__________ I get my energy from. I think that would be
my parents. Their work ethic and attitude towards life have, I feel, had a great impact
(5)__________
on me and steered me down the path I’ve since taken. They also taught me never
to take (6) no
__________ for an answer – which is something, I think, that has opened far more
doors than I will ever fully appreciate.
2.
as
The circus has traditionally been regarded __________ (7) entertainment for children, with
to?
acts involving animals accounting (8) __________ a large proportion of the acts. These days,
things have changed, however, and some circuses, (9) such __________ as Cirque Eloize from
Montreal, clearly aim to appeal more to adults. (10) __________
?? of the animals, Cirque Eloize
 addition
offers a breathtaking mix of human athleticism, daring and strength. In (11) __________ to
which
juggling, trapeze acts and bicycle stunts, all of ___________ (12) are executed perfectly, the
circus also has a clown. But this is a clown making ?
___________ (13) a difference. _________ (14)
clowns in most other circuses, who simply tell jokes and play tricks, this one is able to walk on
more
the high wire and juggle as well. What's ___________ (15), he doesn't rely solely
on ________
(16) a big red nose and funny clothes to get laughs, but gives __________
forth? (17) highly polished
comic performance.

3 For questions 1–12, read the sentences below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each sentence to
form a word that fits in the gap.
1. Their comments were _______________
unconstructive and added nothing to the debate.
CONSTRUCT
2. The young actor played the role of Silas _______________
convincingly . CONVINCE

3. The doctor suggested that my _________________

ability to sleep was stress-related and
prescribed sleeping pills to help me catch up on much-needed sleep. ABLE
4. Our yoga teacher told us never to ___________________
underestimate the power of positive
thinking and said it was a lot more effective than we imagined. ESTIMATE
5. The Eiffel Tower is _____________
undeniably one of the most symbolic constructions in Paris.
DENY
6. Remember, appearances can be ___________________
deceitful _. DECEIVE
beneficial
7. Cycling is highly ___________________ to health and the environment. BENEFIT
8. ______________________
Numerous attempts have been made to hide the truth. NUMBER
9. Kraków is becoming _____________
increasingly popular with tourists from all over the
world. INCREASE
10. What's the height
_____________ of this mountain? HIGH

11. Undoubtly
_____________________, this will be the biggest event of the year. DOUBT

12. I think the number of people who care about the environment is really _________________
insufficient
SUFFICE
 4 For questions 1–9, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including
the word given.

1 People think the building is over 1,000 years old.

OVER
is thought to be over?
The building 1,000 years old.
2 It was the first time anyone had ever seen anything like it in this country.
LIKE
Nothing quite like it had been? seen in this country
before.
3 The news of her promotion came as a complete surprise to her.
ABACK

She was taken aback by the news of her

promotion.
4 Jack did not come. It's possible that he forgot about our meeting.
FORGOTTEN
Jack may have forgotten about our
meeting.
5 I had never eaten prawns before!
FIRST
It was the first time I had eaten
prawns.
6 You apologised to him? But it was his fault!
NEED
You need not apologise to him!
7 She was very surprised when she heard the news.
CAME
The news ?
8 He accidentally mentioned our engagement even though I’d asked him not to yet.
BRING
not to bring in? the
Although I asked him ___________________________ subject of our engagement yet,

he let it slip.

9 I have been working here for almost three years.

WILL
will have worked here for
By the end of the month I ____________________________________________ 3 years.