Discuss the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations, treatments and complications of

common disorders of the eye, ear, brain, spinal cord and the peripheral nerves.

Common eye disorders

Glaucoma - Complications Which is a partial loss of sight in the eye and very unable to see at

night time. Patients with glaucoma shouldn’t drive at night.

Pathophysiology: It begins in the retina whereas rod inflammation occurs. Treatment is to wear

glasses recommended by a doctor and surgery is another treatment option. The clinical

manifestations of glaucoma disorder include blurred vision, headache, and intense eye pain. The

main complication of glaucoma disorder is irreversible loss of vision.

Cataracts - Pathophysiology of cataracts is that it is developed when an injury causes changes in

the tissues that make up the lens of the eyes. Clinical manifestations of cataracts are blurred

vision, sensitivity to light, and fading colors. The treatment of cataracts is by wearing prescribed

glasses and surgery in cases where the glasses can’t clear your vision.

Common ear disorders

Hearing Loss – Pathophysiology: Occurrence of hearing loss is due to injuries in the middle ear

or auditory canal. The clinical manifestations of hearing loss include muffling of speech and

other sounds. Treatment for hearing loss is using hearing aids. Complications of hearing loss

include inability to hear and depression to the aged people.

Earwax build-up- Pathophysiology: Occurrence of earwax is due to damaged or narrow ear

canals or having inflammation of your ear canal. The clinical manifestations include dizziness,
noises in the ear, and decrease of hearing ion the affected area. Treatment for earwax is to use ear

drops.

Common brain disorders

ICP - Too much pressure surrounding the brain. Depending on how great the pressure some may

cause damage to the tissue. Pathophysiology The ICP pressure begins to increase, forcing

pressure into the spinal cavity for more volume space. Treatment Some doctors may remove the

superior portion the skull to release cranial pressure.

Headaches – Pathophysiology: It results from pain originating in muscle fibers, blood vessels,

and facial structures. Complications are painful throbbing sensation in the cranium. Clinical

Manifestations Patients doesn’t want to talk as much, and seek rest. Treatment Tylenol may be

given to increase the pressure in the skull.

Common spinal cord disorder

Tumors – Pathophysiology: develops within the spinal cord parenchyma and directly destroys

tissue often compressing the nerve roots. Clinical manifestations include back pain that is

progressive, and neurologic deficits referable to the spinal nerves. Treatment includes surgery for

adults, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Complications include radicular pain, and complete

paraplegia from direct pressure on the spinal cord.

Common peripheral nerves disorder

Vasculitis: - Pathophysiology: Of focal significance is that numerous information have gathered

showing that different incendiary pathways lead to endothelial cell initiation. Clinical
manifestations include loss of weight, fever, fatigue and loss of appetite. Treatment includes

using drugs such as prednisone. Complications include blood clots, blindness, and organ damage.

Discuss the different types of acute brain injury: concussion, contusions, hematoma,

coup/contra-coup injury. What is the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, assessment

information, complications and treatment for each?

Concussion- Pathophysiology: It happens when there is a blow to the head. It sometimes

damages the brain cells. Clinical manifestations include memory problems, vomiting, headache,

sluggishness, and confusion. Assessment information for concussion is used to assess function

ability of the brain after a head injury. Complications include sensation effects, emotions and

thinking effects. Treatment for concussion is resting and then exercise the brain slowly.

Contusions- Pathophysiology: A blunt trauma to the outer aspect of the muscle cause contusions.

Clinical manifestations include swelling and stiffness in the affected muscle. A physical

examination should be done in a patient suspected of having a contusion. Complications include

large bruises and bleeding. To treat a contusion, a compression wrap is applied to minimize

swelling and rest is also recommended.

Hematoma- Pathophysiology: an injury to the wall of a blood vessel causes a hematoma. Clinical

manifestations of hematomas include swelling, pain, and redness. For a proper diagnosis of

hematoma inside the body, imaging studies are generally needed. Complications include

inflammation and swelling. Treatment of hematoma include resting the injured area and applying

ice wrap to reduce w\swelling.