IV-B.

Writing Style

Every lawyer has his/her own writing style. However, a law office, similar to a
corporation which has a separate personality from its incorporators and stockholders,
must have its own way of writing which may or may not be different from its lawyers.
In this regard, lawyers acting for the Firm must familiarize themselves to the LOCUS
way of writing. The LOCUS Law Office uses the book entitled, The Elements of Style,
by William Strunk, Jr. and E.B. White, as a guide to a grammatically sound and simple
way of writing that will be direct to the point and east to understand.

Summary of Elements of Style

A. Elementary Rules of Usage.

1. Form the possessive singular of nouns by adding ‘s.

Ex: Petitioner’s cause of action.

Accused’s alibi.
Witness’s testimony.

Apply this rule whatever the final consonant is.

2. In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a

comma after each term except the last.

Ex: Facts, issues, and ruling.

Crime, felony, or offense.

3. Enclose parenthetic expression between commas.

Ex: The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to
travel on foot.

Ronald, Mcdonalds’s mascot, is unusually happy.

If the interruption to the flow of the sentence is but slight, the writer may
safely omit the commas. But whether the interruption be slight or considerable,
he must never insert one comma and omit the other.

Ex: Marjorie’s husband, Colonel Nelson paid us a visit yesterday.

(Should be written as: Marjorie’s husband, Colonel Nelson, paid us a
visit yesterday.)
 An excellent way to write the date is to separate the figures with a word. It
is customary to omit the comma if the figures are separated by a word.

Ex: 25 January 2020

The abbreviations etc., i.e., and e.g., the abbreviations for academic
degrees, and titles that follow a name are parenthetic and should be punctuated
accordingly.

Ex: Letters, packages, etc., should go here.

Mr. Leopold Strauss, CPA.

However, no comma should separate a noun from a restrictive term of

identification.

Ex: Attila the Hun

Richard the Lionheart

Nonrestrictive relative clauses are parenthetic, as are similar clauses

introduced by conjunctions indicating time or place. Commas are therefore
needed. A nonrestrictive clause is one that does not serve to identify or define the
antecedent noun.

Ex: The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and
more interested.

In 1769, when Napoleon was born, Corsica had but recently been
acquired by France.

Restrictive clauses, by contrast, are not parenthetic and are not set off by
commas.

Ex: People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.

When the main clause of a sentence is preceded by a phrase or a

subordinate clause, use a comma to set off these elements.

Ex: Partly by hard fighting, partly by diplomatic skill, they enlarged

their dominions to the east and rose to royal rank with the possession of
Sicily.

4. Place a comma before a conjunction introducing an independent clause.

 Ex. The situation is perilous, but there is still one chance of escape.

If a dependent clause, or an introductory phrase requiring to be set off by

a comma, precedes the second independent clause, no comma is needed after the
conjunction.

Ex: The situation is perilous, but if we are prepared to act promptly,

there is still one chance of escape.

When the subject is the same for both clauses and is expressed only once,
a comma is useful if the connective is but. When the connective is and, the
comma should be omitted if the relation between the two statements is close or
immediate.

Ex: I have heard the arguments, but am still unconvinced.

He has had several years' experience and is thoroughly competent.

5. Do not join independent clauses with a comma.

If two or more clauses grammatically complete and not joined by a

conjunction are to form a single compound sentence, the proper mark of
punctuation is a semicolon or they may also be formed into 2 separate sentences.

Ex: It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark.

It is nearly half past five. We cannot reach town before dark.

If a conjunction is inserted, the proper mark is a comma. Note that if the

second clause is preceded by an adverb, such as accordingly, besides, then,
therefore , or thus , and not by a conjunction, the semicolon is still required.

Ex: It is nearly half past five, and we cannot reach town before dark.

It is nearly half past five; thus we cannot reach town before dark.

Among the three (3) examples, the first may be the best option because it
is better than the second form because it suggests the close relationship between
the two statements in a way that the second does not attempt, and better than the
third because it is briefer and therefore more forcible.

An exception to the semicolon rule is worth noting here. A comma is

preferable when the clauses are very short and alike in form, or when the tone of
the sentence is easy and conversational.
 Ex: Man proposes, God disposes.

6. Do not break sentences in two.

Do not use periods for commas. In the example below, the first period
should be replaced by a comma and the following word begun with a small
letter.

Ex: I met them on a Cunard liner many years ago. Coming home from
Liverpool to New York.

7. Use a colon after an independent clause to introduce a list of particulars,

an appositive, an amplification, or an illustrative quotation.

A colon tells the reader that what follows is closely related to the
preceding clause. The colon has more effect than the comma, less power to
separate than the semicolon, and more formality than the dash. It usually follows
an independent clause and should not separate a verb from its complement or a
preposition from its object.

Ex: Your dedicated whittler requires three props: a knife, a piece of

wood, and a back porch.

Join two independent clauses with a colon if the second interprets or

amplifies the first.

Ex: But even so, there was a directness and dispatch about animal
burial: there was no stopover in the undertaker's foul parlor, no wreath or
spray.

A colon may introduce a quotation that supports or contributes to the

preceding clause.

Ex: The squalor of the streets reminded her of a line from Oscar Wilde:
"We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars."

The colon also has certain functions of form: to follow the salutation of a
formal letter, to separate hour from minute in a notation of time, and to separate
the title of a work from its subtitle or a Bible chapter from a verse.

Ex: Dear Mr. Montague:

departs at 10:48 P.M.

 Practical Calligraphy: An Introduction to Italic Script

Nehemiah 11:7

8. Use a dash to set off an abrupt break or interruption and to announce a

long appositive or summary.

A dash is a mark of separation stronger than a comma, less formal than a

colon, and more relaxed than parentheses.

Ex: His first thought on getting out of bed — if he had any thought at
all — was to get back in again.

The rear axle began to make a noise — a grinding, chattering,

teeth-gritting rasp.

9. The number of the subject determines the number of the verb.

Words that intervene between subject and verb do not affect the number
of the verb.

Ex: The bittersweet flavor of youth — its trials, its joys, its
adventures, its challenges — is not soon forgotten.

A common blunder is the use of a singular verb form in a relative clause

following "one of..." or a similar expression when the relative is the subject.

Ex: One of those people who is never ready on time. (Should be

written as: One of those people who are never ready on time.)

Use a singular verb form after each, either, everyone, everybody, neither,
nobody, someone.

Ex: Although both clocks strike cheerfully, neither keeps good time.

10. Use the proper case of pronoun.

The personal pronouns, as well as the pronoun who, change form as they
function as subject or object.

Ex: Will Jane or he be hired, do you think?

Give this work to whoever looks idle.

 A pronoun in a comparison is nominative if it is the subject of a stated or
understood verb. In general, avoid "understood" verbs by supplying them. In the
example below, the first way of writing is confusing because it may have two (2)
interpretations.

Ex: Polly loves cake more than me. (Should be written as: Polly loves
cake more than she loves me.)

Use the simple personal pronoun as a subject.

Ex: Blake and myself stayed home. (Should be written as: Blake and I
stayed home.)

11. A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the

grammatical subject.

Ex: Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman accompanied by

two children.

The word walking refers to the subject of the sentence, not to the woman.
To make it refer to the woman, the writer must recast the sentence.

Ex: He saw a woman, accompanied by two children, walking slowly

down the road.

Participial phrases preceded by a conjunction or by a preposition, nouns

in apposition, adjectives, and adjective phrases come under the same rule if they
begin the sentence.

Ex: On arriving in Chicago, he was met at the station by his friends.

A soldier of proved valor, he was entrusted with the defense of the

city.

B. Elementary Principles of Composition.

12. Choose a suitable design and hold to it.

The first principle of composition is to foresee or determine the shape of

what is to come and pursue that shape. The writer must plan or outline the
subject of what he/she is about to write.

13. Make the paragraph the unit of composition.

 Ordinarily, a subject required division into topics, each of which should
be dealt with in a paragraph. The beginning of each paragraph is a signal that a
new step in the development of the subject has been reached.

As a rule, single sentences should not be written or printed as paragraphs.

An exception may be made of sentences of transition, indicating the relation
between the parts of an exposition or argument. An example of this exception is
when quoting a transcript of stenographic notes into a pleading or when drafting
a Judicial Affidavit where there are dialogues.

Ex: Q: Are you giving your testimony fully conscious, freely,

voluntarily and without having been forced or threatened by anyone?

A: Yes.

As a rule, begin each paragraph either with a sentence that suggests the
topic or with a sentence that helps the transition. If a paragraph forms part of a
larger composition, its relation to what precedes, or its function as a part of the
whole, may need to be expressed.

Ex: The Court of Appeals, in its Decision dated 25 April 2025, ruled
in favor of the opposing party.

As a remedy, we shall be drafting a Motion for Reconsideration or

Appeal to the Supreme Court.

14. Use the active voice.

The active voice is usually more direct and vigorous than the passive
voice.

Ex: I shall always remember my first court appearance. (Active voice)

My first court appearance will always be remembered by me.

(Passive voice)

This rule does not, of course, mean that the writer should entirely discard
the passive voice, which is frequently convenient and sometimes necessary. The
habitual use of the active voice, however, makes for forcible writing. This is true
not only in narrative concerned principally with action but in writing of any
kind. Many a tame sentence of description or exposition can be made lively and
emphatic by substituting a transitive in the active voice for some such
perfunctory expression as there is or could be heard.
 Ex: The reason he killed the victim was because of jealousy. (Should
be written as: Jealousy compelled him to kill the victim.)

15. Put statements in positive form.

Make definite assertions. Avoid tame, colorless, hesitating, noncommittal

language. Use the word not as a means of denial or in antithesis, never as a
means of evasion.

Ex: He was not very often on time. (Should be written as: He

usually came late.)

The above example shows the weakness inherent in the word not. Hence,
as a rule, it is better to express even a negative in positive form.

16. Use definite, specific, concrete language.

Prefer the specific to the general, the definite to the vague, the concrete to
the abstract.

Ex: A decision was issued in favor of the accused. (Should be written

as: The accused was acquitted.)

17. Omit needless words.

A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no

unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no
unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts.

Ex: the question as to whether. (Should be written as: whether)

the reason why is that. (Should be written as: because)

The fact that is an especially debilitating expression. It should be revised

out of every sentence in which it occurs.

Ex: owing to the fact that. (Should be written as: since)

despite the fact that. (Should be written as: though)

18. Avoid a succession of loose sentences.

 This rule refers especially to loose sentences of a particular type: those
consisting of two clauses, the second introduced by a conjunction or relative. A
writer may err by making sentences too compact and periodic. An occasional
loose sentence prevents the style from becoming too formal and gives the reader
a certain relief. Consequently, loose sentences are common in easy, unstudied
writing. The danger is that there may be too many of them.

19. Express coordinate ideas in similar form.

This principle, that of parallel construction, requires that expressions

similar in content and function be outwardly similar. The likeness of form
enables the reader to recognize more readily the likeness of content and function.

Ex: Formerly, direct examination is the only mode of presenting a

witness’s testimony; now a judicial affidavit is allowed.

20. Keep related words together.

The position of the words in a sentence is the principal means of showing

their relationship. Confusion and ambiguity result when words are badly placed.
The writer must, therefore, bring together the words and groups of words that
are related in thought and keep apart those that are not so related.

Ex: He noticed hesitation on the part of the witness through the

latter’s voice. (Should be written as: He noticed hesitation in the voice of
the witness.)

The subject of a sentence and the principal verb should not, as a rule, be
separated by a phrase or clause that can be transferred to the beginning.

Ex: The Supreme Court, in its Decision dated 25 September 2020,

ruled that the Anti-Terror Bill is unconstitutional. (Should be written
as: In its Decision dated 25 September 2020, the Supreme Court ruled
that the Anti-Terror Bill is unconstitutional.)
21. In summaries, keep to one tense.

In summarizing the action of a drama, use the present tense. In

summarizing a poem, story, or novel, also use the present, though you may use
the past if it seems more natural to do so. If the summary is in the present tense,
antecedent action should be expressed by the perfect; if in the past, by the past
perfect.

22. Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end.

 The proper place in the sentence for the word or group of words that the
writer desires to make most prominent is usually the end.

Ex: The accused was acquitted of the crime of murder, because of

insufficient evidence. (Should be written as: Because of insufficient
evidence, the accused was acquitted of the crime of murder.)