Functi on 1 - Navig ation Orsi Notes

Pa q e 151

♦ If the distance between consecutive isobars is SMALL, pressure gradie

nt is said to be
HIGH and strong winds are expected to blow.

♦ If the distance between isobars Is LARGE, pressure gradient Is said to

be LOW, and
winds of lower speed can be expected.

7) BUYS BALLOT'S LAW (to find the center or EYE of the storm)
❖ Fa the true wfnct low pressure 11/N wlll lM on mc,:RJGHT In
LEFTt, ,wthem hemlt,phete.
northern,,.,,.,,,,,.. and
❖ It should not be applied within a few degrees of equator as It is negligi
ble at the equator.
❖ It should not be applied in the vicinity of land as wind will be obstructed.

8) CORIOLIS / GEOSTROPHIC FORCE

+ While blowing mm HP to LP,,,,,, the windt, <!,fleetedby Corio/ls fqpa
❖ Coriolis force Is caused by the rotation of the earth, It Is minimum at
the equator and
increases with latitudes and hence is maximum at the poles.

♦ It lfwlWI fCfl atrldltanaltf to the direction in which wind is blowing.

❖ It deflects wind to their RIGHT In northe rn hemisphere and to their left in
the southern
hemis phere.

.o, Winds blow spirally inward towards a depression (LP area surrou
nded by HP)
ANTICLOCKWISE in northern hemisphere and CLOCKWISE in sou1he
m hemisphere.
.o, Winds blow spirally ou1ward from the center of anticyclone (HP
area surrounded by LP)
CLOCKWISE In northern hemisphere and ANTIC LOCKW ISE In sou1he
rn hemisphere.
9) 7 ISOBARIC PATTERNS
1) STRA/GHTISQBARS
❖ They are said to exist when the isobars run straight and
nearly parallel for a 100 miles
.o, Pressure gradient is usually low, resulti ng in low wind speeds.

2) cyCLQNEorLQW
♦ Cyclone or low Is an area of low pressure surrounded by
areas of high pressure
.o, The wind blows spirally Inwards, anticlockwise In northern hemis
phere and clockwise In
southern hemisphere

Pu/kit Nanda
Function 1 - Nsvlqstion Orsi Notes P c1 g e 152

❖ Pressure gradient is usually high, resulting in strong winds.

3) SECONDARYCYCLQNEorSECQNDARYLOW
♦ Sometimes a low is closely followed by another, within its pattern of isobars.
♦ First one is called PRIMARY and second one is called SECONDARY.

4) ANTICYCLONE or HIGH
♦ It Is an area of high pressure surrounded by areas of low pressure.

♦ The winds blow spirally outwards, clockwise In northern hemisphere and anticlockwise
in southern hemisphere.

<- Pressure gradient Is usually low, resulting in low wind speeds.

♦ A Col is an area between 2 highs and lows situated alternately.

♦ Light variable winds are experienced but not for long.

❖ Sudden change of weather Is likely.

6} RIDGEor WEDGE
♦ It is an area of high pressure jutting into area of low pressure.

♦ Isobars are curved, with high pressure inside and are generally far apart.

7) TROUGH
♦ It is an area of low pressure jutting Into areas of high pressure.

10) KATABATIC WINDS

♦ On clear nights, land surface radiates out heat out in space very quickly resulting In a
cold layer of air near the land surface.

♦ If the land surface Is sloping. this cold air starts sliding due to gravitational force and is

Pu/kit Nsnds
Functio n 1 - Navigation Oral Notes f ;, g e 153

called katabatlc wind. (DOWN MOVING WIND)

11) ANABATIC WINO

♦ During daytime land surface gets heated quickly, resulting In warm air
near land surface.
♦ The cold air above that subsides down and the warm air rises
up the valley thus calling it
enabatlc wind. (UP MOVING WIND)

12) TROPICAL REVOLVING STORMS (IRS)

A troplt»I revoMng 6tomJ • e lllJMII llfN o f ~ fow pretlll (n around which wlndtl
ofgale foroe
of more blow sphJly I n ~ antlclockwl•• In northern htlm/sphBre and cJockw
ls,e In southern
htJmltlphtJre.

ORIGIN
♦ TRS originates in latitudes between 5" and 20• and travel between W & WNW
in northern
hemisphere and W & WSW in southern hemisphere at speed of about 12 kts.

♦ Curve away from equator - curve to NORTH and then re-curve to NE In norther
n
hemisphere, curve to SOUTH and then re-curve to SE in southern hemisphere.

STRUCTURE
1) EYE QR YQRTEX calm central area of low pressure, diame ter- 4 to 30 miles, average -
10 miles

2) EYE W.t1( (· an Inner ring of hurricane force. diameter - 4 to 30 ml les

3) OUTERSTORMAREA area surrounding the eye wall, diameter - 50 to 800 miles,
average - 500 miles

TRACK: route over which storm center has already passed .

fAIH:predicted route over which storm center is likely to travel.
VERTEX/COD: westernmost longitude reached by the storm center when re-curving takes place.
DANGEROUS SEMICIRCLE: right hand semicircle In NH, left hand semicircle in SH.
NAVIGABLE SEMICIRCLE: LHSC in NH, RHSC in SH.
WARNING SIGNS OF APPROACHING TRS
1) SWEl.L: swell can be experienced as much as 1000 miles away. Swell approa
ches from
the direction of storm center. It is the first Indication of approaching TRS.

2) ATMQSPHERJC f'8ESSU8e Falls steadlly. The presence of TRS is confirmed If the

vessel is in area where TRS generally originate, or it Is the time of the year within
the

Pu/kit Nanda
Functio n 1 - Naviga tion Oral Notes
Pd{Jl 154

season when TRS occurs or barome tric pressure is 5 mb BELOW NORMA

L.
~ : A pressu re droo of 20 mb Is sufficie nt to cause a well developed TRS.

3) WEATHER

4) STORM WARNINGS

ACTION WHEN TRS IS CONFIRMED

♦ Obtain the bearing of the storm center, face the wind and accord
ing to Buys Ballot's Law
the storm center will lay 8 - 12 points on your right in NH and left in SH.

♦ If pressu re has fallen 5 mb below nonnal allow 12 points, the vessel is

in outer fringes of
TRS or new TRS Is forming in the vicinity.

❖ If pressure has fallen 20 mb or more below normal allow 8 points as it

means the vessel
is near the eye of TRS.

♦ For an observer if the wind VEERS, vessel is in RHSC and if backs, LHSC.
This holds
good for both hemispheres.

❖ Take avoidin g action.

IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR FORMATION OF TRS

1) High relative humidi ty (open sea)

2) High temper ature (tropical area)

3) LP area surrounded by area of HP (daytim e over large islands)

4) Convec tion current

5) Fair amoun t of Coriolis force (latitude more than S"N/S)

6) Weak prevailing winds (during change of season)

ISOGONIC LINES: the line joining the areas having equal value of tnfRllff/C yarf,rlon.

ISOBATHIC LINES: the line joining areas having equal Il!1ilJ!1.

ISOBARIC LINES: the line joining the areas having equal ,,,,_, .,

ISALLOBAR: line joining the areas having equal chanas/nDINfCO

AIR MASS: An air mass may be defined as a quantity of air with dimensions of about 500 NM
or so. with llttle or no horizon tal variation of any of Its properties, especia
lly temperature.

Pu/kit Nanda
 Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes
Pa g I I 55

AJrm ....,n of2t tRH

1) POLAR {COLD}
.... Polar continental (cold and dry)

,:. Polar maritime (cold and moist)

2) TROPICAL {WARM)
-.-. Tropical continental (wann and dry}

~ Tropical maritime (wann and moist)

FRONT
♦ The boundary between two adjacent air masses is well defined
by 1heir different
characteristics and is called a front.

❖ The tropical air is warmer and hence less dense than polar air,
it will climb over 1he polar
air at the front.

♦ The front will therefore not be vertical but inclined towards colde
r air mass.
On. WNther,,,.,,,,,. tMO.,. martaKI • folow ed.
3) WARM FRONT - RED LINE
4) COLD FRONT - BLUE LINE

FRONTOGENESIS
♦ The formation of a frontal depression is called frontogenesis.

♦ The warm air should be travelling faster than the cold air or they
should be travelling in
opposite directions for frontogenesis to occur.

OCCLUSION
The coJd air in front of and behind the warm sector of a fronta
l depression, soon manages to
undercut the warm air and lift It completely above sea level. The
depression Is then said to be
occluded.

FASCIMILE RECORDER
It Is an Instrument that reproduces onboard the vessel an exact
copy of the weather map drawn
by meteorologist ashore.

WEATHER ANALYSIS CHARTS

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Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes
Pa , 156

These charts give the WNthtlr,au,,Jon,rthem111'1t,moptlchocloverthe entire area.

WEATHER PROGNOSIS CHARTS

These charts are also called ~RA UC chfmE and contain same type of Information as
weather analysis charts but er,dictfd (pr I IPfC!ll, d future time which can be 12. 24, 48
hours
orso.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRS AND TLD

~ TLD
TROPICAL REVOL~l~g STORM TEMeERAIE LAilI!.!12E f2EPRESSIONS
1) Diameter between 50 & 800 miles, usually 1) Diameter 1000 to 2000 miles.
less than 500 miles.

2) Only 1 single air mass involved. 2) 2 different air masses are Involved.
3) Wind speed 130 Ids to gusts up to 150 kts. 3) Wind speed rarely exceeds 55 Ids.
4) Wind speed maximum st lower level, 4) Wind speed Increases with height.
decreases with height.

5) Travel east to west before re--curving. 5) Always trsvel west to east.

6) No appreciable change in air temperature. 6) Drastic change in air temperature.
7) Form in areas of constant winds (trade wind 7) Form In an area of different wind directions.
areas)

8) Similar patterns of Isobars exist throughout 8) Patterns of Isobars vary and change.
the storm.

INSTRUMENTS
1) MERCURY BAROMETER
❖ It Is an ins1rument used for measuring atmospheric pressure. Mercury barometer
consists of glass tube about 1m long, closed at one end filled with mercury and inverted
Into a bowl containing mercuy.

2) MARINE BAROMETER
<- It is also called KEW - PATTERN m,rlne btltomfttr. The base of the tube Is narrow for
most of its length but Is broader at the top.
Function 1 - Navigation Orsi Notes Pa g ~ I 57

WHY MERCURY IS USED IN BAROMETER?

1) Mercury has a high relative density

2) Mercury does not wet the glass surface as other liquids would.

3) Mercury is easily visible.

4) Mercury has a uniform coefficient of expansion so temperature correction can easily be

applied accurately.

5) It cannot escape easily through the leather washer on top of cistern during
transportation of barometer.

6) It has a low freezing point {about -39°C) and very high boiling point (over 350"C).

CORRECTION OF BAROMETRIC READINGS

All barometric readings should be corrected for.
1) Height

2) Latitude
3) Temperature
4) Index error

1) REASON FOR HEIGHT CORRECTION

❖ Atmospheric pressure decreases as height increases.
❖ Therefore for actual reading we have to "ADD• a correction for height I.e. 1 mb for ,..y
1Jkil.
~ Ex: if height of bridge above sea level Is 20m, for every 1Om - 1mb, so for 20m - 2mb
should be added.

2) REASON FOR LATITUDE CORRECTION

_,. The polar radius of earth is 13 miles Jess than the equatorial radius, thus the
gravitational force at poles Is GREATER than that at the equator.

❖ 1cc ofHg weighs more at the poles than at the equator.

❖ If the pressure at poles, equator and given latitude (say 45°) is same at a given instance,
the height of mercury column would not be same.

Pu/kit Nanda
Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 158

+ Therefore fproo/ff • PLUS correctJon and ,r ,auator• MIMJS OOf1flCtlon to be applied,

to bring the height of column to that of correct reading.

~ .,.,,,,,,, ofchime fl about 1mb forer,a 12• ofwmw,.

3) REASON FOR TEMPERATURE CORRECTION

❖ If the temperature of barometer is different from its standard temperature, the pressure
Indicated has to be corrected at approximate rate of 1mb fpr 6• d/ffaw,ca

4) INDEX ERROR
❖ The difference between corrected barometric pressure and the actual atmospheric
pressure is called index error.

• lfcorc,ct«J barotnfttrl c PCfllUll tsm /ndtlX erroc/1 wltb ·+·sm wtlfbatonwttc

Dl'flN! fl mor& Index ,aprfl with •- ',ian.
+ It should be checked every 3 months.

ERRORS IN BAROMETRIC READINGS

1) CAPILLARITY
❖ Surface tension causes surface of mercury In tube to form a CONVEX meniscus, a
column of water will have a CONCAVE meniscus. Reading should be taken at the center
of the meniscus.

2) CAPACITY
+ Height of mercury column should be measured from level of mercury in the clstem.
♦ If the pressure rises, the mercury in the column rises but level in cl stem falls and vice-
versa.

♦ This means zero of scale changes with pressure whereas graduated part of scale Is
fixed at the top.

3) PUMPING
♦ It is the oscillation or up and down movement of the top of the mercury column that
causes Inaccuracies.

Pu/kit Nanda
 Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 159

❖ To minimize the error, 3 sets of maximum & minimum readings should be taken
accurately and then a mean of all 6 readings.

4) ERRQRDUETQPARALLAX
.,_ It is also called observation error.

❖ It is caused if the observer's eye Is hlghe, or lower than the level of mercury.

3) GOILD SLIDE
Gold sllde is an Instrument used for the quick computation of total correction (due to index error,
height, latitude and temperature) which is to be applied to the reading of barometer.

4) ANEROID BAROMETER
❖ Aneroid means without liquid.

❖ A sealed chamber made of very thin metal, having partial vaccum inside It is connected
by the system of levers and springs to a pointer fitted over a circular, graduated scale.

ERRORS
1) INDEXERROR
2) CORRECTION OFHEIGHT

ADVANTAGES
1) Robust and compact instrument

2) Change of pressure is easily detectable

3) Avoids error of parallax

5) BAROGRAPH
♦ it is an aneroid barometer that gives a continuous record of pressure on paper chart. A
chart with continuous trace on it is called a BAROGRAM.

9 It is so adjusted to allow index error and also error due to height above sea level.

6) HYGROMETER
,o. It is an instrument for obtaining relative humidity and dew point temperature of air.
♦ The type used onboard ships is MASON'S HYGROMETER or wet and dry bulb hygrometer
or psychrometer.

Pu/kit Nanda
Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 160

7) STEVENSON SCREEN
It is a wooden box specially constructed to house a hygrometer.

PRINCIPLES OF NAVIGATION
1) DEFINITIONS
1) M§. The axis of the earth is the diameter about which it rotates.
2) POLES-the geographic poles of the earth are the two points where the axis meets the
earth surface.

3) GREATC/RCLE it is a circle on the surface of a sphere, the plane of which passes

through the center of the sphere.

4) SMALL CIRCLE. It Is a circle on the surface of a sphere, the plane of which does not pass
through the center of the sphere.

5) PWt t B ·S 9fLATITUDe. small circles on the earth's surface the planes of which are
parallel to the plane of equator.

6) MERIDIANS semi great circles on the earth, joining the two poles.

'1) PRIMEMERIDIAN. it is the meridian which passes through Greenwich. Value - ooo•
longitude

B) GEOCENTRIC LATITUDE arc of a meridian or the angle at the center of the earth
contained between the equator and the parallel of latitude through that place. Measured
o· -90" Nor s
9) GEOGRAPHIC LAnTUDE. angle between the plane of equator and the vertical at that
place. Used for the purpose of navigation. It differs from geocentric latitude as the earth
ts not a true sphere. Difference between them Is nll at the equator and poles, max
difference 11 .6' at 45• N and 45° S.

10) LQNG[TUDE. arc of the equator or the angle at the poles contained between the prime
meridian and the meridian through that place. Measured o• - 180° E or W

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Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Pa g e 161

11) DIFFERENCE IN LATITUDES (P1,A12; arc of a meridian or angle at the center of the earth
contained between the parallels of latitude through the 2 places.

12) DIFFERENCEIN LONGITUDE tD1.0NG). arc of the equator or the angle at the poles
contained between the meridians passing through that 2 places.

13)MEANlAT7TUDEMLAll 1t Is the parallel of latitude that lies midway between the

parallels of latitude of 2 places.

14) NAUUCAL MILE/SEA MILE. length of a minute of latitude or arc of meridian sli>tending
an angle of 1 minute at the centre of curvature.

1 NM= 1.852 km= 1852 m

Length of nautical mile= 1852.3 - 9.4 Cos (2 x lat) meters

15)GEOGRAPHIOO. MILE It Is the length of the equator subtending an angle of 1' at the
center of the earth.

❖ 1M = 1855.3 meters

16)RHUMB LINE. it is a line on the earth's surface crossing all meridians at the same angle.

17)DEPARTURE. departure between 2 places is the east-west distance between them in NM.

Pu/kit Nanda
Function 1 - Naviastion Oral Notes
Pa q e 162

18) CB EmAf SPHERE. It is a sphere of Infinite radius with center of earth as Its centre.
19) CB.ESTIAL POLES. are the 2 points on the celestial sphere where the axis of the earth
1produced would meet it.

20)@ES71AL EOUA TOR Is a great circle on the celestial sphere in the same plane as the
plane of earth's equator.

21) PNf61( flS QFDECLJNATION. are small circles on the celestial sphere, the plane of
which are parallel to that of the equinoctial. These correspond to parallels of latitude on
earth's surface.

22) CELESTIAL MERIDIANS. are semi great circles on the celestial sphere, the plane of
which passes through the celestial poles. These correspond to meridians on the earth.

23} ECLIPTIC. Is a great circle on the celestial sphere in the same plane as the plane of the
earth's orbit around the sun. It is the apparent path of the sun.

24)QBUOUUYQFECLJPT1C it is the angle between the plane of equinoctial and that of the
ecliptic. Its value is approx 23½•.

25}EOUINOCT1AI, PQ[NTS. the 2 points on the celestial sphere where the ecliptic intersects
the equinoctial are called the equinoctial points.

26) RRST POINT QFARIES. on 21 11 March, at vernal equinox the sun appears to cross the
equinoctial from south to north. This point is known as first point of Aries and Is denoted
by the symbol y.

27)FIRSTPOINTOFUBRA on 23"' September, at autumnal equinox the sun appears to

cross the equinoctial from north to south. This point is known as the first point of Libra
and is denoted by the symbol !}.

28} OBSERVER'S ZENITH. point on the celestial sphere vertically above the observer.

Pu/kit Nsnds
Function 1 - Navigation Orsi Notes Page 163

29) OBSERVER'S NADIR point on the celestial sphere vertically opposite his zenith.
SO) VER17CAL. CIRCLES. great circles on the celestial sphere passing through the observer's
zenith and nadir.

31)PRIME VER77C4L: vertical circle passing through the east and west points of observer's
rational horizon.

32) DECLJNA 110N. arc of a celestial meridian or angle at the center of the earth contained
between the equinoctial and the parallel of declination through that body. Measured
from o• - 90• N/S of equinoctial

33)SIDEREAL HOURANGLE (SHA}. arc of the equinoctial or the angle at the celestial pole
contained between the celestial meridian of first point of Aries and that through the body,
measured westward from Aries.

34)RIGHTASCENSION fRA}. arc of the equinoctial or the angle at the celestial poles
contained between the celestial meridian of first point of Aries and that through the body
measured eastward from Aries.

35)0BfENW1CHHOURANGLE(GHA}. arc of the equinoctial or the angle at the celestial

poles contained between the celestial meridian of Greenwich and that of the body,
measured westward from Greenwich.

36)' LQ® HOURANGLE(J,HA). arc of the equinoctial or the angle at the celestial poles
contained between the observer's celestial meridian and the celestial meridian through
that body, measured westward from the observer.

3'7} EASTERLYHQURANGLE /EHAJ; angle or arc measured eastward of the observer is

known EHA and not LHA.

38) VISIBLE HORIZON. it is a small circle on the earth's surface bounding the observer's field

Pu/kit Nanda
Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes f=-- d gt-' 164

of vision.

39)SENS/BLEHORJZQN. small circle on the celestial sphere the plane of which passes
through the observer's eye and parallel to the rational horizon.

40) RAT10NAL HORIZON. great circle on the celestial sphere, every point on which is 90°
away from his zenith.
41)ZENfTHDISTANCE. arc of the vertical circle through the body contained between the
observer's zenith and the center of the body. Zenith distance = 90° - altitude.

42)AZIMVTH. arc of the observer's rational horizon or the angle at his zenith contained
between the observers celestial meridian and the vertical circle through that body.

43)AMPL/TUD£•arc of the observer's rational horizon or the angle at his zenith contained
between the observers prime vertical and the vertical circle through that body, when the
body is on the observer's rational horizon i.e. at theoretical rising or setting.

44) LOCAL MEAN TIME fLMn QR SHIP'S MEAN UMEfSMn. westerly hour angle of the
mean sun measured from the observer's inferior meridian. Observer's inferior meridian
or anti·meridian is the meridian 1ao• away from his own meridian.

45) GREENWICH MEAN nAAE(Gf,fT). westerly hour angle of the mean sun measured from
the inferior meridian of Greenwich.

46) LOCAL APPARENT TIME (Un westerly hour angle of the true sun measured from the
observer's inferior meridian.

4'1).GREENWICHAPPARENT nME{GAV westerly hour angle of the true sun measured

from inferlor meridian of Greenwich.

48) LQCV.. SIDEREAL nMEfLS7J. westerly hour angle of the first point of Aries measured

P, 1/lrit AIAnrlA
Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes
Page 165

from observer's meridian .

49) l:RfFNW IPf -~DEREAL UME (GS1l westerly hour angle of the first point of Aries
measured from Greenwich meridian.

50) MERCATOR SA/UNG. It Is used to find Rhumb line course and distance between 2
positions, lat and long of which are known and when distance Is more than 600 ml les
D'Lona/DMP. Tm Co.
51)MIDDLE/MEANLATSAJUN(i. sailing from one position to another, D'Lat and O'Long are
involved. Parallel and plane sailing can't be used.

♦ Cao be UNd for;

a) Finding the course and distance between 2 given position.

b) To determine the a"/va/ position, given the departtXe position, course and distance.
52) CONJUNCTION. a planet or moon is said to be in conjunction with the sun when as
viewed from the earth, it Is in the same direction as the sun (i.e. their celestial longi1udes
are the same).

53) OPPOSITION. a planet or the moon is said to be in opposition with the sun when as
viewed from the earth, It is opposite In direction to the sun (i.e. their celestial longitudes
are 1ao· apart).

54) OUADRATURe a planet or moon Is said to be in quadrature when its elongation Is

exactly 90• E or W.

55) SIDEREAL PERIOD OF THE MOON. is the period of tlm e taken by the moon to complete

Pu/kit Nsnds
Function 1 - Navigation Orsi Notes P age 166

one revolution of 360• around the earth. It is of constant duration equal to 27.3 days.

56) SYNODIC PERIOD OF THE MOON. 11 ls the period of time between two consecutive new
moons or two consecutive full moons. Synodic period has an average length of 29 days
12 hours 44 mins. The period is also called Lunar month or Synodic month.

57') WAXING. from new moon to full moon, since the visible area of the moon's illuminated
surface is increasing, the moon is said to be waxing.

58) WANING. from full moon to new moon, the visible area of the illuminated surface of the
moon is decreasing, the moon is said to be waning.

59)BARYCENTER. earth and moon revolve about each other around the common center of
gravity of the earth moon system. This point Is called barycenter.

60) NODES. the orbit of the moon is inclined at an average of about s•os· to the plane of
ecliptic. The points at which the moon's orbit intersects the ecliptic are called moon's
nodes.

2) MERCATOR CHARTS

-
•--~·•-·••·r······r·····-~---•·-~•·····•r··-·•-r•••
• ' • t •

; f : .
. f
. -~--
MllalDr p,ojwction

ADVANTAGES

1) IRhumb line courses are easily laid off as straight lines.

2) Distances are easily measured as scale of distance = scale of latitude

3) Shapes of land masses in the neighborhood of a point are correctly shown.

4) Angles between Rhumb fines are unaltered between the earth and the chart.

5) Directions remain correct though distortions of areas occur.

6) Directions and position lines can be transferred correctly from one part of the chart to

Pu/kit Nanda
Functio n 1 - Navigat ion Oral Notes pd g e 167

another as parallel lines.

Dl$4DVANTAGES
1) Great circle courses can't be laid off easily as they would appear curved.

2) Polar Regions can't be represented due to large distortions.

3) The scale of distance which Is the scale of latitude Is a varying unit.

4) Areas can't be compared due to varying distortions.

3) GNOMONIC CHARTS
ADVANTAGES
1) All the areas of the world indudln g the Polar R~lons can be represented on the
gnomonic charts.

2) Great circle courses are easily laid off as straight lines.

DISADVANTAGES
curved.
1) Rhumb line courses and bearings can't be laid off easily as they would appear
another
2} Bearings and position fines cannot be transferred from one part of the chart to
as parallel lines because the meridians ere convergent.

3) Measur ement of courses and distance s is difficult.

4) KEPLER'S LAWS

Pu/kit Nsnds
 Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes f-' age 168

1) KEaER'S FIRST LAW. states that all planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits
with the sun situated at one of the foci of the ellipse.

2) KEPLER'S SECOND LAW. states that the radius vector of a planet (a line joining the
center of the sun to the center of the planet) sweeps out eq~I areas in equal periods.

<t A planet is said to be in aphelion when in its orbit, it is farthest away from the sun.

❖ A planet is said to be in perihelion when in Its orbit. it is nearest to the sun.

3) KEPLER'S THIRD LAW. gives the relationship between the distance of a planet from the
sun and the time it takes to complete one revolution around the sun.

5) DAY AND NIGHT/ SEASONS ON EARTH

On 2r Juna when the North Pole is tilted towards the sun, the sun attains Its maximum
declination NORTH and the sun rays fall vertically over troolcofCfDCf(. The sun is said to be at
SUMMER SOLSTICE. All places In northern hemisphere have longest day & shortest nights and
vice versa In southern hemisphere.

On ~ StlDtfatb«. the tilt of earth's axis is in a direction at right angles to direction from earth
to sun. Sun rays fell vertically over the equator and the sun's decllnlltion is o-.
All places on
earth have equal duration of day and night. Sun is now said to be at AI/TUMNAL EQUINOX

On 22'4 P,cember, when the South Pole is tilted towards the sun. the sun attains its maximum
declination SOUTH and sun rays fall vertically over troplcofCaprlcom. The sun is said to be at
WINTER SOLS11CE. All places in southern hemisphere have longest days and shortest nights
and vice versa in northern hemisphere.

On 2f' March the earth's axis Is in a direction at right angles to the direction from earth to sun.
o-.
Sun rays fall vertically over the equator and sun's decllnstlon Is All places on earth have
equal duration of day and night. Sun is now said to be at VERNAL EOUINOX

REFERENCE· NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

a) From vernal equinox, to summer solstlce i.e. the period when the sun's declination Is
increasing from o• to 23½• N, the northern hemisphere is said to have SPRING SEASON.

b) From summer solstice to autumnal equinox, when the sun's declination decreases from
23½. N too• the northern hemisphere is said to have SUMMER SEASON.

c) From autumnal equinox to winter solstice, when the sun's declination increases from o·
to 23½" s. the northern hemisphere is said to have AUTI./MNSEASON.

d) From winter solstice to vernal equinox when the sun's declination decreases from 23½"
S too•. the northern hemisphere is said to have WINTER SEASON.

6) VENUS AS A MORNING AND EVENING STAR

Pu/kit Nanda
Fun ctio n 1 - Navfaatlon Ora l Not
es
Pa g • 169

+ When Venus is In conjunction with the

sun, they would appear to rise, culmina
together to an observer on the earth. te and set

♦ From inferior conjunction to superio

r conjunction, Venus has a westerly elon
is a morning star. It Is visible only In gation, and
1he mornings before sunrise and can
once the sun has risen due to its brill not be seen
iance.
~ From superior conjunction to inferior
conjunction, Venus has an easterly elon
is an evening star. It is visible only in gation, and
the evenings after sunset.
7) AGE OF THE MOON: it Is the period of
time elapsed, since the last New Mo
on.
HARVEST MOON : the full moon wtich occ
urs nearest the autumnal equinox is
harvest moon. The following full mo called the
on is called fflJNTEB'SMOON.
8) SOLAR ECLIPSE
A solar eclipse occurs when the moon
gets between earth and the sun, and
shadow over earth. A solar eclipse can the moon casts a
only take place at the phase of new mo
moon passes directly between the sun on, when the
and the earth and Its shadow falls upo
n earth's surface.
1) TOTAL SQ Y8 ECUPSE. within the
umbra region, area on the earth will hav
darl<ness because the moon covers e complete
the entire face of the sun and no ligh
area . This solar eclipse is called tota t rea ches that
l solar eclipse.
2) PARTIAL SOLAR ECLIPSE. a partial ecli pse occurs
exactly in line and the moon only par when the sun and moon are not
tially obscures the sun. This phenom
usually be seen from a large part of the enon can
earth outside of the track of an annular
eclipse. or total

S) ANNULAR SOLAR ECLJPSI!!. it occurs

whe n the sun and moon are exactly in line
apparent size of the moon is smaller but the
than that of the sun. Hence the sun app
bright ring or annulus surrounding the ears as a
dark disk of moon.
Conditio ns for tota l sol ar eclipse

1) GHA or SHA of the sun and moon

should be equal.
2) Declination of sun and moon sho
uld be equal and of the same name.

Pu/kit Nanda
 Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 170

I' .., ,-, • '.,' ' . I ''• " <;

((( 0 )))
9) LUNAR ECLIPSE
A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes directly behind the earth into its umbra (shadow).
This can occur only when the sun, earth and moon are aligned exactly or very closely so with the
earth in between. Hence lunar eclipse can occur only the night of a full moon. Lunar eclipse
occurs when the earth's shadow blocks the sun's light, which otherwise reflects off the moon.

1) TOTAL WNAR ECLIPSE. when the moon Is entirely within the umbra of the earth, no light
from the sun reaches any part of the moon. The entire moon then becomes Invisible.
Such an occurrence is tenned as total lunar eclipse.

2) PENUMBRAL LUNARECUPSE. when the moon is entirely within the penumbra of the
earth, a part of the sun's ray fall over the entire illuminated hemisphere of the moon. We
then see the full moon but with greatly diminished brilliance.

3) PARTIAL LUNAR ECLIPSE. when the moon is partly within the umbra and partly within
the penumbra of the earth, that part of the moon within the umbra becomes invisible
while that part of the moon within the penumbra will be visible with very much
diminished brilliance.

Conditions for lunar eclipse.

1) GHA or SHA of the sun and moon should differ by 180"

2) IDeclination of sun and moon should be equal and of the opposite name.

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Function 1 - Navigation Orsi Notes Page 171

10) OCCULTATION
❖ Occultation is somewhat similar to solar eclipse.

❖ The moon in its apparent motion passes over stars and planets. The star or planet is
then said to be occulted.

❖ For occultation to occur, the SHA or GHA of moon and the occulted body should be
equal and their declination equal and of same name.

11) SIDEREAL DAY

❖ It is the interval in time between 2 successive meridian passages of the first point of
Aries over the same meridian.

❖ It is the true rotational period of the earth. It has duration of 23 hours, 56 minutes, 04
seconds of mean solar time.

APPARENT SOLAR DAY

It is the interval in time between two successive meridian passages of true sun.

MEAN SOLAR DAY

It Is the interval In time between two successive meridian passages of mean sun.

LOWER MERIDIAN PASSAGE

LMP of the body occurs when body is on observer's inferior meridian.

UPPER MERIDIAN PASSAGE

UMP of the body occurs when the body Is on celestial meridian of the observer.

12) EQUATION OF TIME

Pu/kit Nanda
 Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 172

It is the difference between the mean time and the apparent time measured from the same
meridian at any instant.

Equation of time "'Mean time - Apparent time

In component to measure time

❖ El = produced due to eccentricity of the earth orbit

❖ E2 = produced due to the obliquity of the ecliptic

♦ RA =Right Ascension
♦ MS = Mean Sun

❖ TS = True Sun

RA (TS) - RA (MS}• E1+E2

EaUlf/Oo of ttm, can bf Clllculatfd by.

❖ GHA (MS) - GHA (TS)
♦ LHA (MS) - LHA (TS)

♦ SHA (MS) - SHA (TS)

❖ RA (TS) - RA (MS)

RA (TS) - RA (OMS) = E1
RA (OMS) - RA (MS) = E2
RA (TS} - RA (MS) = Equation of time
(OMS) = Dynamic Mean Sun

13) PRECESSION OF EQUINOX

The low westward motion of equinoctial point (181 point of Aries and 111 point of Libra) along the
ecliptic by about 50.2' of arc each year is called precession of equinox.

EffE'c;TS
1) RA of fixed bodies like stars Increases by corresponding amount

2) Tropical year is 20 min shorter than a sidereal year.

14) SIDEREAL YEAR: it is the time taken by earth to complete one rotation of 360• around
the sun 365¾ days.

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 Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 173

TROPICAL YEAR: it is the Interval in time between the two successive coincidences of true
sun center with 1•1 point of Aries 365 days 5 hr 48 min.

15) NUTATION
The nodding of earth's axis as it moves around the pole of ecliptic is known as nutation. The
axis of earth therefore traces a way curve Instead of describing a circle. This causes the earth's
rate of precession to increase or decrease in an 18.6 year cycle.

EFFECTS
1) Increase of RA of stars due to uneven precession

2) It produces very small variation In obliquity of ecliptic and declination of stars.

16) TWILIGHT
It Is the light received from the sun when the sun Is below the horizon i.e. before sunrise and
sunset.

1) -'ML; 6° below the horizon

2) NAtJnCAJ.:. 12• below the horizon

3) ASTRQNOMICAJ.:. 1a• below the horizon

,.,. For continuous twilight throughout the night observers latitude and sun's declination
must be of same name.

LAT (0) + DEC (S) < 90° sun will set

LAT (0) + DEC (S) + 1a• > 90° sun will not go below the twilight belt

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Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 174

17) CIRCUMPOLAR BODIES

Bodies which never set or rise and remain above the horizon are known as circumpolar bodies.

Condition: latitude and declination must be of the same name LAT + DEC > or =90•

18) NAUTCAL ALMANAC SYMBOLS

-
□ Sun and moon contlnuouslystavpwa the 11ortzon

• -SUo BIidmoon doff not rise

I I I I I - full night twlllaht

19) AUGMENTATION
The augmentation of the moon's SD is the Increase in the observed SD of the moon caused due
to its distance to the observer reducing with Increase in its altitude. Augmentation is nil when
the moon is on the horizon.

20) SEMIDIAMETER
❖ Stars and planets appear as point objects in the sky so no change In altitude.

❖ But sun and moon are much closer hence altitude should be taken from their center.

.o, Due to this a semi diameter Is used which is added if taken upper limb to get the exact
altitude from the center of the body.

21) STAR SIGHT

1) Select atleast 3 stars to find ship's accurate position

2) Select the stars whose altitude Is >30•

3) Angular separation between the stars should be more

4) Magnitude should be less so that the star is brightly visible

5) Ulse star finder (NP 323) or star reduction table for finding their approx azimuth.

6) Star sight to be taken during nautical twilight

7) Take sextant and calculate index error

8) Intercept method should be preferred (as we get observed lat in intercept method as in
case of long by chron method we get lat and observed long)

9) Calculate these PL and plot

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 Function 1 - NavlgBtion Oral Notes Page 175

10) Where the 3 PL's intersect Is the ship's position

22) WHY IS PL ALWAYS PERPENDICULAR TO AZIMUTH?

Since the zenith distance of the body is very large and the small arc of position circle will appear
as a straight line.

23) NOON POSITION WITHOUT PLOTTING

1) Initially we obtain by long by chron method during morning sight a DR Lat and observed
long
2) At the time of merpass take the meridian altitude sight and calculate the true noon lat
and PL is always E-W

3) As we calculate the noon lat, long can be calculated by normal days work

4) But the accuracy of the longitude depends on the accuracy of the morning sight DR Lat.
So to compensate this error we can correct the longitude by long correction formula

Long correctlon = (DR noon Lat ~obs noon Lat) x C

"C' Is obtafnld from the momlnq l(aht byABC tab/#

5) D'long E or W can be from 1st PL (of morning sight)

24) -v• CORRECTION

1) It Is the excess correction which has to be applied after the increment to GHA of planets
and moon.

2) Increment table In the almanac are made on the assumption that the hourly increase In
the GHA is as follows
SUN: 15"00.0'

ARIES: 15"02.46'

MOON: 14"19.0'

3) V corrections are tabulated 3 days for planets and hourly for moon

4) Venus may sometimes take negative value due to Its close proximity

5) V correction for sun and Aries is not tabulated because increment rarely differs.

25) •o• CORRECTION

1) The hourly change in the declination of the sun, moon and planets which increase or
decrease by any amount is termed as D correction

Pu/kit Nanda
 Func tion 1 - Navigation Orsi Notes
aq 176

2) This increase or decrease can be found out by the Inspe

ction of the declination of the
next hour.

26) PRECAUTION WHEN TRANSFERRING POSITION FROM

GPS TO CHART
1) Know how the datum of the GPS Is related to your chart

2) Always remember GPS uses WGS datum

3) If the chart is on some other datum than a datum corre

ction has to be applied
4) While transferring the position never use the longitude
scale for distance measurement
5) Recheck the datum correction applied to avoid any cleric
al error
ABORT POINT AND POINT OF NO RETURN
When approaching constrained waters, the ship may be
in a position, beyond which it will not be
possible to do anything else, other than proceed.

Termed the POINT OF NO RETURN, It will be the position

where the ship enters water so narrow
that there is no room to return or where It Is not possible
to retrace the track due to a falling tide
and Insufficient UKC.

A position needs to be drawn on the chart showing the last

point at which the passage can be
aborted and the ship not commits herself.

CONTINGENCY ANCHORAGE
An anchorage area marked after the abort point and
point of no return where, the ship can
anchor in the case of an emergency If the events do not
go as planned and the vessel has to
take emergency action.

GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE
It is the max distance at which the light can reach the obse
rver as determined by the height of
the observer (h), height of the structure (H) and the curva
ture of earth.
GR• 2.095 (./H + ./h)
LUMINOUS RANGE
It Is the maximum distance at which a light may be seen
under the existing meteorological
visibility conditions. It depends only on the intensity of light
itself.
NOMINAL RANGE
It is the maximum distance a light can be seen in clear weath
er (meteorological visibility of 10
NM). It also depends on the intensity of light.

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Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 177

PIGEON HOLES: the place where the flags are kept is called pigeon hole.
❖ Ratio of flag - 3:2

❖ Clip used: l nglefield clip

❖ Close up: flag fully hoisted

LEADING LIGHTS
Leading lights are a pair of light beacons used in navigation to indicate a safe passage for
vessels entering a shallow or dangerous channel and, may also be used for POSITION FIXING.

The beacons consist of 2 llghts that are separated in distance and elevation so that when they
are aligned with one above the other they provide a bearing. It may also help the navigator In
finding the compass error.

METHODS OF OBTAINING A POSITION LINE

1) Visual bearing of a terrestrial object

2) Transit bearing

3) Bearing or ranges obtained from radar

4) Position circle obtained from vertical sextant angle

5) Position obtained from horizontal sextant angle

6) Celestial body observation

DEAD RECKONING (D.R.) POSITION

This is the position found by allowing for the courses steered and the distance steamed through
the water from a fixed position. It is obtained without allowing leeway and current.

ESTIMATED POSITION
It is the calculated position, which a ship is expected to reach, after allowing for her course and
speed and the estimated leeway and current.

OBSERVED POSITION
It is the actual position of the ship, which may be ascertained by any means such as terrestrial
bearing, astronomical observation or using electronic navigational aids.

CONTROL TEST
The control test is performed before sailing out and before arrival at the port It is mainly done

Pu/kit Nanda
Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Pa q e 178

to confirm the safe operation of the ship and to ensure that all the control systems necessary
for sailing are correctly functioning in a satisfactory manner.

m, W,1tl'OI,,,,, ft.
1) Telegraph checks
2) Steering gear checks

3) Main engine try out in ahead and astern directions on fuel

4) Communications tests
5) Whistle tests

STEE1RING GEAR
It provides movement of the rudder In response to the signal from the bridge.

Types ofsteering system

1) Ram type system (2 ram or 4 ram)

2) Vane type system

Hunting Gear
It is a feedback mechanism of steering gear which repositions the floating lever of hydraulic
pump as the tiller moves to the desired position.

RAMARK
❖ Ramartc is a radio beacon

❖ It transmits signal continuously whether any ship is nearby or not

❖ It transmits signal in all directions covering the entire marine radar band

❖ It gives only the bearing of the beacon and not the range

❖ It is derived from the words RADAR and MARKER

RACON
♦ Racon is a radar transponder beacon
❖ It is derived from the words RADAR and BEACON (it is a fixed and artificial navigation
mark, normally erected over water using pillar concrete structure)

❖ When the ship's pulse arrives at racon, it amplifies and returns the pulse to the scanner

Pulkit Nanda
Function 1 - Navigation Orsi Notes Page 179

as a fairly strong signal.

❖ It gives bearing as well as the range.

TAKING OVER NAVIGATIONAL WATCH

1) Go to the chart room 15 minutes earlier

2) Inspect the chart, course steered, CMG, set and rate of current, course to be steered
during the watch, any alterations of course, TSS in locality, etc

3) Read, understand and sign master's standing orders

4) Inspect compass error book

5) Go to the wheel house 5 minutes before and set the eyes to darkness

6) Inspect engine speed

7) Inspect navigational watch, if any alteration is going on take over the watch after that
alteration Is completed and the ship is settled on the new course

8) Check the VHF

9) Check the steering system, whether on hand or auto

1 0) Understand the movement of traffic In the vicinity

11) If any doubt call the master

AFTER TAKING OVER THE NAVIGATIONAL WATCH

1) Compare compasses

2) Check synchronization of gyro repeaters atleast once a watch

3) Fix the position of ship at regular Intervals

4) Check the compass error once a watch

5) Keep a sharp lookout

6) Discuss with the outgoing officer regarding any unusual event during the watch

7) Ask him about any verbal order by master or C/ O

8) Comply with Instructions in master order book

9) Keep eye on weather conditions

10) Read the log entries made before your watch

Pu/kit Nanda
Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 180

11) Check the off course alann

12) Never leave the bridge unattended while on watch

FACTORS AFFECTING MANOEUVERING CHARACTERISTICS

1) The Shlp'a DestJwe/aht the larger the ship, greater the inertia. Larger ship will be more
difficult to stop.

2) Draught lad Trim shallow water effects turning ability.

3) SINl«l,odRudderAngJe. slow speed requires larger rudder angles to initiate the turn
and too increase ROT. More speed more water acting on the rudder therefore sensitive
to rudder angles.

4) D;ectlona/Stablllty. vessel's ability to hold course against external influences.

5) The Effect of the Wind

6) Effect of CUrrent

RESPOND TO EMERGENCIES
COLLISION
1) Sound the general emergency alann

2) Inform the master and engine room

3) Manoeuvre the ship to m inimize the effect of collision

4) Mark the position by pressing the MOB button on the GPS and on the chart

5) Switch on ARPA/RADAR (if not already on)

6) Switch on the deck lights (If in night)

7) Switch VHF to CH 16 and CH 13

8) Assess the damage area

9) Establish the communication

1 O) Muster the crew and prepare for Damage Control Party

11) Ask the other vessels' if you need any assistance

12) Take sounding of all tanks, cofferdam and WBT

13) Minimize the ingress of water by using the bilge pump / other pump

Pu/kit Nanda
Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 181

14) Any oil leakage to be minimized

15) Keep record of all events

16) Give first aid to injured person

17) Broadcast urgency message or distress message (if in imminent or grave danger)

1) Shout fire, fire, fire loudly and if the fire is 1in a small area try to fight the fire by
appropriate extinguisher to stop it from Increasing

2) Raise the fire alarm

3) Slow down or stop the vessel

4) Announce the location of fire through the PA system

5) Inform master and the engine roorn

6) Inform port control and company agent (if vessel in port)

7) Muster the crew

8) Check the Injured or missing crew member

9) Assess the fire and determine the class of fire, appropriate extinguisher and fire fighting
method

10) Close down all the ventilation, fire and water tight doors and sky light

11) 80ll'ldary cooling

12) Send distress message If In Imminent danger or otherwise urgency message

13) Keep a record of all the events

FIRE IN THE GALLEY

1) Shout fire, fire, fire loudly and if the fire Is 1ln a small area try to fight the fire by
appropriate extinguisher to stop it from Increasing

2) Raise the fire alarm

3) Slow down or stop the vessel

4) Announce the location of fire through the PA system

5) Inform master and the engine room

Pu/kit Nanda
Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 182

6) Inform port control and company agent (if vessel in port)

7) Muster the crew

8) Check the injured or missing crew member

9) If it is electric short circuit then action should be:

a) Switch off power supply of the entire galley

b) Use CO2 or DCP

10) If it is oil fire then use foam extinguisher

11) If fire cannot be effectively tackled:

a) Shut down exhaust blowers

b) Close all portholes and entrance doors

c) Use water spray through port holes or from entrance doors

d) BOllldary cooling

12) Send distress signal if in imminent danger or otherwise urgency message

13) Keep a record of all the events

MAN OVERBOARD
1) Immediately wheel hard over to casualty side

2) Release MOB marker

3) Press MOB on the GPS

4) Raise general emergency alann

5) Inform master and the engine room

6) Change auto to hand steering

7) Follow the Williamson pattern

8) Sound OSCAR(--)

9) Hoist flag o

10) Post extra lookout

11) Note ship position, wind speed, direction and time

Pu/kit Nanda
Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 183

12) Muster the rescue boat crew

13) Prepare rescue boat launching

14) Send urgency message

15) Rig pilot ladder/ net to assign the recovery

16) Recover the casualty from windward side

17) Give first aid to the person

18) Pick up the marker

19) Once rescue is successful, cancel the urgency message

20) Keep the record of all events

FLOODING
1) Sound general emergency alarm

2) Close all water tight doors

3) Sound bilges and tanks

4) Carry out damage stability calculation

5) Identify location of incoming water

6) Cu1 off all electrical power on that area

7) Check bilge pump and auxiliary pump

8) Broadcast emergency message for immediate assistance

9) If ship is In imminent danger then broadcast distress alert

STRANDING / GROUNDING
1) Stop the engine

2) Inform the master and engine room

3) Sound the general emergency alarm

4) 2 all round red lights and anchor light at night

5) Switch on deck lights at night

6) Check hull for the damages

Pu/kit Nanda
Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 184

7) Take sounding of bilges and tanks

8) Take sounding around the stlp and determine which side Is deeper
9) Check the nature of seabed

10) Check nex1 highes1 rise and fall in tide

11) Reduce the draft of the ship

12) Broadcast emergency message

13) Keep record of all the events

14) Close water tight doors If fitted

15) Maintain watch on VHF CH16

16)Save VDR or SVDR

STEERING GEAR FAILURE

1) Inform master and engine room

2) Prepare for anchoring If In shallow water

3) Exhibit NUC lights and shapes

4) Commence sound signaling

5) Keep VHF watch

6) Monitor vessel position and rate of drift

7) Check for any navigational hazards

8) Change over auto to hand

9) Check for Immediate weather condition

10) Broadcast urgency message

ABANDONING SHIP
1) Broadcast distress alert on the authority of master

2) Instruct crew members to put on life jackets and wear adequate wann clothing

3) Instruct crew member to put on immersion suit if water temp is below 16•

4) Order crew members to go to lifeboat stations

Pu/kit Nanda
 Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 185

5) Prepare to launch the lifeboat / llferaft

6) Ensure the painter is attached to the ship

7) Ensure all crew members embark the lifeboat/ liferaft and then launch

8) Ensure the lifeboat / llferaft remains in safe proximity to the ship and in contact with
each other

APPROACHING RESTRICTED VISIBILfTY (RV)

Inform master and the engine room

1) Observe visually and make note of all traffic in sight

2) Switch on navigational lights

3) Change over to hand steering

4) Switch on echo sounder In shallow water

5) Switch on other steering motor also

6) Post double lookout

7) Try out fog signaling apparatus

8) Keep the wheelhouse door open and stop all the noise of the deck so that you can hear
the fog signal of other vessel

9) Commence sounding fog signal before erntering fog

10) Close all water tight doors

11) Keep record of all the happenings

12) Switch on VHF

VARIOUS QUESTIONS
Q) Why; is there a file for ASD correction & not for others?
1) Since the new edition for ASD comes after a long period of time, if we cut & paste the
corrections in the book itself the book might become heavy and to avoid that we keep a
separate file.

Q) What is the purpose of ASD?

1) Generally required for coastal passage.
2) Used in conjunction with charts.
3} They amplify chart detail and contain info needed for safe navigation which Is not
available from chart.

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Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 186

Q) Five Brightest Stars?

1) Sirius
2) Canopus
3) Vega
4) Capella
5) Spica

Q) Five brightest planets?

1) Mercury
2) Venus
3) Mars
4) Jupiter
5) Saturn

Q) Action on seeing rocket parachute flare?

1) Check own vessel position and estimated position of flares

2) Inform master and CRS (coast radio station)

3) Double lookouts

4) Switch on X-band radar & ensure both radar are manned

5) Prepare the search pattern

6) Put helmsman on the wheel and alter course accordingly

7) Record to be made: Time of alteration in the log book

Q) Various methods to find out compass error?

1) Transit bearing
2) Horizontal sextant angle
3) Vertical sextant angle

4) Azimuth

5) Amplitude
6) Leading light

7) Obscured sector of light

Q) How will you come to know there Is Iceberg In the vlclnlty7

1) Reduction In sea water temp.

2) Reduction in air temp.

Pu/kit Nanda
Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 187

3) Ice breaking noise will be heard

4) Bliri< ice

5) In fog it will look like a luminous objec:1

6) In clear sky It will look yellowish luminous object

7) Though radar will not give good echoes for ice, but s1111 maintain a lookout on range
scale 6 mile

Q) Where can we find Navtex station, Nav.Wamtng & Met Warning?

1) ALRS VOLUME 5

2) ALRS VOLUME 3

3) LIST OF RADIO DETERMINATION AND SPECIAL SERVICES STATION

Q) Where can we find Information regarding Medical Advice?

1) ALRS VOLUME 1

2) LIST OF RADIO DETERMINATION AND SPECIAL SERVICES STATION

Q) What all publications are mentioned for correction under WNM Section VII I.e. updates to
miscellaneous publications?

1) NP 100: The Mariner handbook

2) NP 133A: Paper chart maintenance record

3) NP 231: Admiralty guide to practical use of ENCs

4) NP 294: How to keep your admiralty products up-to-date

5) NP 136: Ocean passage of the world

6) NP 350: Admiralty distance table

7) NP 735: IALA Maritime buoyage system

8) NP 5011 :Symbol and abbreviations used on admiralty paper charts

9) NP 5012: Admiralty guide to ENC symbols used in ECDIS

10) All Tidal Publication

11) Nautical publication including sight reduction tables

Q) Where will you find meanings of symbols that are used In ECDIS?

Pu/kit Nanda
 Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page 188

A) The meaning of symbols used In ENCs' could be found out in NP 5012: Admlraltygukleto
ENC nmbof• ueed In ECDIS
Q) What Is the standard procedure of correcting a chart?

1) On receipt of WNM, see the index of charts affected that is given in Section 2 of WNM
and enter the notice number of the affected chart In correction log.

2) Tum to the end of section 2, to see If any T & P notices have been published or cancelled
out and make the corresponding entry about the same in correction log

3) Correct the voyage charts first and thereafter all other remaining charts

4) Take out the chart, check for any previous correction that has been done and see
whether the notice number of present correction is in conjunction to the previous update.

5) If the chart Is corrected up to the previous update, continue with the latest update and
mark the permanent change with a pen

6) Enter the relevant notice number in the bottom left hand comer of chart with a pen

7) Strike that notice number In chart correctlon log

8) Now using T & P file or section 2 of WNM, correct the chart for T & P but using a pencil

9) Entry shall be made below line of notices in the bottom left hand comer with pencil
10) Strike in chart correction log

11) Using navigational warning file correct the voyage charts

Q) What is the procedure to correct charts that have not been corrected since past 2 or 3 years?

1) Check the current edition of chart

2) If latest edition is not available onboard, then request for new edition

3) If latest edition is available onboard, check for last update made on chart in the bottom
left hand comer

4) Now from cumulative notices to mariners, note down all permanent notice number that
have affected the chart after the last update

5) Also refer subsequent WNM to find If any update has been Issued since publication of
cumulative notice to mariner

6) ifake out all WNM for which notice number Is entered in correction log

7) Start correcting chart last to latest

8) Apply the updates on charts, make entry ini bottom left hand comer

Pu/kit Nsnda
 11) Using navigational warning file correct the voyage charts

Q) What Is the procedure to correct charts that have not been corrected since past 2 or 3 years?
1) Check the current edition of chart

2) If latest edition is not available onboard, then request for new edition

3) If latest edition is available onboard, check for last update made on chart in the bottom
left hand comer

4) Now from cumulative notices to mariners, note down all permanent notice number that
have affected the chart after the last update

5) Also refer subsequent WNM to find if any update has been issued since publication of
cumulative notice to mariner

6) Take out all WNM for which notice number is entered in correction log

7) Start correcting chart last to latest

8) Apply the updates on charts. make entry In bottom left hand comer

Pu/kit Nanda

Function 1 - Navigation Oral Notes Page i 89

9) Strike in chart correction log

1O) Take out annual notices to mariner part lto correct chart for T&P Notices, also refer
WNM subsequent to ANTM for T&P notices or refer T&P file maintained onboard

11) Use navigational warning file for correcting NAV WARNING

12) NOTE: If the WNM for last 2/3 years Is not available onboard, then the same can be
downloaded from UKHO website. If there is no net access then we can request the
company to mail the same on ship's ID.

Q) What is large correction and small correction?

1) LARGE CORRECTION• Revision of the part of chart in latest publication

2) SMALL CORRECTION· Correction of chart In weekly notices to mariner

Q) What are contents of CSWPMS (Code of safe worldng practice in merchant seaman)?

1) Safety Responsibility/Shipboard Management

2) Personal Health and Safety. Fire precaution, Emergency Procedures

3) Work Activities

4) Specialist Ships

5) Appendices

What Is general emergency alarm?

♦ 7 or more short blasts followed by 1 long blast

+ Continuous ringing of bell until head counts completed.

What Is contingency Plan?

♦ It contains action plan and duties of every possible emergency on board. It has 5 teams
for handling emergencies

1) Bridge team

2) Engine room team

3) Attack team

4) Backup team

5) First Aid team