TEST 1

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined
part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
1. A. brought B. drought C. sought D. thought
2. A. flush B. push C. rush D. crush
3. A. hatred B. naked C. knocked D. sacred
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other
three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
4. A. minority B. monument C. minister D. minimum
5. A. abdomen B. establish C. abolish D. accomplish
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
6. All my friends have big new cars. I’m becoming .........of my old Mini.
A. embarrassed B. guilty C. ashamed D. upset
7. Fiona is very angry ............ her boss’s decision to sack several members of staff.
A. against B. by C. for D. about
8. You are under no obligation to help as assistance is purely.............
A. voluntary B. free C. charitable D. donated
9. I’m afraid you may find the truth somewhat.........
A. inedible B. unpalatable C. indigestible D. unmanageable
10. Not Scotland again! It rained everyday last time, I want to go.........sunny this summer.
A. someone B. something C. somebody D. somewhere
11 She’s very .................. . She can be relied on to do her job properly.
A. efficient B. cautious C. serious D. conservative
12. The youth team really..................... themselves in the semi-final.
A. surmounted B. exceeded C. beat D. excelled
13. In my opinion, it’s only common...................... to wear a seat belt in a car.
A. judgement B. sense C. intelligence D. wit
14. How do you..................... about the pollution problem in this country?
A. feel B. think C. believe D. view
15. I’m.............. in my present job; I need something more challenging.
A. irritated B. annoyed C. crazy D. frustrated
16. I’m sorry I screamed. Something................... me.
A. afraid B. terrifying C. scared D. depressed
17. I find his behaviour towards me quite ................... . He treats me like an idiot.
A. offending B. insulting C. crude D. ill-mannered
18. Nobody died in the accident, but 20 people were .................................... .
A. damaged B. injured C. spoiled D. broken
19. Scientists ................ a carefully controlled experiment on the mystery virus.
A. carried over B. measured out C. put up D. carried out
20. People are............... to wear reflectors on their clothing when walking along a road in the dark.
A. advised B. warned C. told D. informed
21. Don’t believe you can.............. of his support.
A. count B. depend C. be sure D. rely
22. The............ feeling at the meeting was that we should go ahead.
A. predicted B. pre-eminent C. prefabricated D. predominant
23 Soldiers have been sent in to try to restore............... in the area.
A. order B. harmony C. organisation D. regulation
24.If they.......... that movie, who would you like to see cast in it?
A. will remake B. were remaking C. have remade D. were to remake
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the
underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
25. We finally decided on the cheapest holiday.
A. opted for B. agreed on C. elected D. picked
26. This is a great chance to save money on a holiday to the Bahamas.
A. fortune B. opportunity C. way D. method
27. Several passengers in the train were badly injured in the accident.
A. travellers of B. tourists on C. occupants of D. residents of
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following questions.
28. (A) There is a rumour that the army is about (B) taking power, (C) though this has been (D) denied by
government sources.
29. I’ve got my photos (A) drying out on the kitchen floor, (B) so whatever you (C) will do, don’t tread on
them!
30. Several (A) comet are discovered each year, but very few of (B) them are (C) bright enough
to be seen without the aid of magnification.
31. Many (A) scientists contributed (B) to the development of television, (C) whether no one person can be
said to have invented it.
32. (A) The demand (B) for tickets was (C) such great that people queued day and night.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 33 to 42.
BEIJING
Beijing is the capital city of the People’s Federal Republic of China. “Beijing” comes from the
Chinese words “northern” and “capital” and follows a(n) (33)____ East Asian tradition of naming capital
cities literally. Other similarly named cities (34)____ Nanjing in Southern China which means “southern
capital”, and Tokyo in Japan, which means “eastern capital”. Beijing is a fascinating city with a history that
goes back thousands of years. It is the political and cultural (35)_____ of China and is world-famous for its
many historical attractions. Four million people visit Beijing each year to see (36)____ such as the
magnificent Forbidden City, Tiananmen Square and The Great Wall of China.
Walking around the city, you can see countless ancient temples, palaces, imperial gardens and other
intriguing cultural sites. But Beijing is more than just a historic marvel. It is also one of the world’s great
modem metropolises and is (37) _____ of 21st century vitality. Towering skyscrapers, huge shopping mails,
and modem commercial areas are just as much a (38)_____ of modern-day Beijng. In 2001, Beijing
celebrated! the news that it had been selected to (39)____ the 2008 Summer Olympics. Hundreds of
thousands of flag-waving Chinese poured into Beijing’s streets, singing and cheering. Fireworks (40)____
up the sky as the city rejoiced. The morning after the (41)_____, the titles of all Beijing’s newspapers were
printed in red — a special color in Chinese (42)_____ that is reserved for good and important news.

33. A. past B. ancient C. antique D. older

34. A. include B. contain C. involve D. consist
35. A. square B. centre C. middle D. heart
36. A. displays B. views C. visions D. sights
37 A. total B. rich C. full D. complete
38: A. piece B. part C. section D. bit
39. A. host B. show C. display D. view
40. A. glowed B. flamed C. shone D. lit
41. A. statement B. declaration C. announcement D. transmission
42. A. tradition B. custom C. habit D. folklore

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to
the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
43. I was surprised at how crowded the city streets were.
A. empty B. narrow C. full D. small
44. The passengers were waiting to board the plane.
A. load B. disembark C. alight D. descended
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 45 to 54.
A geyser is the result of underground water under the combined conditions of high temperatures and
increased pressure beneath the surface of the Earth. Since temperature rises about 1°F for every sixty feet
under the Earth’s surface, and pressure increases with depth, water that seeps down in cracks and fissures
until it reaches very hot rocks in the Earth’s interior becomes heated to a temperature of approximately
290°F.
Water under pressure can remain liquid at temperatures above its normal boiling point, but in a geyser, the
weight of the water nearer the surface exerts so much pressure on the deeper water that the water at the
bottom of the geyser reaches much higher temperatures than does the water at the top of the geyser. As the
deep water becomes hotter, and consequently lighter, it suddenly rises to the surface and shoots out of the
surface in the form of steam and hot water. In turn, the explosion agitates all the water in the geyser
reservoir, creating further explosions. Immediately afterward, the water again flows into the underground
reservoir, heating begins, and the process repeats itself.
In order to function, then, a geyser must have a source of heat, a reservoir where water can be stored until
the temperature rises to an unstable point, an opening through which the hot water and steam can escape, and
underground channels for resupplying water after an eruption.
Favorable conditions for geysers exist in regions of geologically recent volcanic activity, especially in
areas of more than average precipitation. For the most part, geysers are located in three regions of the world:
New Zealand, Iceland, and the Yellowstone National Park area of the United States. The most famous geyser
in the world is Old Faithful in Yellowstone Park. Old Faithful erupts every hour, rising to a height of 125 to
170 feet and expelling more than ten thousand gallons during each eruption. Old Faithful earned its name
because, unlike most geysers, it has never failed to erupt on schedule even once in eight years of observation.

45. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

A. The Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park. B. The nature of geysers.
C. The ratio of temperature to pressure in underground water.
D. Regions of geologically recent volcanic activity.
46. In order for a geyser to erupt .
A. hot rocks must rise to the surface of the Earth B. water must flow underground
C. it must be a warm day D. the earth must not be rugged or broken
47. The word “approximately” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
A. about B. almost C. barely D. exceeding
48. The word “it” in line 4 refers to .
A. water B. depth C. pressure D. surface
49. As depth increases............
A. pressure increases but temperature does not B. temperature increases but pressure does not
C. both pressure and temperature increase D. neither pressure nor temperature increases
50. Why does the author mention New Zealand and Iceland in paragraph 4?
A. To compare areas of high volcanic activity B. To describe the Yellowstone National Park
C. To provide examples of areas where geysers are located
D. To name the two regions where all geysers are found
51. How often does Old Faithful erupt?
A. Every 10 minutes B. Every 60 minutes C. Every 125 minutes D. Every 170 minutes
52. The word “expelling” in line 23 is closest in meaning to .
A. heating B. discharging C. supplying D. wasting
53. What does the author mean by the statement “Old Faithful earned its name because unlike most geysers,
it has never failed to erupt on schedule even once in eighty years of observation” ?
A. Old Faithful always erupts on schedule. B. Old Faithful is usually predictable.
C. Old Faithful erupts predictably like other geysers.
D. Old Faithful received its name because it has been observed for many years.
54. According to the passage, what is required for a geyser to function?
A. A source of heat, a place for water to collect, an opening, and underground channels.
B. An active volcano nearby and a water reservoir.
C. Channels in the Earth and heavy rainfall. D. Volcanic activity, underground channels, and steam.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 55 to 64.
Human memory, formerly believed to be rather inefficient, is really much more sophisticated than that of
a computer. Researchers approaching the problem from a variety of points of view have all concluded that
there is a great deal more stored in our minds than has been generally supposed. Dr Wilder Penfield, a
Canadian neurosurgeon, proved that by stimulating their brains electrically, he could elicit the total recall of
complex events in his subjects’ lives. Even dreams and other minor events supposedly forgotten for many
years suddenly emerged in detail.
The memory trace is the term for whatever forms the internal representation of the specific information
about the event stored in the memory. Assumed to have been made by structural changes in the brain, the
memory trace is not subject to direct observation but is rather a theoretical construct that is used to speculate
about how information presented at a particular time can cause performance at a later time. Most theories
include the strength of the memory trace as a variable in the degree of learning, retention, and retrieval
possible for a memory. One theory is that the fantastic capacity for storage in the brain is the result of an
almost unlimited combination of interconnections between brain cells, stimulated by patterns of activity.
Repeated references to the same information support recall. Or, to say that another way, improved
performance is the result of strengthening the chemical bonds in the memory.
Psychologists generally divide memory into at least two types, short-term and long-term memory, which
combine to form working memory. Short-term memory contains what we are actively focusing on at any
particular time, but items are not retained longer than twenty or thirty seconds without verbal rehearsal. We
use short-term memory when we look up a telephone number and repeat it to ourselves until we can place
the call. On the other hand, long-term memory can store facts, concepts, and experiences after we stop
thinking about them. All conscious processing of information, as in problem solving for example, involves
both short-term and long-term memory. As we repeat, rehearse, and recycle information, the memory trace is
strengthened, allowing that information to move from short-term memory to long-term memory.
55. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?
A. Wilder Penfield B. Neurosurgery C. Human memory D. Chemical reactions
56. The word “formerly” in line 1 could best be replaced by .
A. in the past B. from time to time C. in general D. by chance
57. Compared with a computer, human memory is...........
A. more complex B. more limited C. less dependable D. less durable
58. The word “sophisticated” in line 2 is closest in meaning to .
A. complex B. confusing C. refined D. advanced
59. How did Penfield stimulate dreams and other minor events from the past?
A. By surgery B. By electrical stimulation C. By repetition D. By chemical
stimulation
60. According to the passage, the capacity for storage in the brain .
A. can be understood by examining the physiology of the brain B. is stimulated by patterns of activity
C. has a limited combination of relationships D. is not influenced by repetition
61. The word “bonds” in line 17 means .
A. promises B. agreements C. connections D. responsibilities
62. Why does the author mention looking up a telephone number?
A. It is an example of short-term memory. B. It is an example of a weak memory trace.
C. It is an example of an experiment.
D. It is an example of how we move short-term memory to long-term memory.
63. All of the following are true of a memory trace EXCEPT that .
A. it is probably made by structural changes in the brain
B. it is able to be observed directly by investigators
C. it is a theoretical construct that we use to form hypotheses
D. it is related to the degree of recall supported by repetition
64. With which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?
A. The mind has a much greater capacity for memory than was previously believed.
B. The physical basis for memory is clear.
C. Different points of view are valuable. D. Human memory is inefficient.

SECTION B.
I. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed
before it. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
1. I haven’t heard from him for ages.
He....................................................................................................................................................
2. The beach is quite near the hotel.
The beach is within .........................................................................................................................
3. John prefers windsurfing to sailing.
John would.......................................................................................................................................
4. I haven’t seen a play by Shakespeare for more than ten years.
It’s....................................................................................................................................................
5. When we crossed the fields, we couldn’t see the mountains because of the rain.
If.......................................................................................................................................................

II. Some people think that students should take part in cleaning up local beaches, parks and forests
but others do not agree. What do you think?

TEST 2

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs
from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
1. A. maniac B. madam C. manual D. manage
2. A. archaic B. chivalry C. archive D. architect
3. A. provision B. conclusion C. pension D. precision
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other
three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
4. A. humiliate B. intimidate C. hibernate D. discriminate
5. A. eminent B. elaborate C. eloquent D. element
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
6. Yuck, this milk stinks! I think it’s gone.............
A. on B. up C. off D. down
7. When the bombing started, plans were made for an immediate............of the city.
A. vacation B. exodus C. departure D. evacuation
8. I’m not surprised he became an author. Even as a child he had a............imagination.
A. large B. vivid C. great D. bright
9. The tabloid newspapers, which are engaged in a.......... war, are all trying to print the most sensational
stories to improve sales.
A. circulation B. paper C. trading D. press
10. The look on his face when he attacked me was absolutely............ I’ll never forget it.
A. petrifying B. scaring C. fearing D. afraid
11. I’m becoming increasingly........... Last week I locked myself out of the house twice.
A. forgetful B.mindless C.absent D. oblivious
12. She’s not very........... She’s never quite sure what she wants to do.
A. energetic B. lively C.decisive D.active
13. My car is very......... . ; it’s never broken down.
A. edible B. inedible C. unreliable D. reliable
14. Helen’s parents were very pleased when they read her school............
A. report B. papers C. diploma D. account
15. Who............ was coming to see me this morning?
A. you said B. you did say C. did you say that D. did you say
16. I’m not.......... I don’t mind at all where we go.
A. careful B. cautious C. wary D. fussy
17. Mr and Mrs Grove were very..........when their dog died.
A. upset B. confused C. disappointed D. discouraged
18. There is every ...............of things going horribly wrong.
A. opportunity B. probability C. chance D. opening
19. Anna is a very nervous child and she’s very................of strangers.
A. terrified B. frightened C. petrified D. horrified
20. It appears that the hostages were not........... to any unnecessary suffering.
A. subjugated B. subverted C. subsumed D. subjected
21. If Harold................. with his piano playing, he could eventually reach concert standard.
A. sustains B. perseveres C. maintains D. survives
22. I’m.................... that you should accuse me of lying.
A. offensive B. insulting C. offending D. insulted
23. Martin has quite a good.................. of physics.
A. result B. pass C. understanding D. head
24. There are ........... many scientific studies which indicate that music can significantly reduce anxiety.
A. a good B. much too C. quite a D. more than

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the
underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
25. The teacher reprimanded her for not doing her homework.
A. tolerated B. blamed C. punished D. scolded
26. They climbed tire mountain in 28 days, a remarkable achievement.
A. success B. glory C. feat D. prize
27. Here’s an hypothetical situation: you are in the desert and you run out of water.
A. unreal B. imaginative C. imaginary D. imitated

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following questions.
28. The International Red Cross, (A) which (B) has helped so many nations, won the Nobel Peace Prize three
times for (C) their efforts to reduce (D) human suffering.
29. One (A) responsibility of human beings (B) is not to interfere with the actions of (C) another people (D)
except in the face of injustice.
30. The Greenhouse effect (A) has brought about by (B) huge (C) amounts of CO2 in (D) our atmosphere.
31. Nuclear (A) powers production in the US (B) is (C) controlled (D) by the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission [NRC].
32. (A) After writing it. the essay must (B) be duplicated by the student himself and handed (C) into the
department secretary before (D) the end of the month.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 33 to 42.
CYCLING IN LONDON
British were not exactly keen on cycling. In fact, only a quarter of the twenty million bicycles in the
country were thought to be in (33)............ use. Over the last year, though, the number of cyclists in urban
areas, particularly in London, has (34) ......... by 83 per cent. This has turned the capital into a cleaner, less
noisy city (35) to many others in Europe. How was this possible? It is all thanks to the National Cycle
Network project which, in the (36) ........ few years has managed to encourage many people to use their
bicycles either to travel to work or for fun. Part of the project involved the improvement of (37) ..........
pathways, whereas by the end of 2006 the Network had (38) ......... to 11.300 miles. Moreover, the provision
of bicycle parking in the streets, at railway and underground stations, in schools and in the workplace has
contributed significantly to the rise in the number of cyclists. It is (39) ..............that nearly 75 per cent of the
population live within two miles of a route and more cycling trips are made than ever before. The project has
been funded principally by the National Lottery and it is expected that even more cycling (40) .............. will
be developed by 2012, when the Olympics will take (41)............. The aim is to create routes that will
surround the main sites for the 2012 Games in London, whereas a new bridge for pedestrians and cyclists
will (42).............Southwark and Canary Wharf.
33. A. right B. normal C. regular D. proper
34. A. grown B. raised C. developed D. enlarged
35. A. contrasted B. related C. compared D. associated
36. A. final B. latest C. last D. recent
37. A. prevailing B. existing C. living D. left.
38. .A. magnified B. lengthened C. expanded D. broadened
39. A. figured B. counted C. estimated D. measured
40. A. directions B. routes C. ways D. passages
41. A. place B. space C. position D. part
42. A. attach B. bond C. relate D. connect
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to
the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
43. The pilot was excellent because the take-off was really smooth.
A. descent B. lowering C. touchdown D. landing
44. The new road into the city centre was incredibly bumpy.
A. smooth B. flat C. even D. paved

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 45 to 54.
This question has often been posed “Why were the Wright brothers able to succeed in an effort at which so
many others had failed”? Many explanations have been mentioned, but three reasons are most often cited.
First, they were a team. Both men worked congenially and cooperatively, read the same books, located and
shared information, talked incessantly about the possibility of manned flight, and served as a consistent
source of inspiration and encouragement to each other. Quite simply, two geniuses are better than one.
Both were glider pilots. Unlike some other engineers who experimented with the theories of flight, Orville
and Wilbur Wright experienced the practical aspects of aerodynamics by building and flying in kites and
gliders. Each craft they built was slightly superior to the last, as they incorporated knowledge that they had
gained from previous failures. They had realized from their experiments that the most serious challenge in
manned flight would be stabilizing and maneuvering the aircraft once it was airborne. While others
concentrated their efforts on the problem of achieving lift for take-off, the Wright brothers were focusing on
developing a three-axis control for guiding their aircraft. By the time that the brothers started to build an
airplane, they were already among the world’s best glider pilots, they knew the problems of riding the air
first hand.
In addition, the Wright brothers had designed more effective wings for the airplane than had been
previously engineered. Using a wind tunnel, they tested more than two hundred different wing designs,
recording the effects of slight variations in shape on the pressure of air on the wings. The data from these
experiments allowed the Wright brothers to construct a superior wing for their aircraft. In spite of these
advantages, however, the Wright brothers might not have succeeded had they not been born at precisely the
opportune moment in history. Attempts to achieve manned flight in the early nineteenth century were
doomed because the steam engines that powered the aircrafts were too heavy in proportion to the power that
they produced. But by the end of the nineteenth century, when the brothers were experimenting with
engineering options, a relatively light internal combustion engine had already been invented, and they were
able to bring the ratio of weight to power within acceptable limits for flight.

45. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

A. The reasons why the Wright brothers succeeded in manned flight
B. The advantage of the internal combustion engine in the Wright brothers’ experiments
C. The Wright brothers’ experience as pilots
D. The importance of gliders to the development of airplanes
46. The word “cited” in line 3 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A. disregarded B. mentioned C. considered D. proven
47. The word “incessantly” in line 5 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. confidently B. intelligently C. constantly D. optimistically
48. What kind of experience did the Wright brothers have that distinguished them from their competitors?
A. They were geniuses. B. They were glider pilots.
C. They were engineers. D. They were inventors.
49. The word “maneuvering” in line 13 is closest in meaning to .
A. instructing B. solving C. directing D. guiding
50. Why does the author suggest that the experiments with the wind tunnel were important?
A. Because they allowed the Wright brothers to decrease the weight of their airplane to acceptable limits.
B. Because they resulted in a three-axis control for their airplane.
C. Because they were important in the refinement of the wings for their airplane.
D. Because they used the data to improve the engine for their airplane.
51. The word “doomed” in line 25 is closest in meaning to .
A. destined to fail B. difficult to achieve C. taking a risk D. not well planned
52. The word “they” in line 26 refers to .
A. the Wright brothers B. aircraft C. engines D. attempts
53. In paragraph 4, the author suggests that the steam engines used in earlier aircraft had failed because
A. They were too small to power a large plane B. They were too light to generate enough power
C. They did not have internal combustion power D. They did not have enough power to lift their own
weight.
54. The passage discusses all of the following reasons that the Wright brothers succeeded EXCEPT
A. They worked very well together B. They both had practical experience building other aircraft
C. They made extensive tests before they completed the design D. They were well funded

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 55 to 64.
ENERGY FROM THE WAVES
The quest for sustainable sources of energy has led humans to study the energy potential of the sun and
the wind, as well as the immense power created by dammed rivers. The oceans, too, represent an impressive
source of potential energy. For example, it has been estimated that the oceans could provide nearly 3,000
times the energy generated by hydroelectric dams such as the Hoover Dam. Yet, this source remains quite
difficult to exploit.
But this challenge has not prevented scientists from trying. Within the last few decades, several
technologies that can transform the ocean’s immense forces into usable electricity have been invented and
introduced. Some focus on capturing the power of the changing tides, while others rely on thermal energy
created by oceans in certain tropical regions. However, the most common and easiest-to-develop
technologies are those designed to harness the power inherent in the ocean’s waves.
There are several methods by which ocean-wave energy can be collected. All of them work because the
movement of the water that the waves induce states storable energy by directly or indirectly driving a power
generator. In one such technology, the changing water levels in the ocean that are produced by waves lift a
long floating tube comprised of many sections connected by hinges. As the sections move up and down with
the water, they pump a special fluid through the tube that can be used to drive a generator. Another technique
works on a similar principle, only the floating object rocks back and forth with the motion of the water
instead of up and down. A third method of collecting wave energy relies on the rising water from the waves
to compress air in a partially submerged chamber. As the waves rush into the chamber, they push the air out
through a narrow tunnel. Located inside this tunnel is a turbine connected to a power generator. The
movement of the air turns the turbine, which feeds energy into the generator.
The drawback to each of these concepts is that they make it necessary to have many pieces of machinery
linked together. This presents a problem (because the larger the device, the more vulnerable it is to damage
presents a problem) because the larger the device, the more vulnerable it is to damage from hazardous ocean
environments, and the more likely it is to interfere with otherwise unspoiled coastal scenery. Also, these
methods demand the construction of site specific machines that take into consideration average local wave
heights and sea conditions. Such a requirement can be quite cost-prohibitive, because engineers must create
unique power generation mechanisms for each site. In other words, the ability to get power from waves
differs from region to region.
Japan, Norway, and the UK have all attempted to generate energy by capturing the power of ocean waves.
In northern Scotland, the first power plant to use wave power, OSPREY (Ocean Swell Powered Renewable
Energy), began operating in 1995. It followed the principle of the third method described above: waves
entering a partially submerged chamber pushed air into turbines to generate electricity. The electricity was
then transmitted to power collectors on the shore via underwater cables. Unfortunately, the OSPREY plant
was destroyed in a large storm, highlighting an unavoidable difficulty associated with this kind of power
generation.
The potential benefits of wave-based energy are hard to ignore. Once the proper machinery is produced
and installed, the energy is free. Maintenance costs are small, and the equipment does not pose any threats of
environmental pollution. And best of all, the amounts of energy produced are enormous.
However, these theoretical advantages have yet to be fully realized. In many cases, a lack of government
funding has inhibited the technologies from advancing. For example, despite the relative abundance of
proposed wave-power devices, many have not been adequately tested, and most have been evaluated only in
artificial pools where they are not subjected to the harsh marine conditions that exist in actual oceans.
Protecting the equipment from the sea’s destructive forces, as well as the fundamental task of determining
feasible locations for collecting energy', also present formidable challenges. All in all, while ocean power
offers some intriguing possibilities, the difficulties involved in harnessing this energy source are substantial
and will require more time to overcome.
55. The word “exploit” in line 6 is closest in meaning to .
A. utilize B. declare C. contain D. determine
56. Why does the author mention the Hoover Dam in paragraph 1?
A. To give a current example of ocean-based energy technology.
B. To explain that dams are effective producers of sustainable energy.
C. To draw a comparison between two sources of renewable energy.
D. To show that alternative energy sources have not been successful.
57. In paragraph 2, the author states that .
A. waves do not represent the only form of ocean power
B. tropical oceans produce the greatest amount of energy
C. scientists first attempted to collect power from ocean tides
D. most of the electricity created by oceans is not usable
58. The word “induce” in line 14 is closest in meaning to .
A. cause B. define C. order D. monitor
59. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true about wave-power technologies?
A. Many of them use submerged objects to obtain the waves’ energy.
B. Compressed air must be present for them to work properly.
C. They undertake three steps in order to collect wave power.
D. They rely on the water’s motion to create electricity.
60. According to paragraph 5, what part did the cables play in OSPREY’s design?
A. They attached the partially submerged chamber to the sea floor.
B. They generated the electricity which was then collected in turbines.
C. They conducted the electricity from the generator to the shore.
D. They provided stability during powerful ocean storms.
61. The word “inhibited” in line 47 is closest in meaning to .
A. delivered B. prevented C. protected D. approved
62. The word “feasible” in line 51 is closest in meaning to
A. secure B. exposed C. necessary D. appropriate
63. What can be inferred from paragraph 7 about governments?
A. They do not believe wave energy devices can withstand ocean forces
B. Their interests often conflict with those of the energy industries
C. They demand much scientific research before they provide funding.
D. Their support is often essential to the success of the new endeavors.
64. All of these are problems associated with the collection of wave energy EXCEPT .
A. the difficulty of finding feasible locations. B. the destructive power of the ocean.
C. the size of the equipment involved. D. the constant changing of the tides.

SECTION B.
Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed
before it Write your answers on your answer sheet.
1.I was going to leave, but because of what she said, I didn’t.
She persuaded ..............................................................................................................................................
2. I didn’t want to buy it, but because he insisted, I bought it.
He pushed.....................................................................................................................................................
3.“You must think about it carefully before you decide”, she told me.
She urged.....................................................................................................................................................
4. “I am innocent,” she said, and the court believed her.
She convinced .............................................................................................................................................
5. She says that it’s good if I make my own decisions.
She encourages.............................................................................................................................................

There is too much rubbish on our streets, in our parks and in the countryside. What do you think can
be done to improve the situation?