LAM
The ancient Egyptians say that God formed
the fundamental precepts, the earth, and
society during the world's birth. It all
commenced with the High God's first
churning in the cosmic waters.
Ancient Iwn, the city that saw the beginning
of existence, is buried under 20 meters of
earth and vanished history. The Greeks
called it Heliopolis, or what we know as the
city of the sun in today’s era. Despite
decades of domains and villages, the site
retains a spiritual memorial to Ra, Egypt's
greatest god.
Initially, the world appeared as an endless
sea of dark waters named Nun. Nun had four
male and female deities. Each embodied one
of Nun's four components: invisibility,
boundless water, straying, and darkness.
When the breath of life was full and
sufficient, the entity known as Atum
determined that it was time to begin the
process of creation. To provide assistance
for this divinity, which revealed itself in the
shape of Ra, Egypt's sun god, an island
sprang from the waters of the sea.
Helpful Spoiler. Let’s all remember. We
have four major contributors. Ra (sometimes
spelled Re) is ancient Egypt's sun god. He is
one of the first deities in the Egyptian
mythology, merging with others such as
Horus to become Ra-Horakhty (the morning
sun), Amun (as the noonday sun), and Atum
(as the evening sun), all of whom are
associated with fundamental life-giving
force.
Ra, as the gods' and humans' creator, he
brought order to the sky and earth. He
wields the Double Crown of Upper and
Lower Egypt, the ankh, a symbol of life, and
the was sceptre, a symbol of royal authority.
The ankh, which is shaped like a mirror or a
knot, is a symbol of life. It was typically
carried in a burial ceremony by deities or
individuals, or presented to the king as the
breath of life.
The sceptre, or rod, is one of the most
ancient and lasting symbols of monarchy
and divinity. In Egyptian art, two distinct
types of sceptres are portrayed.
The was, a sign of domination and authority,
features a straight shaft, a distorted grip
shaped like an animal head, and a twisted
base. On the other hand, the sekhem is a
divinely inspired object with a straight shaft
and an expanded cylindrical end.
Siyempre like typical monarchs, it is not
complete without crowns. Before 3000 B.C.,
Upper Egypt had a white crown while
Lower Egypt had a red crown. When Egypt
was unified, the Double Crown of Upper
and Lower Egypt was formed.
Ang double crown ay combination ng white
crown of Upper Egypt, which we can call as
‘hedjet’ and the red crown of Lower Egypt
which we can refer as the ‘deshret’.
Another name for the double crown is
shmty, meaning "the two powerful ones," or
sekhemti.
The nemes headcloth is a piece of cloth tied
over the forehead and hung on the sides. On
the forehead were uraeus and vulture heads.
Kings shaved their heads but kept their
beards. Okay na kalbo, hindi naman kasi
kita.
Ra created Shu (Dryness and Air) and
Tefnut (Humidity), who would spawn more
gods to complete the Cosmos: Geb (Earth)
and Nut (Sky). Thus, Osiris, the Perfect
Being, was born, who would eventually rule
over all of creation—a world Ra was busy
defining by naming the elements. Also,
humankind arose from his tears.
After mentioning that, we will finally be
discussing the characters of Egyptian
mythology.
Trigger Warning: Violence and Murder are
included in the discussion.
1. Ra
The god Re (Ra), one of several figures
associated with the sun, was typically shown
with a human body and a hawk's head. He
was supposed to voyage across the sky each
day in a boat and then descend into the
underworld each night, where he would
have to vanquish the serpent god Apopis in
order to rise again.
2. Amun
Prior to the New Kingdom (c. 1539–1292
BCE), Amun was a local deity in the
southern city of Thebes. Amun was a god of
the air, and his name most likely translates
as "Hidden One." He was frequently shown
as a man with a crown crowned with two
vertical plumes. The ram and the geese were
his animal icons.
3. Osiris
Osiris, one of the most prominent deities in
Egypt, was the underworld's god. He also
represented mortality, rebirth, and the cycle
of Nile floods upon which Egypt's crop
fertility was predicated.
According to legend, Osiris was a king of
Egypt who was assassinated and decapitated
by his brother Seth. Perhaps because of
jealousy and envy.
Isis, his wife, reconstructed his body and
resurrected him, allowing them to produce a
son, Horus, the deity. He was shown as a
mummified ruler, dressed in wrappings that
exposed just his hands and face.
4. Isis
As the wife of the underworld's deity, Isis
was also one of the primary deities
associated with funeral ceremonies. Isis
served as a goddess mourner alongside her
sister Nephthys, and her maternal care was
frequently represented as extending to the
deceased in the underworld.
5. Seth
Seth was the god of chaos, bloodshed,
deserts, and hurricanes. He is the killer of
Osiris in the Osiris myth.
6. Thoth
Thoth, the god of writing and wisdom, was
thought to be the inventor of language and
the hieroglyphic script, as well as the gods'
scribe and advisor. Thoth, as the god of
wisdom, was thought to hold mastery of
sorcery and mysteries that the other gods
knew not.
7. Horus
Horus was a sky god linked with war and
hunting. He was shown as a falcon or a man
with a falcon's head. Horus was the son of
Isis and Osiris, conceived miraculously
following Osiris's murder by his brother
Seth. Horus was raised to revenge the
murder of his father.
According to one myth, Horus lost his left
eye during a battle with Seth, but his sight
was miraculously repaired by the deity
Thoth. Because Horus's right and left eyes
were identified with the sun and moon,
respectively, the destruction and recovery of
Horus's left eye provided a legendary
explanation for the moon's phases.
Thoth renamed his eye "Wadjet" ("whole"
or "healthy"). As it is mentioned explicitly
in this story that Horus' left eye has been
torn out, the myth is related to the moon's
waxing and waning phases, during which
the moon seems to have been torn from the
sky and restored once per lunar month.
Simply, they relate the moon’s phases sa
sitwasyon ng mata ni Horus. Imagine na
lang natin na kapag new moon, or yung
moon na hindi visible sa atin, means na sira
mata ni Horus. Then cycle until full moon,
na meaning is healed naman na yung mata
niya.
8. Hathor
Hathor was frequently represented as a cow,
a woman with a cow's head, or a woman
with cow's ears. Hathor personified
pregnancy and motherhood, and it was
claimed that she safeguarded women during
childbirth. She also had a burial
significance, being dubbed "the Lady of the
West." According to some stories, she
would greet the setting sun each night;
living people hoped to be greeted similarly
in the hereafter.
9. Anubis
Anubis was concerned with burial customs
and the afterlife. He was frequently shown
as a jackal or as a man with a jackal's head.
Anubis was deemed the deity of the dead
throughout the Old Kingdom (c. 2575–2130
BCE), before Osiris gained notoriety as the
lord of the underworld.
10. Bastet
Bastet, the cat goddess, was originally
depicted as a lady with the head of a lion or
a wild cat. Later periods typically portrayed
her as a regal-looking seated cat,
occasionally with rings in her ears or nose.
She became identified with the Greek
goddess Artemis, the divine hunter and
moon goddess, during the Ptolemaic period.
Egyptian culture was deeply affected by
mythology. It inspired or impacted a large
number of religious ceremonies and laid the
ideological groundwork for the monarchy.
In tombs, temples, and amulets, scenes and
symbols from myth were depicted in art.
Kahit na islam is the primary religion sa
Egypt ngayon, we cannot still deny that the
myth’s impact on them will remain.
The narrative continues even now, in a
modern Egypt enchanted by its old
civilization. Ra's echoes continue to be
heard in tradition, as his flamboyant eye is
prompted in popular songs and indigenous
idioms. Moreover, the word Ra features in a
variety of media, ranging from Hollywood
films to video games. Evidently, the
restoration of this greatest old God continues
in a predictable manner, much like the
sunrise in the east.
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SAM
CHEMISTRY is the scientific discipline
concerned with the atomic composition and
structure of substances and the reactions
they UNDERGO. This topic outlines some
basic chemical principles.
Now, we have MATTER, MASS, AND
WEIGHT. Is anybody in the class knows
what are the definition of the given words?
And the difference between MASS AND
WEIGHT?
Okay to make it short for you guys. All
living and nonliving things are composed of
MATTER, which is anything that occupied
space and has mass. MASS is the amount of
matter in an object, and WEIGHT is the
gravitational force acting on an object of a
given mass.
For example, the weight of an apple results
from the force of gravity "pulling" on the
apple's mass.
Note that the international unit for mass is
the kilogram ( kg ).
When we talk about CHEMISTRY, of
course we can't deny the fact that
ELEMENTS AND ATOMS are present.
To define the given words. An ELEMENT
is the simplest type of matter having unique
chemical properties. A list of the elements
commonly also found in the human body,
just like OXYGEN, SODIUM etc. About
96% of the body's weight results from the
elements oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and
nitrogen. But when we talk on the other
way, other elements also play important
roles towards us. For example, calcium
helps form bones.
Meanwhile, an atom or indivisible is the
smallest particle of an element that has the
chemical characteristics of that element. Just
like, the element carbon is composed of only
carbon atoms, and the element oxygen is
composed of only oxygen atoms.
An element , or an atom of that element , is
oftern represented by a symbol. Usually the
symbol is the first letter or letters of the
element's name. For instance, C for carbon ,
H for hydrogen . Occasionally , the symbol
is taken from the Latin, Greek, or Arabic
name for the element. In particular, the
symbol for sodium is Na , from the Latin
word NATRIUM.
We'll now proceed to the types of subatomic
particles.
These are NEUTRONS, PROTONS, and
ELECTRONS.
Starting with NEUTRONS , they do not
have an electrical charge , however
PROTONS have positive charge and
ELECTRONS have the opposite , which is
negative charges.
Protons and neutrons form the nucleus at the
center of the atom, and electrons move
around the nucleus.
Most of the volume of ana tom is occupied
by the electrons. Although it is impossible to
know precisely where any given electron is
located at any particular moment, the region
where electrons are most likely to be found
can be represented by an ELECTRON
CLOUD.
The number of protons in each atom is
called the ATOMIC NUMBER. The number
of protons plus the number of neutrons in
each atom of an element called as the MASS
NUMBER. Note the difference please.
Okay, we'll dissect it then. The chemical
behavior of an atom is dependent on its
electrons. The electron cloud around an
atom's nucleus is organized into different
energy levels depending on the distance of
an electron from the nucleus. In simple
words, the energy levels are often drawn as
concentric rings, called ELECTRON
SHELLS, around the nucleus.
There is a maximum number of electrons
that each cell can hold. Outer shells do not
contain electrons until the inner shells have
reached their maximum. The innermost shell
which is the shell that's closest to the
nucleus, holds a maximum of 2 electrons,
and a remaining shells hold a maximum of 8
electrons.
The outermost shell is called the VALENCE
SHELL.
The number of electrons in the valence shell
determines an atom's chemical behavior. If
an atom's valence shell is not at its
maximum, it will form bonds with the other
atoms to achieve a full valence shell, called
an OCTET.
Hence, most atoms follow the octet rule
which is the tendency of an atoms to
combine with other atoms until each has 8
electrons in its valence shell.
Going back. Electronegativity is the ability
of the atom's nucleus to pull electrons
toward it.
Atoms with a strong electronegativity are
those with 6 or 7 electrons in the valence
shell. These are very close to achieving an
octet. Meanwhile, atoms with a weak
electronegativity are those with only 1 or 2
electrons in the valence shell. These are
farther away from achieving an octet.
In a chemical bond, the fate of the electrons
between two atoms depends on the relative
difference in electronegativity between the
atoms. When they are very different, the
atoms tend to transfer electrons from one
atom to the other. However, when the
electronegativities are similar, the atoms are
likely to share the electrons.
For example, an atom with 7 electrons in its
valence shell has strong pull on electrons,
whereas an atom with 1 electron in its
valence shell has a weak pull on electrons.
Then, the STRONG atom can steal the
valence electron from the WEAK atom,
resulting in a transfer of electrons.
The two major types of chemical bonds are?
IONIC AND COVALENT Bonding.
An atom is electrically because it has an
equal number of proton and electrons. But,
depending on its electrons from other atoms.
When this occurs, the numbers of protons
and electrons are no longer equal, and a
charged particle called an ION, is formed.
Ionic bond occurs when electrons are
transferred between atoms, creating
oppositely charged ions.
Just like, NA+ AND Cl- are held together by
ionic bonding to form an array of ions called
sodium chloride ( NACI ), or table of salt.
Ions are denoted by using symbol of the
atom from which the ion was formed and
adding a plus ( + ) or ( - ) superscript to
indicated the ion's charge.
For example again. A sodium ion is Na+ and
a chloride ion is CI-. If more than one
electron has been lost or gained, a number is
used with the plus or minus sign. The result
is, Ca2+ is a calcium ion formed by the loss
of two electrons.
COVALENT BONDING forms when atoms
share one or more pairs of electrons. The
sharing of electrons, rather than the transfer
of electrons, occurs because the atoms have
similar electronegativities. The resulting
combination of atoms is called a
MOLECULE.
The sharing of one pair electrons by two
atoms results in a SINGLE COVALENT
BOND. A single line between the symbols
of the atoms involved ( just like, H - H )
represents a single covalent bond.
Next is, the DOUBLE COVALENT BOND,
results when two atoms share two pairs of
electrons. When a carbon atoms combined
with two oxygen atoms to form carbon
dioxide, two double covalent bonds are
formed. Double covalent bonds are indicated
by a double line between the atoms (
O=C=O ).
Note that. Electrons can be shared
UNEQUALLY in a covalent bonds. When
there is an unequal, asymmetrical sharing of
electrons, the bond js called a POLAR
COVALENT BOND.
The unequal sharing occurs because one
atom has a slightly stronger
electronegativity than the other atom. The
unequal sharing of electrons results in one
end of the molecule having a partial electric
charge opposite to that of the other hand.
For example. Two hydrogen atoms can
share their electrons with an oxygen atom to
form a water molecule, which is H2O.
However, the hydrogen atoms do not share
the electrons equally with the oxygen atom,
and the electrons tend to spend more time
around the oxygen atom than around the
hydrogen atoms. Note that molecules with
this asymmetrical charge are called POLAR
MOLECULES.
When there is an equal sharing of electrons
between atoms, it is because their
electronegativities are the same. This type of
bond is called a NONPOLAR COVALENT
BOND. Molecules with a symmetrical
electrical charge are called NONPOLAR
MOLECULES.
Side info.
A polar molecule has a positive "end" and a
negative "end. The positive end of one polar
molecule can be weakly attracted to the
negative end of another polar molecule.
Although this attraction is called a
HYDROGEN BOND, this is not a chemical
bond because electrons are not transferred or
shared between the atoms of the different
polar molecules.
A MOLECULE is formed when two or
more atoms chemically combine to form a
structure that behaves as an independent
unit. The COMPOUND or to place together,
is a substance resulting from the chemical
combination of two or more different types
of atoms. WATER is an example of
substance that is a compound and a
molecule as well. But not all molecules are
compounds. I'll give one. A hydrogen
molecule is not a compound because it does
not consist of different types of atoms.
Some compounds are molecules and some
are not, I repeat ( remember that to be a
molecule, a structure must be an
independent unit! ).
Molecules and compounds can be
represented by the symbols of the atoms
forming the molecules or compound plus
subscripts denoting the quantity of each type
of atom present.
We have here a glucose or a sugar, can be
represented as C6H12O6, indicating that
glucose is composed of 6 carbon, 12
hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water,
their ions DISSOCIATE or in other word,
SEPARATE from each other. This means,
the positively charged ions are attracted to
the negative ends of the water molecules,
and the negative charge ions are attracted to
the positive ends of the water molecules.
Let's say, the sodium chloride dissociates in
water, the NA+ and CI- separate and water
molecules surround and isolate the ions,
keeping them in solution.
These dissociated ions are sometimes called
ELECTROLYTES because they have the
capacity to conduct an electrical current, the
flow of charged particles.
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