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Engage ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Recall what have you heard or read about these famous theories and their
proponents.
a) Heliocentric Theory b) Theory of Evolution c) Psychoanalysis
Theory

a) Heliocentric Theory- In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish

mathematician and astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic model. He
introduced a new concept known as heliocentrism. The heliocentric theory
argues that the Sun is the central body of the solar system and perhaps of the
universe. Everything else (planets and their satellites, asteroids, comets, etc.)
revolves around it. This idea was rejected at first by the public. It appalled many
since their religious belief had taught them that the Earth was created first
before all other things. Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic because
his teachings were against what was widely accepted by religion. After some
time, astronomers realized that the Copernican model simplified the orbits for
planets. It also answered issues that could not be explained using the geocentric
model.
b) Theory of Evolution- In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist,
biologists, and geologist, Charles Darwin is famous for his theory of evolution.
Darwin introduced the theory of evolution, which posited that populations pass
through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. He
stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would
gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive, a
process known as evolution.
c) Psychoanalysis Theory- Sigmund Freud is a famous figure in the field of
psychology. In the late 19th century, Freud was able to change people’s
perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis. For
Freud, this method of psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study the human mind
and neurotic illness. It is no doubt that amidst all questions on his works that
led to some sort of academic controversy, his method of psychoanalysis had
great impact on the scientific way of understanding human nature.
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that people could be
cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining
"insight". Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human behavior, In his theory,
Freud explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can
influence behavior and emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of
three conflicting elements, id, ego, and super ego.

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Explore -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

History taught us that man’s desire of understanding nature lead to the birth of
Science as such many early philosophers and intellectuals engaged in studies
further expanding man’s understanding of our planet and beyond. It also tells of
the merits or controversy brought by studies that challenges existing beliefs. To
name are Copernicus’ Heliocentric Theory, Darwin’s Theory of Evolution &
Freud’s Psychoanalysis Theory. Search for the manner of how the scientific
community and the public responded to these 3 famous studies that challenged
what was widely accepted.

After the investigation, collate all the information and present using a table.
a) How did the fellow philosophers, intellectuals and the public responded to
these 3 famous theories?
b) Are there similarities in the responses of the public and the scientific
community to Copernicus’, Darwin’s & Freud’s theories? Are there
differences?
c) Is there an observable pattern?

Heliocentric Theory Theory of Evolution Psychoanalysis

Theory
Responses Philosophers: The Philisophers: One of Scientific
heliocentric model the more Community: The
was generally sophisticated main criticism is
rejected by the objections to that psychoanalytic
ancient Darwin's theory was theory is subjective
philosophers for that it lacked a and beyond the
three main reasons: satisfactory theory of scope of scientific
heredity. There were investigation.
1. If the Earth is
various theories of Science hardliners
rotating
inheritance at that brushed off the
about its axis,
time, and all of them legitimacy of
and orbiting
around the
are now known to be psychoanalysis as a
Sun, then the wrong. science since its
Earth must be One of the main concepts were

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objections to natural more

in motion. selection was that philosophical and
However, we there are gaps supernatural.
cannot ``feel'' between forms in
this motion. nature that could not Public: Many
Nor does this be crossed if believed that
motion give evolution was Freud’s theory had
rise to any no scientific basis
powered by natural
obvious as no emperical or
selection alone. The
observational experimental data
anatomist St George
consequences could support.
Jackson Mivart (1827
. Hence, the
- 1900) listed a
Earth must be
stationary. number of organs
2. If the Earth is that would not (he
executing a thought) be
circular orbit advantageous in their
around the initial stages.
Sun then the
positions of Scientists: initially
the stars met opposition
should be from scientists with d
slightly ifferent theories, but
different eventually came to
when the receive overwhelmin
Earth is on g acceptance in
opposite the scientific
sides of the community. The
Sun. observation of
3. The evolutionary
geocentric processes occurring
model is far (as well as
more the modern
philosophicall evolutionary
y attractive synthesis explaining
than the that evidence) has
heliocentric been uncontroversial
model, since among
in the former mainstream biologist
model the s since the 1940s.
Earth
occupies a Public: Early religious
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privileged objections
position in to Darwin's
the Universe. theory continue in
use in opposition to
Intellectuals: Galileo evolution. The ideas
discovered evidence to
that species change
support Copernicus’
heliocentric theory over time through
when he observed four natural processes
moons in orbit around and that different
Jupiter. At about the species share
same time, German common ancestors
mathematician
seemed to contradict
Johannes Kepler was
publishing a series of the Genesis account
laws that describe the of Creation.
orbits of the planets
around the Sun. Still in
use today, the
mathematical
equations provided
accurate predictions of
the planets’ movement
under Copernican
theory. In 1687, Isaac
Newton put the final
nail in the coffin for the
Aristotelian, geocentric
view of the Universe.
Building on Kepler’s
laws, Newton
explained why the
planets moved as they
did around the Sun and
he gave the force that
kept them in check a
name: gravity.

Public: So
when Copernicus came
along with the
heliocentric system, his
ideas were fiercely
opposed by the Roman
Catholic Church becaus
e they displaced Earth
from the center, and

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that was seen as both

a demotion for human
beings and contrary to
the teachings of
Aristotle.

Similarities The Catholic Philosophers and Both opposed the

community and Religious groups both theory because it is
philosophers both not based on
rejected the theory scientific facts.
rejected the theory of
Copernicus. Becausewith different
reasons on why they
both agreed that the
opposed about this
earth is the center of
the universe. theory.
Differences The catholic Since then, most None
community together criticisms and denials
with the philosophers
of evolution have
views are different
than that of some come
intellectuals that from religious groups
, rather than from
supported the theory
with some facts andthe scientific
observations. community.
Observable The public which Science person and Both rejected the
Pattern comprise most by religious person may theory since
the religious groups really have conflicts Freud’s
and philosophers in terms of man’s psychanalysis
are in the same creation. Their theory tackles the
spectrum. Since principles are not mind and does not
almost of the alike so therefore the supported by
philosophers are opinions are divided. scientific facts that
inclined with the some people find it
church, I believe supernatural.
that they share the
same principle.

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Name: ____Abegail Marie A. Libres____ Yr. & Section ___BSCE 2-C___

Elaborate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Research and list:

1. the positive and negative results brought about by innovations and
technological advances in the Information Age

The vast network of information and communication that is available, easily

accessed and shared across the world as a benefit for society. Another see
improvements to health, medicine and medical research as benefits of technology.
Other ways technology is seen to have a positive effect on society include
increased knowledge and understanding, improvements in industry and jobs and
an interconnectedness of the world as a result of globalization.
On the other hand, technology has led to a breakdown of communication and
human interaction. It has degraded society’s morals and values, leading to a
reliance on instant gratification and promoting negativity. Others complain that
technology has led to an inability to handle normal tasks or to the misuse of
widely available information.

2. come up with at least 5 rules or guidelines in using different media of

information to ensure that humanity will reap the rewards of Information Age
1. Don’t make/spread fake news.
2. Double check information if it is reliable or not. Check only sites that is reliable and legit.

3. Limit your time on using the internet.

4. Don’t make use of information to degrade someone else’s reputation.

5. Share expert knowledge responsibly.

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Evaluate ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Essay/Reflection
Why do you think most intellectual ideas were controversial?
Answer: The proofs and facts that the proponents had created to come up with
these ideas gives negative reactions to those people having existing ideas. I think
these ideas are the opposite of what the society believes and is accepted. It may
have opposed to their principles and beliefs that may cause disapproval and
opposition.
Why did people in earlier times accept new discoveries despite being contradictory to
what was widely accepted?

Answer: It is because new discoveries are well studied and proven to be better
with what is widely accepted before. More justifiable evidence and study. New
discoveries, use innovative and high capacity machineries or material to come up
with that study. They have more related literature or they run through
numerous studies to come up with that. Before a new discovery is made, it will
undergo first a thorough study or research for it to be valid and to have proof.
The study / research consists of scientific method steps. Producing a new
discovery takes time, money and lots of effort for it to be successful. This is the
main reason why new discoveries are accepted even if they are contradictory to
was accepted before. Despite being the opposite of the previous discovery, a new
discovery has numerous data and analysis from thorough research that makes it
valid and acceptable.

How do intellectual revolutions transform societies?

Answer: The intellectual revolution was a power to determine the essentials of a
person; it was a continuous discovery of self-worth, determination, and
knowledge to open one’s mind in the world of authoritarian leaders. It was a
place for improvement, reconstruction, and a free-will to make self more
valuable. It will transform societies through critical-thinking, evaluation, and
creating appropriate rules for equal opportunity. It is a continuous process of
development to achieve the needs of society. The collaborations of great minds
make the world peaceful and progressive.

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Rubrics for Grading

Comprehension Check:

Criteria 2 pts 3 pts 4 pts 5 pts

Answers are partial or Answers are not Answers are accurate Answers are
incomplete. Key points comprehensive or and complete. Key comprehensive,
are not clear. Question completely stated. Key points are stated and accurate and complete.
Content
not adequately points are addressed, supported. Key ideas are clearly
answered. but not well supported. stated, explained, and
well supported.
Organization and Inadequate Organization is mostly Well organized,
structure detract from organization or clear and question is coherently developed,
Organization the answer. development. Structure partially restated. and restates the
of the answer is not question.
easy to follow.
Displays over five Displays three to five Displays one to three Displays no errors in
Writing errors in spelling, errors in spelling, errors in spelling, spelling, punctuation,
Conventions punctuation, grammar, punctuation, grammar, punctuation, grammar, grammar, and sentence
and sentence structure. and sentence structure. and sentence structure. structure.

Models/Illustrations:

Does Not Meet

Below Expectations Meets Expectations Exceeds Expectations
Criteria Expectations
10 pts 13 pts 15 pts
7 pts
Model
Three or more One or two All components are All components are
model is components involved components involved labeled and/or labeled and/or
accurate and in the model are in the model are explained properly. explained properly and
includes all missing or mislabeled. missing or mislabeled. show an extra effort
essential for clarity and detail.
components

Creativity
Model is not at all Model is slightly Model is a product of Model is clearly a
model is creative connected to the connected to interest the interest of the product of the interest
and expresses an interest of the student of student. student. of the student and
interest or and is perceived as oozes of passion and
passion of the a burden or drudgery. enthusiasm.
student.

Discussion Paper

Needs Improvement Fair Good Excellent

Criteria
10 pts 15 pts 20 pts 25 pts
Content Student shows little to Student shows slight Student shows some Student shows full
no mastery of topic. mastery of topic. mastery of topic. mastery of topic.

Information Student used Student's information Student's information Student's information

inaccurate or no contains many contains some shows few to no
information. inaccuracies. inaccuracies. inaccuracies.

Spelling/ Paper contains more Paper contains 7 to 9 Paper contains 4 to 7 Paper contains 3 or
Grammar than 10 spelling and spelling and grammar spelling and grammar less spelling and
grammar mistakes. mistakes. mistakes. grammar mistakes.

Organization

-Easy to read and Paper is too hard to Paper is very hard to Paper is somewhat Paper is easy to read
understand read and understand read and understand hard to read and and understand and is
-Structure of and improper structure and contains little understand and structured correctly.
paper is correct is used. correct structure. contains some

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structural errors.

Essay / Reflection

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10 | P a g e