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Report Wri몭ng

A report is the formal writing up of a project or a research investigation

A report has clearly de몭ned sections presented in a standard format, which
are used to tell the reader what you did, why and how you did it and what you
found
Reports di몭er from essays because they require an objective writing style
which conveys information clearly and concisely

Structuring Your Report

Most reports include the following sections:

1. Title
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Method
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
8. References
9. Appendices

What goes in each section?

1. Title

This should be short and precise. It should tell the reader of the nature of
your research.
Omit any unnecessary detail e.g. ‘A study of….’ is not necessary.
 2. Abstract

The Abstract is a self-contained summary of the whole of your report. It will therefore be
written last and is usually limited to one paragraph. It should contain:

An outline of what you investigated (as stated in your title)

Why you chose to look at that particular area with brief reference to prior
research done in the 몭eld
Your hypothesis (prediction of what the results will show)
A brief summary of your method
Your main 몭ndings and how these relate to your hypothesis
A conclusion which may include a suggestion for further research

3. Introduction

The Introduction ‘sets the scene’ for your report; it does this in two ways:

By introducing the reader in more detail to the subject area you are looking
at
Through presenting your objectives and hypotheses

Explain the background to the problem with reference to previous work conducted in the
area (i.e. a literature review).Only include studies that have direct relevance to your
research.

Brie몭y discuss the 몭ndings of other researchers and how these connect with your study.

Finally, state your aims or hypothesis.

4. Method

The Method section should describe every step of  how  you carried out your research in
su몭cient detail so that the reader understands what you did. Information on your
experimental design, sampling methods, participants, and the overall procedure
employed should be clearly speci몭ed.

This information is usually presented under the following sub-headings:

 Objective
Design
Participants
Procedure(s)

5. Results

Your Results section should clearly convey your 몭ndings. These are what you will base your
commentary on in the Discussion section, so the reader needs to be certain of what you
found.

Present data in a summarized form

Raw data

Do not over-complicate the presentation and description of your results. Be clear and
concise.

Describe what the results were, don’t o몭er interpretations of them

Present them in a logical order
Those that link most directly to your hypothesis should be given 몭rst

Presenting Data in Tables and Graphs

Do not present the same data in two or more ways i.e. use either a table or a
graph, or just text.
Remember that a graph should be understandable independently of any
text, but you may accompany each with a description if necessary.
Use clear and concise titles for each 몭gure. Say which variables the graph or
table compares.
Describe what the graph or table shows, then check that this really is what it
shows! If it isn’t, you need to amend your 몭gure, or your description.

Statistical Analysis

If you conducted a statistical analysis of your results:

Say which test you used

 Show  how your results were analyzed, laying out your calculations clearly
(ensure you include the level of probability or signi몭cance p or  P, and the
number of observations made n)
Clearly state the results of the analysis saying whether the result was
statistically signi몭cant or not both as numbers and in words

6. Discussion

The Discussion section is the most important part of your report. It relates the 몭ndings of
your study to the research that you talked about in your introduction, thereby placing your
work in the wider context. The discussion helps the reader understand the relevance of
your research to previous and further work in the 몭eld. This is your chance to discuss,
analyze and interpret your results in relation to all the information you have collected.

The Discussion will probably be the longest section of your report and should contain the
following:

A summary of the main results of your study

An  interpretation of these results in relation to your aims, predictions or
hypothesis, e.g. is your hypothesis supported or rejected?, and in relation to
the 몭ndings of other research in the area
Consideration of the broader  implications  of your 몭ndings. What do they
suggest for future research in the area? If your results contradict previous
몭ndings what does this suggest about your work or the work of others?
What should be studied next?
A discussion of any  limitations or problems with your research method or
experimental design and practical suggestions of how these might be
avoided if the study was conducted again
Some carefully considered ideas for further research in the area that would
help clarify or take forward your own 몭ndings

7. Conclusions

The Conclusion section brie몭y summarize the main issues arising from your report

8. References
 Give details of work by all other authors which you have referred to in your
report
Check a style handbook or journal articles for variations in referencing styles

9. Appendices

The Appendices contain material that is relevant to your report but would disrupt its 몭ow
if it was contained within the main body. For example: raw data and calculations;
interview questions; a glossary of terms, or other information that the reader may 몭nd
useful to refer to. All appendices should be clearly labelled and referred to where
appropriate in the main text (e.g. ‘See Appendix A for an example questionnaire’).

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