Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION VII – CENTRAL VISAYAS
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY
MANDAUE CITY COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Prepared by: CARIL BRIDGETTE CAMASO

 2

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the learners should be

able to:

1. Review on writing an IMRaD Report;

2. Discuss the qualities of a good IMRaD Report;
3. Assess ones Research proposal.

Learning Competencies:

1. Utilize the standards (criteria or checklist)

in evaluating a research paper
(peer/group/expert evaluation)

*Revisit and refine the research proposal

3
Direction: Read the statements below and
encircle the correct answer

1.The section of the research paper that serves to introduce author’s ideas; briefly
summarize the research conducted; and define any abbreviations and terminology
used
a. Review of Related Literature c. Introduction
b. Abstract d. Bibliography
2.This provides research question, background information on the research at hand,
and explain the study’s significance.
a. Introduction c. Abstract
b. Methodology d. Discussion
3.Describes the protocol followed in the conduct of the research actual
experimentation
a. Introduction c. Abstract
b. Methodology d. Discussion
4.Presents the outcome of the experimentation using tables and charts
a. Discussion c. Results
b. Procedure d. Theoretical consideration
5. Explain the significance of findings; describe how it relates and supports the
hypotheses; and discuss limitations of the study.
a. Discussion c. Results
b. Procedure d. Theoretical consideration
6.Summarizes the significant points of the study and conveys the implications of the
study.
a. References c. Scope and limitation
b. Significance of the study d. Conclusion
7.List of resources used primarily and secondarily in the study which are also directly
stated in the papers.
a. References c. Scope and limitation
b. Significance of the study d. Materials
8.APA format recommends less than 12 words and to avoid using unnecessary
information and abbreviations.
a. Abstract c. Bibliography
b. Title page d. Citations
9. A way of acknowledging the source of information used in the paper thus avoiding
plagiarism.
a. Attaching the appendices
b. Indicating the sources in the bibliography
c. Citation
d. Avoid copy pasting
10. In the acronym IMRaD,What does M stand for?
a. Materials c. Meaning
b. Manuscript d. Methodology
 4

WRITING A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH REPORT (IMRaD)

What is an IMRaD report?
“IMRaD” format refers to a paper that is structured by four main sections: Introduction
(I), Methods (M), Results (R ), and (a) Discussion (D). This format is often used for lab
reports as well as for reporting any planned, systematic research in the social sciences,
natural sciences, or engineering and computer sciences.

When Do I Use the IMRaD Format?

If you are writing a paper where you are

conducting objective research in order
answer a specific question, the IMRaD
format will most likely serve your
purposes best. The IMRaD format is
especially useful if you are conducting
primary research (such as
experimentation, questionnaires, focus
groups, observations, interviews, and so
forth), but it can be applied even if you
only conduct secondary research
(which is research you gather from
reading sources like books, magazines,
journal articles, and so forth.)

The goal of using the IMRaD format is to

present facts objectively, demonstrating
a genuine interest and care in
developing new understanding about a
topic; when using this format, you don’t
explicitly state an argument or opinion,
but rather, you rely on collected data
and previously researched information
in order to make a claim.
While there are nuances and adjustments that
would be made to the following document
types, the IMRaD format is the foundational
structure many research-driven documents:
 Grants
 Proposals
 Recommendation reports
 Plans (Integrated marketing /project
management plan
 5
Make a case for your research

The introduction explains why this research is important or necessary or

important. Begin by describing the problem or situation that motivates the
research. Move to discussing the current state of research in the field; then reveal
a “gap” or problem in the field. Finally, explain how the present research is a
solution to that problem or gap. If the study has hypotheses, they are presented at
the end of the introduction.

Introduction: The introduction states the research problem or the

question(s) you intend to address through research. Your introduction
would typically include some variation of the following:
1. Statement of the topic you are about to address
2. Current state of the field of understanding (often, we call this a
literature review and it may even merit having its own section)
3. Problem or gap in knowledge (what don’t we know yet or need to
know? what does the field still need to understand? what’s been
left out of previous research? is this a new issue that needs
some direction?)
4. Forecast statement that explains, very briefly, what the rest of
the paper will entail, including a possible quick explanation of the
type of research that needs to be conducted

What did you do?

The methods section tells readers how you conducted your study. It includes
information about your population, sample, methods, and equipment. The
“gold standard” of the methods section is that it should enable readers to
duplicate your study. Methods sections typically use subheadings; they are
written in past tense, and they use a lot of passive voice. This is typically the
least read section of an IMRaD report.

Methods: The research methods section can go any number of different

directions, depending on the type of research you conducted. Regardless of
what you did for your research, though, this section needs to be very clear,
very specific, very detailed, and only focused on research. Avoid explaining
what the research means–this is for the next sections, Analysis and
Discussion.While the research section is often considered the most boring
section for someone to read, it is also considered the most important section
to build your credibility. If your research methods are sound, your paper
holds a lot more weight.
 6
A few tips to make your methods section work well:

1.Separate each type of research you conducted (interviews, focus groups,

experiments, etc.) into sub-sections and only discuss one research method
in each sub-section (for clarity and organization, it’s important to not talk
about multiple methods at once)

2.Be very detailed about your process. If you interviewed people, for
example, we need to know how many people you interviewed, what you
asked them, what you hoped to learn by interviewing them, why chose to
interview over other methods, why you interviewed those people specifically
(including providing they demographic information if it’s relevant), and so
forth. For other types of data collection, we need to know what your
methods were–how long you observed; how frequently you tested; how you
coded qualitative data; and so forth.

3.Don’t discuss what the research means. You’ll use the next two sections–
Analysis and Discussion–to talk about what the research means. To stay
organized, simply discuss your research methods. This is the single biggest
mistake when writing research papers, so don’t fall into that trap.

What did you find?

In this section, you present your findings. Typically, the Results section contains
only the findings, not any explanation of or commentary on the findings (see
below). Results sections are usually written in the past tense. Make sure all
tables and figures are labeled and numbered separately. Captions go above
tables and beneath figures.

Results: The results section is critical for your audience to understand

what the research showed. Use this section to show tables, charts,
graphs, quotes, etc. from your research. At this point, you are building
your reader towards drawn conclusions, but you are not yet providing a
full analysis. You’re simply showing what the data says. Follow the same
order as the Methods section–if you put interviews first, then focus groups
second, do the same in this section. Be sure, when you include graphics
and images, that you label and title every table or graphic (“Table 3:
Interview Results“) and that you introduce them in the body of your text
(“As you can see in Figure 1, seventy-nine percent of respondents…”)
 7
What does it mean?

In this section, you summarize your main findings, comment on those findings
(see below), and connect them to other research. You also discuss limitations of
your study, and use these limitations as reasons to suggest additional, future
research.

Discussion: Finally, you conclude this paper by suggesting what new

knowledge this provides to the field. You’ll often want to note the limitations
of your study and what further research still needs to be done. If something
alarming or important was discovered, this is where you highlight that
information. If you use the IMRaD format to write other types of papers (like
a recommendation report or a plan), this is where you put the
recommendations or the detailed plan.

Reporting versus Commenting on your Findings

In the Results section, you simply report your findings. In the Discussion
section, you comment on them.
Report
(Results section)
1. Refer to your table or figure and state the main trend
Table 3 shows that Spam Filter A correctly filtered more
junk emails than Filter B
2. Support the trend with data
Filter A correctly filtered.... The average difference is....
3. (If needed) Note any additional, secondary trends and
support them with data
In addition.... Figure 1 also shows....
4. (If needed) Note any exceptions to your main trends or
unexpected outcomes.
However....

Comment 1. (If needed) Provide an explanation

(Discussion A feasible explanation is.... This trend can be explained
section) by....
2. (If needed) Compare to other research
X is consistent with X’s finding... In contrast, Y found....
3. (If needed) Evaluate whether the findings support or
contradict a hypothesis
4. State the bottom line: what does the data mean?
These findings overall suggest.... These data indicate....
8
Direction: Read the statements below and
encircle the correct answer

1. What is the name of the conceptual framework in which the research is carried out?
a.Research hypothesis c. Synopsis of Research
b. Research design d. Research paradigm
2. How is random sampling helpful?
a. Reasonably accurate c. Free from personal biases
b. An economical method of data collection d. All of the above
3. In order to pursue the research, which of the following is priorly required?
a. Developing a research design c. Formulating a research question
b. Deciding about the data analysis procedure d. Formulating a research hypothesis
4. Which of the following does not correspond to characteristics of research?
a. Research is not a process c. Research is systematic
b. Research is not a problem-oriented d. Research is not passive
5.The main aim of the scientific method in the research field is to _________
a. Improve data interpretation c. Confirm triangulation
b. Introduce new variables d. Eliminate spurious relations
6. A researcher is interested in studying the prospects of a particular political party in an
urban area. So, what tool should he prefer for the study?
a. Rating Scale b. Interview c. Questionnaire d. Schedule
7. How to judge the depth of any research?
a. By research title c. By research duration
b. By research objectives d. By total expenditure on research
8. A research problem is feasible only when
a. It has utility and relevance c. It is new and adds something to knowledge
b. It is researchable d. All of the above
9.Circle graphs are used to show
a. How is one part related to other parts?
b. How are various parts related to the whole?
c. How various sections share in the whole?
d. How is one whole related to another whole?
10.Which one among the following statements is correct in context to research?
a) Research refers to a series of systematic activity or activities undertaken to find out the
solution to a problem.
b) It is a systematic, logical and unbiased process wherein verification of hypotheses, data
analysis, interpretation and formation of principles can be done.
c) It is an intellectual inquiry or quest towards truth,
d) It enhances knowledge.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

A. a), b), c) and d) B. a), b) and c)
C. b), c) and d) D. a), c) and d)
11. "Sampling Cases" can be defined as
a. Sampling using a sampling frame
b. Identifying people who are suitable for research
c. A sampling of people, newspapers, television programs etc
d. Literally the researcher's brief case
9
Direction: Read the statements below and
encircle the correct answer

12.Which one among the following is the most comprehensive source of population data?
a. Census c. National Sample Surveys
b. Demographic Health Surveys d. National Family Health Surveys
13.How can we enhance the research objective?
a. By making it more valid c. By making it more reliable
b. By making it more impartial d. All of the above
14.Action-research can be understood as ___________
a. A longitudinal research c. An applied research
b. A kind of research being carried out to solve a specific problem d. All of the above
15.Which one among the following variables cannot be expressed in quantitative terms?
a. Numerical Aptitude c. Marital Status
b. Socio-economic Status d. Professional Attitude
16.Which of the following should not be a criterion for a good research project?
a. Demonstrates the abilities of the researcher
b. Is dependent on the completion of other projects
c. Demonstrates the integration of different fields of knowledge
d. Develops the skills of the researcher
17. Which of the following is a good research question?
a. To produce a report on student job searching behaviours
b. To identify the relationship between self-efficacy and student job searching behaviours
c. Students with higher levels of self-efficacy will demonstrate more active job searching
behaviours
d. Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching
behaviours?
18. Research hypotheses are:
a. Formulated prior to a review of the literature
b. Statements of predicted relationships between variables
c. B but not A
d. Both A and B
19. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called:
a. An intervening variable c. A dependent variable
b. An independent variable d. A numerical variable
20.Which of the following can be described as a nominal variable?
a. Annual income c. Age
b. Annual sales d. Geographical location of a firm
21.A farmer applies different fertilizer to his cotton crops, to see which will make his plants
grow the highest.What is the Independent Variable?
a. Growth of Plants c. Type of fertilizer
b. Height of plants d. Different cotton crops
22. In a controlled experiment, the variable that is changed to test the hypothesis is called the
A. controlled variable C. dependent variable
B. responding variable D. independent variable
10
Direction: Read the statements below and
encircle the correct answer

23. .A scientist wanted to determine the color flower that bees are most attracted to. She
placed different colors of the same type of flower near each other and counted the number of
bees that visited each flower color. What is the Dependent Variable?
a. Number of bees C. Type of flower
b. Color of flower D. Type of bees
24.Which of the following is NOT one of the key characteristics of a true experiment?
A. The manipulation of a variable.
B. All participants experience all experimental conditions.
C. The measurement of changes caused by the manipulation of a variable.
D. Holding everything constant apart from the variable being manipulated.
25.A special type of independent variable that is of secondary interest and is neutralized
through statistical or designed procedures
A. Treatment variable C. Moderating variable
B. Measured variable D. Control variable
26.What relationship is formed when two variables move in opposite directions?
Positive B. Negative C. Non-linear D. Unrelated
27.Which of the following does NOT describe a Null hypothesis?
It is what the researcher tries to disprove C. It is denoted by H1
Testing is indirect and implicit D. Observations come from result of chance
28.The method of data collection designed to test hypotheses under controlled conditions is
called _____
A.Analysis of data C. Experiment
B. Gathering of preliminary data D. Communication of data
29. Researchers can select participants by random selection or random sampling. When
individuals are not randomly assigned, the procedure is called a ______
A.Quasi experiment B. True experiment C. Fair test D. All of the above
30.The following are components of an Experimental Method Plan EXCEPT _____
Participants B. Materials C. Procedure D. Statement of the problem