poate weit eo a introductory readings2/Nine Ideas About Language HARVEY A, DANIELS. th fling per adapted rom Hs ok Famous Last Words: The amercar Language Cris Reconsidered, Haray 2. Dw fas, art of te nos Wing Pr et rf Fie Nation Cleef Eaton, posts ne ere at ngage that adeeb oer gas Pang, 19, he dpi a rrterof reg alot tga Wt teal eres tient among Aercne Th Mae intraivel ere prov tun tn fr reds eter ps of Is tk het ty ae sd Sere dt ‘Accauming we apree thatthe English anguage has infact surived ll ‘the predictions of doom bith ave ben prevalent since atleast the early eghiconthcontry, we aso have reson te believe tt Cute ent repens ofthe death af our langage See silly exaggestod. The seanopersef the presen cis of enue disnpre, anc! te elo. may even sulin the reinsatemest of the legac loyalty cath of the 19208 of some update equivalent (poms tne ged Armor ‘eon unvplt infinitive) nou sche. Bat ton make mach ie Ferenc. Te ngs engage history shy guise aa lea seul end virant as lng as 6 Speen, whether we engery ty 12 tere and nurtre and prune ts growth ceive jist eave aene Coney pa eos nr om ng tha peop use ato gon. tat few peop consent spe {he standard caet, dat sch writing dn nv cur set fate: tive and so feth™bat they have no othe way of lewing thene phe ‘ontena except wih alum. BUE Mos! oF the wees of ant spperent thangee in lmguage which wory the cies ner be explo ad landestood nv unalarming ways. Such explanations hove boon pre ied by linguists during ee pos seventy-five ven, [have sai that in onder So understand the rere and misepee= seatatins ofthe liguageericy wo need Yo ec not ony history tnt also the fats.” OF course, fas about language av 4 somewhat sasive commodity, and ye may never be abe to esve all Of Cut ‘questions about ths wonderklly cowspen activity. Bu hnguits have made a ood start dung this century twat deur sore 0 the ‘ons: Nin eas About Language (19 ‘boi features, sinictnes, and operations ef haman speech. This ea posits 2 series of nine fundarsertal dees about langage that form, not racy lito facts, atleast 2 In sammacy oft con sess of mst guste schol, 4. Chileon arn thes native Language sty, etitenly, and lacpe'y without instruction. Language ta speces-speric tf srr bs A ule, shy rn aed roe letely depeived of exposure to apech, wl aie tbe oral language as naturally as they lento walls Many lingabts even ser at te ‘memon bins prewite for language, and seme have ako postulated ‘thatthe andesying lings testes which ae common al lat _Rutees are preven! in the bain tbh, This later tory comes re he dacovery tat all Lngusges have certain procedures in ommen ‘ays of maling saterent,qslins, and crmunands, ways Dt fering to past fe, the absity to seate, and vo on In spi of tne urerving silasites fall lngttges, though, i spartan t= ember tal cildon eye ngage whch ey ho ed them—wheiher thal is Ukratrien. Swat, Cantonese, or Appalachian American English In spite Of the commonsense nin of parents they do_aot their children to alk: Ccrenkrs o taki wingthe langage ‘of their perents, siblings, ends, ard overs a8 sources and ex [lesan by using other spesers 9 tring dcrces fr Me ow ‘perp ess about anguaye. When we ackresledge he comply of adult spoceh, with ls wlty to generate er unlimied namber ‘new, mweaingflutoranoes, fs clea ha hol connote cou ‘ult of simple instruction. Farents do not explain ta ther chien, for example, thatadjetves general precede te moan MENgESh, nor ‘do they lecture them en the eee governing fermen af the pst pith While parents do corect som inde ot mcakesom sce fren! bats diecoverng the undeslying rks whih makeup de an ‘Buage 1 the chs jo “rom what we know, chen appear to lear langage party by iiation bat even mere by hypothenivtenting. Considers cai Who ‘ast beginning to form past tenses. In tho exit eons the cde {they to produce such noe and unheara orms 26! ged to the tae or Fl dig, along, with other conventional tae the Pas lense: Fund 2 Grandes ‘This process roveats thot the dl hae leurned the bos, oneral ral abut she foneation othe pst ese You ad i tothe veeb—but hae not yt mcrae aes the ‘exceptions and ireguasites, The production of rms ha the cl su Ss ot on, nn ga en——— — 20 Lanpige ae ts Ste tue never hans enggst hatin i atcnt in agape ingandthat hechlets rnin strategy isypotneang deg om the Berea ser bear ok cat Us erring mad chen tyre ot “Ny cm son, wh snow tranches just been works om the of problem: Un event he ard present tere ve forms {Eesll att Baldy ur (ews Did Tat go oto) and We ‘oe’ th to (fr Le at th tafe? Once he aco {hot wonder pst ag, he laced iti gto te ay verb hes Uinlop expected pends ncn gaa sl fea Cer orergersalct 9 hi tl fypoteta tle fr te Be ‘nason ot pst ens He wu 4 ote sou i eve dove, fet that ke wou ten pe exes empha othe marker Da. ‘uve he wae, Niky wilson ean fo deep oe sur (lsd (wal art sor la opt pt ore) by Brin ie more language ae byeeviing and expanding teow rteraa set ot iguage es Pee ee wim ticity {aul ome tered by 9 sven age A common eat at Sh persed oleh tracts essed by He Ua acho ven, ‘Ghviauty Ht tequte dict te stack option ta mach cosa, ut the ental point ear Schooleen of mary ape Fees eds ferret te pee ret oe se ee ‘ave lnguage an can pnduce ty 1 Ue kod of eee Shar pera Yeh the prs ears een Nl acl se tional xpblies ut te min gro rm hs pin ere fri wach be aang rw ales ae ein ew com Talore of them w expres Ines soph ess rly icening ho wwe guage eecvely a awiering are rt tinge Ts importante reer that we ae talkinghee abot hci sgn of her nl langang tay hat th cide, ten acommnty of sin English rene tn speakers Gio corauiy of rnetanda Erp, rench, ox Und peak ee Belle bogaage of fe lta ret and meme Se tae Iingaaye and t would be wmf for hes to somehow grow’ up pking a langage So eich sh was ever, ey, expend 2, Language operates by rules As theo Sega suggests, when a fad gi leering his native guage, wha he dg sac ‘ast epee of msl subronsious tke which allen him to make ‘neaningful and Breasngly compe strane. These rales concem “sounds, words, the arangemet of stings of words, and eepets of soci ae of peor Obviowl, chideen who grow up spesking cliferen langues il acqume generally fren Ses of rs. Ts ‘onvs: Nine Meas About Language 21 ‘nt em tha umm langue an portant sense ate ory “cep fora few enomatopeetic words (on, hs prt, the ase signmert of scanings to cera crstnations of sounds ts attay. Wo'knglich spoilers might ust as wll eal chai lt ora arg, Aslongesweallagwed Ha tyes combination of suit reat de Inf, not us the words but the vidal scunds ase In Engi ‘hve Been abi selected om ach eps oventory sours Which the human vocal ergene ave capt of producing. The eitonce Sf Afanlnguages empboying musal ones orc reminds that tho forty phonemes used in Engish seprseit an aibicery selection Thundreds of swabs suds, Cramenar, too aatoy: We rule in Eigish which euies most adjectives to appear Before Ae noun which they most (he Bn a tn Pench, We syn ‘verse (liciir Net), and some lngugee Hh Lal, ether onder Batowet Given thatany language regukesacomple set ofarticer ces garding sousc, word, ced sym, Hi cleat tht the foundation ug he a.) ra mnig see are, bu ni oystce of rles—Uve pbc ageeen an Sealers thst they wil ssc cevtin rounds consistent that cenait Aombinaions cf sounds wil meant same thing over and aver that they will ebserve era rarmatcl pate n ere to Corey Iessipss Ie akes thoasands of rch ules to make up a language Many Linguists bedeve tat when each of ts Irae! Howe cose ‘le as very your len, we acorn ie mot complex sie af re ie mle Our ageement aot the rx of lrg; of court, sony general ore” Every speaker ua langnge niga ho ob sounds ‘Gacy like anyone ce. The large ders Gm rion sao, Ierrcen socal ocupatonl and sn roupe, snd ren mt oe speech station to the next. These vations se ol mts oe Matos from some basi tongue, Dt ate sity fh alegre Mematvr which wake wp soy language, Stn Ames cur a Sorted varios of tnglon aes italy lige esting the fact that mst of one lngunge tes do veep, mine iP ‘We belo whatever distin ys ae in 2. All languages have thre major components: souné system, 4 vocabulary, and a oystem of grammat. This satenent deacons ‘what fs aleacy boen supastece that any bunnan spescer mal ‘meaning by manipulating sounds, words, and te onder according fan interred ster ol rales which other speakers thaanguage laegely shave.‘The seuntayten ofa lng )—aheinventory f weal nes, nd combina 9 mos, hl cnpoys, Chen tear che sect suns a har owe lagen Une ae way hey esr he cher cents: by Heng. hypateselng, testing, ae tering apn. They dono bought may aeons enn esd frat ater al Elis has ont ory) nd thot pon to wore aod then fo graminan, My sory or cumple, can sy rear ena he ‘eds syn eerces of ght o ear foueon ward EM he {Sul ier the curd oh aves He The vctblay, or leon, angus he invduas or tase of eves Obvouay, one uf the young ls not cman Svs i aied at paring bis lec iverory. Tes ad es Yyeurelds as notre fo aking “Whats hat” « goed deal moe {ite han even the most coing peor en tli: And pot ny oe ‘dren consay aa spontaneous yt eats thi wera ies, butthoyare aayo werking loud categorise esi esse & wor bad connote noanings to ne a rbme teense 6¢ the seman property the musninge ot The mors hey ae iearsng Ny awarenes of hve er procs: was heigened Imenthsago as we were driving home for stp ithe county sich Neky had Jlghte erang the nates of ancus Yn the earl ndecape Aa we drove post te Chap shying, NERY looked up alte ta bingy and shecenced “Look toe lo, ‘Dad Head he what he ennui hey Retin th Sears Tower and he repliod cre. “Anise od” He pore inher res 200 ep i 0 Bog ean Maal ype ay ‘ll ast asa. Linguists wo lect langage desite the than presi ely use fe diferent detetaes of gs Te ist, wich Tam, ‘ing saythat pans the syste fk me neta artange WOR int meaning Engh cenente. For cuaple ny foie ad oy Phonelgy may prvide me mith the appre stngs of ands {ay the wort rset ot cuvebear ts knowedge of {ranmar whch allows moto aang thew slemerts ne sentence ‘ese ih tre we fur ate. Net oni os ny nmr arg shove shmerts in « meaingal ore Hulse provides me Wit necessry marker of pha lene and sprcment Eapairng he ‘ers es by wiht sahascaly nse thi sete estes some of my. "grumaw this se, “The seen detsionof gormo sed by Ung refer to the whle system of ras ches Up 4 ngage eet Ht the Iles for the arengement ted appropri mthng ef cements Serene, but al the lea Phonology and yet pastes sesh lage enh ee en Ene tn ae {unge ll he eonscoue snd ancoecoum eprint [nt poo — ‘us Nine Mas Abe Language 2 hen sei citing cmthter my anna. his ean triton rear wiveh gsc eons vetr whee ey re of densisng a unguage in tree oe gremonas 4. Everyone speaks 2 diet. Amory; binge the tern did desgrotes avery ofa psttcular langage which has cerain ‘et of lia phoncloial and grammnatcel ra hat cinta hoo oer dialect. The most amar ‘infin of sect Armors egsogmpnial we seceprize or ean hat some feats of New FEnginndlanguage—the dropping rs ni ce ss at vel hes fair for rn fat astingih de spec oe ‘igor. Tho mane epeatc of Bostonian English i hor aking {ibs of cee sp era trate a eh sR to fe: inom, tase observe in oer tga. Whore de there diferent vets ot luge come tom ard how ate they main? The undarying ftrsae laton Sa tng, lane group of people which ves, Wonk. and “ll together Cocotte ere sagen feo ra Bresetretoheep the angspe rato monn. Bat ne acta he {eu moves aay Woe cee Keaton, and has aber Comat ih the oer the lngsage of th two seep wl peculiar, ‘hs wil happen tut beet ofthe Along ‘neds ft diferent covionments, but abs beeese of the nexoble and sce. fumes atbiaryprocews cf language change fall. Inches wards, there ‘stolen nat the ange athens wv groups, tougher atthe beginning, will new change nthe sane wate Cmte the islaion len an sample, tne two peel grey nid prety develop Separate awutaly unitliggtelnguages the Holton sony patil sfinterchange cars Deine eo BOWES “ind if they have some need to cosinnesermoureating sl ae Acerca and Bish poops) es cvergence wil ox "Me some pencil of alan sso apples, nt les dramae ‘ay, fo contemporary Amercan dace, New Bogle speakers ae ‘ov alate froma southem speakers. andl Swe othe cer rev between thew two diet se mained, Olver ae, sh 4s travel andthe mass da, bring them nt cenact with each ther ssl fene fo preventecene diveences But thetslton ht proces Gr maine language diferente may not be ety grepasteal In auny Anerin ces we nd propic lung wives cron bec sf cach other whe spesh aheuly difrene and te enduang iets lack Enlshancmsdvvtera Sagi ae asopleot sul a Here the solos petal sptal, bu ore pert tis Soca, conc ccupationsyedecatc ad pli And as gas as éilective separation of speech commento persis eo wil tn ier nce nthe lesaa ei ee — ca cee or. Sere cate on oe einer en rae Soe ee Sea ee eer Boerne aera apnoea noe Rec ieaee ne eer ee eee ee See tee on Soe ee See eee eee aeons Sp reeareonct a Sieh eeleper retraced Se eucneses can ancora Se cee es eae ee Ae am ree ope Soo eee eee Soccer atte, ee eee gana mee te eee eee savenccisnee rogaine et aerate: pesca een ee ree ee, Sereet coset ena rsa mar 5 Speakers of sl languages empley 2 ange of styles and wt sf wabdiatect ox argos, acts son wear he ton tale Al spetk a det secessaytocornpteat things fren, We may realize thet we do belong ta spent commun although we Ray Ie ike occ, bat we oan forget ur speed ates Yay great curing ihecoure coat everyday rosin the mang t home, conumuniction wit cut spucses may con of grumbled Ieagmens ofa private code was, Yau Mere? smn: Nine eos About Language (25 Un tom. You gonna? Yat ‘ay, Yet hal an tour ater, we may be standing in » etng ad ting ‘ut cere “The catetecncrecisv of te Pec ty hak dectned to the pola st which manogemnen cepa Wo cones termining produ.” These tao mpl of cps ees tt Se constantly range bebacen feel al inumna ties of specs id tas an adjntment wh spars ofall ingeges cote tmake Leong the sollayaise rales which sts wht st Speech appropte i iering cl iar es nach apart Anguaze acqustton as lesring ow os pce te sound of 1 or At Weta aiferentytoourauqiatuanceshantestangers deren Jour bes thn 0 cur ack deen) Aids, We speak in one wry on tv oye oun aad crater ‘yy the couiooms we psa tal diferent oskewadescs ok Taenonie “he abiy 0 as ou ngunge forme tho el conte is fomttng wh we ssute a cater, lang wih sounds. ores aie sat, We len tn thor way no gusto ey tang Lt ao How and when and Yo whom. Chiren ducer, or explo hd te purpoc of meat guages to commie mening it ‘wer’ they ald never lon tthe fet le) emetic JRorlses ter dnowiedginents (H Howaeyor dongs. hye) eng ao a a tt ou va yay a 45 your sora wenon wth thom dae i ars may T Boo eels rene coast aaa ci ce ee Ueone intense rel tal Case man ec earning my sometimes scr rely delayed to pret one of ‘pring uly announce rasan ata py ka Tiemsingy thee cng rls alee gate en fe ane ies chil ese agit coor sod sa fitted ay of sentence pes, Yor evaiape Peas ea ce {os ar about he scl esto gover ngage, Tt ems nga, gen hada doa ngage mee ening Sd experincning Only esac rons erough wena ‘denny ange of mocap trols he hos the oe fence necessary wo help en dacoer ihe ssn nen Site While here are many ways of deen the rele or sexes of ngage whch speakers fart pa tc {im inte of evel foul One wel no Cape teh asheme was deveiqpd by Hts Joo, whe posed fe bake ate26 (engage ae Seay which he cate tate asa canst aad zen? Wie hows models only one of many cepts toed a sae forthe range human speech styes, and is craniy not the final rt om the Subject ites Ahamrare some of tne ways in Which By-t-dy a fogs vere. Atthe bottom oor ali tre tly ind SF agunge whch “user tate perce” and can only Scar between indekuals wih a Goxe pesoral aot. Ase Beat ond wit, for eample, may semetines speak to each cher in what sonnel ice vey apmentay and ped eta hey alone Anderton Such ttt ave dtactese by thee “exec thotue of eda of potently complete sentences, made posible by anit. percna, shred system of private symbals. The sin Sipe in sam npr regen), and pik "the aol sas depends on cal roping: When people saceungetandnga and stings which ave mot complet eregh ‘ots cated nna, the eral imple teal aye Me corms ti patient lips and slang lps So chrdnand oared Insuring ing ten pene hese rings nan tat detines {be group el cududes ote The soval syle reserved forbes and ntders rthose whom we chose to ake ions and islers. ‘he conatatte spe proces cooperation wo! the ntepetion, irom the lack hs hse, he speaker proves more Soul background infermuton Sacre he Titer nny not onder Stn! weve We Ti is he sy used by strangers or nearstrangers {n wuline easucionss cormorkers dealing wha problem, « buyer matings urchase frm 4 crk, and so forth An dmpotan etre atti eve = the paricipationo the Inner. who ues Frequent feetons such as Von, Urs orf nga understanding “Thiclemend of tener gstopstin appears tha fori Speech tis mec is deine hy the Intener vk of paren. 4s wel as by the speaker’ opportuni to la his alterances ahead ‘line and dtl Th oma sje is mort fen fond in spoon Kets sermons levis mewn and the ike The rez tle Ss reserved for prion party for heat This she ca Be dletoely pce and vopachod ith rcaings bye “eps” an an ke ead ae read hy is "Tistoer Te inmedingy a reraction ‘eteen the pants sated the eres 0 Ferenc, slegance, and presion Whether ar rts acept Joo’ scheme to cay tho erent smuations of foal, we can probubly sense the tah of he Basi ‘ropes we so mck sach aumento poh estat, TRowllyurconaiondy, and in sspenas to the soc ston in Which 2M Ne Ci Yh rt an Wo 95 vs Ne Meas About Language) 27 wea peskng: What ws sometines forget is thal no one sy on ‘scurney bale eter or worse tan aneter spar ern heen {Richie wd, Though we bare uch reverence for Che formal ate rcaen sy, they ca be tery dyehnchenal in certain scm ‘ences sid temp we. “Le ustoruider the easy et rng strato it he snl lanes ti of Chacag nore ‘cevteplat the ovale pachav dim hoor obe wal cor tay fc my way ef speak sng ot postvey tng ‘Alofeenced Wo abi beter dh inns casa and oneal Styles eceyday ite not beens ce rsh of tes es ate ta otal, be case each ered nea eaves ny tite ale ed orate the kal se or ew ad i dersandn by oat, Buta Jon hue posted ut few ou aly nee to contil the oven sve whichis resoned print) or Ht cere ose having a range of speech tle ach speaker io me umber figs set upon hs oer skasio ther pope ‘he meta ofthese gos ae occupational: docu. nye, counfan armen, deca, haben hers and soo wok 5 each haves elated pon int which ey con si os ‘Stuaton demands, Sometimes these speci agate te # SOC amusement or consort toons ut usual the outers dls peak argos thereon though dey ny ot ecg hem “rps may ss be Based en ther kr of attatons, Teenage 1 ‘Gone rmsd by Denese parents, hove «language he ow iy i tat msds cahe age eres coe he pened Soe uri ee! «Kindo dod uk. soe pre Sons may have a son of i ow a well reckigcorc ils ‘erg ren wo racer, Spat tng coronly wert waenand ‘arousabvrise ae erme wile pope rsd relecat emda gy afte ed Pr human enters we son hc of hve wll probaly ke pom aucied tot salons "Bt simply notig that a pers contol a rnge of les and aot of argo does lhe whl tony. Fe every tne weep, Ye do sono st na scl context or cosa prone fo When taking th dlectloge, fr chai fy ase Le [Bi jg okoply to feline our share of reenter cr nsend {corns fn tt know enough techn ingest be fen sexictser both er Non parpves the feces of Tengasgosllec the way I tak The Dah lngut MAK. Haliny Tested cite nt strap dele how peopl varying28-5 Langue and is sty putpcons et thet epecch * Haida to cose sien int, Excise ne purpones of ary renal eran ae aay 20 core lovee evrpping tat ecremety diet ose ec Tia proper By tearing ch ely sper agen of ce fr wns ble a cacover even an se, encore ot purposes fer ekg nies squteyifeneiemiyenas keak oy thee tel epeil “te rao act, Hallay exp, fr get tags ona re he Tt Raeton, Cone ot wit ngeltry tocar, seul seis conte ao Scent oa eae oe Speake The {brea fant use te dfn groups and lator, et lerg ih ctr, he pom tncion alloys pects opts wal they ae and hom they fee aay eas the reo uncon, ‘The howe facto or operation whe the potest sa ly Pelopipele cephdes inte ie anmrtotg dr rth ince pr mrt ‘Shworake wants oroey aap seas by, making ong lt ol ea wed ete. the ermal tvecton, Speaer ures lngaags 0 xyes propestons, pve moral, or “cert bom ‘hllde@ tof hmcton, trang Soe of tye sos conan ad enue jurpesee aman ae ns ‘Spe lpgenld elpecod ithe epecrindanel of ntrectorel fanabae inthe eres hata pean may deel ode tobeamere Conn companon: Ox eas tach of lbays seven cons oe ae ee ee oe ee faiman Wor, ad our awn expen al el sts got ms testi orconeagupeor uaNTG Ihe Guth veo he ta ends Goes aa bok Cis Or ite lie fron Yaron ees oer rere ee eee Sonplenyalsnguge Rov avicny doa opxter maser helatiale sound, sal sod pamutea pate thet native langue, But {hey sheen cutee ayatenite trate ys of ppg tepehe acetngs 0 Gryag chutes sal see’ Wh ts oe ‘ied in stor at lane's shes ar ard scan pega hcns 6 Language change is normal. Tas fact, hile oe acne celgd by tics of contemporary Engish as rely been fly under ‘Sood or accepted by them. It cay enough fo welcome into the iingange sec lnneort rologems 4 anes, ory, el "A tidy, tit cto tng Ur: Be ‘ums Nin at About Language / 29 “There terms serve obvious needs, expending to cestain changes in soviet which etaly aqaise thom Bat language also changes in ‘ary’ ways that don seem 0 legal or necessary. The dread dan- sling eps, which ov alten oc the begining of seats {eth dt meaning Io, appenss tobe driving ol the comnotsden a hop, As een Statind hs angly pote ot, the word rete! has ‘roodened to dente lino any Hine of itvieness.” Bu these ins cf loseal changes are not ne a siemply demorateato an ages Proves at work inthe present. The Word soy (actually lege, fOr ‘ample used toeefertoonespecfcbeced, bt he servesasagencral term fora quite vanied lama of animate Perkspe nine gue ase dee ade mgs wb (ner sy rm of sees: Eo rd anings an al Tw ee time te wer er shrank om stg any are il st omelet Jess iene ys on sabe. Tesape ty yoyo, he a jonty cl Ameccat spear pralued dnty Uderent scope funds lathe mid of inter and bar Today, most younger pple Seana als ponance het wore ft wae nee ‘Ancther sound change in prope so weakening th {sen the ows sa natn and Do, hot td i Tsling the lenge Ve, of couse we ree tat magern pronation ‘he pric of contac of gual send change, Siete im grammar sre tre compare he sw process of sound dungeon tne sometones ude ec ena change Toy te fin that he sds! distinction, whi sll anne amen Shims upper cae Bedahon, bas ecvlydcappene om sake “Amepcn Engl sia ate seoms wo cwat thease, ‘hich is upheld by fer and fever apeahes. Our pronoans an 8 Iatiero ne teem soho 2 qty vat comer of eur grammar. ‘ite of te fet ofeach exons, ste aml ahd the SAT tins, mont Amicon apices nw doting wrong vise ‘hd ring the ds een ood eset eC gee ‘Andeven the tery ob coe neat abc isan bgt frtare Of degraded tongues ike Frenchy scone to be making shady, 4 swe progress. We may be only a generat cr two tom the cay hen ve Wrlagin sey, ith Shhespene, “Uw ot age os ple ‘Wile we may rengrize that lngunge docs recoil change ‘re cangot elvan expt canes or the sequences of enh ule TU change Srctiven hanger ove ead pon seth {he shedding of vowel eistinns. ther changes en 0 relate Ihe lnguoge, 1 when we de-latnze words the netsh (The ‘owapap at one sada f comers), or when aaronoo 30° Languae at ts Stuy rant ad hatin foe fhe ogee ford an ara. And ere cohnges il alwaysreletthe need arepreaet mo inceions ‘tae, or evont: que sist, pay, sion. Yer there plenty ‘language change which set to ipponspontncauly, sporad kelly ancl whut apparent parose, Wry sal mgr Saba fst for rg, wan the ere gt Why suid handy as tnctons he that tne rp and infer be fot But eve ca fever pla the reson or such nyse anges er phage inane we cane mus sep the ft ht langue des change “aay, we woul! crn be heh sade ele te ps sins ase, oto ska" het, however ondary Sich ign igh ve Rey yO te mee hinges, ar especaly the cages mpegs, sake meta conor — I ur sea fhe gs of ngage dng i ‘eget, When we eigen Gino many fe lnpnge cio) ot the nude rensigrment ofthe word py fo 4 new referent We fed to forget tit we con sil ron Shespeme ta ther wows Se i ‘Many Conspcaous (and snot ievaraty le hanger nen oe ‘ese tht doesn Aecessaly ean ta the lengua ay Whale {nergoing a pid or who foun "loner oe te at oking or language change it ser Yo be everpwher, endear rly tempted everett ts pO, {ance Sometines we even dicoer cane which are tans ai Vari gage is have prope fe motor tha wo ae ting inated bys haat a ery new wind pacteysoous cl ages Here are sete ofthe moa nlcsoue ones ng wth the de oie cates ation m the Oxtrd task Detoey the mening, Present sewed as medem tel dangers ou be 1990) Fe fe eer (1721 rt yu te tap for goed (Ey dese fcc by clr tha ete (163) pea or nonneca {cal phenomena lst rp foe aly oe 1S), foe usb serene (1891: ged. tn He ed cle eae eam Ge) Tr id oumeves boing aggrovaodfrannoyed) by ay of tese crochet ld econis we cr aay bok we he Nok Of Coe orton fora serfrting dacusso te problem, In one Sle Serving plc sie mogasne ses, Mob seed "Change pacts peerte: Always has, Davop rontine ard haat pattne, Besta ‘Snttan adaptor, Bat chp sinevaable, And eel. ay {0 change can be faa” And Madi inedverondy ives ene se ne ZR Han wr Chan aged hn eek Pe Baten toeochunye Malach Tan mums Nine Kets About Language 31 ample ofa argue change crentyin proses the increasing ase sf cmence ingmerts onal wien Eagle 7. Languages ae intmataly relate to the societies and indivi tals wo use than. Every Burin lange has ben shapes by, | cehargs to meet the needs ef ls speakers, In ths nite sen, ll Thuan largacges can be set be oth eal and perfec, Some Es ‘kino lguages,frexample, hve many words fr diferent types of snow: wet mow, povrdery sve, Howing anon, and so forth This tetensve voeatulary nbvieusy result From ho nyporeance of nce fi the Tskino ex Furmen andthe need be able talk abu fn lel ways In Chisago, wer snow Hy fast et east ener” nce, we get along cute rice witha ow Me ctne— tow ths fd seetand a amber of adjectival mciers, Richard Mikel -oseribed 4 ypothetisl pense sty where the main greece pion is banging on weer to harest eve ieee sd th pos licular people as developed large, specialized woxabalyy fr alan about the dltrnt kinds ef rocks and recs involve i ts press Teach of these case, the language in ston ie wel sap to te ‘needs of speakers. Each langage allows ity speakers hs 4a shout thitovr its import cscaae in thas sec. This does not mean, however, tat any gion langage wil work “periecty” cr be “equal” to any ober in acne setng fT take my Chicago diet tthe tundra, may have trouble conwersing pit people wo dsnguls in Eskimo, ten mere Kd fe thn do, Orifene of Miche’ s ee banger came to Cerys elaberate Feekand-Aurk vocabulary ould be af Ue use Sel nine ofthese Jangeages Inher infer r super: sce ror sphere Ofte, cack ear oh! # need to be There is rated question ronceraing the diffrence between langues. Many linguists have tee dete theese 10 which ‘our mative langage condone our thee prneses To ll he all ‘fsintartesbereeen languages there ae sk som aberomartae Aiesences frome language i anatner. The fous ses of Aer ean Indian lgeapes by Borjamin Lcc Whos and Edward Sapir Rave ‘gested fer example hat Pep speakers co no cemsephcize tne inthe sume way a5 spovhers of Engish*To the Hoph dae ba cone finuing pmoces, an unfolding that cnmot be saganted io chan to be used or “wasted.” The words anc constrains the Hopi Tangeage ele ths perception. Smnaely, sce rye dot de sre the tam esce spectra which ee spoken gl ernaly regard a given physi phenomenon, Some ofthese mane ony Fv, See Pu Spe Cul, Lang ol rly oy ety a oma “52 Language and te Sty others hes ard. Aten, the, hope caygh in he os eases Shave Ferre gee urepetine! ores ‘Gen abut the wei contol ty engage tn ry is what we at sll hr bat Shere ety ease The bet jdgmont lian the get comes de thie we are conned some aegreety the language we speak and langage dvs tach wr Iie wap ooking the pel Beton thevnther Rand: human sap coast anna tho Jeans langange-olern sce te won ew ways an ve few comp when we must Whi i protebly (ue tt soe ‘dese are ener fo comme tn ome language than anotar, both leucopus cng eet te, Te wh langage har on i, dost stungls we ak ag ‘mare tam language makes ws cc Tes ac hnportant tree that nguage sr sta act fs cae oe group, bt of ndkodoal Remar benge Or nae Tangaage the Spech of our pens hinge ene and cm ‘nly. Rs the coe ye ane to communicate the mst powerfl and inthase expenses aw ceil pet toot prs, ‘i expenon ands minor of eat we are and wish ob Orlangaap ‘Sespemonalandaointylto cach ofan our bodes endo bay, ‘ulin orem iriguo ways we a eons And ll whe ‘we are nonest have to agri haters the way we tak sd 101 le pion, Tas pnt ening be van fs ‘mp wilson a te natn ancl ped importa flange {o'er nivdl human Bene Te sumvmvie all huvan fngunges end the concept systems whi they embed ae efcen in hat sve speach come ‘The languages of the wort also vary sone portant Was, 50 hat people smetines fly saree tat eran tongs te tare Epon tn ctor, Yet rar tht the Serene ns. Js food tht the Esme lange aie ca tt sno, that he re petite it pride ‘hat hcga tp amp eascres for cacwsing dei nd nd inept nt cs 5. Value judgments aout diferent laguagesor dialect sre mal- tess of laste, One of the things we sem Wo aque tight al ith ‘a ative tongue ia ee of atituder about the als ct other poopie’ langaape. it we turk for 4 momen ates any of the welds major langugpes, wel nd ua! we umualy have some wlea—seally ‘rocco ov stevectype—about French the sweet suc of love (German's ars martial overbearing. The anauege 0! Spans 08 omentc. The Spanish of Lain Arica salen, educate. Sea Sfiravinn tongues have aki of sly eth, asthe inp Show's nna Nine Kes About Language 99 Swodish chet demensieats weekly. British Fnglich is refined and in- tellgent New York catetfespecly on Tolhy-Tald Steet) sere sed loud. Aimos all oathom Amovicin speaker (eepecaly wl Sheet) ac either cruel crafty on as pain dus Oren guages haven fanny, high-piched,singaong sound. Ard Black Engle, itjust goes sow None of thaw nations about diferent Inexnget fnddiets says ann about the way these tongues tance Per mine speech comminaies. By deinion--by the bloga and Sal ere cl hinge they lncion ofoienty ach isa fall formed, logieal, rue governed vanant of human spoeeh. ‘Wiseay enough aoc tha ol anguages arc ol and font In theirown sphere afte, But most of ue de not vealy belove inthis ea, aad erty donot act a we cc. We eonanty sabe fg ‘ments aout cher poopie and other nations on the base of the Ian [zu they ace, Expecaly when we sir the question of mally livelipble Ansan uses, we ae abit se thee mst Hea about languagoitrencco are purely mates of tate Lin tht wo cannot anders each other—Southemes: Notherers, Caltrans. New Yorkers, blacks whites, Appachin ftk—with onl the sights feet we can communicate st fe, But Foca of cur hisery Oo enences wih each othe. a pehaps ust ot of pervesy, we Nave Aleveloped prejusices toward ther people's language Wish some SSmsr tMec! og chlor Sach prides, however atonal, gor erate muuch pressure Yo speakers of dsiavored daecs to abandon Asser ope eae pve ptr, Dust ae anger tas eerie ‘bl i ae re tale i: ei the rte oc ‘heey? Leta ll ht albu langage and an ara ‘estataniatnh tts at ad 8 A longue esa pa of aes har tenutelnoursnion opener ‘Whether ia rate al er pti ctr past agen "pei Hlom lik nay the sme nee ad pee Ne same series the aly ven speaks doen weed Tne of cult. Per ngage dale pat oF gt sc ely es Gericke ick ems te penne to Pa ‘tution oe hah nt Ms usr are cipble of eget Whats Whaat any gen tie or place the wey o ey aed yt ‘ans ipled nur thr deer Boronnyjeed mate eo het Ineo et cor eae of rs War a td usar damon pha ine Iki not Haugen’sparpse—noe ie mine dny dat seca ‘agvaMly tnd Sonoa ren Arena may lntxla cor) ‘eave to hernasery a approves pte ped Yet fw st tt and ab Ee ge nd en nl Langage a ran fe ae Waore Sl HF anpunge and 18 Study realize hat dhe need fr such mastery ares nly nt ofthe pris the dominant specch commaity and tot hon any innate sae ‘omings of nonstandard Arner dale 9. Writing i desivaive of speech, Wit systems are alyays ‘paved upon sptems of oral language which of estoy deve fest ‘People have ben taking for at las «hallo years, bat the earkest Jenowa vrting system appeared fewer than 500 years ago. Of the ‘word's lingunges, ony about 5 percent have developed indigenous sertng yates. tn her Wore. nese there ave human kenge, we wil aleays find language, but ot neces wing lan guase Is indeed biologically programma! ti ofthe specie, whinge ‘ot seen to be pat ofthe standard equipment Although the Engloh writing system ts cavertlly phenemc—en antempt t represen the sounds of Iguage in gee fermi noteiouly epoca confusing Sune ther langue Cech, Finnish, al Spanish, come does to having perfect surely ore ‘espondenc: each eter inthe wntigeystem stirs forone, ant ony ‘one, sound, Englis, unfortunately, uses some 200 eters and ea Donan of letivs to reprosont forty or 4 septate sounds. THis ‘uses problems. For eampl nthe sentences Did ble fat Caer Sel he perl ee the sees? there ae even diferent spelings "he vowel sound i. Tho contnco: The aly ann stele ie hy oe ‘audi yds four more spelirgs ofthe same vowel sue Compe ervard Shaw once oted thats rensrnis spelng of the WON! fst might begin: ghas in exh, acim smu and ain at, Ta spite ofall lregularies, weve, the English sping. system nevertheless phonemic at heat as oar alaity to ally read prone ‘ounce nonsense words ke iy ot poo! demonstrates ‘Weking, lice speech, may be pa era whole range of offen ove lbpping uses And chit nthe lve of formal ocean etn us as bey doin dak An author like a speaier mast adjet these of her messoge tthe audlence andthe occasion. A women eoposing 2 scholarly atele for ewmple, aes sore neteraally deren, “nguiscecheees than those ene aes when leving 4 nets for hee husband on the efrgensce. Both ites aad speakers fever 0d tones) employ vanens argore er specaliced vocabuletes the Seem «mfortabe and cynverient 1 the pope they ave adoring, Res ‘duaage with ine in both wry and spe, ht obvigsly, changes in speech habits ave slated in writing sy we rndly pen words ‘whlch ween even invented ten ora hundred yess ago Ane even sexe of the rules which we enfore! in wsling fer ey have Been abandoned in speech da ewortsly breakdown Tecy, for ample, Sp eftves and sentence frauen ae neensingly acted i Mritng, Our personal tats see sol pacjdices, hich ten guide ‘sss Nine Iear About Language / 35. ur sections to ether peopl’ spcch can abe dictate our response {other poops wring ‘Oa belles abou wring areas towne ap thot erry Aiton. We have come to revere etuin werks of fesrtare end exp ‘ion which have "sto the tet of tine” Which speak across he ‘eure tosucessve gncratans otra. These mister, the ost endasing published wing teal kr eply wal hs now ‘Formal ah raze yes Engg Thay were writen in fc Inara of ue, bun hates a ara te “ubjectaudienco, ard purpoos at bord and the making of somes “ind decivtions of independence genetal ral for cmsicerste re Gultic formaly. Giver eur afecton fx Uese dass, we Gl mae Aral admire not ony thee como ut the form. end oul fete at ty te perth o tert cet ol wre, “realy we the language” corey and beefly. Prequer, we Jech tis potion nour schol,encouriging stents to ve the or often erate a the cei trae coret tie Eich We resi stents not only to mim the foley ster tee ‘wiling. bat event tap erin estas na espe = An both cones who reerene to the stn subject, sudence. ‘paspoce Al of sis wt nant to demennInerature rte culation fis appreciation rong teenagers. le simpy remade cf how the share exstece of system of wrtng and Kemfue an bea cn ‘sorvatveinluence onthe language. Theat, xiao the fa fof lnguge form tae fh old and kerma ray oan eget hag cseny roe, vl oar “en bei! that ena nye of language abaya ty he et eet os mers crcmeancanr ey __Tilneiieeclie sa ener hp Re sree tte eee erem ce Fer a tanetins stajenestomecoot soe Dit rectvcm cine aime cassenet se fra pasate Wid hn eee ty ree TIAL ny fu leit gu nd tourette pet gage pane Weve ath RT pel eg eee Rec ers Seras Sere Pasir anal orgs ne tapas Theetowt crac oaks nl etd te dla bri fanny of be itseel ey ad ice ober ooh tar ctr ungage mae ew merc ee ek Bape oe ta bly cot ath pee esa ek Pee pend cea enseresemees36 1 Language an i 3 thceenditferot groups of speakers are normal and predictable; that fl speakers employ a varity of spesch fcr ard styles eoponse {orchonging sol Bling apd that moet oF our titles abot n= [age are bused pons rahe than Hngulst judges, “Andoo,ilwe oreo tedeve the valence o hstrial end linguistic eqarh, our cuvent lange csi ert rthor suns. Ts fi hc snot eral which doesnot actually pose the dangers teidelyattalbuted toi I anyhing, the eins Ss mel a desrption ‘OF inguistiePusiness au usual, cravn by the cts nether bare ‘and sere strokes. seems far to ek a this poine What's the robles FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 1. In pesntng his “nine ides about langage.” Daniels ateps to ‘dapalsoe csimonly hl bt iaccusne Bell awe lange st hy ef thaw myth you can ow steel Daa ie paling them? 2. A Dace rte, cere esate Ite te “tes about he ‘i of pec tat ayer vans dicen Frm out ‘ows espn, give ome camper of chides se of ange ak (Boon We srl coment wes fappropete 13. You pronsly world dente » paras eveat—fox example, « ‘ply, cumpng tp ax creing wills neato a dierent ele or ew the way Youu ella gon rend ae sone vet. ‘Then we dyn the way you woo dosrbe the same scerene fo ‘our peat Ven you compare he wo acount what ference de Jou Anche they te diffeacs tat Danish lends you lowe? 4 Daniels utes tats people ave “seme ervey «pes ‘aes orseeotype’-abeu diffe tangunpe selec Define ie teams pce ane stor. Hes ee Dee's tery by akg tive owpl at hey thin oh anges cael th sks ‘wt the lrgange and dec, tht Dates ations on py 3-30 Sig dete ane yeti stor tou 7 ice kchok fare a Pan) Reda tr Pure ema