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22
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA MACHILIPATNAM
TOPIC- MALARIA
SUBMITTED BY- G. NAGA
SRIHARI
CLASS-XII
ROLL NO- 20608276
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS ‘BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT’ ON THE TOPIC OF ‘MALARIA
’ HAS BEEN SUCESSFULLY COMPLETED BY G. NAGA SRIHARI OF CLASS XII UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF MR.V.H.K.K.GUPTA IN A PARTICULAR FULFILMENTOF THE CIRCULUM OF
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION [CBSE]LEADING TO THE AWARD OF ANNUAL
EXAMINATION OF THE YEAR 2021-22
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
MACHILIPATNAM
ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT
I HAVE TAKEN EFFORTS IN THIS PROJECT. HOWEVER,IT WOULD NOTSUPPORT
AND HELP OF MANY INDIVIDUALS.
TO STUDY
OF
Malaria
INTRODUCTION to
Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic
single-celled microorganisms belonging to the Plasmodium group. Malaria causes symptoms that
typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases it can cause yellow skin,
seizures, coma, or death. Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an infected
mosquito. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later. In those
who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial
resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria.
The disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The mosquito
bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva into a person's blood. The parasites travel to
the liver where they mature and reproduce. Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread by
humans. Most deaths are caused by P. falciparum because P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae generally
cause a milder form of malaria. The species P. knowlesi rarely causes disease in humans. Malaria is
typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood using blood films, or with antigenbased
rapid diagnostic tests. Methods that use the polymerase chain reaction to detect the parasite's DNA
have been developed, but are not widely used in areas where malaria is common due to their cost and
complexity.
The risk of disease can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites through the use of mosquito nets and
insect repellents, or with mosquito control measures such as spraying insecticides and draining standing
water. Several medications are available to prevent malaria in travelers to areas where the disease is
common. Occasional doses of the combination medication sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine are
recommended in infants and after the first trimester of pregnancy in areas with high rates of malaria.
Despite a need, no effective vaccine exists, although efforts to develop one are ongoing. The
recommended treatment for malaria is a combination of antimalarial medications that includes an
artemisinin. The second medication may be either mefloquine, lumefantrine, or
sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Quinine along with doxycycline may be used if an artemisinin is not
available. It is recommended that in areas where the disease is common, malaria is confirmed if possible
before treatment is started due to concerns of increasing drug resistance. Resistance among the
parasites has developed to several antimalarial medications; for example, chloroquineresistant P.
falciparum has spread to most malarial areas, and resistance to artemisinin has become a problem in
some parts of Southeast Asia.
The disease is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions that exist in a broad band around the
equator. This includes much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 2016, there were 216
million cases of malaria worldwide resulting in an estimated 445,000 to 731,000 deaths. Approximately
90% of both cases and deaths occurred in Africa. Rates of disease have decreased from 2000 to 2015 by
37%, but increased from 2014 during which there were 198 million cases. Malaria is commonly
associated with poverty and has a major negative effect on economic development. In Africa, it is
estimated to result in losses of US$12 billion a year due to increased healthcare costs, lost ability to
work, and negative effects on tourism.
KEY FACTS
● Malaria is transmitted when a mosquito infected with the plasmodium parasite bites a
person. The mosquito acts as a carrier of the plasmodium meaning when a mosquito
bites a person infected with malaria, there is a high chance that the parasite can be
spread to a healthy individual when this mosquito bites that person.
● Did you know that malaria can be caused by four variants of the same parasite?
● Malaria is especially dangerous for pregnant women as the parasite can pass into the
mother’s womb and infect the foetus as well. Once the foetus has been infected with
malaria, it can lead to the baby being born with a low birth weight and may lead to death.
CAUSES
Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. The parasite can be spread to humans
through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
There are many different types of plasmodium parasite, but only 5 types cause malaria in
humans.
These are:
✔ Plasmodium falciparum – mainly found in Africa, it's the most common type of malaria
parasite and is responsible for most malaria deaths worldwide
✔ Plasmodium vivax – mainly found in Asia and South America, this parasite causes milder
symptoms than Plasmodium falciparum, but it can stay in the liver for up to 3 years, which can
result in relapses
✔ Plasmodium ovale – fairly uncommon and usually found in West Africa, it can remain in your
liver for several years without producing symptoms
✔ Plasmodium malariae – this is quite rare and usually only found in Africa.
✔ Plasmodium knowlesi – this is very rare and found in parts of southeast Asia.
TRANSMISSON
The plasmodium parasite is spread by female Anopheles mosquitoes, which are known as
"night-biting" mosquitoes because they most commonly bite between dusk and dawn.
If a mosquito bites a person already infected with malaria, it can also become infected and
spread the parasite on to other people. However, malaria can't be spread directly from person
to person.
Once you're bitten, the parasite enters the bloodstream and travels to the liver. The infection
develops in the liver before re-entering the bloodstream and invading the red blood cells.
The parasites grow and multiply in the red blood cells. At regular intervals, the infected blood
cells burst, releasing more parasites into the blood. Infected blood cells usually burst every
4872 hours. Each time they burst, you'll have a bout of fever, chills and sweating.
Malaria can also be spread through blood transfusions and the sharing of needles, but this is
very rare.
PREVENTION
There's a significant risk of getting malaria if you travel to an affected area. It's very
important you take precautions to prevent the disease.
Malaria can often be avoided using the ABCD approach to prevention, which stands for:
✔ Awareness of risk – find out whether you're at risk of getting malaria.
✔ Bite prevention – avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent, covering your arms and legs,
and using a mosquito net.
✔ Check whether you need to take malaria prevention tablets – if you do, make sure you take
the right antimalarial tablets at the right dose, and finish the course.
✔ Diagnosis – seek immediate medical advice if you have malaria symptoms, including up to a
year after you return from travelling.
It's also important to visit your GP or local travel clinic for malaria advice as soon as you know
where you're going to be travelling.
Even if you grew up in a country where malaria is common, you still need to take precautions to
protect yourself from infection if you're travelling to a risk area.
Nobody has complete immunity to malaria, and any level of natural protection you may have
had is quickly lost when you move out of a risk area.
Preventing bites
It's not possible to avoid mosquito bites completely, but the less you're bitten, the less likely
you are to get malaria.
Use insect repellent on your skin and in sleeping environments. Remember to reapply it
✔ frequently. The most effective repellents contain diethyltoluamide (DEET) and are available in
sprays, roll-ons, sticks and creams.
✔ Wear light, loose-fitting trousers rather than shorts, and wear shirts with long sleeves. This is
particularly important during early evening and at night, when mosquitoes prefer to feed.
Antimalarial tablets
There's currently no vaccine available that offers protection against malaria, so it's very
important to take antimalarial medication to reduce your chances of getting the disease.
However, antimalarials only reduce your risk of infection by about 90%, so taking steps to avoid
bites is also important.
✔ depending on the type you're taking, continue to take your tablets for up to 4 weeks after
returning from your trip to cover the incubation period of the disease
Check with your GP to make sure you're prescribed a medication you can tolerate. You may be
more at risk from side effects if you:
✔ have HIV or AIDS
In the UK, chloroquine and proguanil can be bought over-the-counter from local pharmacies.
However, you should seek medical advice before buying it as it's rarely recommended
nowadays. For all other antimalarial tablets, you'll need a prescription from your GP.
Read more about antimalarial medication, including the main types and when to take them.
Malaria can get worse very quickly, so it's important that it's diagnosed and treated as soon as
possible.
If you develop symptoms of malaria while still taking antimalarial tablets, either while you're
travelling or in the days and weeks after you return, remember to tell the doctor which type
you have been taking. The same type of antimalarial shouldn't be used to treat you as well.
If you develop symptoms after returning home, visit your GP or a hospital doctor and tell them
which countries you've travelled to in the last 12 months, including any brief stopovers.
DEET is safe for older children, adults and pregnant women if you follow the manufacturer's
instructions:
✔ use on exposed skin
✔ don't spray directly on to your face – spray into your hands and pat on to your face
✔ avoid contact with lips and eyes
This Strategy was the result of an extensive consultative process that spanned 2 years and
involved the participation of more than 400 technical experts from 70 Member States. It is
based on 3 key pillars:
GMP is supported and advised by the Malaria Policy Advisory Committee (MPAC), a group of
15 global malaria experts appointed following an open nomination process. The MPAC, which
meets twice yearly, provides independent advice to WHO to develop policy recommendations
for the control and elimination of malaria. The mandate of MPAC is to provide strategic advice
and technical input, and extends to all aspects of malaria control and elimination, as part of a
transparent, responsive and credible policy setting process.
end
the
project