ENGLISH 1

Chapter 1: Companies
KARIN ANNISA RIYADI
202170028

Types of company:
1.
o A large multinational corporation
(+) experience, good benefits
(-) pressure, narrow area of work
o A small or medium-sized family business
(+) close relationship with workers’
(-) difficulties working with family members or amateurs
o A trendy new high-tech corporation
(+) exciting environment
(-) fast-moving business area may be risky
2.
o Development in technology
(+) greater efficieny
(-) specific skills can become redundant
o Growth in consumer power
(+) increased responsiveness from companies
(-) competition from companies with few overheads
o Expansion of e-business
(+) opportunity for any company to sell anywhere
o Increase is shareholder power
(+) greater contol of individuals at the top of the companies
(-) lack of freedom by directors to make decisions
o Financial scandals
(+) increased regulations and greater financial soundness
(-) loss of consumer / shareholder trust
o Transfer of money/jobs abroad
(+) more competitive companies
(-) loss of control over quality, loss of skills at home
o Weakening trade union
 (+) more compatitive companies
(-) unhappy staff

Company structure:
1.They welt hierarchical or bureaucratic organisations making long runs of
standardised products. Thcy improved products instead of innovating.
provided lifelong employment, and enjoyed good industrial relations,
2. Giant corporations disappeared / were transformed. They changed from
high volume to high value, from standardised to customised. There are flatter
hierarchies and less lifelong employment.
3. High volume = mass produced. High value = smaller quantity with a
larger profit margin.
4. Giant companies. small companies with few tangible assets, networks of
entrepreneurs.
5. Because consumers. producers and shareholders have more choice.
6. Flexibility

Vocabs:
1.
1. Freelancer: people who work indepently or on short-term contracts
2. Entrepreneur: people who are willing to take risks
3. Venture capitalist: people who are willing to invest in new and/or risky
business projects
4. Bidder/consumers: express a wish to buy something
5. Producers: people who make goods
6. Shareholders: people who own part of a company

2.
1. Burreaucracy: inflexible system of administration
2. Flattened hierarchy: more middle than senior managers
3. Standarised products: goods of the same quality and design
4. Lifetime employment: permanent jobs
5. Merger: when two companies become one
6. Customised: made for a particular user
 7. Tangible assets: buildings and machinery a company owns
8. Lease: rent a building on a temporary basis

3.
- Today’s multinationals:
Freelancer, customised, flattened hierarchy.
- Corporations of the past:
Burreaucracy, standarised products, lifetime employment.
- Online companies:
Entrepreneur, venture capitalists, flattened hierarchy, bidder.
- All of them:
Shareholder, lease, merger, tangible assets, producer.

Present simple and continous:

1.
 The present simple tense describes:
- Facts that will not change
- Regular events and processes
- A scheduled events
 The present continous tense describes:
- Things happening now
- Temporary situations
- Future arangements
2.
1. Simple (a)
2. Continous (d)
3. Simple (b)
4. Simple (c)
5. Continous (e)
6. Continous (f)
 Practice

Answers: (2) have, (3) is eliminating, (4) is becoming, (5) is shifting, (6) does
it mean, (7) is diversification changing, (8) do not manufacture, (9) are
wholesaling, (10) takes place.

Vocabs:
2.
1. IT
2. HR
3. Finance
4. Legal Affairs
5. Electronic Supllies Ltd.
6. Global Transport Solutions Ltd.
7. Always Answers Call Centre, Solutions Vehicle Hire
8. Paul Phillips
9. Solution Vehicle Hire
Carrier skills: Talking about your job
My job entails/involves...
I’m responsible for...
I work for/under...
I’m in charge of...
I report to...
I manage...

Culture at work: Hierarchy

Vocabs
o Sole trader: when someone has their own business with no additional
shareholders
o Partnership: where more than two people or bisnesses work together
o Limited company: a private company where individual shareholders lose
only the vakue of their shares if the company goes bankrupt.
o PLC (UK): a limited company where the shares are bought and sold
freely.
o Inc. : the US equivalent of plc.
o Multinational: a company that operates in different countries.
o Merger: two or more companies join together to create a single larger
company
o Takeover: similar to a merger with one company taking control by buying
more than the half shares.
o Joint venture: two or more companies make a joint investment in a
project without actually merging.