UNIT I – MATRICES

PART – A
1. If 1 , 2 , 3 …,  n are the eigen values of a square matrix of order n, then show that
13 , 23 , 33 ,… , n 3 are the eigen values of A 3 .
Solution: Let X r be the eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value  r . Then

AX r  r X r      (1)

Pre multiplying (1) by A and using (1),

A X r  A r X r    r  AX r    r  r X r   r X r
2 2

Similarly A X r   r X r ---------(2). From (2)  is the eigen value of A .

3 3 3 3

 1
2. If are the eigen values of the matrix A then show that A has the eigen value 
-1

Solution: Let  be the eigen value of A. Then AX =  X --------------(1)

Pre multiplying both sides of (1) by A-1, we get

A1 ( AX )  A1 ( X )  
 A1 A X  A1 X 

IX   A 1X  
 X   A 1X 
1 1
 A1 X  X  X  A1 X
  -------------(2)

1 A 1 .
Comparing (1) and (2), we have  is an eigen value of

1 1 1 
 
1 2 2 
 
3. Find the sum and product of all the eigen values of the matrix  1 2 3  .

Solution: We know that sum of the eigen values = sum of diagonal elements  1  2  3  6

1 1 1
 1 2 2 1
The product of the eigen values = Determinant of the matrix 1 2 3 .

2 2 1 A 1 .
A  1 3 1 
4. Two eigen values of the matrix 1 2 2  are equal to 1 each. Find the eigen values of

Solution: Let the third eigen value be  . The other two eigen values are 1,1,
 We know that sum of the eigen values = Trace of A

11   2  3  2  2  7    5.

A 1 1
The eigen values of A are 1, 1, 5. The eigen values of are 1,1, 5 .

5. If the eigen values of the matrix A of order 3 x 3 are 2, 3, 1, then find the eigen values of adjoint

of A.

1  adjA  A A 1
A 1  adjA
Solution: We know that A

1 1 A
, &1
Eigen values of A-1 are 2 3 and = Product of the eigen values = 6

1 1
6  , 6  , 6 1
Eigen values of adjoint of A are 2 3 (i.e) 3, 2, 6

 6 2 2 
 
A  2 3 1
 2 1 3 
6. The product of two eigen values of the matrix   is 16. Find the third eigen

value.

Solution: Given, 1.2  16. WKT 12 3  A

6 2 2  32
163   2 3  1  6  9  1  2  6  2   2  2  6 
2 1 3

 3  2. Hence the third eigen value is 2.

   3  1
A   
7. If and are the eigen values of 1 5  form the matrix whose eigen values are

 3 and  3 .


and  are the eigen values of A,  and  are the eigen values of A3.
3 3
Solution : If

 38  50 
A3   .
 50 138 
  6 2 2 
 
A   2 3 1
 2 1 3 
8. Find the matrix whose eigen values are the eigen values of   reduced by 4.

Solution: We know that the matrix A – KI has the eigen values 1  K , 2  K ,........, n  K .

 6 2 2   2 2 2 
   
A   2 3 1  2 1 1
 2 1 3   2 1 1
Here   and K = 4. So the matrix is  .

 3 5 3
 
A  0 4 6
0 0 1
9. Find the eigen values of A-1, if  .

Solution: Since A is the upper triangular matrix, the eigen values of A are 3,4,1.

A1 1 1
, ,1
The eigen values of are 3 4 .

a 4
 
10. Find the constants a and b such that matrix  1 b  has 3 and -2 as its eigen values.

a 4
A  
Solution: Given 1 b

1  2  a  b  1        (1)
 1 2  ab  4   6  ab   2        (2)

From (1) and (2), we get a  2, b  1 and a  1, b  2.

11. If the sum of two eigen values and trace of  3  3 matrix A are equal, find A .

Solution: Trace of the Matrix (A) = 1  2  3  1  2  3  0  A  1 2 3  0

4 6 6
 
A  1 3 2 
 1 5 2 
12. Two eigen values of   are equal and they are double the third. Find the

eigen values of A2.

Solution: Eigen values of A are 2 , 2 ,  .  5  4  3  2  5

    1. Eigen values of A2 are 4, 4, 1.

1 2 3
 
A  2 0  2
1 2 3  is singular. One of the eigen values is 2. Find the other two
13. The matrix 

eigen values.

Solution: 1  2, A  0  1 2 3  2  0

1  2  3  4  3  2.

 4 5 4
  A  
14. If 1  is an eigen vector of the matrix  1 2  . Find the corresponding eigen value.

Solution: If  is an eigen value of A, then  A   I  X  0

5   4   4 0
       6
 1 2    1   0 

 3 1 4 A 2  5 A  3I
 
A 0 2 6
0 0 5
15. If   , find the eigen values of .

Solution: A has eigen values 3, 2, 5.

Eigen values of A  5 A  3 I are 32-15+3, 22-10+3, 52-25+3. (i.e) -3,-3,3

2

16. If the sum of eigen values of the matrix of a quadratic form is equal to zero, then what will

be the nature of the quadratic form.

Solution: If the sum of eigen values of the matrix of a quadratic form is zero then the eigen

values of the matrix should consist of both positive and negative values. (i.e) the canonical

form should consist of both negative and positive terms. Therefore, the quadratic form is

indefinite.

17. State Cayley – Hamilton theorem and its uses.

 Solution: " Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation."

It is used to find (i) Inverse of a given square matrix (ii) Higher integral powers of the
given matrix.

1 2  A1
A 
18. Given  4 3  , find using Cayley – Hamilton theorem.

Solution: The characteristic equation is A   I  0

1    3     8  0   2  4  5  0 .

By Cayley Hamilton Theorem, A  4 A  5 I  0

2

Post multiplying by A1 , we get A2 A1  4 AA1  5 IA1  0

A  4 I  5 A1  0  5 A1  A  4 I

1 2   4 0    3 2  1   3 2
5 A1      
1
  A   
 4 3  0 4   4 1  5  4 1  .

A3  20 A  8 I  0, 1 1 3
 
 1 3 3 
 
19. Check whether where A=  2 4 4 

Solution: The characteristic equation is A   I  0

 3  20  8  0

By Cayley Hamilton Theorem, we get A3  20 A  8  0

20. Write down the matrix of the quadratic form x  y  z  xy  yz  zx.

2 2 2

Solution:

 1 1
1 2 2
 
1 1
1
.
2 2
 
 1 1
1 
The required matrix is  2 2 
21. Prove that the quadratic form x  4 xy  6 xz  y  2 yz  4 z is indefinite.
2 2 2

1 2 3
 
A   2 1 1 
 3 1 4
Solution: The matrix A of the quadratic form is  

D1  1  1  0 1 2
D2   5  0
, 2 1

1 23 

D3  2  1 1  0.
3 14 The quadratic form is indefinite.

22. Determine the nature of the following quadratic form x1  2 x2 .

2 2

1 0 
A .
Solution: The matrix A of the quadratic form is 0 2 

10
D1  1  1  0, D2  20
02

The given quadratic form is positive definite.

 1 0 0 
 
 0 1 0  .
 0 2 
23. Give the nature of a quadratic form whose matrix is  0

Solution: The nature is negative definite. Since all the eigen values are negative.

PART –B
 2  2 2
 
A  1 1 1 
1 3  1 
1. Find the eigen values and eigenvectors of the matrix  .
Ans: The Characteristic equation is   2  4  8  0
3 2
 The eigenvalues are –2, 2, 2. The eigenvectors are
 4   0
   
X 1   1  & X 2  X 3  1 
 7 1 
   
2 2 1
 
1 3 1
 2 
2. Find the eigen values and eigenvectors of  1 2
2
Ans: The Characteristic equation is ( 1) (  5)  0.

 1  2   1 
     
1 ,  1  ,  0  .
     
The eigen values are 5, 1, 1. The eigenvectors are  1  0   1 

 2 1 2 
 
A   1 2 1
 1 1 2 
3. Verify that the matrix   satisfies its characteristic equation and hence find
A4 .
3 2
Ans: The Characteristic equation is   6  8  3  0 and
 124 123 162 
 
A   95 96 123  .
4

 95 95 124 
 
1 0 3  A6  5 A5  8 A4  2 A3  9 A2  31A  36 I
 
A   2 1 1 ,
 1 1 1 
4. Given that   find the value of
using Cayley – Hamilton theorem.
Ans: Characteristic eqn. is   3    9  0,
3 2

A 6

 5 A5  8 A4  2 A3  9 A2  31A  36 I  0.

A1  1 2 2
 
A   1 3 0 
 0  2 1
5. Verify Cayley – Hamilton Theorem and hence find if  .
3 2 6
 
 3  5 2  9  1  0 & A1   1 1 2  .
2 2 5
Ans: The Characteristic equation is  

 2 1 1 A5
 
A   0 1 0
 1 1 2
6. Find the characteristic equation of   and hence express the matrix in terms
2
A , A& I .
 Ans: The characteristic equation is
  5 2  7  3  0 & A5  58 A2  111A  54 I .
3

 6 2 2 
 
A   2 3 1
 2 1 3 
7. Diagonalise   by an orthogonal transformation.

Ans: The characteristic equation is   12  36  32  0.

3 2

 2  0  1  8 0 0
       
 1 ,  1  ,  1  & D   0 2 0 
      0 0 2
The eigen values are 8, 2, 2 The eigen vectors are  1   1   1  

 2 1 1 
 
A   1 1 2 
 1 2 1 
8. Diagonalise the matrix   by means of an orthogonal transformation.

Ans: The characteristic equation is   4    4  0.

3 2

 0  2  1   1 0 0 
     
 1  1 1  & D   0 1 0 
     0 0 4
The eigen values are –1,1,4. The eigen vectors are  1  1  1  

9. The eigen vectors of a 3 x 3 real symmetric matrix A corresponding to the eigen values
2, 3, 6 are 1 0 1 , 1 1 1 ,  1 2 1 respectively. Find the matrix A.
T T T

 3 1 1 
 
 1 5 1 .
 
Ans:  1 1 3 

10. Reduce 2 x1 x2  2 x3 x2  2 x3 x1 to canonical form by an orthogonal reduction and hence find its
nature.
0 1 1  3  3  2  0.
 
A   1 0 1 .
1 1 0
Ans: The matrix   The characteristic equation is

1 1 1

   
1 1  1 .
   
The eigenvalues are 2, -1, -1. The eigenvectors are  1 0  2 

The canonical form is 2 y1  y2  y3 . Nature of the quadratic form is Indefinite.

2 2 2
11. Reduce the quadratic form 8 x  7 y  3 z  12 xy  8 zy  4 xz to the canonical form through
2 2 2

an orthogonal transformation and hence show that it is Positive Semi definite.

 8 6 2 
 
A   6 7 4 
 2 4 3 
Ans: The matrix is   , the characteristic equation is
  18  45  0.
3 2

 1  2  2 
   
 2  1  2  .
   
The eigen values are 0, 3, 15. The eigen vectors are  2  2  1 

The canonical form is 3 y2  15 y3 .

2 2

UNIT –II APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

PART – A
1. Define curvature and radius of curvature.

Ans:-

Let P be any point on a plane curve. The rate of bending of the curve with respect to
actual distance at P is the curvature at the point P. The curvature is denoted by K.

Radius of curvature at any point on a curve is defined as the reciprocal of the curvature of
 1

the curve at that point and denoted by . Thus K.

2. Find the curvature of 2 x  2 y  5 x  2 y  1  0 .

2 2

Ans:-

5 1
x2  y 2  x  y   0
Given curve : 2 2 .

 5 1 21
 , 
The centre is  4 2  and radius = 4 ,

4
The radius of curvature of a circle is it’s radius .Therefore,Curvature = 21 .

3. Find the radius of curvature of y  e at x  0

x

Ans:-
 3


1  y  2
2

, y  e x , y at x  0 is 1
y
3

y  e x , y at x  0 is 1  
1  1 2  2 2.
1
y  log sin x 
x
4. Find the radius of curvature of the curve at 2.

Ans:- Given y  log  sin x 

dy 1  dy  
 .cos x  cot x ,    cot  0
dx sin x  dx  x   2
2

d2y  d2y  2 
 cosec 2 x ,  2   cosec  1
dx 2  d x  x 2
2
3
  dy  2  2

1    
  dx  
    1.
d2y
d 2x

5. Find the radius of the curvature of x  t , y  t at t  1 .

2

Ans:-

dx d 2x dy d2y
x   2t , x  2  2 y   1 , y  2  0
dt dt dt dt
3 3

 
 x 2
 y 2  2

 4t 2
 1 2
,  at t  1:
5 5
.
xy  yx 2 2

x c  cx  
x
y  c cosh y  e  e c

6. Find the radius of curvature of the curve
c (or) 2  at
any point ( x, y ) .

Ans:-

dy x d2y 1 x
 sinh , 2
 cosh
dx c dx c c
3
  dy  2  2 3

1      2 x
2
1  sinh 
  dx   x  y2  y2
    c
  ccosh 2  c  2   .
d2y 1 x c c  c
cosh
dx 2 c c
7. Find the radius of curvature and curvature of the circle x  y  25 at any point on it.
2 2

Ans:-

The given curve is a circle of radius 5.

 1
.
The radius of curvature is 5 and curvature of the curve is 5

8. Find the radius of curvature at  c, c  on the curve xy  c .

2

Ans:-
3
  dy  2  2
1    
 dy   d2y  2   dx  
   1 ,  2      c 2.
 dx  c ,c   dx  c ,c  c d2y
dx 2

9. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x  a cos  , y  b sin  at any point  .

Ans:-

dy
dx dy dy d b d 2 y d  dy  b
 asin ,  bcos ,   cot ,    2 3
d d dx dx a dx 2
dx  dx  a sin 
d
3
3
  dy  2  2  b 2 2
1     1  2 cot 2  3

   a sin   b cos   .
 2 2 2 2
  dx  
2
     a
d2y b ab
dx 2
a sin 
2 3

10. Find the radius of curvature at the point y  x  8 at  2, 0  .

2 3

Ans:-

dy 3 x 2  dy   dx 
 ,       0
dx 2 y  dx  2,0  dy  2,0
3
  dy  2  2
1    
d 2x 2  d 2x  1   dx  
 2 ,  2      6.
dy 2
3x  dy  2,0 6 d2y
dx 2
11. Find the radius of curvature at y  2a on the curve y  4ax .
2

Ans:-

dy 4a d2y  1  dy
 , 2
 2a   2 
dx 2 y dx  y  dx
 dy   d 2x  1
When y  2a,    1 ,  2 
 dx   dy  2a
3

  dy  
2 2

1    
  dx  
3
    2a.2 2  4 2a.
d2y
dx 2
12. Show that the radius of curvature of a circle is its radius.

Ans:-

Let the equation of the circle be x  y  2 gx  2 fy  c  0

2 2

d 2 y   y  f    g  x
2 2
dy  g  x
 , 
dx y  f y f 
3
dx 2
3

  dy  
2 2

1    
  dx  
    g 2  f 2  c  radius of the circle.
d2y
dx 2

12. Find the centre of curvature y  x at  0, 0  .

2

Ans:-

dy  dy  d2y
 2x ,    0  y1  0,  2  y2  2
dx  dx  0,0 dx 2
y1 1  y12  1  y   1 2
1
Now , X  x  0 , Y  y
y2 y2 2

 1
 0, 
Centre of curvature =  2  .

on the curve y  f  x  .
P( x1 , y1 )
14. Define circle of curvature of a point

Ans:- The circle of curvature of a point P  x1 , y1  on the curve y  f  x  is the circle


whose centre is at the point C  x , y  and whose radius is . The equation of the circle of
curvature is  x1  x    y1  y    .
2 2 2
15.If the centre of curvature of a curve at a variable point ‘t’ on it is 2a  3at , 2at ,
2 3
 
find the evolute of the curve.

Ans:-
1
 y 3
Given x  2a  3at , y  2at  x  2a  3at , 
2 3
 t
2

 2a 
2
 1

 y  3
  27 ay 2  4  x  2a 3 .
 x  2a  3a  
 2a  
 

16. Define evolute and involute.

Ans:-

The evolute C` of a curve C is defined as the locus of the centre of curvature of C. When C’ is the
evolute of the curve C, C is called the involute of the curve C’.

17. Find the evolute of the curve whose centre of curvature is given by
x  3  2 cos  , y  4  2sin  .

Ans:-

Given x  3  2 cos  ... 1

y  4  2sin  ...  2 
1   2    x  3   y  4   4
2 2 2 2

The locus of  x, y  is  X  3  Y  4   4.
2 2

 y  mx 
2
 a 2 m 2  b 2  y 2  m 2 x 2  2mxy  a 2 m 2  b 2  0

18. Find the envelope of the family of  x  a   y  2a, a being a parameter.

2 2

Ans:-

 x  a  y 2  2a  a  a  2 x  2   x  y  0
2 2 2 2
Given:
a
.Here A  1, B    2 x  2  , C  x  y
2 2
It is a quadratic equation in

B 2  4 AC  0  y 2  2 x  1 is the envelope of the family of curves.

a m
y  mx 
19. Find the envelope of family of straight lines m , being the parameter.
 m2 x  a
y  m 2 x  my  a  0  A  x, B   y , C  a
m
Ans:- Envelope is B 2  4 AC  0  y 2  4ax  0.

x
 yt  2c, t
20. Find the envelope of family of straight lines t being the parameter.

Ans:- t y  2tc  x  0  A  y, B  2, C  x  Envelope is B 2  4 AC  0  xy  c 2 .

2

m
21. Find the envelope of family of straight line y  mx  am ,
2
being the parameter.

Ans:-

am 2  mx  y  0  A  a , B  x, C   y
 Envelope is B  4 AC  0  x 2  4ay  0
2

22. Find the envelope of x cos   y sin   p,  being the parameter.

Ans:-

y
Diff . partially w.r.to. ,  x sin   y cos   0  tan  
x
y x
 sin   , cos  
x2  y 2 x2  y 2

Therefore the given straight line becomes

x y
x  y  p  x2  y 2  p2 .
x y
2 2
x y
2 2

x y
cos   sin   1, 
23. Find the envelope of the lines a b being the parameter.

Ans:-

x y
Given cos   sin   1 ..... 1
a b
x y
Diff .w.r.to. ,   sin   cos   0 .....  2 
a b
 y 2 y y
1  sin    2   cos   sin   cos 2   sin    sin 
b b b
x x x
1  cos    2     sin    cos 2   sin 2   cos    cos 
a a a
2 2
x y
w.k .t cos 2   sin 2   1  2  2  1.
a b

x y
sec   tan   1, 
24. Find the envelope of the lines a b being the parameter.

Ans:-

x y
Given sec   tan   1 .... 1
a b
x y x y
Diff .w.r.to. ,  sec  tan   sec 2   0  tan   sec   0 ....  2 
a b a b

y x
1  tan    2   sec   tan   1  sec    2   tan   sec  
b and a

x2 y 2
w.k .t sec 2   tan 2   1    1.
a 2 b2

25. Find the envelope of ty  x  at , t being the parameter.

2

Ans:-

Given ty  x  at 2 ..... 1

y
Diff .w.r.to.' t ', we get , y  2at  t 
2a
2

1    y  x  a    y 2  4ax.
y y
 2a   2a 

26. Find the envelope of the lines xcosec  y cot   a,  being the parameter.

Ans:-

Given xcosec  ytan  a .... 1

Diff .w.r.to. ,  xcosec cot  ycosec 2  0  xcot  ycosec  0...  2 
y
1  cot    2   cosec  y  cosec 2  cot 2   acot   cot
a

x
1  cosec   2   cot   x  cosec 2  cot 2   acosec   cosec
a
x2 y 2
w.k .t cosec 2  cot 2  1  2
 2  1  x2  y 2  a2 .
a a
27. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines x cos   y sin    sec  ,  being the

parameter.

Ans:-

Given x cos   y sin    sec  ..... 1

Dividing equation 1 by cos , we get x  y tan   a sec 2   a 1  tan 2  
i.e., a tan 2   y tan    a  x   0 , Here A  a, B   y, C   a  x 
B 2  4 AC  0  y 2  4a  a  x   0.

m
28. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y  mx  a m  b ,
2 2 2
being the
parameter.

Ans:-

The given equation of straight line can be written as,

 y  mx 
2
 a 2 m 2  b 2  y 2  m 2 x 2  2mxy  a 2 m 2  b 2  0

m 2  x 2  a 2   2mxy  y 2  b 2  0 ,
Here A   x 2  a 2  , B  2 xy , C  y 2  b 2
B 2  4 AC  0  4 x 2 y 2  4  x 2  a 2  y 2  b 2   0
x2 y 2
a 2 b 2 ,   1.
a 2 b2
c
29. Find the envelope of the family of curves given by y  sin  x  c  , where ‘ ’ is a parameter.

Ans:-

Given: y  sin  x  c 

Diff. partially.w.r.to. C, we get

0  cos  x  c   1  sin 2  x  c   1  y 2  y 2  1.

30. Show that the family of straight lines 2 y  4 x    0 has no envelope, where  being the
parameter.

Ans:-

Given: 2 y  4 x    0 ,

Diff. p.w.r.to ‘  ’ , we get 1=0 (absurd)

 Therefore the family of straight line has no envelope.

PART B

 3a 3a  x3  y 3  3axy
 , 
1. Find the radius of curvature at the point  2 2  on the curve .

3 2
  a
Ans: 16 .

2. Find the radius of curvature at  a, 0  on the curve of xy  a  x .

2 3 3

3a
Ans: 2 .

3. Prove that radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid x  a   sin   , y  a 1  cos   is

4a cos
2.

l  x, y  y
ax
,
4. If is the radius of curvature at any point on the curve a  x show that
2 2 2
 2   x   y 
3
      
 a   y  x .

5. Find the radius of curvature at any point on x  e cos t , y  e sin t.

t t

Ans: 2e t .

a a x y  a
 , 
6. Find the radius and circle of curvature at the point  4 4  on the curve .
2 2
 3a   3a  1 2
x   y   a
Ans:  4   4  2 .
7. Find the equation of the circle of curvature of the Rectangular hyperbola xy  12 at the point
(3,4).

2 2 2
 43   57   125 
x   y    
Ans:  6   8   24  .
 x2 y 2
 1
8. If the centre of curvature of the ellipse a 2 b 2 at one end of the minor axis lies at

1
the other end, prove that the eccentricity of the ellipse is 2 .

x y
 1
9. Find the envelope of the straight line a b where a and b are the parameters

connected by the relation a  b  c .

Ans: x y  c.

x y l
 1
10. Find the envelope of the straight line l m where and m are the parameters

l m
 1
connected by the relation a b (a, b are constants).

x y
 1
Ans: a b .

x y
 1
11. Find the envelope of the straight line a b where a and b are the parameters

a n  bn  cn n
n 1
y
n
n 1
c
n
n 1
connected by the relation where ‘c’ is constant Ans: x .

12. Find the envelope of the family of circles drawn on the radius vectors of the ellipse
x2 y 2
 1
a 2 b2 as diameter.

x2 y2
 1
Ans: a 2  b 2 b 2 .

13. Show that the envelope of the family of circles whose diameters are the double

ordinates of the parabola y  4ax is the parabola y  4a  x  a  .

2 2

14. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y  mx  2am  am , where ‘m’ is
3

the parameter.

15. Find the evolute of the parabola x  4ay as the envelope for normals.
2
 Ans: 27 ax  4  y  2a  .
2 3

x2 y 2
  1.
16. Find the evolute of the ellipse a 2 b 2

2 2 2

Ans:  ax    by    a  b  .
2 2 3
3 3

x2 y 2
 1
17. Find the evolute of the hyperbola a 2 b 2 .

2 2 2

Ans:  ax  3   by    a  b
3
2

2 3
.

18. Find the evolute of Rectangular Hyperbola xy  c .

2

2 2 2

Ans:  x  y  3   x  y  3   4c  3 .

19. Find the equation of the evolute of the curve x  a (cos    sin  ), y  a (sin    cos  ) .

Ans: x  y  a .
2 2 2

UNIT –III FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

PART – A

1. State the Condition for the stationary point  a, b  of f  x, y  to be (i) a maximum point
(ii) a minimum point.
Solution: (i) Condition for Maximum Point:
2
 2 f   2 f   2 f   2 f 
 2  2     0 and  2   0.
At (a, b),  x  y   x y   x 
(ii) Condition for Minimum Point:
2
 2 f   2 f   2 f   2 f 
 2  2 
    0 and  2 0
At (a, b),  x   y   xy   x  .
2. Find the minimum point of f  x, y   x  y  6 x  12.
2 2

Solution: Given f  x, y   x  y  6 x  12
2 2

f 2 x  6  0  x  3
0
Let x
 f
 0  2y  0  y  0
Let y
2 f 2 f 2 f
 2, 2& 0
x 2 y 2 xy
2
 2 f   2 f   2 f   2 f 
 2  2      40  4  0  2 0
Now  x  y    x y  and  x 

The minimum point is  3, 0  .
2 2
f  x, y   x 2  y 2   .
3. Find the possible extreme point of x y
2 2
f  x, y   x 2  y 2   .
Solution: Given x y
f 2
 0  2 x  2  0  x3  1  x  1
x x
f 2 
 0  2 y  2  0  y3  1  y  1
y y . The extreme point is (1, 1).
4. Find the nature of the stationary point (1, 1) of the function f  x, y  if f xx  6 xy ,
3

f xy  9 x 2 y 2 and f yy  6 x3 y.

At 1,1 ,
f xx  6, f xy  9, f yy  6
Solution:

Let f xx f yy   f xy    6  6   9
2 2
= 36 - 81 = - 45 < 0.
 The point (1,1) is a saddle point.

5. Given f xx  6 x, f xy  0, f yy  6 y, find the nature of the stationary point (1, 2) of the

function f  x, y  .
Solution: At (1, 2), f xx  6, f xy  0, f yy  12

Let f xx f yy   f xy   (6) (12)  0  72  0 and

2
f xx  6  0
 The point (1, 2) is minimum point.

6. A flat circular plate is heated so that the temperature at any point  x, y  is

u  x 2  2 y 2  x. Find the coldest point on the plate.
Solution: Given u  x2  2 y 2  x
 u x  2 x  1, u y  4 y, r  u xx  2, s  u xy  0 & t  u yy  4
1 uy  0  4 y  0  y  0
ux  0  2 x  1  0  x 
2 and
 1 
 , 0 .
The stationary point is  2 
1  1 
 , 0  , rt  s  8  0 and r  2  0.  , 0 
2

At  2   2  is a minimum point.
 x  r cos  , y  r sin    x, y 
.
7. If then find   r , 
x x
  x, y  r 

  r ,   y y
Solution: W.K.T. r 
x  r cos  y  r sin  x y x y
  cos  ,  sin  ,  r sin  &  r cos 
Given , r r  
  x, y  cos   r sin   r  cos 2   sin 2    r 1  r.
  r cos 2   r sin 2 
  r ,  sin  r cos 
8. State any two Properties of Jocobians.
  u, v    x, y 
1 
Solution : (i) If u and v are functions of x and y, then   x, y    u , v 
(ii) If u and v are the functions of r and s, where r and s are functions of x and y
  u, v    u, v    r , s 
  .
then   x, y    r , s    x, y 
u  2 xy, v  x 2  y 2 , x  r cos  y  r sin  ,   u, v 
9. If and find   r ,  .
  u , v    u , v    x, y 
 
Solution:   r ,    x, y    r ,  (By Property)
u u x x 2y 2 x cos   r sin 
 
x y r  2 x  2 y sin  r cos 
 
v v y y
x y r 
     2

 4 y 2  4 x 2  r cos 2   r sin 2   4 x 2  y 2 r 1  4r  r   4r .
3

y2 x2  ( x, y )
u , v  , find
10. If x y  (u , v) .
 y2 2 y
  u, v  x2 x
J   1  4  3
  x, y  2x  x2
Solution: y y2
JJ '  1 1 1  ( x, y ) 1
J '     .
We know that J 3  (u , v) 3
x y
u , v  tan 1 x  tan 1 y,
11. If 1  xy then prove that u and v are functionally related.
 (u , v)
.
Solution: To find  ( x, y )
 (1  xy ).1  ( x  y ).( y ) 1  y 2 (1  xy ).1  ( x  y ).( x) 1  x2
ux   u y  
(1  xy ) 2 (1  xy ) 2 , (1  xy ) 2 (1  xy ) 2
1 1
vx  and v y 
1 x 2
1 y2
1 y2 1  x2 1 1
   0.
 (u , v) u x u y (1  xy ) 2 (1  xy ) 2 (1  xy ) (1  xy ) 2
2

 
 ( x, y ) v x v y 1 1
1 x 2
1 y2
 u and v are functionally related.
12. Find the Taylor’s series expansion of x y near the point (1,1) up to the first degree terms.
Solution: Taylor’s series of f ( x, y ) near the point (a, b) is
1
f ( x, y )  f (a, b)  ( x  a ) f x (a, b)  ( y  b) f y (a, b)   ...
1!
f ( x, y )  x y f (1, 1)  1
f x  y x y 1 f x (1, 1)  1
f y  x log x
y
f y (1, 1)  0
1
 f ( x, y )  1 ( x  1).1  ( y  1).0  ...
1!
1
x y  1  ( x  1)  ...
1!
dy  y
f ( x, y )  log( x 2  y 2 )  tan 1   .
13. Find dx when x
dy p

Solution: W.K.T dx q
f 1 1  y  2x  y
p  2 . 2x  .
2  2 

x x  y 2  y  x  x2  y 2
1  
x
f 1 1 1 2y  x
q  2 . 2y  .  
y x  y 2  y x
2
x2  y 2
1  
x
dy p
 
 2x  y   y  2x .
dx q 2 y  x 2 y  x
x y z u u u
u   , x y z .
14. If y z x find x y z
Solution: Replace x, y, z by kx, ky, kz in u.
kx ky kz x y z 
u     k0    ,
ky kz kx  y z x u is a homogeneous function of degree
n  0.
 u u u  0.u  0.
x y z  n.u
By Euler’s theorem x y z
PART – B

1. Given the transformation u  e cos y and v  e sin y and that 0 is a function of u and v
x x

 2 0  2 0 2  0   2 0 
2

 
 2  u  v  2  2 .
2

and also of x and y prove that x y  u v 

2

du x  at 2 y  2at
, u x y x y ,
3 2 2 3

2. Find dt if where , .
du
 8a 5t 6  4t  7  .
Ans: dt
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  1, d2y h 2  ab
 .
dx 2  hx  by 3
3. If show that
2x
e cos 2 y  
 0,  .
4. Expand in the neighbourhood of  2 

 
f ( x, y )  1  2 x  2   x 2  y     ...
2

Ans:  2 

5. Expand e log 1  y  in powers

x x& y
using Taylor’s series.
y2
f  x, y   y  xy   ...
Ans: 2
 y
tan 1  
6. Expand  x  about (1,1) upto the second degree terms.
 1 1
f  x, y     y  x    x  1   y  1   ...
2 2

Ans: 4 2 4  
7. If u  xy  yz  zx, v  x  y  z and
2 2 2 w  x  y  z , determine whether there is a
functional relationship between u , v & w and if so, find it.
  u , v, w 
 0,
Ans: Since   x, y, z  u, v and w are functionally dependent and
w2  v  2u
8. Find the Jacobian of y1 , y2 , y3 with respect to x1 , x2 , x3 , if
x2 x3 x3 x1 x1 x2
y1  , y2  , y3  .
x1 x2 x3
Ans:
  y1 , y2 , y3 
 4.
  x1 , x2 , x3 
9. Examine if the following functions are functionally dependent. If they are, find also the
1 1
functional relationship, u  sin x  sin y ; v  x 1  y  y 1  x .
2 2

  u, v 
 0, u and v
Ans: Since   x, y  are functionally dependent and
sin u  v .
10. Find the relative maximum and minimum values of x  y  3 x  12 y  20 .
3 3

Ans: The points are 1, 2  , 1, 2  ,  1, 2  &  1, 2  .

1, 2   Minimum point, 1, 2  &  1, 2  are the saddle points,  1, 2  
Maximum point.
Minimum value =2, maximum
value=38.
11. Examine the following function for extreme values of
f  x, y   x  y  2 x  4 xy  2 y 2 .
4 4 2

Ans: The extreme points are   

2,  2 ,  2, 2 &  0, 0 
.
  
2,  2 &  2, 2  are the minimum points. At (0,0), further investigation is
needed.
12. In a triangle ABC, find the maximum value cos A cos B cos C .
1
Ans: Maximum value = 8

sin x sin y sin( x  y ), 0  x, y 
13. Find the maximum and minimum values of 2.
3 3 3 3
 .
Ans: 2 , 2
14. A rectangular box open at the top is to have volume of 32 cubic ft. Find the dimensions of
the box requiring least material for its construction.
Ans: ( x  4, y  4 & z  2 )
15. Find the volume of the largest rectangular parallelepiped that can be inscribed in the
ellipsoid.
8 abc

Ans: Maximum volume 3 3 .
m n p
16. Find the maximum value of x y z when
x y z  a.
a mn p mm nn p p
Ans:  m  n  p 
mn p

17. Find the shortest and the longest distance from the point (1,2,-1) to the sphere
x 2  y 2  z 2  24, using Lagrange’s method of constrained maxima and minima.
Ans: 6 , 54
2
18. The temperature T at any point (x, y, z) in space is T = 400 x y z . Find the highest
temperature on the surface of the unit sphere x  y  z  1.
2 2 2

Ans: 50

UNIT – IV GAMMA AND BETA INTEGRALS

PART – A
  2

 sin
3
x cos5 2 xdx
1. Find the value of 0 .

 2
1  p 1 q 1
 sin  cos q  d   
p
, 
Solution: We know that 0
2  2 2 

 2
1  3 1 5 2 1
 sin x cos5 2 xdx   
3
, 
0
2  2 2 

1 4 7 1  7
   ,     2, 
2 2 4 2  4

7
  2   
1 4

2  15 
 
4

7 8
  2    
1 4 77

2 11 7 7
  
4 4 4
 2  2
1
 cos  d   cos 
d  
2. Show that 0 0 .

 2  2
1
I  cos  d   cos 
d
Solution: Given 0 0

 2 1  2 1

  cos  sin  d   cos  sin 0  d
2 0 2

0 0

1 1 3 1 1 1
   ,    , 
2 2 4 2 2 4

3 1 1 1  1

       1    
1 4 2
     4 1   1   4 
4 2

4  
5 3 4 4
   
4 4
 .
  1 
 
3. Find the value of  2 

Solution: We know that   n  1  n  n 

 1  1  1 
   1    
 2  2  2

 1  1  1 
    
2 2  2 

 1  1
     2  
 2 2

 1 
    2 
 2

xn
0 n x dx  n 1
4. Evaluate .

Solution: Put n  e
x t

x log n  t  x  t log n

dx  d t log n

 t log n  dt
  n
xn
0 n x dx  0 et log n

1
 log n  
n t
 t e
n 1
dt
0


xn 1
0 n x dx   log n n1   n  1

x7
0 7 x dx
5. Find the value of

Solution: Put 7  e
x t

x log 7  t  x  t log 7

dx  dt log 7
  t log 7  dt
  7
x7
0 7 x 0 et log 7
dx 


1
 log 7  
7 t
 te 7 1
dt
0


x7 1
0 7 x dx   log 7 8   7  1

x7 7!
0 7 x dx   log 7 8


e
 kx 2
dx
6. Find the value of 0

t1 2
kx  t  x  1 2
2

Solution: Put k

dt
2kxdx  dt  dx 
2kx
 
dt
 e dx   e
2
 kx t
12 12
0 0
2k t


1
 1 2  t 1 2 e  t dt
2k 0

1 1
 12
 
2k 2



2k 1 2


x
1 2  x1 3
e dx
7. Evaluate 0

Solution: Put x
13
 t  x  t3

 dx  3t 2 dt
 

 x e dx   t e 3t dt
13
1 2 x 3 2 t 2

0 0
 
9
 3 t 7 2 e  t dt  3  
0 2

7 5 3 1 1
 3       
2 2 2 2 2

315
  3  
9

16 2

7 5 3 1 1
 3       
2 2 2 2 2

315
 
16
1 n 1
  1 
0  log  x   dx    n 
8. Show that

1 1
log    t   et
Solution: Put x x

1
1x
 1 x 2  dx  dt

1
dx  dt  dx  e  t dt
x

when x  0  t   , x  1  t  0

1 n 1 0
  1 
0  log  x   dt    t   e dt
n 1 t


  t 
n 1
 e dt
t

   n

1
dx

9. Find the value of 0 1  x
4
in terms of Gamma functions.

Solution: Put x  t  x  t
4 14
 dt
4 x3dx  dt  dx 
4t 3 4
1 1
dx 1 dt

0 1  x4

0 1 t t
34

1
  t 3 4 1  t 
1 2
dt
0

1 1 1 1
 ,    
4 2  4 2
3
 
4

1
  
 4
3
 
4
1

 
5

 x 1  x dx
4

10. Evaluate 0

Solution: Put x  t  x  t2

dx  2tdt
1 1

 x 1  x 
5
dx   t 8 1  t  2tdt
4 5

0 0

1
 2 t 9 1  t  dt
5

 2 10,6 

 10    6  9!5!
2 2
 16  15!

9!5! 1
2 
15! 15015

PART – B
 1 1
x2 dx
1. Evaluate
 0 1  x4
dx  
0 1  x4 .


Ans: 4

 

 xe dx   x 2 e  x dx 
 x2 4

2. Prove that 0 0 16 2 .

n m 1  1
1 n

0 x  log x  dx   m  1n1 n!
m n

When is a positive integer and , prove that

 
x2 x2
 dx  dx
1  x  1  x 
2 3
4 4
3. Evaluate 0 and 0 .


5 2 x 2  tan 2 
Ans: 8 2 , 128 (Hint )

 p 1   q 1 

2   
 2   2 
0 sin  cos  d 
p q

 pq2
2  
4. Show that  2  .
x m 1 1  x    m, n 
1 n 1

 a  x
0
mn
dx 
an  a  b
m
5. Show that

UNIT - V - MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

PART – A
a b
dxdy
1. Evaluate
 1 1
xy .
a b a b
dxdy dx dy
1 1 xy  1 x 1 y  log x1 log y1  log a log b .
a b

Solution:
2 x2

  dydx
2. Evaluate 1 x .
2 x2 2 x2 2

 dydx    y dx  2  dx  2(2  1)  6
Solution: 1 x 1 x 1 .
a b

  ( x  y)dxdy
3. Evaluate 0 0 .
 b
a b
 x2  aa
 b2 
0 0  x  y  dxdy  0  2 
  xy  dy  0  2 dy
  by
Solution: 0
a
 b2 y y2 
 b 
 2 2 0
ab 2 a 2b ab
   (a  b).
2 2 2
a a2  x2

  dxdy
4. Evaluate 0 0 .
a 2
a x 2
a a2  x2 a a2  x2 a

  dxdy    dydx    y dx   a 2  x 2 dx
Solution: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a
x 2 a2  x   a
2
 a  x 2  sin 1     .
2 2  a  0 4
 5

r sin  drd

4

5. Evaluate 0 0 .
 5  5
 r5 
0 0    0  5  sin  d
4
r sin drd
Solution: 0

 5  sin  d  54  cos  0  54 1  1  1250
4 

0
1 1

  dydx
6. Change the order of integration in 0 x .
1 1

  dydx
Solution: 0 x
The region of integration is defined by x  y  1 & 0  x  1 
The boundary lines are y  x, y  1, x  0, x  1
1 1 1 y

  dydx    dxdy
0 x 0 0 .
7. Evaluate  dxdy over the region bounded by x =0 ,x =2,y =0,y =2.
2 2 2 2

  dxdy    x dy  2  dy  2  y0  4.
2 2
0
Solution: 0 0 0 0 .

4 x2 y

  e x dydx
8. Evaluate 0 0 .
x2
4 x2 y  xy  44
 e 
0 0 e dydx  0  1  dx  0  xe  x dx
x x

Solution:
 x 
 0
 
 4
4 4
 x2  4
  xe dx   xdx   xe    e dx   
x x 4 x

 2 0
0
0 0 0

 4e 4   e 4  1  8  3e 4  7

9. Evaluate  ydxdy over the positive quadrant of the circle

x2  y 2  a2 .
.
2
a x 2 a2  x2
a
 y2  a

  ydxdy    ydydx   
0
2 0
dx
Solution: 0 0

a2  x2 a
 y2 
a

a
 2 x3 
   dx   (a 2  x 2 )dx  a x  
0
2 0 0  3 0
  3 a3  a3
 a    .
 3 3

 a cos

  r sin  drd .
10. Evaluate 0 0 .
 a cos  a cos 
r2  a2
  r sin  drd   sin   
 2 0
d 
2 0 cos 2  sin  d
Solution: 0 0 0

a2

a2    cos  3 
   cos   d   cos  
2
   
2 0
2  3 0
a2 a2
 1  1  .
6 3
 4sin 

  r 3 drd .
11. Evaluate 0 2sin  .
 4sin    4sin 
r4 
0 2sin    0  4    0 sin  d
3 4
r drd d 60
Solution: 2sin 

 2a a

  f ( x) dx  2  f ( x) dx 

 0 0 
 3 1   45  
2
 120  sin 4  d  120       if f (2 a  x )  f ( x) 
0 4 2 2  2 & sin(   )  sin  
 

 


2 a cos

  r a 2  r 2 drd
12. Evaluate 0 0 .
  
2 a cos 2 a cos 2 a cos
1 1
  r a  r drd    2r a  r drd    a 2  r 2 d ( r 2 ) d
2 2 2 2

Solution: 0 0
2 0 0
2 0 0
 a cos
 a2  r 2 32 
  
 
1 2
1 2
  d   a sin 3   a 3 d
3
 3 
2   3
0
 2 0
0

 
a3 2
a3 2
a3  2  a3    a3   2  a3
 0 sin  d
3
  d          3  4 
3 3 0
3  3  3  2  3  2 3  18
 2
2 2 16  r

  rdzdrd .
13. Evaluate 0 0 0 .
 2  
2 2 16  r 2 2 2 2

 r  z0
16  r 2
  rdzdrd   drd   r 16  r 2 drd
Solution: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
 16  r 2 3 2 
   d  1 24 3  64   2

1 2

2   3 
3    0
0  2 
 0

 32  12 3  .
3
1 1 1

   (4 z  y)dzdydx.
14. Evaluate 0 0 0 .
1
1 1 1
 z2  1 1 1 1

0 0 0 (4 z  y)dzdydx  0 0 4 2  yz  dydx    (2  y )dydx

Solution: 0 0 0
1
1
 y2  3 1 3
  2 y   dx   x0  .
0
2 0 2 2
2 3 2

   xy
2
z dzdydx.
15. Evaluate 0 1 1 .
2 3 2 2 3 2

   xy z dzdydx   xdx  y dy  zdz

2 2

Solution: 0 1 1 0 1 1
2 3 2
 x2   y3   z 2 
     
 2 0  3 1  2 1
 26   3 
  2       26.
 3  2 

PART – B
 a a  a2  y2


0
 xy dxdy
1. Change the order of integration in a  a2  y2 and then evaluate it.
4
2a
Ans: 3
1 2 x

 xydydx
2. Change the order of integration in 0 x2 .
3
Ans: 8
 y
 y2
 ye x
dxdy
3. Change the order of integration in 0 0 .
1
Ans: 2
1 2 y

 xydydx
4. Change the order of integration in 0 y . Ans:
1 5 1
 
8 24 3
5. Using double integration find the area of enclosed by the curves y  2 x and y  4 x .
2 2

2
Ans: 3
6. Using double integration find the area bounded by
y  x, and y  x 2 .
1
Ans: 6
7. Find the smaller of the areas bounded by y  2 x and x2  y 2  4 .
Ans:   2
yx
 xy  x  y  dxdy over the region bounded by x y
2
8. Evaluate and .
3
Ans: 56
9. Find the area bounded by the parabolas y  4  x and y  4  4 x as the double
2 2

integral.
Ans: 8
3 1 xy

 
1 1 0
xydzdydx
10. Evaluate x

2  52
2 3  5  5log 3
Ans: 25  
 1 1 x  x  y 2

  xdzdydx
11. Evaluate 0 0 0

1
Ans: 10
 x  x y
b  1  c  1  
a  a  a b

   x 2 z dzdydx
12. Evaluate 0 0 0
3 2
acb
Ans: 360
2a 2 ax  x 2

  x 
 y 2 dydx
2

13. By changing into polar coordinates, evaluate 0 0 .

3 a 4

Ans: 4


 x2  y 2  
e dxdy 
4
.
14. By changing into polar coordinates show that 0 0

2 2 x  x2
xdxdy
  x2  y 2 .
15. By changing into polar coordinates evaluate 0 0


Ans: 2
16. Find the surface area of the section of the cylinder x  y  a made by the plane
2 2 2

x yz a.
Ans: 3  a 2 Sq units
17. Find the area of the portion of the sphere x  y  z  9 lying inside the cylinder
2 2 2

x2  y 2  3y .
Ans: 18   2  Sq units