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CLASS-09 STUDENT NOTES PHYSICAL SCIENCE
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CLASS-09
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
CCE STUDENT NOTES
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01. MOTION
1. “She moves at a constant speed in a constant direction.” . Rephrase the same sentence
in fewer words using concepts related to motion.
A. She moves with uniform velocity.
2. Distance Vs time graphs showing motion of two cars A and B are given. Which car
moves fast ?
s
A. Speed = = slope of the graph
Car ‘A’ travels more distance in less time.
It represents the slope of the curve of it. So car ‘A’ moves fast.
3. Distinguish between speed and velocity. t
Speed Velocity
1 The distance travelled by the body in 1 The displacement of the body in
unit time. unit time.
2 It is a scalar. 2 It is a vector.
3 Its value is always positive or zero. 3 Its value may positive or zero or negative.
4 Speed = 4 Velocity =
4. What do you mean by constant acceleration?

A. If a body travels in straight line and its velocity changes (increase or decrease) by equal
amount in equal time intervals, Then the acceleration is said to be uniform acceleration or
constant acceleration.
5. Correct your friend who says, “ The car rounded the curve at a constant velocity of
70km/h”.
A. (i) While a body is moving along a curved path, the direction changes continuously.
(ii) So we should not use velocity. Velocity is a vector.
(iii) We should use speed term. Speed is a scalor.
(iv) The correct statement is “ The car rounded the curve at a constant speed of 70 ℎ.
6. When the velocity is constant, can the average velocity over any time interval differ
from instantaneous velocity at any instant? If so, give an example; if not explain why?
A. (i) Constant velocity means both magnitude and direction are constant.
(ii) If velocity is constant, the average velocity over any time interval is equal to instantaneous
velocity at any time.
⃗ = ⃗
7. Can the direction of velocity of an object reverse when it’s acceleration is constant ?
If so give an example; if not, explain why?
A. (i) In case of vertically projected body; at the maximum height of the body, the velocity is zero.
(ii) It falls freely.
(iii) It means its velocity was reversed.
(iv) Acceleration due to gravity is constant and its value is 9.8 m/s2.

8. As shown in figure, a point traverses the curved path. Draw the displacement vector
from given points A to B.
A. (i) Displacement is the shortest distance in a specified direction.
(ii) Displacement vector from A to B is denoted with ⃗.
9. Draw the distance – time graph when its speed decreases uniformly.
A. The distance – time graph for a body
Distance 
which is moving with speed decreases gradually is as follows.
O
Time 
10. You may have heard the story of the race between the rabbit and tortoise. They started
from same point simultaneously with constant speeds. During the journey, rabbit took
rest some where along the way for a while. But the tortoise moved steadily with lesser
speed and reached the finishing point before rabbit. Rabbit awoke and ran, but rabbit
realized that the tortoise had won the race. Draw distance Vs time graph for this story.
A.
(i) Hare and tortoise starts at “O”.
Distance
(ii) They reached final destination in different time.
(iii) OC represents the motion of tortoise.
(iv) OABD represents the motion of hare Time
11. What is the average speed of a Cheetah that sprints 100m in 4sec. ? What if it sprints
50m in 2sec?
A. Case(i): distance = 100 m
Time = 4 s
Average speed = = = 25 ⁄
Case(ii): distance = 50 m
Time = 2 s
Average speed = = = 25 ⁄
12. Two trains, each having a speed of 30km/h, are headed at each other on the same track.
A bird flies off one train to another with a constant speed of 60km/h when they are 60km
apart till before they crash. Find the distance covered by the bird and how many trips
the bird can make from one train to other before they crash?
A. Two trains are travelling opposite to each other on the same track.
Speed of each train = 30 Km/h
Relative speed of trains = 30 + 30 = 60 Km/h
The distance between two trains = 60 Km
The taken for train to reach together =
= = 1hr

The speed of bird = 30 Km/h
Relative speed of bird with respect to trains =60+30=90 Km/h
The time to fly from first train to second train
(first half trip) = t1 = = = hours

The distance travelled by two trains in hours = relative speed x time = 60 x = 20 x 2 = 40 Km
The distance between two trains after hours =60–40=20 Km
The time to fly from second train to first train (second half trip) = t2 = = hours = hours
The distance travelled by two trains in hours = relative speed x time = 60 x = 20 x = Km
The total time for one trip to bird = t1 + t2 = + = + = hours = hours
The distance between two trains after hours (one trip) = 20 – = Km
The time to fly from first train to second train (third half trip) = t3 = = hours = hours
The distance between two trains after hours = – = – = Km

/
The time to fly from second train to first train (fourth half trip) = t4 = = hours hours
The total time for second trip to bird = t3 + t4 = + = + = hours = hours
The time taken to bird for travel successive half trips are hours, hours, hours, hours ,…
The time taken to trains to reach together = 1 hour

The time for ‘n’ half trips to bird = 1 hour
+ + + + ………..+ =1

[1 + + + + ………..+ ]=1
[ ]=1
[ ]=1
1
1 − =1
3
=0
n = infinite value.
So the bird can make infinite half trips. Means infinite trips.
13. A stone dropped from top of a well reaches the surface of water in 2seconds, find the
velocity of the stone while it touches the surface of water and what is the depth of the
water surface from the top of the well ?
A. A stone is dropped in to the well.
Initial velocityU = m/s
Acceltionera = g = 10 m/s2
Time taken to reached the water surfacet = 2s 
Veocity of the stone while it touches the water surfaceV = ?
Formula : V = U + at = U + gt = 0 + 10(2) = 20m/s 
Depth of wter surface from the top of wellS = ?


Formula : S = Ut + at2 = Ut + gt2 = 0(2) + (10)(2)2 = (10)(4) = 20m
14. An object moving with 6 meter per second execute an acceleration 2m/s2 in next 3
seconds. How much distance it covered ?
A. Initial velocityU = m/s
Accelerationa = 2 m/s2
Timet = 3s 
Distance travelled by the objectS = ?
Formula : S = Ut + at2 = 6(3) + (2)(3)2 = 18 + 9 = 27m
15. A car stopped after travelling 8m distance due to applying brakes at the speed of 40m/s.
Find the acceleration and retordation of car in that period.
A. Initial velocityU = m/s 
Car stopped due to applying brakes.
Final velocityV = m/s
Distance travelled by the carS = m
Accelerationa = ?
Formula : V2 – U2 = 2aS
02 – (40)2 = 2a(8)
- 1600 = 16 a
- 100 = a
a = - 100m/s2
acceleration = -100m/s 2 it means : retordation = 100m/s2

BITS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. Units of displacement [ ]

A. meter B. gram
C. meter/second D. meter/second2
02. Physical quantities : (i) Speed
(ii) Distance
(iii) Velocity
(iv) Displacement
Which of the above are vectors ? [ ]
A. (i) and (ii) only B. (i), (ii) and (iii) only
C. (i), (iii) and (iv) D. (iii) and (iv) only
03. An object is dropped at the top of an inclined plane.
Which of the following is true for the motion of that object ? [ ]
A. Uniform velocity B. Accelerated
C. Constant velocity D. Zero acceleration
04. When an object is moving in uniform circular motion, then ……… [ ]
A. Speed is constant B. Velocity is constant
C. Direction of object is fixed D. both A and C
05. Identify the relation between ‘v’, ‘u’, ‘a’ and ‘t’ [ ]
A. v = ut + a B. v = u - at
C. a = (v – u) t D. v – u = at
06. Rate of change in …………… is called acceleration. [ ]
A. Speed B. Velocity
C. Displacement D. Distance
07. Select the formula for acceleration from the following [ ]
A. = B. =
C. = D. =
08. Speedometer is used in vehicles to indicate [ ]

A. Velocity B. Acceleration
C. Average speed D. Instantaneous speed
09. Rate of change in velocity is …………………………………………………. [ ]
A. Speed B. Acceleration
C. Displacement D. Average speed

10. A passenger travelled from point “X” to point “Y” along a straight line.
Then the displacement vector is indicated by ………………… [ ]
A. B. ⃗
C. D. X→Y
11. 18Km/h = ………………m/s [ ]
A. 1 B. 5
C. 18 D. 9
12. ………… is constant in uniform circular motion [ ]
A. Speed B. Acceleration
C. Displacement D. velocity
13. If a car starts from rest and travelled for 10 seconds. The final velocity is 35m/s.
Then acceleration is ………………… [ ]
2 2
A. 35m/s B. 3.5m/s
2
C. 7m/s D. 25m/s2
14. If a body is in uniform motion, means it has ………. [ ]
A. Constant velocity
B. Constant acceleration
C. Constant speed
D. None of these
15. Statement 1 : In an uniform circular motion the speed of a body is constant
Statement 2 : In an uniform circular motion the direction is not fixed
Choose the correct answer : [ ]
A. Statement 1 is true; Statement 2 is true;
B. Statement 1 is true; Statement 2 is false;
C. Statement 1 is false; Statement 2 is true;
D. Statement 1 is false; Statement 2 is false;

02. LAWS OF MOTION
1. Explain the reasons for the following.
a) When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes out of it.
b) Luggage kept on the roof of a bus is tied with a rope.
c) A pace bowler in cricket runs in from a long distance before he bowls..
A. (a) When a carpet is beaten with a stick, the dust particles comes out of it due to static inertia.
Actually on beating, the carpet moved and the dust particles still remains their position due
to static inertia. So they comes out of it.
(b) If the luggage kept on the roof of a bus is not tied with a rope, due to dynamic inertia they
can fall down from the top of the bus when the bus stopped suddenly. So they were tied with
a rope.
(c) A pace bowler in cricket runs in from a long distance before he bowls, to give sufficient
dynamic inertia to the ball.
2. Two objects have masses 8kg and 25kg. Which one has more inertia? Why?
A. (i) The mass of an object is a measure of inertia.
(ii) If mass of object increases, the inertia of that object also increases.
(iii) So the object having 25 Kg. mass has more inertia than the 8 Kg. object.
3. What is the momentum of a 6.0 kg bowling ball with a velocity of 2.2 m/s?
A. Mass of the ball (m) = 6.0 Kg
Velocity of the ball (v) = 2.2 m/s
Momentum (P) = mv = 6.0 x 2.2 = 13.2 Kg.m/s
4. Two people push a car for 3 s with a combined net force of 200 N.
(a) Calculate the impulse provided to the car.
(b) If the car has a mass of 1200 kg, what will be its change in velocity?
A. (a) Net force applied on car (F) = 200 N
Time (t) = 3 sec.
Impulse =Fxt = 200 x 3 = 600 N-s.
(b) Mass of the car (m) = 1200 Kg.
Net force applied (F) = 200 N
Time (t) = 3 sec
Impulse = Change in momentum
F x t = m (v-u)
200 x 3 = 1200 (v-u)
600 = 1200 (v-u)
v-u = = = 0.5 m/s
Change in velocity = 0.5 m/s

2
5. What force required to produce an acceleration of 3 m/s in an object of mass 0.7 Kg.?
A. Mass of the object (m) = 0.7 Kg.
Acceleration (a) = 3 m/s2
The required force (F) = ma = 0.7 x 3 = 2.1 N
6. An object of mass 5 Kg is moving with a velocity of 10 ms-1. A force is applied so that in
20 s, it attains a velocity of 25 ms-1. What is the force applied on the object?
A. Mass of object (m) = 5 Kg.
Initial velocity (u) = 10 m/s
Time (t) = 20 s
Final velocity (v) = 25 m/s
Applied force (F) = ma = m =5x =5x = = 3.75 N
7. Illustrate an example of each of the three laws of motion.
A. Newton’s first law of motion: A body continues its state of rest or uniform motion unless a net
force acts on it.
Ex: When the bus which is at rest begins to move suddenly, the person standing in the bus falls
backward. This happens because, the net force not acts on the person, so that he still remains
his state of motion.
Newton’s second law of motion: The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the net force acting on it . And it takes place in the direction of net force.
Ex: The fielder while catching a fast moving ball, pulls back his arms to experience the smaller
force on his hands. This is due to change in momentum takes a long time.
Newton’s third law of motion: For every action, there should be equal and opposite reaction.
Ex: When birds fly, they push the air downwards with wings and the air pushes back the bird in
upward direction with same force. This way the birds can fly.
8. If a fly colloids with the wind shield of a fast moving bus,
(a) is the impact force experienced , same for the fly and bus? Why?
(b) Is the same acceleration experienced by the fly and the bus? Why?
A. (a) The impact of force experienced by the bus and fly are same. (As per Newton’s third law of
motion force and anti forces are equal and in opposite direction.)
(b) The acceleration of the bus and fly are different. It depends upon various factors. In general
more mass gets less acceleration. So the acceleration of bus is less.
9. Divya observed a horse pulling a cart. She thought that cart also pulls the horse with
same force in opposite direction. As per third law of motion the cart should not move
forward. But her observation of moving cart raised some questions in her mind. Can you
guess what questions were raised in her mind?

A. The following questions may arise to divya :
(i) How much force applied by horse on the floor?
(ii) There are two forces. The force by horse on cart and the force by cart on horse. Are the
forces same ?
(iii) How the cart moves?
(iv) Why the cart apply force on the floor to pull cart?
10. How do you appreciate Galileo’s thought of “any moving body continues in the state
only until some external force acts on it.” Which is a contradiction to the Aristotle’s
belief of “any moving body naturally comes to rest.”
A. (i) Aristotle believed that any moving body comes to rest naturally. It may be true.
(ii) But Galileo thought that any moving body continues its state only until some external force
acts on it.
(iii) Also he proved his statement with the experiments of an inclined plane.
(iv) He stated that if no force acts on a body, it moves to infinite distance.
(v) This leads to developments in various concepts in dynamics.
(vi) So I appreciate Galileo’s thought.
11. If a car is traveling westwards with a constant speed of 20 m/s, what is the resultant
force acting on it?
A. The car is travelling with a constant speed. So no net force acts on it.
12. A man of mass 30 Kg uses a rope to climb which bears only 450N. What is the
maximum acceleration with which he can climb safely?
A. Mass of the man (m) = 30 Kg
Tension in the rope (T) = 450 N
Maximum acceleration (a) = ?
T=F
T = ma
450 = 30 x a
a=
a = 15 m/s2
13. A passenger in moving train tosses a coin which falls behind him. It means that the
motion of the train is ….
(a) Accelerated (b) Uniform (c) Retarded (d) Circular motion
A. Accelerated motion in particular conditions.
But in general the coin fall in the hand.

BITS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. Momentum P = Mass x Velocity

What are the units of momentum ? [ ]
A. Kg-m B. Kg-m/s 2
C. Kg-m/s D. Kg/s
02. Factors : (i) Mass of the object (ii) Shape of the object (iii) Size of the object
Which of the above factors that affect Inertia of an object ? [ ]
A. (i) only B. (i), (ii) and (iii)
C. (i) and (ii) only D. (i) and (iii) only
03. If a fly hits the glass of a bus, then …………. [ ]
A. The force applied by fly on glass is more than the force applied by the glass on fly
B. The force applied by fly on glass is less than the force applied by the glass on fly
C. The force applied by fly on glass is equal to the force applied by the glass on fly
D. None of the above
04. Which of the following mainly works on Newton’s third law of motion ? [ ]
A. Motion of aero plane B. Motion of rocket
C. both A and B D. None of these
05. The product of net force and interaction time is called …………….. [ ]
A. momentum B. impulse
C. force D. pressure
06. Every object will remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion until external net force
is applied. The objects do not accept any change in its position until some force act
on them. This property is called ……….. [ ]
A. Inertia B. impulse
C. Momentum D. Acceleration
2 2
07. Units (i) Newton (ii) Kg-m/s (iii) Newton/m
Which of the above is the unit of Force ? [ ]
A. only (i) B. (i) and (ii) only
C. (ii) only D. (i), (ii) and (iii)
08. For every action, there is equal and opposite reaction. – This statement represents [ ]
A. Newton’s first law of motion B. Newton’s second law of motion
C. Newton’s third law of motion D. Newton’s Universal law of gravitation

09. Identify the wrong statement [ ]
A. An object of 20Kg has more inertia than the object of 10Kg
B. An object of 30Kg has more inertia than the object of 60Kg
C. Two objects of 20Kg and 40Kg haven’t same inertia
D. Newton used Atwood machine to prove laws of motion
10. Atwood machine is used to verify …………. Laws. [ ]
A. Newton B. Pascal
C. Archimedes D. Bohr
11. Atwood machine consists two loads of masses m1 and m2 attached to the ends of
a string. The string runs over a pulley. m1>m2. Then the acceleration of the bodies
is …………… [ ]
A. g B. g
C. g D. g
12. Vehicles : (i) Jet plane

(ii) Aeroplane
(iii) Car
Which of the above move by the principle of Newton’s third law of motion ?
A. only (i) B. (i) and (ii) only
C. (ii) only D. (i), (ii) and (iii)
13. Atwood machine consists two loads of masses m1 and m2 attached to the ends of
a string. The string runs over a pulley. m1>m2. Then the Tension in the string is …… [ ]
A. g B. g
C. g D. g
14. A system is said to be isolated when …………………. [ ]

A. Maximum net external force acting on it
B. No net external force acting on it
C. 1N net external force acting on it
D. Some net external force acting on it
15. 1Newton = ………………. Kg-m/s 2 [ ]
A. 100 B. 10
C. 1 D. 10000

03. IS MATTER PURE ?
1. Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation of the following?
(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.
(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium chloride and ammonium chloride.
(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.
(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals.
(e) Butter from curd
(f) Oil from water
(g) Tea leaves from tea
(h) Iron pins from sand
(i) Wheat grains from husk
(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water
A. The separation techniques:
Mixture Separation techniques
(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water. Evaporation
(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing Sublimation
sodium chloride and ammonium chloride.
(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car. Filration
(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals. Chromatography
(e) Butter from curd Centrifugation
(f) Oil from water Using separating funnel or Distillation
(g) Tea leaves from tea Filtration
(h) Iron pins from sand Magnetic separation
(i) Wheat grains from husk Sieving or winnowing
(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water Filtration
2. Explain the following giving examples.
(a) saturated solution (b) Pure substance
(c) Colloid (d) Suspension
A. (a) Saturated solution : The uniform mixture formed when a maximum quantity of solute
dissolves in solvent is called saturated solution.
Ex: Carbonated water
(b) Pure substance : A pure substance is one that contains particles of only one type of a
substance.
Ex: Gold, water

(c) Colloid : A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture with small size particles which are not visible.
But the particles can scatter the light.
Ex: Smoke, Blood
(d) Suspension : A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture with big size particles which are
visible. And the particles can scatter the light.
Ex: Sandy water, Oil in water
3. How would you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you is pure water?
A. (i) The given colourless liquid should not have smell.
(ii) No particles or air babools suspended in it.
(iii) Also it should not greasy.
(iv) If the path of light ray is not visible When we send a light ray through the given colourless
liquid, then we decide that it is pure water.
4. Which of the following materials fall in the category of a ‘Pure substance’? Give
reasons.
(a) Ice (b) Milk (c) Iron (d) Hydrochloric acid
(e) Calcium oxide (f) Mercury (g) Brick (h) Wood (i) Air
A. (a) Ice – this is pure substance. Which ever part of Ice consists of Water molecules only.
(b) Milk – this is not pure substance. Milk is a mixture containing cream and milk.
(c) Iron – this is pure substance. Which ever part of Iron consists of Iron particles only.
(d) Hydrochloric acid – this is not pure substance. It is the mixture of hydrogen chloride gas
and water.
(e) Calcium oxide – this is pure substance. Any part of Calcium oxide consists of one type of
molecules.
(f) Mercury – this is pure substance. Which ever part of Mercury consists of Mercury molecules
only.
(g) Brick – this is not pure substance. It is a mixture of more components like clay, lime, silica
and ash.
(h) Wood – this is not pure substance. Wood consists of so many organic matter. It is a
mixture.
(i) Air – this is not pure substance. Air is a mixture of so many gases like oxygen, Nitrogen.
5. Identify the solutions among the following mixtures.
(a) Soil (b) Sea water (c) Air (d) Coal (e) Soda water
A.(a) Soil - Not a solution
(b) Sea water - Solution
(c) Air - Solution

(d) Coal - Not a solution
(e) Soda water - Solution
6. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture. Give
reasons.
Soda water Wood Air
Soil Vinegar Filtered tea
A. Classification:
Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture
Soda water Wood
Air Soil
Filtered tea
Vinegar
Reason: If the particles of components in a Reason: If the particles of components in a
mixture are uniformly distributed, it is called mixture are uniformly distributed, it is called
homogeneous mixture. homogeneous mixture.
7. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures.

(a) Sodium (b) Soil (c) Sugar solution (d) Silver
(e) Calcium carbonate (f) Tin (g) Silicon (h) Coal
(i) Air (j) Soap (k) Methane (l) Carbon dioxide
(m) Blood
A.(a) Sodium - Element
(b) Soil - Mixture
(c) Sugar solution - Mixture
(d) Silver - Element
(e) Calcium carbonate - Compound
(f) Tin - Element
(g) Silicon - Element
(h) Coal - Mixture
(i) Air - Mixture
(j) Soap - Compound
(k) Methane - Compound
(l) Carbon dioxide - Compound
(m) Blood - Mixture

8. Classify the following substances in the below given table.
Ink Soda water Brass Fog Fruit salad
Aerosol sprays Blood Black coffee Oil and water Air
Boot polish Nail polish Milk Starch solution
Solution Suspension Colloid
A. Classification of substances:
Solution Suspension Colloid
Ink Fruit salad Nail polish
Soda water Aerosal spray Boot polish
Brass Fog Milk
Black coffee Oil and water Blood
Air
Starch solution
9. Determine the mass by mass percentage concentration of a 100g salt solution which
contains 20g salt?
A. Mass of salt (solute) = 20g
Mass of solution = 100g

Mass by mass percentage =
x 100 = x 100 = 20%
10. Calculate the concentration in terms of mass by volume percentage of the solution
containing 2.5g potassium chloride in 50ml of potassium chloride (KCl) solution?
A. Mass of KCl (solute) = 2.5g
Volume of solution = 50 ml
.
Mass by volume percentage =
x 100 = x 100 = 5%
11. Which of the following will show “Tyndall effect”? How can you demonstrate Tyndall
effect in them?
(a) Salt solution (b) Milk
(c) Copper sulphate solution (d) Starch solution.
A. (i) Salt solution, Copper sulphate solution and starch solution are solutions.
(ii) Milk is colloid. So Milk can show Tyndall effect.
(iii) Take each given substance in a beaker.
(iv) Make the light rays passes through them.
(v) The scattering of light means Tyndall effect observed only in milk.
(vi) The other does not show Tyndall effect.
12. Take a solution, a suspension, a colloidal dispersion in different beakers. Test whether
each of these mixtures shows the Tyndall effect by focusing a light at the side of the
container.
A. (i) Take a solution, a Colloid and a suspension in
different beakers.
(ii) Make the light rays passes through them.
(iii) The scattering of light means Tyndall effect
observed only in colloids and suspensions.
(iv) The solution does not show Tyndall effect.
13. Draw the figures of arrangement of apparatus for distillation and fractional distillation.
What do you find the major differences in these apparatus?
A. The major difference between the apparatus of distillation experiment and fractional distillation
experiment is the fractionating column. Fractionating column is fitted in between the distillation
flask and the condenser.
Distillation experiment apparatus: Fractional Distillation experiment apparatus:
14. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use the words given below and write the
steps for making tea.
Solution Solvent Solute Dissolve Soluble insoluble filtrate residue
A. (i) Keep a bowl over the flame.
(ii) Take some water in it. Water is solvent.
(iii) Add tea powder. This is solute.
(iv) The colour and essence particles of tea powder dissolves in water.
(v) Now boil the mixture.
(vi) Add milk and sugar sufficiently.
(vii) Sugar is soluble in water.
(viii) Filter the prepared tea with sieve.
(ix) The insoluble tea powder remains as residue in the sieve. It can be thrown away.
(x) The filtrate is the tea solution containing water, milk, sugar and extract from tea powder.

BITS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. Milk is …………….. [ ]

A. an element B. a solution
C. a colloid D. a compound
02. Which method is suitable for separating the mixture of sodium chloride and
ammonium chloride ? [ ]
A. Sublimation B. Evaporation
C. Chromatography D. Distillation
03. Substances : (i) Gold (ii) Water (iii) Mercury
Which of the above are elements ? [ ]
A. (i) only B. (i) and (ii) only
C. (i), (ii) and (iii) D. (i) and (iii) only
04. Fractional distillation method is used to separate …………… [ ]
A. Slat from salt water B. Component of air
C. Acetone from acetone aqueous solution D. Colour pigments from ink
05. Assertion (A) : Salt water is a solution.
Reason (R) : Salt water is an homogeneous mixture of salt and water. [ ]
A. A is true ; R is true; R is the correct explanation for A
B. A is true ; R is true; R is not the correct explanation for A
C. A is true ; R is false;
D. A is false ; R is true;
06. Matching :
Group – I Group - II
(a) Colloid (i) glucose water
(b) Suspension (ii) Mud water
(c) Solution (iii) Ice cream
A. a - (i), b - (ii), c - (iii) B. a - (ii), b - (i), c - (iii)
C. a - (iii), b - (ii), c - (i) D. a - (i), b - (iii), c - (ii)
07. Identify the pair of miscible liquids [ ]
A. Kerosene and Water B. Water and Alcohol
C. Petrol and Water D. Water and Diesel

08. Element : …………… = Compound : Sugar [ ]
A. Water B. Salt
C. Gold D. Lemon juice
09. ……………… is the solvent in Soda [ ]
A. Gas B. Carbon dioxide
C. Water D. Oxygen
10. The amount of …………… present in a saturated solution at a certain temperature
Is called Solubility at that temperature. [ ]
A. Solute B. Solvent
C. Water D. Solution
11. 50ml of alcohol is added to 150ml of water. What is the volume percentage of
Alcohol in that solution ? [ ]
A. 30% B. 33.3%
C. 25% D. 50%
12. If the dispersed medium is air and the dispersed phase is water, then it may be ….. [ ]
A. Smoke B. Gel
C. Foam D. Fog
13. Foam is an example for ……………. [ ]
A. Gas in liquid B. Liquid in gas
C. Solid in gas D. Gas in solid
14. …….. can be used to separate the mixture contains kerosene and water [ ]
A. Beaker B. Pipette
C. Conical flask D. Burette
15. Pair of miscible liquids [ ]
A. Water, Petrol B. Petrol, Honey
C. Water, Milk D. Honey, Kerosene

04. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
1. Explain the process and precautions in verifying law of conservation of mass.
A. Experiment:
Aim: To verify the law of conservation of mass.
Material required: Lead nitrate, potassium iodide, distilled water, conical flask, spring
balance, test tube, stand, rubber cork, thread etc.
Procedure
1. Prepare a solution by dissolving approximately 2g of lead nitrate in 100ml of distilled water.
2. Prepare another solution by dissolving approximately 2g of Potassium iodide in 100ml water.
3. Take 100ml solution of lead nitrate in 250ml conical flask.
4. Also take 4ml solution of potassium iodide in test tube.
5. Hang the test tube in the flask carefully, without mixing the solutions. Put a cork on the flask.
6. Weigh the flask with its contents Carefully.
7. Now tilt and swirl the flask, so that the two solutions mix.
8. Weigh the flask again by the same Balance.
9. Record your observations:
Weight of flask and contents before mixing = ……
Weight of flask and contents after mixing = ……
We observed that a chemical reaction took place and the mass remained same before and
after chemical reaction. Therefore, mass was neither created nor destroyed in the chemical
reaction.
Hence The law of conservation of mass is verified.
2. 0.24g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to contain
0.144g of oxygen and 0.096g of boron. Calculate the percentage of composition of the
components by weight.
A. Mass of compound = 0.24 g
Mass of oxygen = 0.144 g
Mass of Boron = 0.096 g


Weight percentage of oxygen in compound = x 100

.
= x100
.
= x 100
=12 x 5
=60%

Weight percentage of boron in compound = x 100

.
= x100
.
= x 100
=8x5
= 40%
3. In a class, a teacher asked to write the molecular formula of oxygen Shamita wrote the
formula as O2 and Priyanka as O. which one is correct? State the reason.?
A. (i) ‘O’ is the symbol of oxygen atom.
(ii) ‘O2’ is the formula of oxygen molecule.
(iii) So the answer given by Shamitha is correct.
4. Mohith said "H2 differs from 2H". Justify.
A. (i) Yes. Mohith is correct.
(ii) H2 differs from 2H.
(iii) H2 represents one hydrogen molecule.
(iv) 2H represents two hydrogen atoms.
5. Lakshmi gives a statement "CO and Co both represents element". Is it correct?
State reason.
A. No. Lakshmi’s statement is wrong.
(i) CO is the formula of Carbon monoxide molecule. It is a compound.
(ii) Co is the symbol of Cobalt atom. It is an element.
6. The formula of water molecule is H2O. What information you get from this formula.
A. H2O is the formula of Water. It tell us (i) one molecule of water
(ii) It is the oxide of Hydrogen
(iii) It consists of three atoms
(iv) Its molecular weight=(2x1+1x16) =18u
7. How would you write 2 molecules of oxygen and 5 molecules of Nitrogen.
A. O2 represents Oxygen molecule.
2 Oxygen molecules are denoted by 2O2
N2 represents Nitrogen molecule.
5 Nitrogen molecules are denoted by 5N2

8. The formula of a metal oxide is MO. Then write the formula of its chloride.
A. Formula of given metallic oxide is MO.
It means the valence of ‘Metal’ and ‘Oxygen’ are equal.
The valency of Oxygen =2
The valency of Metal (M) = 2
The valency of Chlorine =1
According to Criss-cross method:
M2 Cl1
M1 Cl2
The formula of Metallic chloride of the metal given is MCl2.
9. Formula of calcium hydroxide is Ca (OH)2 and zinc phosphate is Zn3(PO4)2. Then write
the formula to Calcium phosphate.
A. Formula of calcium hydroxide = Ca(OH)2
So the valency of Ca =2
Formula of Zinc phosphate = Zn3(PO4)2
So the valency of (PO4) =3
According to Criss-cross method:
Ca2 (PO4)3
Ca3 (PO4)2
The formula of Calcium Phosphate is Ca3(PO4)2.
10. Find out the chemical names and formulae for the following common household
substances.
(a) common salt (b) baking soda (c) washing soda (d) vinegar
A. Common Name Chemical Name Formula
Common salt Sodium chloride NaCl
Baking soda Sodium bi carbonate NaHCO3
Washing soda Sodium carbonate Na2CO3
Vinegar Acetic acid CH3COOH
11. Calculate the mass of the following.
a) 0.5 mole of N2 gas. b) 0.5 mole of N atoms.
c) 3.011 X 1023 number of N atoms. d) 6.022 X 1023 number of N2 molecules.
A. (a) atomic mass of Nitrogen = 14 u
Molar mass of Nitrogen (N2) = 28 g
Mass of 1 mole of N2 gas = 28 g
Mass of 0.5 mole of N2 gas = 0.5 x 28 = 14 g.
(b) atomic mass of Nitrogen = 14 u
Mass of 1 mole of N atoms = 14 g
Mass of 0.5 mole of N atoms = 0.5 x 14 = 7 g.
(c) atomic mass of Nitrogen = 14 u
Mass of 1 mole of N atoms = 14 g
Mass of 6.022x1023 number of N atoms = 14 g.
.
Mass of 3.011x1023 number of N atoms = .
x14 = x 14 = 7 g
(d) atomic mass of Nitrogen = 14 u
Molar Mass of N2 molecule = 28 g
23
Mass of 6.022x10 number of N2 molecules = 28 g.
12. Calculate the number of particles in each of the following
a) 46g of Na b) 8g of O2 c) 0.1 mole of hydrogen
A. (a) atomic mass of Na = 23 u
Molar mass of sodium (Na) = 23 g
Number of particles in 23 g of Na = 6.022x1023
Number of particles in 46 g of Na = x 6.022x1023
= 2 x 6.022x1023
= 12.046 x 1023
(b) atomic mass of ‘O” = 16 u
Molar mass of oxygen (O2) = 32 g
Number of particles in 32 g of O2 = 6.022x1023
Number of particles in 8 g of O2 = x 6.022x1023
= x 6.022x1023
= 1.5055 x 1023
(c) atomic mass of ‘H” =1u
Molar mass of hydrogen (H2) =1g
Number of particles in 1 mole of H2 = 6.022x1023
Number of particles in 0.1 mole of H2 = 0.6022x1023
13. Convert into mole.
a) 12g of O2 gas b) 20g of water. c) 22g of carbon dioxide.
A. (a) Molar mass of oxygen (O2) = 32 g
32 g of O2 consists of 1 mole.
12 g of O2 consists of x1 = 0.375 moles

(b) Water molecule formula is H2O
Molar mass of water = (2x1+1x16) = 2 + 16 = 18 g
18 g of water consists of 1 mole.
20 g of O2 consists of x1 = 1.11 moles
(c) Carbon dioxide formula is CO2

Molar mass of CO2 = (1x12+2x16) = 12 + 32 = 44 g
44 g of CO2 consists of 1 mole.
22 g of CO2 consists of x1 = 0.5 moles
14. Write the valencies of Fe in FeCl2 and FeCl3.

A. According to Criss-cross method the valencies arranged as subscripts in the formula.
(i) In FeCl2 the valency of chlorine is 1.
So the valency of Fe’ is 2. (Because there are 2 chlorine atoms)
(ii) In FeCl3 the valency of chlorine is 1.
So the valency of Fe’ is 3. (Because there are 3 chlorine atoms)
15. Calculate the molar mass of Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and glucose (C6H12O6).
A. Atom atomic mass
H 1
S 32
O 16
C 12
(i) Molar mass of Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) = 2x1 + 1x32 + 4x16 = 2 + 32 + 64 = 98 g
(ii) Molar mass of Glucose (C6H12O6) = 6x12 + 12x1 + 6x16 = 72 + 12 + 96 = 180 g
16. Which has more number of atoms–100g of sodium or 100g of iron? Justify your answer.
(atomic mass of sodium = 23u, atomic mass of iron = 56u)
A. (a) atomic mass of Na = 23 u
The number of atoms in 23 g of sodium = 6.022x1023
The number of atoms in 100g of sodium = x 6.022x1023
= 4.35 x 6.022x1023
(b) atomic mass of Fe = 56 u
The number of atoms in 56 g of Iron = 6.022x1023
The number of atoms in 100g of Iron = x 6.022x1023
=1.79 x 6.022x1023
100g of sodium contains more atoms than 100g of Iron.

17. Complete the following table.
Anions► Chloride Hydroxide Nitrate Sulphate Carbonate Phosphate
Cations▼
Sodium NaCl
Magnesium MgSO4
Calcium
Aluminium
Ammonium (NH4)3PO4
A.
Anions► Chloride Hydroxide Nitrate Sulphate Carbonate Phosphate
Cations▼
Sodium NaCl NaOH NaNO3 Na2SO4 Na2CO3 Na3PO4
Magnesium MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO4 MgCO3 Mg3(PO4)2
Calcium CaCl2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 CaSO4 CaCO3 Ca3(PO4)2
Aluminium AlCl3 Al(OH)3 Al(NO3)3 Al2(SO4)3 Al2(CO3)3 AlPO4
Ammonium NH4Cl NH4OH NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)3PO4
18. Fill the following table.
Sl Symbol / Atomic mass / Number of particles Present in
Name
No Formula Molar mass molar mass
1 Atomic oxygen 16 g 6.022 x 1023 atoms of oxygen
2 Molecular oxygen
3 Sodium
4 Sodium ion 23 g
5 Sodium chloride 6.022 x 1023 molecules of NaCl
6 Water
A.
Sl Symbol / Atomic mass / Number of particles Present in
Name
No Formula Molar mass molar mass
1 Atomic oxygen O 16 g 6.022 x 1023 atoms of oxygen
2 Molecular oxygen O2 32 g 6.022 x 1023 molecules of oxygen
3 Sodium Na 23 g 6.022 x 1023 atoms of sodium
4 Sodium ion Na+ 23 g 6.022 x 1023 ions of sodium
5 Sodium chloride NaCl 38.5 g 6.022 x 1023 molecules of NaCl
6 Water H2O 18 g 6.022 x 1023 molecules of water

19. 15.9g. of copper sulphate and 10.6g of sodium carbonate react together to give 14.2g of
sodium sulphate and 12.3g of copper carbonate. Which law of chemical combination is
obeyed? How?
A. Mass of Copper sulphate = 15.9 g
Mass of Sodium Carbonate = 10.6 g
Total mass of reactants = 26.5 g
Mass of Sodium sulphate = 14.2 g
Mass of Calcium carbonate = 12.3 g
Total mass of products = 26.5 g
The total mass of reactants is equal to the total mass of products.
The law of conservation of mass is obeyed in this reaction.
20. Carbon dioxide is added to 112g of calcium oxide. The product formed is 200g of
calcium carbonate. Calculate the mass carbon dioxide used. Which law of chemical
combination will govern your answer.
A. CaO + CO2  CaCO3
Mass of Calcium oxide = 112 g
Mass of Carbon dioxide = ‘x’ g
Mass of Calcium carbonate = 200 g
According to law of conservation of mass,
The total mass of reactants is equal to the total mass of products.
x + 112 = 200
 x = 200 – 112
 x = 88 g
Mass of Carbon dioxide = 88 g.
21. Imagine what would happen if we do not have standard symbols for elements?
A. (i) If we do not have standard symbols for elements, it is very difficult to remember all the
names in different languages.
(ii) Developments and research works on elements would have stopped at earlier stages due to
confusion.
22. Draw the diagram to show the experimental setup for the law of conservation of mass.
A.

BITS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. Atomicity of water (H2O) molecule [ ]

A. 2 B. 3
C. 4 D. 1
02. “A new system of chemical philosophy” was proposed by ………. [ ]
A. John Dalton B. Lavoisier
C. Berzelius D. Avogadro
03. Symbol for Sodium Ion [ ]
A. Na B. Na+
C. Na- D. Na2
04. Matching :
(a) Gold (i) Kalium
(b) Potassium (ii) Aurum
(c) Silver (iii) Argentum
05. Avogadro number [ ]
23 22
A. 6.022 x 10 B. 6.022 x 10
23
C. 6.002 x 10 D. 6.002 x 1022
06. Atomic mass of Sodium (Na), Oxygen (O) and Hydrogen (H) are 23, 16 and 1
respectively. Then molecular mass of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is …………… [ ]
A. 28 B. 40
C. 44 D. 36
07. Matter neither be created nor destroyed.- This is ……………….. [ ]
A. Law of conservation of energy
B. Law of conservation of mass
C. Law of constant proportions
08. Father of modern chemistry [ ]
A. Dalton B. Thomson
C. Benjamin Franklin D. Lavoisier
. Page 28
09. Latin name of Gold [ ]
A. Argentum B. Kalium
C. Aurum D. Natrium
10. Atomic symbol of the element “Chlorine” [ ]
A. C B. Ch
C. Cl D. Cr
11. Molecules : (i) Sodium
(ii) Argon
(iii) Hydrogen
Which of the above molecules are mono atomic molecules ? [ ]
A. (i) only B. (i) and (ii)
C. (i) and (iii) D. (ii) and (iii)
12. Valency of Sulphate ion [ ]
A. 2 B. 3
C. 4 D. 1
13. Which of the following is true ? [ ]
23
A. 12g of Carbon contains 6.022x10 atoms
B. 18g of Water contains 6.022x1023 molecules
C. both A and B are correct
D. both A and B are wrong
14. Matching :
(a) Sodium carbonate (i) Na2CO3
(b) Sodium hydroxide (ii) NH4Cl
(c) Ammonium chloride (iii) NaOH
15. Radhika : H2 is the symbol of Hydrogen atom
Surekha : H is the symbol of Hydrogen molecule
A. Radhika’s statement is correct B. Surekha’s statement is correct
C. both statements are correct D. both statements are wrong

05. WHAT IS INSIDE THE ATOM ?
1. What are the three subatomic particles?
A. The three subatomic particles are electron, proton and neutron.
2. Compare the characteristics of electrons, protons and neutrons?
A. Electron: Electron is a negatively charged particle.
It is denoted with “e-”.
The mass of electron is 0.00055 amu.
They revolve around the nucleus in an atom.
Proton: Proton is a positively charged particle.
It is denoted with “p+”.
The mass of proton is 1.0078 amu.
They are present in the nucleus in an atom.
Neutron: Neutron is an uncharged particle.
It is denoted with “n0”.
The mass of neutron is 1.0087 amu.
They are present in the nucleus in an atom.
3. What are the limitations of J.J.Thomson’s model of the atom?
A. (i) Thomson said that the mass in atom is equally distributed.
(ii) That means the positive and negative charge combined with each other.
(iii) As per the laws of classical physics the different charged particles can not gathered
together.
(iv) Also Thomson’s model could not have any experimental evidence to support.
(v) It couldn’t explain the spectrum of an atom.
4. What were the three major observations Rutherford made in the gold foil experiment?
A. The three observations of Rutherford through gold foil experiment are:
(i) All the positively charged material in an atom present at the centre called nucleus.
(ii) The negatively charged electrons revolve around the nucleus in well defined orbits.
This is called planetary model of atom.
(iii) The size of the nucleus is very small as compared to the size of the atom.
5. Put tick (√ ) against correct choice and cross (×) against wrong choice:
(i) In Rutherford's gold foil experiment, majority of alpha particles passed directly
through the gold foil. This observation leads to which conclusion?
a) The positive region of the atom is very small. [ √ ]
b) The majority of the atom must consist of empty space. [ √ ]
c) The alpha particle makes a direct hit on the positive region. [ x ]
d) The positive region of the atom is very dense. [ x ]

(ii) In Rutherford's gold foil experiment, occasionally the alpha particle deviated
from a straight-line path. This observation lead to which conclusion?
a) The positively charged region of the atom is very small. [ √ ]
b) The majority of the space in the atom is empty. [ x ]
c) The alpha particle makes a direct hit on the positively charged
region of the atom. [ √ ]
d) The positively charged region of the atom is very dense. [ x ]
6. Which one of the following is a correct electronic configuration of sodium?
(a) 2,8 (b) 8,2,1 (c) 2,1,8 (d) 2,8,1. [ d ]
A. The atomic number of Sodium (Na) is 11. Its electronic configuration is 2,8,1
Hence choice (d) is the correct answer.
7. Give the main postulates of Bohr's model of an atom.
A. Main postulates of Bohr’s atomic model:
(i) The electron revolve around the nucleus in specified paths called orbits. The orbits are called
energy levels.
(ii) While electrons revolving in the discrete orbits they do not loss their energy. These orbits are
called stationary orbits.
(iii) The orbits are represented by K, L, M, N, O… The ‘n’ value for orbits are 0,1,2,3,4,…
respectively.
8. State the valencies of the following elements : Magnesium and Sodium
A. (i) Magnesium (Mg) atomic number is 12. The electronic configuration is 2,8,2.
Number of valence electrons is 2. Valency of Magnesium is 2.
(ii) Sodium (Na) atomic number is 11. The electronic configuration is 2,8,1.
Number of valence electrons is 1. Valency of Sodium is 1.
9. Write the atomic number and the symbol of an element which has mass number 32 and
the number of neutrons 16 in the nucleus.
A. Mass number of an element (A) = 32
Number of neutrons (N) = 16
Atomic number (Z) = A – N = 32 – 16 = 16
10. Cl- has completely filled K & L shells. Explain.
A. (i) Atomic number of Chlorine (Cl) is 17.
(ii) If chlorine gain one electro it converts to Cl- ion. Cl- has 18 electrons in it.
Element/ Ion K-shell L-shell M-shell
Cl- 2 8 8
(iii) So K and L shell’s in Chloride ion has completely filled.

11. What is the main difference between isotopes of the same element?
A. Isotopes are the atoms of same element which have the same atomic number but different
mass number.
Ex: (i) 1H1 , 1H2 , 1H3 (ii) 6C12 , 6C13 , 6C14
12. For the following statements, write T for True and F for False.
a. J.J. Thomson proposed that the nucleus of an atom contains only nucleons. [ F ]
b. A neutron is formed by an electron and a proton combining together.
Therefore, it is neutral. [ F ]
c. The mass of an electron is 1/2000 times that of proton. [ T ]
13. Geeta got a doubt, "Why atomic nucleus contains proton and neutrons inside it? Why
can't electrons and neutrons?" Can you help to clarify her doubt? Explain.
A. (i) Mass of electron is negligible compared to that of proton.
(ii) The mass of proton is 1836 times of mass of electron.
(iii) Generally the heavy mass present in the nucleus.
(iv) So the positive charged protons are present in the nucleus of an atom.
(v) There exist force of repulsion between same charged particles.
(vi) To reduce the repulsion force between proton in the nucleus, neutron can exist in the
nucleus.
(vii) The electrons revolve around the nucleus in specified paths.
14. If Z = 5, what would be the valency of the element?
A. (i) The atomic number of an element is 5.
(ii) The electronic configuration is 2,3.
(iii) Number of valence electrons is 3.
(iv) Valency of the element is 3.
15. Fill in the missing information in the following table.
Atomic Mass Number Number of Number of
Name Symbol
number (Z) (A) neutrons (N) electrons (e)
16
Oxygen O8 8 16 8 8
7 7 7
Sulphur
Beryllium 9 5
12 24
12 25

A.
Atomic Mass Number of Number of
Name Symbol
number (Z) Number (A) neutrons (N) electrons (e)
16
Oxygen O8 8 16 8 8
14
Nitrogen N7 7 14 7 7
34
Sulphur S16 16 34 18 16
9
Beryllium Be4 4 9 5 4
24
Magnesium Mg12 12 24 12 12
25
Magnesium Mg12 12 25 13 12
16. Sketch Rutherford's atomic model. Why Rutherford's model of the atom is called the
planetary model?
A.
(i) According to Rutherford’s Atomic model the electron Revolves around the nucleus like the
planets around the sun.
(ii) So Rutherford’s atomic model was also called planetary atomic model.
17. How do you appreciate the efforts made by scientists to explain the structure of atom
by developing various atomic models?
A. (i) John Dalton says that Atom is an invisible particle. We can’t see atom with our naked eye.
It is also not possible with microscope.
(ii) But after the discovery of discharge tube J.J.Thomson discovered the electrons, which are in
the atom. He stated the water melon structure of an atom.
(iii) Rutherford corrected the defects in Thomson’s model and introduced planetary atomic
model. He observed the nucleus in the atom. He explained the charge distribution.
(iv) Bohr corrected the defects on Rutherford’s model and explain the different energy levels in
the atom. He can explained the spectrum of Hydrogen atom.
(v) All the discoveries made by the scientists are very helpful for further research and they are
useful in making the life of mankind satisfactory. We appreciate the role of scientists.

BITS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. Matching :
(a) Electron (i) J.J.Thomson
(b) Proton (ii) James Chadwick
(c) Neutron (iii) Gold stein
02. Plum pudding model of atom was stated by ………………. [ ]
A. Bohr B. Rutherford
C. J.J.Thomson D. Mary curie
03. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the first orbit of
an atom [ ]
A. 8 B. 4
C. 2 D. 1
04. This is not the pair of isotopes [ ]
A. 15P31, 15P30 B. 8O15, 8O16
C. 18Ar40, 20Ca40 D. 7N15, 7N14
05. This is useful for treatment of Cancer [ ]
A. Isotope of Uranium B. Isotope of Iodine
C. Isotope of Cobalt D. Isotope of Sodium
06. The arrangement of electrons of an atom is shown in the figure.
Identify the valency of the atom [ ]
A. 1
B. 2 +
C. 4
D. 3
07. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in 2nd shell in an
atom [ ]
A. 2 B. 8
C. 18 D. 32

08. Identify the pair of Isotopes [ ]
16 14
A. 8O , 7N
B. 8O16, 8O15
C. 18Ar40, 20Ca40
D. 8O16, 7N15
09. Alpha particle contains [ ]
A. 2 protons, 3 neutrons B. 3 protons, 2 neutrons
C. 3 protons, 3 neutrons D. 2 protons, 2 neutrons
10. Niels Bohr proposed his model of atom in …………….. [ ]
A. 1914 B. 1910
C. 1895 D. 1913
11. Neutron was discovered by ……………………. [ ]
A. J.J.Thomson B. Rutherford
C. Niels Bohr D. James Chadwik
12. Valence electrons [ ]
A. Electrons in the first shell B. Electrons in the outermost shell
C. Electrons in the shell nearer to nucleus D. Electrons in the last two shells
13. Number of neutrons present in 92U238 [ ]
A. 92 B. 238
C. 146 D. 330
14. An element contains 13 protons and 14 neutrons. Then the atomic mass number
of that element is ………….. [ ]
A. 13 B. 14
C. 27 D. 17
15. This is useful for treatment of Goitre [ ]
A. Isotope of Uranium B. Isotope of Iodine
C. Isotope of Sodium D. Isotope of Cobalt
. Page 35
06. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
1. What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should chemical equations be balanced?
A. (i) When the total number of atoms of each element is same on both sides in a chemical
equation, then the chemical equation is said to be a balanced chemical equation.
Ex: Mg + H2SO4  MgSO4 + H2
(ii) Chemical equation must follow the law of conservation of mass.
(iii) So the chemical equation should be balanced.
(iv) Then only they can follow the law of conservation of mass.
2. Balance the following chemical equations?
a) NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2O
b) Hg(NO3)2 + KI  HgI2 + KNO3
c) H2 + O2  H2O
d) KClO3  KCl + O2
e) C3H8 + O2  CO2 + H2O
A. The balanced chemical equations are:
a) 2NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
b) Hg(NO3)2 + 2KI  HgI2 + 2KNO3
c) 2H2 + O2  2H2O
d) 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
e) C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O
3. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions.
a) Zinc + Silver nitrate  Zinc nitrate + Silver
b) Aluminium + Copper chloride  Aluminium chloride + Copper
c) Hydrogen + Chlorine  Hydrogen chloride
d) Ammonium nitrate  Nitrogen + Oxygen + Water
a) Zn + 2AgNO3  Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
b) 2Al + 3CuCl2  2AlCl3 + 3Cu
c) H2 + Cl2  2HCl
d) 2NH4NO3  2N2 + O2 + 4H2O
4. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following and. Identify the type of reaction
in each case.
a) Calcium Hydroxide(aq) + Nitric acid(aq)  Water(l) + Calcium nitrate(aq)
b) Magnesium(s) + Iodine(g)  MagnesiumIodide(s)
c) Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq)  Magnesium chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g)
d) Zinc(s) + Calcium chloride(aq)  Zinc chloride(aq) + Calcium(s)
a) Ca(OH)2 + 2HNO3  Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O
This is chemical double displacement reaction.
b) Mg + I2  MgI2
This is chemical combination reaction.
c) Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2
This is chemical displacement reaction.
d) Zn + CaCl2  ZnCl2 + Ca
This is chemical displacement reaction.
5. Write an equation for decomposition reaction where energy is supplied in the form of
Heat/light/electricity.
A. (i)The decomposition reaction where energy is supplied in the form of Heat is called thermal
decomposition reaction.
Heat
CaCO3  CaO + CO2

(ii)The decomposition reaction where energy is supplied in the form of light is
Sun light
2AgBr  2Ag + Br2

(iii)The decomposition reaction where energy is supplied in the form of electricity is
electricity
2H2O (ℓ)  2H2(g) + O2 (g)

6. What do you mean by precipitate reaction?
A. (i) If a precipitate is formed in a chemical reaction, it is called precipitate reaction.
(ii) Precipitates are indicated with downward arrow mark in the reactions.
Ex: Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI  PbI2 ( ) + 2KNO3
BaCl2 + Na2SO4  BaSO4( ) + 2NaCl
7. How chemical displacement reactions differ chemical decomposition reaction? Explain
with an example for each.
A. Chemical displacement reaction:
In a displacement reaction one element replaces another element from its compound.
Ex: Zn + CuSO4  ZnSO4 + Cu
Chemical decomposition reaction:
In a decomposition reaction one substance (reactant) decomposes into two or more new
compounds.
Ex: CaCO3  CaO + CO2

8. Name the reactions taking place in the presence of sunlight?
A. The reactions occur in the presence of sunlight is called photo chemical reactions.
sun light
Ex: 2AgBr (s)  2Ag(s) + Br2(g)

sun light
2AgCl(s)  2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)

9. Why does respiration considered as an exothermic reaction? Explain.
A. (i) In respiration oxidation of glucose takes place which produce a large amount of heat energy.
(ii) This is known as exothermic reaction.
(iii) So respiration is considered as an exothermic reaction.
(iv) C6H12O6 +6O26CO 2 +6H2O +Q(Energy)
10. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions? Write
equations for these reactions?
A. Chemical displacement reaction:
In a displacement reaction one element replaces another element from its compound.
Ex: Zn + CuSO4  ZnSO4 + Cu
Chemical double displacement reaction:
In a double displacement reaction the reactants exchange their constituents chemically and
form two new compounds.
Ex: BaCl2 + Na2SO4  BaSO 4 + 2NaCl
11. MnO2 + 4 HCl  MnCl2 + 2 H2O + Cl2
In the above equation, name the compound which is oxidized and which is reduced?
A. MnO2 + 4 HCl  MnCl2 + 2 H2O + Cl2
In this reaction MnO2 is reduced
HCl is oxidized (OR)
In this reaction Mn is reduced
Cl is oxidized
12. Give two examples for oxidation – reduction reaction.
A. Examples for oxidation – reduction reaction:
(i) 2Fe2O3 + 3C  4Fe + 3CO2
In this reaction Fe2O3 is reduced and C is oxidized.
(ii) 2PbO + C  2Pb + CO2
In this reaction PbO is reduced and C is oxidized.
13. In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involved
displacement by copper metal. Write the reaction involved?
A. (i) Refining of silver: Copper metal reacts with silver nitrate aqueous solution and form copper
nitrate aqueous solution and silver metal.
(ii) In this reaction copper occupies the place of silver by displace it from silver nitrate.
(iii) So this is a chemical displacement reaction.
(iv) Cu + 2AgNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
14. What do you mean by corrosion? How can you prevent it?
A. (i) When some metals are exposed to moisture, acids, etc., they tarnish due to the formation of
respective metal oxide on their surface.
(ii) This process is called corrosion.
(iii) Corrosion can be prevented by shielding the metal surface, painting, oiling, greasing,
galvanizing, chrome plating or making alloys.
15. Explain rancidity?
A. (i) Rancidity is an oxidation reaction.
(ii) When fats and oils are not used for a long time, they get oxidized and their smell and taste
changes.
(iii) This process is called Rancidity.
(iv) Spoiling of food material can be prevented by adding preservatives like vitamin C and
vitamin E.
(v) Rancidity of oils or fats can be prevented by adding anti oxidants.
(vi) The food items should be kept in air tight containers.
16. Balance the following chemical equations including the physical states.
a) C6H12O6  C2H5OH + CO2
b) Fe + O2  Fe2O3
c) NH3 + Cl2  N2H4 + NH4Cl
d) Na + H2O  NaOH + H2
a) C6H12O6 (s)  2C2H5OH(ℓ) + 2CO2(g)
b) 4Fe(s) + 3O2 (g)  2Fe2O3(s)
c) 4NH3(ℓ) + Cl2(g) N2H4(ℓ) +2NH4Cl(g)
d) 2Na(s) + 2H2O(ℓ) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

17. Balance the chemical equation by including the physical state of the substances for the
following reactions.
a) Barium chloride and Sodium sulphate aqueous solutions react to give insoluble Barium sulphate and
aqueous solution of Solution of sodium chloride.
b) Sodium hydroxide reacts with Hydrochloric acid to produce Sodium chloride and water.
c) Zinc pieces react with dilute hydrochloric acid to liberate hydrogen gas and forms Zinc chloride.
a) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4( ) + 2NaCl(aq)
b) NaOH(aq) + HCl (aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
c) Zn(s) +2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2( ) + H2(g)
18. A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in air becomes black in colour. Can you
predict the Element ‘X’ and the black coloured substance formed? How do you support
your predictions?
A. (i) Brown coloured element ‘X’ is copper.
(ii) The black coloured substance is copper oxide.
(iii) When brown colour copper (Cu) is heated it reacts with oxygen and forms black colour
copper oxide (CuO).
(iv) 2Cu + O2  2CuO
19. Why do we apply paint on iron articles?
A. (i) Iron articles when exposed to moist air, corrosion will takes place.
(ii) To prevent iron from corrosion, it is better to apply paint on them.
(iii) The painting helps to slow down the oxidation process.
20. What is the use of keeping food in air tight containers?
A. (i) Keeping food in air tight containers helps to slow down the oxidation process.
(ii) If food items are kept in air tight bags, then the item does not react with oxygen.
(iii) So they do not spoil.

BITS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. The gas filled in potato chips flush bags [ ]
A. Hydrogen B. Oxygen
C. Nitrogen D. Chlorine
02. Galvanising means, coating of ………. On the iron substances to prevent corrosion [ ]
A. Zn B. Cr
C. Cu D. C
03. 2Fe2O3 + 3C  4Fe + 3CO2 Then which is true of the following [ ]
A. Carbon is oxidised B. Carbon is reduced
C. Iron is oxidised D. Iron oxide is oxidised
04. It converts slaked lime into milk white substance [ ]
A. Oxygen B. Carbon dioxide
C. Hydrogen D. Sulphur dioxide
05. A substance is in light yellow colour. If we put it in sun light, it changes into gray
colour. What is the substance? [ ]
A. Lead Iodide B. Potassium Iodide
C. Silver Bromide D. Hydrogen Chloride
06. The following image relates to the reaction [ ]
A. CuSO4 + Fe
B. FeSO4 + Cu
C. CuSO4 + Zn
D. ZnSO4 + Cu
07. When the aqueous solution of Lead nitrate reacts with Potassium Iodide,
a precipitate Lead Iodide with ……………… colour is formed. [ ]
A. Green B. Yellow
C. Pale blue D. Pale green
08. Precipitate can be shown as …………. In chemical equations. [ ]
A. ← B. 
C.  D. 
09. 2Mg + O2  2MgO …..Which chemical reaction it is [ ]
A. Combination B. Decomposition
C. Displacement D. Double displacement

10. Brass is the combination of [ ]
A. Zn + Sn B. Zn + Cu
C. Sn + Cu D. Zn + Fe
11. ……………….. gas is liberated when lime stone is heated. [ ]
A. Oxygen B. Hydrogen
C. Nitrogen D. Carbon dioxide
12. Zn + 2 HCl  ZnCl2 + H2 is an example for ………….. [ ]
A. Chemical combination B. Chemical decomposition
C. Chemical displacement D. Chemical double displacement
13. Match the following
Substance Colour
(i) MgO (a) Black
(ii) CuO (b) Yellow
(iii) PbI (c) Colourless
(iv) Ca(OH)2 (d) White
Choose the correct answer: [ ]
A. (i)-a, (ii)-c, (iii)-b, (iv)-d B. (i)-c, (ii)-a, (iii)-b, (iv)-d
C. (i)-d, (ii)-a, (iii)-b, (iv)-c D. (i)-d, (ii)-c, (iii)-b, (iv)-a
14. Match the following
Set-I Set-II (Colours after corrosion)
(i) Iron (a) Brown
(ii) Silver (b) Black
(iii) Copper (c) Green
Choose the correct answer: [ ]
A. (i)-a, (ii)-b, (iii)-c B. (i)-a, (ii)-c, (iii)-b
C. (i)-c, (ii)-b, (iii)-a D. (i)-b, (ii)-c, (iii)-a
15. Identify the chemical displacement reaction [ ]
A. H2 + Cl2  2HCl
B. 2NH4NO3  2N2 + O2 + 4H2O
C. 2Al + 3CuCl2  2AlCl3 + 3Cu
D. Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI  PbI2 ( ) + 2KNO3

07. REFLECTION OF LIGHT ON DIFFERENT SURFACES
1. Laws of reflection of light do not applicable for curved surfaces. Is it correct?
A. (i) Laws of reflection of light do not applicable for curved surfaces.- this is wrong.
(ii) Whether the surface is plane or curve, they must follow the laws of reflection when reflection
takes place.
2. How do you find the focal length of a concave mirror?
A. (i) Hold a concave mirror such that sunlight falls on it.
(ii) Take a small paper.
(iii) Slowly move the paper in front of the mirror and find out the point where we get the smallest
and brightest spot, which will be the image of the sun.
(See to it that our paper is small so that it does not obstruct the incoming sun rays.)
(iv) The rays coming from the sun parallel to the principal axis of concave mirror converge to
a point. This point is called Focus or focal point (F) of the concave mirror.
(v) Measure the distance of this spot from the pole of the mirror.
This distance is the focal length (f) of the mirror.
(vi) The radius of curvature will be twice this distance (R=2f).
3. Where will the image form when we place an object, on the principal axis of a concave
mirror at a point between focus and centre of curvature?
A. When we place an object, on the principal axis of a concave mirror at a point between
focus and centre of curvature then the image is formed beyond the centre of curvature.
4. Find the distance of the image when an object is placed on the principal axis at a
distance of 10cm in front of a concave mirror whose radius of curvature is 8cm.
A. Distance of the object (u) = -10cm
Radius of curvature (R) = -8cm
Focal length (f) = = = -4cm
Distance of the image (v) = ?

Formula : + =
= - = - = = =
= = -6.6 cm ( on the object side)

5. State the differences between convex and concave mirrors.
Convex Mirror Concave Mirror
This is a spherical mirror whose This is a spherical mirror whose
1 reflecting surface is curved outward is 1 reflecting surface is curved inward is
called convex mirror. called concave mirror.
2 The focus lies behind the mirror. 2 The focus lies in front of the mirror.
3 It is also known as diverging mirror. 3 It is also known as converging mirror.
6. Distinguish between real and virtual images.

Real image Virtual image
1 Real image is formed always in 1 Virtual image is formed always behind
front of the mirror. the mirror.
2 Image can be obtained on the 2 Image can not be obtained on the
screen. screen.
3 It is formed when light converges 3 It is formed when light appears to be
to a point after reflection or diverges from a point after reflection or
refraction. refraction.
4 It is always inverted. 4 It is always erect.
7. How do you get a virtual image using a concave mirror?
A. When we place an object, on the principal axis of a concave mirror at a point between
focus and pole then virtual image is formed behind the concave mirror.
8. What do you know about the terms given below related to spherical mirrors?
a) Pole b) Centre of curvature c) Focus
d) Radius of curvature e) Focal length f) Principal axis
g) Object distance h) Image distance i) Magnification
A. a) Pole: The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is called as Pole. It is
denoted by ‘P’.
b) Centre of curvature: The centre of sphere, of which the reflecting surface of a
spherical mirror is a part is called the centre of curvature. It is denoted by ‘C’.
c) Focus: The point on the principal axis at which the parallel rays coming from infinity
converges after reflection is called focus of the spherical mirror. It is denoted by ‘F’.
d) Radius of curvature: The radius of sphere, of which the reflecting surface of a
spherical mirror is a part is called the radius of curvature. It is denoted by ‘R’.
e) Focal length: The distance between pole and focus is called focal length of the
spherical mirror. It is denoted by ‘f’.

f) Principal axis: The line passing through the pole and centre of curvature of spherical
mirror is called principal axis of the mirror.
g) Object distance: The distance from the pole of spherical mirror to object is called
object distance. It is denoted by ‘u’.
h) Image distance: The distance from the pole of spherical mirror to image is called
image distance. It is denoted by ‘v’.
i) Magnification: The relative ratio of size of image formed by spherical mirror to the size
of object is known as magnification. It is denoted by ‘m’.

m= =

9. Write the rules for sign convention.

A. Sign convention for the parameters related to the mirror equation
(i) All distances should be measured from the pole.
(ii) The distances measured in the direction of incident light, to be taken positive and those
measured in the direction opposite to incident light to be taken negative.
(iii) Height of object (Ho) and height of image (Hi) are positive if measured upwards from
the axis and negative if measured downwards.
10. Imagine that spherical mirrors were not known to human beings. Guess the
consequences.
A. If the spherical mirrors are known to human beings then
(i) Many optical instruments were not invented.
(ii) We can not solve the problem of inverted images.
(iii) We can not use spherical mirrors in head lights of vehicles, side mirrors and rear view
mirrors.
(iv) Dentists can not perform their treatment easily with out spherical mirrors.
(v) Solar cookers were not yet invented.
11. By observing steel vessels and different images in them; Surya, a third class student,
asked his elder sister Vidya some questions. What may be those questions?
A. Surya may asked the following questions:
(i) How can steel vessels form images?
(ii) The image on the plate is different from the image on a bowl. Why?
(iii) When we move some distance, why the size of image in vessel changes?
(iv) Are steel vessels mirrors?
12. How do you form a diminished image by a concave mirror on a screen ?
A. (i) If we place an object on the principal axis of concave mirror between the center of curvature
and the focus, then we get diminished image of the object.
(ii) Inverted and Real image is formed.
(iii) As it is a real image, we collect it on the screen.

13. How do you find the focal length of a concave mirror in the lab ?
A. Finding focal length of a concave mirror
(i) Place concave mirror on the V-stand.

(ii) Lit a candle and place it in front of the mirror.
(iii) Place a screen opposite to the mirror and adjust the place of the screen until we get the
clear image of the candle flame.
(iv) Measure the distance between mirror and the candle. It is object distance “u”.
(v) Measure the distance between mirror and the image. It is image distance “v”.
(vi) Find the focal length of the concave mirror by using the formula  = + 
14. What do you infer from the experiment which you did with concave mirrors and
measured the distance of object and distance of image?
A. (i) If the object moves towards the concave mirror, the image moves away from the mirror.
(ii) If the object moves towards the concave mirror, the size of the image also increased.
(Except when it is placed between Focus and Pole).
15. Draw a diagram to show the process of converging of the parallel beam by a concave
mirror by taking four parallel incident rays ?
A. Ray diagram

16. Draw suitable rays by which we can guess the position of the image formed by a
concave mirror.
A. The following are the suitable rays by which we can guess the position of the image
formed by a concave mirror.
(i) All rays that are parallel to the axis get
F
reflected such that they pass through
the focal point of the mirror.
(ii) A ray that passes through the focal
F
point of the mirror will travel parallel to
the axis after reflection.
(iii) a ray coming from the tip of the object
going through the centre of curvature
to meet the mirror, it will get reflected
C
along the same line.
. Page 46
(iv) Along with these three Rays ‘the ray
which comes from the object and
reaches the pole of the mirror’ is also
useful in drawing ray diagrams. For this
ray, the principal axis is the normal.
17. Show the formation of image with a ray diagram when an object is placed on the
principal axis of a concave mirror away from the centre of curvature.
A. (i) When an object placed on the principal axis of
a concave mirror and away from the centre
F C
of curvature, the image is formed between focus and
centre of curvature.
(ii) It is real, inverted and diminished in size.
18. Make a solar heater/cooker and explain the process of making.
A. (i) Make a wooden/ iron frame in the shape of TV dish.
(ii) Cut acrylic mirror sheets in to 8 or 12 pieces in the shape of isosceles triangles with a
height equal to the radius of your dish antenna.
(iii) The bases of 8 or 12 triangles together make the circumference of the dish.
(iv) Stick the triangle mirrors to the dish.
(v) Solar heater/cooker is ready.
F
(vi) Arrange it so that concave part faces sun. P
(vii) Find its focal point and place a vessel at that point.
(viii) It will get heated. We can even cook rice in that vessel
19. To form the image on the object itself, how should we place the object in front of a
concave mirror? Explain with a ray diagram.
A. To form the image on the object itself, F C
P
we place the object at the centre of curvature
of a concave mirror.
20. How do you appreciate the role of spherical mirrors in daily life?
A. Spherical mirrors plays an important role in our day to day life.
(i) We can get different sizes of images and at desired distances by spherical mirrors.
(ii) Spherical mirrors, which converges light at a point used in solar appliances.
(iii) Concave mirrors are used by ENT doctors to see the effected parts more visible.
(iv) Spherical mirrors are used in wars in olden days to destroy the ships.
(v) Concave mirrors are used in telescopes to see celestial bodies.
(vi) Convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors.
(vii) Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in head lights of vehicles.
So, I appreciate the role of spherical mirrors in daily life.

21. How do doctors used concave mirrors?
A. (i) Concave mirrors are used by ENT doctors to see the effected parts more visible.
(ii) If concave mirror is kept near the tooth in the mouth, the enlarged and erect image appears. 
(iii) As the object kept between the pole and focus of the mirror, the enlarged image is formed.
22. Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in the vehicles?
A. (i) Convex mirrors always forms virtual, erect and diminished image of the object irrespective
of the distance of the object.
(ii) So It is used as rear view or side view mirror in vehicles, so that It enables the driver to see
most of the traffic behind him/her.
23. Complete the following table related to concave mirror experiment.
Sl. No. Object distance Image distance Magnification
 10cm  
 20cm  
 30cm  
  40cm 1
A. (i) Magnification 1 means, object size and image size are equal.
(ii) Then object distance and image distance are equal.
(iii) Object must be at center of curvature in that situation.
(iv) So Radius of curvature = 40cm
(v) Focal length = 20cm
(vi) Experiment was done with the concave mirror of 20cm focal length
Sl. No. Object distance Image distance Magnification
 10cm  
 20cm  
 30cm  
  40cm 1
24. The magnification produced by a convex mirror is -1. Do you agree it ?

A. m= =

Convex mirror always forms diminished and erect image.

This means the size of image is less than the size of the object.
‘+’ sign represents the image is erect.
Magnification of convex mirror is “0 < m < +1”
The given statement is wrong.

BITS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. The image appears always erect even you stand at any place in front of a mirror.
Which mirror it is? [ ]
A. convex B. concave
C. plane D. either plane or convex
02. This is not the use of a Concave mirror [ ]
A. Used in Head lights
B. Used by ENT specialist doctors
C. Used in solar furnaces
D. Used beside drivers
03. If the object is placed at infinite distance before a concave mirror, the image is
formed at ……… [ ]
A. F B. C
C. P D. O
04. Magnification produced by a plane mirror is [ ]
A. +1 B. -1

C. 0 D. -

05. If an incident ray from the object passes through the Focus of the concave mirror,
then the reflected ray [ ]
A. passes through F B. passes through C
C. parallel to the axis D. coincides with the incident ray
06. If an object is placed at 20 cm distance from the pole of a concave mirror, where
should be the image formed ? ( f = 10 cm) [ ]
A. Between ‘F’ and ‘P’ B. Beyond ‘C’
C. Between ‘F’ and ‘C’ D. At ‘C’
07. Components: (i) Positive value
(ii) Negative value
(iii) Less than +1
(iii) Greater than -1
The magnification of a convex mirror is ………………..
Choose the correct option : [ ]
A. (i) and (iii) B. (i) and (iv)
C. (ii) and (iii) D. (ii) and (iv)

08. Magnification of a mirror (m) = …………………….. [ ]
A. B.
C. D.
09. If an object is placed at 60 cm distance from the pole of a convex mirror, where
should be the image formed ? ( f = 20 cm) [ ]
A. Between ‘F’ and ‘P’ B. Beyond ‘C’
C. Between ‘F’ and ‘C’ D. At ‘C’
10. Mirror formula [ ]
A. = - B. = -
C. = + D. =(n-1)( - )
11. Focal length of a concave mirror in water [ ]

A. Decreases B. Increases
C. Remains same D. Can’t say
12. The focal length of a concave mirror is 20 cm. What is the minimum distance
between the object and image formed by the Concave mirror is …………. [ ]
A. 20cm B. 40cm
C. 0cm D. 10cm
13. Magnification of a mirror (m) = …………………….. [ ]
A. B.
C. D.
14. True statement [ ]

A. Concave mirror forms always small size image
B. Plane mirror forms always small size image
C. Convex mirror forms always enlarged image
D. None of the above are true statements
15. ENT doctors used ………….. to see the smaller parts in the mouth or ear. [ ]
A. Concave mirror
B. Plane mirror
C. Convex mirror

08. GRAVITATION
1. A car moves with a constant speed of 10 m/s in a circular path of radius 10m. The mass
of the car is 1000 Kg. Who / What is providing the required centripetal force for the car ?
How much is it ?
A. Radius of circular path (r) = 10 m
Mass of the car (m) = 1000 Kg
Speed of the car (v) = 10 m/s
The center of the circular path provides the centripetal force (F).

F = = = 100 x 100 = 10000 N (or) 104 N
2. A body is projected with a speed of 40m/s vertically up from the ground. What is the
maximum height reached by the body ? What is the entire time of motion ? What is the
velocity at 5 seconds after projection ? Take g = 10m/s2.
A. A body is projected vertically up.
The initial speed (u) = 40 m/s
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 m/s2

Maximum height (H) = = = = 80 m

The total time of flight (T) = = =8s
It can take 4s to reach maximum height.
Then returns with 0 m/s (initial speed)
In return, speed after 1 s (v) = u + gt = 0 + 10(1) = 10 m/s
Velocity at 5 s after projection = - 10 m/s
3. A ball is projected vertically up with a speed of 50 m/s. Find the maximum height, the
time to reach the maximum height and the speed at the maximum height. (g = 10 m/s2)
A. A body is projected vertically up.
The initial speed (u) = 50 m/s
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 m/s2

Maximum height (H) = = = = 125 m

Time to reach maximum height (T1) = = =5s

Speed at maximum height (V) = 0 m/s
4. Two cars having masses m1 and m2 move in circles of radii r1 and r2 respectively. If they
complete the rotation in equal time, what is the ratio of their speeds and centripetal
accelerations ?
A. Data :
First car Second car
Mass m1 m2
Radius of paths r1 r2

First car Second car
Time of rotation T1 T2
Speed V1 = V2 =
Centripetal acceleration a1 = a2 =
Given T1 = T2
=
The ratio of their speeds = ----(i)
( )
The ratio of their Centripetal accelerations = = X = X =
(
5. Two spherical balls of mass 10 Kg each are placed with their centers 10cm apart.
Find the gravitational force of attraction between them.
A. Masses of two spherical balls… m1 = 10 Kg m2 = 10 Kg
Distance between the balls (d) = 10 cm = m = 0.1 m
Gravitational force act between them is

F =G = 6.67 x 10-11 x ( . )
= 6.67 x 10-11 x = 6.67 x 10-7 N
6. Explain some situations where the center of gravity of man lies outside the body.
A. (i) While doing Yogasanas, if we bend our body in inverted “V” shape.
G
Then the center of gravity may lie out side of the body.
(ii) The athletes while doing high jump, bend their body as arc.
In that situation the center of gravity may lie out side of the body. G
7. What path will the moon take when the gravitational interaction between the moon and
the earth disappears ?
A. (i) If the gravitation force between the moon and the earth disappears, then the moon may
selects the path of tangent drawn to the orbit.
(ii) Otherwise the moon may not revolve around the earth.
(iii) Otherwise the moon revolves around the sun directly as a planet.
(iv) Anything may happens as per remaining system.
(v) Actually gravitational force doesn’t disappears, so these worries are useless.
8. Can you think of two particles which do not exert gravitational force on each other ?
A. (i) We can’t find two particles which do not exert gravitational force on each other.
(ii) Because according Newton’s law of universal gravitation every massive body can exert
gravitational force.

9. Where does the center of gravity of the atmosphere of the earth lie ?
A. (i) The center of gravity of the atmosphere of earth coincides the center of gravity of earth.
(ii) Because earth is surrounded by the atmosphere.
(iii) Also the thickness of air layer is almost equal around the earth.
10. How can you find the center of gravity of a India map made of steel ? Explain.
A. Center of gravity of a India map made of steel :
(i) Take the India map made of steel.
(ii) Make three small holes along its edge.
(iii) Suspend the map freely from one hole by using thread.
(iv) Take a plumb bob and suspend it from the same hole.
(v) Draw a line along the thread.
(vi) It indicates the line of weight at that point.
(vii) Repeat the same from remaining holes and draw other two lines of weight.
(viii) The concurrent point of the three lines is the Center of gravity of the map.
11. Explain why a long pole is more beneficial to the tight rope walker if the pole has slight
bending.
A. (i) A long pole is more beneficial to the tight rope walker, for balancing the center of gravity.
(ii) By adjusting the place of the pole, one can balance easily their body and can walk on the
rope.
(iii) Finally the line of weight of total system must passes through a vertical line drawn to the
rope.
12. Why is it easier to carry the same amount of water in two buckets, one in each hand
rather than in a single bucket?
A. (i) If a person hold two buckets with water in each hand, then the center of gravity of the person
doesn’t change.
(ii) But if the person hold a bucket with same quantity of water only in one hand, then the center
of gravity moves towards the bucket (mass).
(iii) Change in center of gravity causes un stability of body as gravitational force acts on it.
(iv) So We feel hard to hold the bucket.
13. A man is standing against a wall such that his right shoulder and right leg are in contact
with the surface of the wall along his height. Can he raise his left leg at this position
without moving his body away from he wall ? Why ? Explain.
A. (i) Let a man is standing against the wall such that his right shoulder and right leg are along his
height.
(ii) Then the center of gravity is nearly at the belly point.
(iii) In this situation, he can’t raise his left leg.
(iv) Because if he raise the left leg, the center of gravity moves.
(v) Then he must move his body parts.
14. Where does the center of gravity lie, when a boy is doing sit-ups ? Does weight vector
pass through the base or move away from the base ? Explain.
A. (i) When a boy doing sit-ups the center of gravity move up and down.
(ii) The weight vector passes through the base but the move slightly with respect to the
previous position.

BITS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. Units of G (Universal Gravitation Constant) [ ]

A. Nm2Kg2 B. Nm2Kg-1
C. Nm2Kg-2 D. NmKg-2
02. The gravitational force on the moon by the Earth is Fe
The gravitational force on the Earth by the Moon is Fm
Then true statement is …………….. [ ]
A. Fe = Fm B. Fe < Fm
C. Fe > Fm D. Fe ≤ Fm
03. Acceleration due to gravity for an object on the Earth is g =
In this “M” represents …………….. [ ]

A. Mass of the object
B. Mass of the Earth
C. Radius of the Earth
D. Weight of the Earth
04. Mass of a substance can be measured with …………….. [ ]
A. Spring balance B. Simple balance
C. Compressed spring balance D. Digital clock
05. Weight of an object of mass 20Kg is ……………….. (Take g = 10m/s2) [ ]
A. 200N B. 100N
C. 150N D. 400N
06. Initial velocity of a free fall body is …………….. [ ]
A. 1m/s B. 2m/s
C. 0m/s D. We can’t say
07. Universal Gravitation constant (G) = ………………… Nm2/Kg2 [ ]
-11
A. 6.67 x 10
B. 6.67 x 10-7
C. 6.27 x 10-11
D. 6.17 x 10-11
08. An object weighs 72N on the Earth. Find the weight of that object on moon is ……
(gEarth = 6 x gMoon) [ ]
A. 72N B. 6N
C. 12N D. 36N

09. Uniform circular motion [ ]
A. Constant velocity B. Constant speed
C. Zero speed D. Zero velocity
10. A body moves with a constant speed “v” in a circular path of radius “R”. Then the
Acceleration of the body is ……………….. [ ]
A. B.
C. D.
11. ge is the acceleration due to gravity on the earth.
gm is the acceleration due to gravity on the moon.
Then identify the correct answer. [ ]
A. ge = gm B. ge = 6 x gm
C. 6 x ge = gm D. ge = gm + 6
12. A body moves with a constant speed “v” in a circular path of radius “R”.
Then the required to complete one revolution ……………….. [ ]
A. B.
C. D.
13. Galileo found that the acceleration of the body acquired near the surface of the
earth is equal to ……………….. [ ]
2 2
A. 981cm/s B. 980m/s
C. 333m/s2 D. 333m/s
14. Weight of an object is 50Kg-m/s 2. Then what is its mass ? (Take g = 10m/s2) [ ]
A. 5kg B. 10kg
C. 20kg D. 25kg
15. An object weighs 10N on the moon. Find the weight of that object on the earth. [ ]
A. 5N B. 6N
C. 16N D. 60N

09. FLOATING BODIES
1. A solid sphere has a radius of 2 cm and a mass of 0.05 Kg. What is the relative density
of the sphere ?
A. Radius of sphere (r) = 2 cm
Mass of sphere (m) = 0.05 Kg = 0.05 x 1000 g = 50 g
Volume of the sphere (V) = r3 = x x 23 = x8=

Density of the sphere (D) = = = = = = 1.5 g/cm3
( ) .
Density of water = 1 g/cm3

.
Relative density of the sphere = = = 1.5

2. A small bottle weighs 20g when empty and 22g when filled with water. When it is filled
with oil it weighs 21.76g. What is the density of the oil ?
A. Weight of empty bottle (mb) = 20g
Weight of bottle with water (mbw) = 22g
Weight of water taken (mw) = mbw – mb = 22 – 20 = 2g

Density of water (Dw) =
1=
V = 2 cm3
Weight of bottle with oil (mbo) = 21.76g
Weight of oil taken (mo) = mbo – mb = 21.76 – 20 = 1.76g
Volume of oil (bottle) V = 2 cm3
.
Density of oil (Do) =
= = 0.88 g/cm3
3. An ice cube floats on the surface of a glass of water. (Density of ice is 0.9 g/cm3) When
the ice melts, will the water level in the glass rise ?
A. (i) An ice cube floats on the surface of water taken in a glass.
(ii) The density of ice is 0.9 g/cm3.
(iii) The density of water is 1 g/cm3.
(iv) As the density of ice is less than the density of water, if Ice melts its volume decreases.
(v) So the water level doesn’t raise.
4. Why do some objects float on the water ? and some sink ?
A. (i) Generally, property of floating or sinking depends upon the density of the substance.
(ii) The substances having more density than water can sink in water.
(iii) The substances having less density than water can float on water.

(iv) But this is not always possible.
(v) Sinking or floating depends upon buoyancy of the liquid and other factors.
5. Explain density and relative density and write their formulae.
A. Density : The mass of a substance per unit volume is called its density.

Density =

The M.K.S. units of density are Kg/m3

The C.G.S. units of density are g/cm3.
Relative Density : The ratio between the density of a substance and the density of water is
called relative density of the substance.

Relative Density =

There are no units for relative density as it is a ratio.

6. What is the value of density of water ?
A. The density of water = 1 g/cm3 = 1000 Kg/m3
7. What is buoyancy ?
A. (i) The force applied on the object in upward direction in a liquid is called buoyancy.
(ii) The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the object.
8. Classify the following things in to substances having relative density > 1 and
relative density < 1.
Wood Iron Rubber Plastic Glass
Stone Cork Air Coal
Ice Wax Paper Milk
Kerosene Ground nut oil Soap.
A. Substances having relative density > 1 are Iron, Glass, Stone, Coal, Soap, Milk
Substances having relative density < 1 are Wood, Rubber, Plastic, Cork, Air, Ice, Wax,
Paper, Kerosene, Ground nut oil
(OR)
Substances having relative density > 1 are Iron, Glass, Stone, Coal, Soap, Milk, Plastic,
Rubber
Substances having relative density < 1 are Wood, Cork, Air, Ice, Wax, Ground nut oil
Paper, Kerosene,
(OR)
Substances having relative density > 1 are Iron, Glass, Stone, Coal, Soap, Milk, Plastic,
Substances having relative density < 1 are Wood, Cork, Air, Ice, Wax, Ground nut oil
Paper, Kerosene, Rubber

9. Which is denser, water or milk ?
A. (i) Density of water = 1 g/cm3
(ii) Density of Milk = 1.03 g/cm3
(iii) Milk is denser than water.
10. Iron sinks in water, Wood floats on water. If we tie an iron piece to wood piece of the
same volume and drop it in water, would bundle sink or float ? Make a guess and find
out Whether your guess is correct or wrong with an experiment ?
A. (i) Density of Iron is more than water.
(ii) Density of wood is less than water.
(iii) The mass of Iron is more than wood if we take them in equal volume.
(iv) If we tie an iron piece to wood piece of same volume, they can sink in water.
11. Find the relative density of wood. Explain the process.
A. Required material : Over flow jar, Water, Wooden block, Needle, Beaker, Digital balance
(i) Find the mass of the given wooden block by using digital balance. Let it is “m”.
(ii) Find the mass of empty beaker. Let it is “m1”.
(iii) Fill water in over flow jar up to the level of side valve.
(iv) Keep the beaker under the side valve of over flow jar.
(v) Now Place the wooden block on the surface of water in over flow jar.
(vi) Just press the wooden block with needle such that it can
completely sink in water.
(vii) Collect the displaced water in beaker.
(viii) Measure the mass of beaker with displaced water. Let it is “m2”.
(ix) The mass of displaced water is equal to “M = m2 – m1”.
(x) The volume of displaced water is equal to the volume of the wooden block.

(xi) We find relative density of wooden block by using the formula =

12. How can you find the relative density of a liquid ?

A. Required material : Measuring flask, Water, given liquid, Digital balance
(i) Find the mass of empty flask. Let it is “m1”.
(ii) Fill water in measuring flask up to the mark at its neck.
(iii) Measure the mass of flask with water. Let it is “m2”.
(iv) The mass of water is equal to “M = m2 – m1”.
(v) Remove water from flask.
(vi) Fill the given liquid in measuring flask up to the mark at its neck.
(vii) Measure the mass of flask with liquid. Let it is “m3”.

(viii) The mass of liquid is equal to “m = m3 – m1”.

(ix) We find relative density of liquid by using the formula
=
13. Find the relative density of different fruits and vegetables and make a list.
A. Relative densities of some Fruits :
Relative Relative
Substance Substance
density density
Apple Potato
Tomato Carrot
Guava Little finger
Grapes Brinjal
14. Make a Lactometer with ball point pen refill. What would you do to make the refill
stand vertically straight ?
A. (i) If we drop a ball point pen refill in water it doesn’t stand vertically straight.
(ii) Fix a small metal ball baring ball to the metallic tip of refill with glue. Let it be dried.
(iii) Now drop the refill slowly in water upside down. It can stand vertically straight.
(iv) This refill can act as Lactometer after scaling.
15. Draw the diagram of a mercury barometer.
A. Mercury Barometer
16. Write a note on Pascal’s discovery in helping to make hydraulic jacks.

A. (i) Hydraulic jacks works on Pascal’s principle.
(ii) Hydraulic jacks are used to lift heavy loads by using less effort.
(iii) They contain two cylindrical vessel having different radii.
(iv) If we apply less force on less area, it can brings up the more weight at large area.

17. Write a note on Archimedes discovery of force of buoyancy.
A. (i) The force applied on the object in upward direction in a liquid is called buoyancy.
(ii) The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the object.
(iii) For sinking objects the volume of displaced liquid is equal to the volume of the object.
(iv) For floating objects the weight of the displaced liquid is equal to the weight of the object.
(v) In both cases the weight of displaced liquids must equal to the buoyant force.
(vi) It means, the buoyant force is more than gravitational force on floating objects.
(vii) And the buoyant force is less than gravitational force on sinking objects.
(viii) This is the discovery of Archimedes.
(ix) By using this principle, ships and boats are constructed.
18. How can you appreciate the technology of making ships float, using the material
which sinks in water ?
A. (i) Making of ships depends upon the laws of stability.
(ii) If the area of the base of an object increases, then the stability increases.
(iii) If the height of the center of gravity of an object decreases, then stability increases.
(iv) Manufacturers consider the buoyant force applied on the ship while making ships.
(v) Iron rod sinks in water but Iron Cup may float on water if it has required measurements.
(v) So we appreciate the science and technology that is useful in making ships.
19. Where do you observe Archimedes principle in daily life ? Give two examples.
A. Archimedes principle applications in daily life :
(i) It is useful in using Lactometers to test the purity of milk.
(ii) It is useful in using hydrometers to find specific gravity of liquids.
(iii) It is useful in identifying whether the gold ornaments are pure or not.
(iv) It is useful in manufacturing ships that to float on seas with sinking material like metals.
20. Where do you observe Pascal’s principle in daily life ? Give a few examples.
A. Pascal’s principle applications in daily life :
(i) It is useful in braking system of motor vehicles
(ii) It is useful in lifting cars, trucks with screw jack.
(iii) It is useful in the machinery of extraction of oil from oil seeds.
(iv) It is useful in working of hydraulic press.

BITS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. 1 Pascal = …………… N/m2 [ ]

A. 1 B. 10
C. 1000 D. 1000
02. Barometer is used to measure the ……………. [ ]
A. Air speed B. Gaseous pressure
C. Atmospheric pressure D. Wind direction
03. Density of Mercury [ ]
A. 136g/cc B. 13.6g/cm3
C. 13.6Kg/m3 D. 13500g/cc
04. Hydraulic press works on ………………. principle [ ]
A. Archimedes’s B. Newton’s
C. Pascal’s D. Thomson’s
05. Correct order of substances as per densities [ ]
A. Air, Honey, Iron, Water
B. Iron, Honey, Air, Water
C. Iron, Water, Honey, Air
D. Air, Water, Honey, Iron
06. The force applied on the object in upward direction in a liquid is called ……. [ ]
A. Pressure B. Drag
C. Buoyancy D. Relative density
07. Relative density has no units. Because ……………. [ ]
A. Relative density is a vector quantity
B. Relative density is a scalar quantity
C. Relative density is a ratio
D. Relative density is a constant
08. Machines (i) Brama Press (ii) Hydraulic Press
Which of the above works on the Pascal’s principle ? [ ]
A. only (i) B. only (ii)
C. (i) and (ii) D. None of the these
09. Density = ………………… [ ]
A. M x V B.
C. D. MV2

10. Units of relative density [ ]
3 2
A. kg/m B. kg-m/s
C. N D. No units
11. Relative density = ……………………… [ ]
A. Ratio between density of substance and density of water
B. Ratio between mass of substance and mass of water
C. either A or B
12. Instrument used to find the purity of milk [ ]
A. Lactometer B. Barometer
C. Manometer D. atwood machine
13. Pressure [ ]
A. Force acting on an unit area
B. Force acting on an object
C. Net force acting on an object
D. Force applied in downward direction
14. - is the average density of the atmosphere. Then what is the formula for finding
atmospheric pressure at “h” height ? [ ]
A. ℎ B. ℎ
C. D.
15. The first barometer was invented by ……………………. [ ]

A. Newton B. Archimedes
C. Torricelli D. Pascal
. Page 62
10. WORK AND ENERGY
1. Define work and write its units.
A. (i) Let “F” force is applied on an object. If the displacement of the object is “S” then we said that
work was done on that object.
(ii) Work = Force x Displacement
(iii) W = F.S
(iv) The M.K.S. unit of work is Newton-meter (Or) Joule.
(v) The C.G.S. unit of work is dyne-centimeter (Or) erg.
2. Give few examples where displacement of an object is in the direction opposite to the
force acting on the object.
A. Examples where displacement of an object is in the direction opposite to the force acting on the
object.
(i) A person applied force on a sliding object on an inclined plane. Here displacement is in
opposite direction to the applied force.
(ii) To draw water from a well by using a bucket, we apply force on the rope in downward
direction but the bucket displaces in upward direction.
3. Identify the wrong statement among the following. Rewrite them by making necessary
corrections.
(i) Work and energy have different units.
(ii) When an aero plane takes off, the work done by its weight is positive.
(iii) The potential of spring increases when it is extended and decreases when it is compressed.
(iv) If the work done by the external forces on a system is negative then the energy of the
system decreases.
(v) When a body is falling freely from a height, its kinetic energy remains constant.
(vi) The unit of power is watt.
A. Statements (i), (ii) (iii) and (v) are wrong.
Corrections :
(i) Work and energy have same units.
(ii) When an aero plane takes off, the work done by its weight is negative.
(iii) The potential of spring increases when it is extended and increases when it is compressed.
(v) When a body is falling freely from a height, its kinetic energy increases.
4. What is mechanical energy ?
A. The sum of Kinetic energy and Potential energy of an object is called Mechanical energy.
5. State the principle of conservation of energy.
A. Law of conservation of energy :
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
It can only be changed from one form to another form.

6. In which of the following cases is the work done positive or negative or zero.
(i) Work done by the porter on a suit case in lifting it from the platform on to his head.
(ii) Work done by the force of gravity on a suit case as the suit case falls from porter’s head.
(iii) Work done by the porter standing on the plat form with suit case on his head.
(iv) Work done by the force of gravity on a ball thrown up vertically in to the sky.
(v) Work done by force applied by hands of a man swimming in a pond.
A. Let P-represents positive work , N-represents negative work and Z-represents zero work
(i) Work done by the porter on a suit case in lifting it from the platform on to his head. (N)
(ii) Work done by the force of gravity on a suit case as the suit case falls from porter’s head. (P)
(iii) Work done by the porter standing on the plat form with suit case on his head. (Z)
(iv) Work done by the force of gravity on a ball thrown up vertically in to the sky. (N)
(v) Work done by force applied by hands of a man swimming in a pond. (P)
7. What is potential energy ? Derive an equation for gravitational potential energy of a body
of mass “m” at a height “h”.
A. Potential Energy (P.E.) : The energy possessed by a body due to its state or position is called
Potential energy of that body.
(i) Consider an object of mass “m” is raised to height “h” from the ground.
(ii) The gravitational force applied on the object is equal to the weight of the object (W) = mg
(iii) The work done on the object to move it to height “h” = Force x Displacement = mg x h = mgh
(iv) The gravitational potential energy of the object is equal to the work done on the object.
(v) So the Potential energy of the object at height “h” = P.E. = mgh
8. What is kinetic energy ? Derive an equation for the kinetic energy of a body of mass “m”
moving with a speed “v”.
A. Kinetic Energy (K.E.) : The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called Kinetic
energy of that body.
(i) Consider an object of mass “m” is at rest on a plane surface.
(ii) Let it be displaced through a distance “S” , If we apply “F” force on the object.
(iii) The work done on the object = Force x Displacement = F x S …….(i)
(iv) Let the initial velocity of the object =u
The final velocity of the object =v
Acceleration of the object =a
Then applied Force (F) = Mass x acceleration = ma
(v) From the equation of motion : v 2 – u2 = 2aS  S =
(vi) The work done on the object = F x S = ma x = m(v 2 – u2)

At first the object is at rest , u = 0
The work done on the object = mv 2

9. A free fall body eventually stops on reaching the ground. What happens to its kinetic
energy ?
A. The kinetic energy of the body converted to other types of energies on reaching the ground.
10. A man carrying a bag of total mass 25Kg climbs up to a height of 10m in 50 seconds.
Calculate the power delivered by him on the bag.
A. Mass of the bag (m) = 25Kg
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8m/s2
Height of the bag (h) = 10m
Time (t) = 50 s
Potential energy of the bag at “h” height (P.E.) = mgh = 25 x 9.8 x 10 = 2450 J
The work done on the bag = Potential energy of the bag = 2450 J
Power of the man (P) = = = = 49 J/s (OR) 49 watt
11. Calculate the work done by a person in lifting a load of 20Kg from the ground and
placing it 1m high on a table.
A. Mass of the load (m) = 20Kg
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8m/s2
Height of the load to be placed (h) = 1m
The work done by the person on the load (W) = P.E. = mgh = 20 x 9.8 x 1 = 196 J
12. Find the mass of a body which has 5J kinetic energy while moving at a speed of 2m/s.
A. Let the mass of the body (m) =m
Speed of the body (v) = 2 m/s
Kinetic energy of the body (K.E.) = 5 J
Formula : K.E. = mv 2
5 = m(2)2
m = = 2.5 Kg
The mass of the body (m) = 2.5 Kg
13. When the speed of a ball is doubled its kinetic energy [ D ]
(A) Remains same (B) Gets doubled
(C) Becomes half (D) becomes 4 times
A. Explanation :
Kinetic energy of the body (K.E.) = mv 2
When speed is doubled then
The changed Kinetic energy K.E.(c) = m(2v)2 = 4 x mv 2 = 4 K.E.
It means Kinetic energy becomes 4 times

14. Two bodies of unequal masses are dropped from the top of a building.
Which of the following is equal for both bodies at any instant ? [ A ]
(A) Speed (B) Force of gravity (C) Potential energy (D) Kinetic energy
A. Explanation : Two bodies have different masses.
Potential Energy = mgh (It depends upon mass of the body)
Kinetic Energy = mv 2 (It depends upon mass of the body)
Force of gravity (W) = mg (It depends upon mass of the body)
So speed of two bodies is equal at any instant. v = u + at = 0 + gt = gt (independent of mass)
15. A man with a box on his head is climbing up a ladder.
The work done by the man on the box is ……. [ A ]
(A) Positive (B) Negative (C) Zero (D) Undefined
A. Explanation : Box is moving in the direction of applied force.
16. A porter with a suit case on his head is climbing up steps with uniform speed.
The work done by the “weight of the suit case” on the suit case is ………. [ B ]
(A) Positive (B) Negative (C) Zero (D) Undefined
A. Explanation : Box is moving in the opposite direction of force of gravity.
17. Draw a diagram to show conservation of mechanical energy in case of a free falling
body.
A. Diagram to show conservation of mechanical energy in case of a free falling body.
Total
P.E. K.E.
Mechanical Energy
A mgH
mgH 0
H-h
H
C mgh
mg(H-h) mg(H-h)
mgh mgH
0 mgH mgH
B
18. When you push your bicycle up an incline, the potential energy of the bicycle and
yourself increase. Where does this energy come from ?
A. (i) To push a bicycle up an incline, we have to use our muscular energy.
(ii) We apply force on the bicycle in the opposite direction of gravitational force.
(iii) The work done by us preserved as Potential energy.
(iv) So the Potential energy of the bicycle and ourselves comes from our muscles.
19. Why does a person standing for a long time get tired when he does not appear to be
doing any work ?
A. (i) Let a person is standing for a long time.
(ii) Gravitational force of earth is applied on him. His muscles get strained.
(iii) Due to this force the person standing for a long time get tired even he didn’t do any work.

BITS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. Energy neither be created nor destroyed. This statement is …….. [ ]

A. Law of conservation of mass B. Law of conservation of energy
C. Law of conservation of momentum D. Mass energy equivalence law
02. Formula to calculate Work [ ]
A. W = F - S B. W =
C. W = F x S D. W = F x S2
03. When the mass of a ball is doubled its kinetic energy [ ]
A. Remains same B. Gets doubled
C. Becomes half D. Becomes four times
04. A man with a box on his head is climbing up a ladder.
The work done by the man on the box is ……. [ ]
A. Positive B. Negative
C. Zero D. Undefined
05. The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called ……………. [ ]
A. Mechanical energy B. Potential energy
C. Kinetic energy D. Internal energy
06. Electrical energy is transferred in to Heat energy in ……………… [ ]
A. Dynamo B. Electric bulb
C. Photosynthesis process D. Thermal power production
07. When the velocity of a ball is doubled its kinetic energy [ ]
A. Remains same B. Gets doubled
C. Becomes half D. becomes 4 times
08. Formula for Potential Energy [ ]
A. P.E. = mgh B. P.E. = mv 2
C. P.E. = mg D. P.E. = F x S
09. Units : (i) Watt (ii) Joule/Second (iii) Joule-Second
Which of the above are the units of Power ? [ ]
A. only (i) B. only (ii)
C. (i) and (ii) D. (i), (ii) and (iii)
10. A book displaced 50cm on applying 4N force. How much work done on the book? [ ]
A. 200J B. 20J
C. 2J D. 8J

11. Law of conservation of energy [ ]
A. Matter neither be created nor destroyed
B. Energy neither be created nor destroyed
C. Mass neither be created nor destroyed
D. Atoms neither be created nor destroyed
12. Find the kinetic energy of the ball of 200g mass moving with a velocity of 30m/s. [ ]
A. 3J
B. 6J
C. 6000J
D. 150J
13. Factors : (i) Mass of the object
(ii) Velocity of the object
(iii) Height of the object
Which of the above factors can affect the kinetic energy of an object ? [ ]
A. (i) and (ii)
B. (ii) and (iii)
C. (i) and (iii)
D. only (ii)
14. A book of 2Kg is lifted up to 4m height. How much work done on the book? [ ]
A. 20J B. 24J
C. 50J D. 80J
15. Identify true statement [ ]
A. Rate of doing work is called power
B. Rate of transfer of energy is called power
C. Work done in unit time is called power
D. All of the above are true

11. SOUND
1. When we say sound travels in a medium [ ]
A. The medium travels B. The particles of the medium travels
C. The source travels D. The disturbance travels
2. A sound wave consists of [ ]
A. number of compression pulses only
B. number of rarefaction pulses only
C. number of compressions and rarefaction pulses one after the other
D. vacuum only
3. Hertz stands for oscillations per [ ]
A. second B. minute
C. hour D. millisecond
4. When we increase the loudness of sound of a T.V., the property of sound that
changes is ……………. [ ]
A. amplitude B. frequency C. wave length D. speed
5. The characteristics of the sound that describes how the brain interprets the
frequency of sound is called ………… [ ]
A. Pitch B. loudness
C. quality D. sound
6. In a stethoscope, sound of heart beats travel through stethoscope tube [ ]
A. By bending along the tube B. In a straight line
C. Undergoing multiple reflections D. all of the above
7. Explain the following terms.
(a) amplitude (b) wave length (c) frequency
A. (a) Amplitude : The maximum displacement of particles of a medium from their mean position is
called amplitude.
(b) Wave length : The distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions is called
wave length.
(c) Frequency : The number of oscillations of the density of the medium at a place per unit time
is called frequency.
8. Name two quantities that vary periodically at a place in air as a sound wave travels
through it.
A. The quantities that vary periodically at a place in air when sound wave travels through it are
(i) Density (ii) Pressure

9. Define the wave length of a sound wave. How is it related to the frequency and the wave
speed ?
A. (i) Wave length : The distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions is called
wave length.
(ii) The relation between wave length with frequency and speed of wave is V = Ʋƛ
(iii) Here V = Speed of wave, Ʋ = Frequency, ƛ = Wave length
10. Explain how echoes are used by bats to judge the distance of an obstacle in front of
them.
A. (i) Bats can produce ultra sonic waves (Ultra sounds) by its mouth.
(ii) The waves travel in air hit an obstacle like tree, wall.
(iii) The waves reflected by objects and received by the bat.
(iv) The bats can understand and estimate the distance of the obstacle and change travelling
path.
(v) In this way bats are used echoes to judge the distance of an obstacle in front of them.
11. Explain the working and applications of SONAR.
A. (i) SONAR – SOund Navigation And Ranging.
(ii) SONAR system is used in ships, submarines.
(iii) SONAR system consists of a transmitter and a receiver.
(iv) Ultrasound wave of high frequency (1000 KHz) are sent in all directions by transmitter.
(v) The waves travel in sea water and hit an object like sub marine, ships which were sunk in
sea.
(vi) The waves reflected by objects and received by the receiver.
(vii) Let the distance between SONAR and object is “d”, Speed of sound wave in water “v”
(viii) And the time for receiving echo is “t” then : Distance travelled = Velocity x Time
2d = V t
d=
(ix) This way the depth of sunken ships are calculated.

(x) Applications of SONAR : (i) Determining the depth of seas.
(ii) Identifying the location of hills under water.
(iii) For detecting submarines, icebergs and sunken ships.
12. Find the time period of a source of a sound wave whose frequency is 400Hz.
A. Frequency of sound wave (Ʋ) = 400Hz
Time period (T) =Ʋ= = 0.0025 s

13. A sound wave travels at a speed of 340 m/s. If its wave length is 2cm, what is the
frequency of the wave ? Will it be in the audible range ?
A. Speed of sound wave : v = 340m/s
Wave length : ƛ = 2cm = m = 0.02 m
Frequency of wave : Ʋ = ?
Formula : V = Ʋƛ
Ʋ= = = = 17000 Hz
ƛ . .
It is in audible frequency range. (Audible sound frequency range 20Hz – 20000Hz)

14. Which has larger frequency- infrasonic sound or ultrasonic sound ?
A. (i) The sounds with frequency less than 20Hz are called infrasonic sounds.
(ii) The sounds with frequency more than 20KHz are called ultrasonic sounds.
(iii) So ultrasonic sound has large frequency than infrasonic sound.
15. You might have observed that sometimes your pet dog starts barking though no one is
seen near in its surroundings or no disturbance heard nearby. Does this observation
raise any doubts in your mind about the peculiar behavior of dog after your
understanding about “range of hearing the sound.” If yes , write them.
A. Some doubts are
(i) Is the audible frequency range for human beings and animals are same ?
(ii) What is the audible frequency range of dogs ?
(iii) Can dogs hear any sounds which we can’t hear ?
16. With the help of a diagram describe how compression and rarefaction pulses are
produced in air near a source of sound.
A. (i) When a source of sound vibrates, It creates
disturbance in the medium.
(ii) When sound propagates in air compressions
and rarefaction pulses are formed.
(iii) The vibration created at the source pushes the
particles of air in the layer in front of it.
(iv) So the particles get closer to each other.
This is called compression.
(v) As the vibration passes to the second layer then the particles in the first layer move away
from each other. This is called rarefaction.
(vi) These two pulses formed one after another as the sound wave propagates.

17. The grand parents and parents of two year old girl are playing with her in a room. A
sound source produces a 28 KHz sound. Who in the room is most likely to hear the
sound ?
A. (i) Audible frequency range of human beings is 20Hz to 20KHz.
(ii) But Kids can hear up to 30KHz.
(iii) The produced sound is 28KHz. So The two year old girl may only hear the sound.
18. Why is soft furnishing avoided in concert halls ?
A. (i) In concert halls excessive reverberation is unbearable.
(ii) If soft furnishing is there in halls, the sound does not absorbed by walls.
(iii) Then reverberation takes place and the quality of sound decreases.
(iv) Then it is hard to hear clear sounds.
(v) So generally the roofs, side walls in concert halls, auditoriums, theatres are not soft
furnished to prevent reverberation.
19. Given that sound travels in air at 340m/s. Find the wave length of the waves in air
produced by a 20KHz sound source. If the same source is put in a water tank, what
would be the wave length of the sound wave in water ? (Speed of sound in water is
1480m/s.)
A. Speed of sound wave in air : V = 340m/s
Frequency of sound wave : Ʋ = 20KHz = 20000Hz
Wave length of the sound wave in air : ƛ a = ?
Formula : V = Ʋƛ a
ƛa =Ʋ= = = 17 x 10-3m
Speed of sound wave in water : V = 1480m/s

Wave length of the sound wave in water : ƛw = ?
If the same source of sound put in a water tank,
Formula : V = Ʋƛ w
ƛw =Ʋ= = = 74 x 10-3m

BITS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. The relation between Velocity of a sound wave, wave length, frequency is ….. [ ]
A. ƛ = Ʋ B. Ʋ =
C. E = h Ʋ D. W = F.S
02. SONAR stands for [ ]
A. Sound Navigation and Ranging
B. Security Of National Army
C. Social Navigating Recommendations
D. Sound Noise Amplitude Resolutions
03. Correct sentence [ ]
A. Speed of sound in air is more than the speed of sound in water
B. Speed of sound in air is more than the speed of light in air
C. Speed of sound in water is more than the speed of sound in Iron
D. Speed of sound in air is less than the speed of sound in Glass
04. In a stethoscope, sound of heart beats travel through stethoscope tube [ ]
A. By bending along the tube B. Undergoing multiple reflections
C. In a straight line D. all of the above
05. Audible frequency limits of human beings [ ]
A. 20Hz and 20KHz B. 20Hz and 20000KHz
C. 20KHz and 20000KHz D. 20Hz and 200Hz
06. The sound waves X, Y and Z are shown in the diagrams respectively.
Which has more Pitch ? [ ]
O O O
A. Sound wave “X” B. Sound wave “Y”

C. Sound wave “Z” D. All waves have same Pitch
07. A sound wave consists of [ ]
A. number of compression pulses only
B. number of rarefaction pulses only
C. number of compressions and rarefaction pulses one after the other
D. vacuum only

08. Hertz is the unit stands for oscillations per [ ]
A. second B. minute
C. hour D. millisecond
09. The characteristics of the sound that describes how the brain interprets the
frequency of sound is called ………… [ ]
A. Pitch B. loudness
C. quality D. sound
10. Infra sounds frequency [ ]
A. below 20KHz B. below 20000KHz
C. above 20Hz D. below 20Hz
11. The distance between two consecutive crests is called ……………. [ ]
A. Velocity of the wave B. Frequency of the wave
C. Wave length D. Speed of the wave
12. Sound waves in air are ………….. [ ]
A. Transverse waves B. Longitudinal waves
C. either A or B D. None of the above
13. Part identified in the diagram is ………. [ ]
A. Phase
B. Wave length
C. Displacement
D. Amplitude
14. The number of waves produced in one second is called …….. [ ]
A. Velocity of the wave B. Frequency of the wave
C. Wave length D. Speed of the wave
15. Identify the false statement [ ]
A. Female voice is shriller than the male voice
B. Male voice is shriller than the female voice
C. Pitch of Male voice and female are equal

12. UNITS AND GRAPHS
1. Which is bigger either 2kg or 100g ?
A. (i) 2kg quantity is bigger than 100g quantity.
(ii) Because 2kg = 2000g
2. What is a unit ?
A. A unit is a standard measure used for comparing measurements.
3. Name some fundamental physical quantities ?
A. Some fundamental physical quantities are : (i) Length
(ii) Mass
(iii) Time
4. What are fundamental physical quantities ?
A. The physical quantities which can’t be expressed in terms of other physical quantities are called
fundamental physical quantities.
Ex: Length, Mass, Time
5. Complete the following table.
System Length Mass Time
F.P.S. Pound
Centimeter Second
M.K.S. meter
A. Measuring systems and units :
System Length Mass Time
F.P.S. Foot Pound Second
C.G.S. Centimeter Gram Second
M.K.S. meter Kilogram Second
6. What is S.I. system ?

A. (i) S.I. system means Standard International system of measurements.
(ii) It was introduced in 1971 to measure quantities uniformly.
7. What are derived quantities? Give two examples.
A. (i) The quantities that are obtained by combining the fundamental quantities either by
multiplying or division or both operations are called derived quantities.
(ii) Ex: Area, Force, Velocity, Speed, Density

8. Name some fundamental physical quantities in S.I. system.
A. (1) The fundamental quantities in S.I. system are :
(i) Length (ii) Mass (iii) Time
(iv) Electric current (v) Light intensity (vi) Temperature
9. Name some derived quantities and their units.

A. Derived quantities and units:
Sl. No. Derived quantity Unit in S.I. system
1. Speed m/s
2. Velocity m/s
3. Acceleration m/s 2
4. Force kg-m/s 2
5. Momentum kg-m/s
6. Area m2
7. Volume m3
8. Density kg/m3
9. Pressure N/m2
10. Distinguish between fundamental quantities and derived quantities.
A.
Fundamental physical quantity Derived physical quantity
1. The physical quantities which can’t be 1. The quantities that are obtained
expressed in terms of other physical by combining the fundamental
quantities are called fundamental quantities either by multiplying or
physical quantities. division or both operations are called
derived quantities.
2. Independent quantities. 2. Dependant quantities.
3. Ex: Length, Mass, Time 3. Ex: Speed, Velocity, Aceeleration
11. What are the units of density in M.K.S. system and in C.G.S. system ? What is the
relation between the units?
A. Density =
Unit in M.K.S. system is kg/m3

Unit in C.G.S. system is g/cm3

3
1kg/m =

=

=

=
= 10 g/cm3
-3
12. How many nanometers make a kilo meter?

A. 1m = 109 nm
1km = 1000 m
= 103 m
= 103 X 109 nm
= 1012 nm
13. Observe the following table. It gives the distance and time details of the motion of an
object. Draw a Distance Vs Time graph from the given details.
Time (Minutes) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Distance (kilometers) 0 3 8 12 19 24 24 30 33
A. The given data :
Time (Minutes) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Distance (kilometers) 0 3 8 12 19 24 24 30 33
Distance Vs Time graph :

BITS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. How many grams make a kilogram ? [ ]
A. 10 B. 1000 C. 100 D. 10000
02. Standard International system of measurements was introduced in ……………. [ ]
A. 1950 B. 1956 C. 1945 D. 1971
03. …………. is the unit of mass in FPS system [ ]
A. Gram B. Kilogram C. Ton D. Pound
04. …………. is the unit of light intensity in S.I. system [ ]
A. Candela B. Ampere C. Mole D. Radian
05. Physical quantities : (i) Length (ii) Area (iii) Density
Which of the above are derived physical quantities ? [ ]
A. (i) only B. (i) and (iii) C. (i) and (ii) D. (ii) and (iii)
06. Mass x acceleration = ……………………. [ ]
A. Pressure B. Work C. Power D. Force
07. Square meter is a ……………… unit. [ ]
A. Fundamental B. Derived C. either A or B D. None of the above
08. 1 Giga Hertz (1GHz) = …………….. Hz [ ]
A. 109Hz B. 106Hz C. 103Hz D. 10-3Hz
09. 1 nanometer (1nm) = …………….. m [ ]
-9 -6 3 -3
A. 10 Hz B. 10 Hz C. 10 Hz D. 10 Hz
10. The unit of intensity of sound can be written as ………….. [ ]
A. dB B. db C. Db D. DB
11. Some units are expressed in the names of scientists.
Choose the correct notation : [ ]
A. Newton B. weber C. Ohm D. Tesla
12. Horizontal line in a graph paper is called ………… [ ]
A. x-axis B. y-axis C. either A or B D. origin
13. The relation between mass and elongation in a spring is formulated by ……………. [ ]
A. William crooks B. Robert Hooke C. John Shore D. Edison
14. Find the range of the given data.
5, 10, 14, 17, 21, 25, 27, 32, 36, 43, 47 [ ]
A. 5 B. 31 C. 36 D. 42
15. Physical quantities : (i) Length (ii) Mass (iii) Time
Which of the above are derived physical quantities ? [ ]
A. (i) only B. (i) and (iii) C. (i) and (ii) D. None of the bove
ENGLISH MEDIUM

CHAPTER: 01 – MOTION
EXPERIMENT – 1
MOTION ON AN INCLINED PLANE
Aim : To find the acceleration and velocity of an object moving on an inclined plane.
Required : Books of same size-6, Marble, Stop watch, 2m Plastic tube, Marker pen, Steel plate
Description : The velocity of the body which moves on an inclined plane increases gradually.
The motion of the body on an inclined plane is accelerated motion.
Formula : Displacement : S = ut + at2 (Second equation of motion)
Initial velocity of the body : u = 0m/s

S = ut + at2
S = 0(t) + at2
S = at2
2S = at2
at2 = 2s
a= (acceleration)
By the First equation of motion : V = u + at

V = 0 + at
V = at
Procedure :
(1) Take 2m plastic tube.

(2) Cut it in to two parts along the vertical line.
(3) Use the U-shaped channel as the track. (one part)
(4) Place one end of the track on the books and the other end on the floor.
(5) Keep a steel vessel on the floor at the bottom of the track.
(6) Mark the reading at the bottom of the track as zero.
(7) Mark the scale from 0cm to 200cm on the track.
(8) Place the marble at 150cm point on the track and release.
(9) Start the Stop watch when the marble is released.
(10) Marble moves down and strikes the steel plate.
(11) Stop the stop watch when a sound produced.
(12) Note down the readings (displacement and time) in the table.
(13) Repeat the same experiment for the same distance 2 or 3 times.

(14) Take the average value of time (t).
(15) Find the acceleration by using the formula a = and velocity by using V = at
(16) Repeat the same for various distances.
Observation :
Average time 
Time
Sl. Displacement  a= 
No. (in cm’s) V = at
( + + )
   
3
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
(1) Observed that if displacement increase, then velocity of the body increases.
(2) If displacement of the body increases, then acceleration of the body increases.
Precautions :
(1) Switch ON or Switch OFF the stop watch exactly at the particular time.
(2) Mark the readings on the track from bottom to top accurately.
(3) Switch on the stop watch when marble released. Special care is needed.
Result : Observed the acceleration and velocity of an object moving on an inclined plane.

CHAPTER: 02 – LAWS OF MOTION
EXPERIMENT – 2
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
Aim : Observing Newton’s third law of motion by using balloon rocket.
Required : Thick thread, Straw
Balloon, Cello tape
Blade/Cutter
Description : For every action force, there should be equal and opposite reaction force.
Formula : Faction = - Freaction
Procedure :
(1) Tie one end of the thread to a window which is at height in the room.
(2) Pass the thread through the straw.
(3) Tie another end of the thread to the lower part of a window at opposite side in the room.
(4) Inflate the balloon and press its neck with finger to prevent escaping air from it.
(5) Tape the balloon to the straw.
(6) Now release the finger from the neck of the balloon.
(7) Observe What happen ?
Observation :
(1) The balloon moves in a direction opposite to the direction of escaping air.
(2) Here Action : Escaping air from the balloon.
Reaction : Motion of balloon along with the straw in opposite direction of
escaping air.
Precautions :
(1) Tie the thread tightly. Otherwise the balloon may not move freely.
(2) Use a small piece of cello tape to stick the balloon on the straw.
(3) We should not use very small balloon. (It can move a small distance.)
Result : Observed the Newton’s third law of motion by using balloon rocket.

CHAPTER: 03 – IS MATTER PURE ?
EXPERIMENT – 3
TYPES OF MIXTURES
Aim : To identify the different types of mixtures. (Solutions, Colloids, Suspensions)
Required : Beakers, Test tube, Laser torch light, Conical flask, Funnel, Filter paper
(Given substances : Lime water, Tap water, Milk
Description : (i) Mixtures are two types.
(ii) They are Homogeneous mixtures and Heterogeneous mixtures.
(iii) Solution is homogeneous mixture.
It is transparent. It can’t scatter the light.
Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures.
The size of particles in colloids re too small to be seen by naked eyes.
But the particles are big enough to scatter the light.
We can’t separate it by filtration. Chemical methods should be adopted.
(iv) Suspension are heterogeneous mixtures.
The particles are visible.
They can scatter the light easily.
The particles settle down after some time.
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

Procedure :
(1) Take 50ml of given mixture in to a beaker.

(2) Project the laser torch light ray through the mixture in the beaker.
(3) Observe whether the path of the light is visible or not.
(4) Take 20ml of given mixture in to test tube.
(5) Keep it aside without disturbance for some tome.
(6) Observe whether the particles in the mixture settled down or not.
(7) Place a filter paper on conical flask.
(8) Pour the given mixture in to it.

(9) Observe whether any filtrate formed on the filter paper or not.
(10) Note down the readings in the table.
(11) Repeat the same procedure for the remaining mixtures.
(12) Note down the readings in the table.

Observation :
Is the path of Is residue

Did particles
Sl. the light beam seen on the
Given mixture settle down?
No. visible? filter paper?
(Yes/No)
(Yes/No) (Yes/No)
1. Mixture-1 (Tap water)
2. Mixture-2 (Milk)
3. Mixture-3 (Lime water)
Note : If we get No No No ….. It is solution

If we get Yes Yes No ….. It is Colloid
If we get Yes Yes Yes ….. It is Suspension
Precautions :
(1) The liquid mixtures should not be thick.
Result : Classified the given mixtures as Solutions, Colloids and Suspensions.

(i) Mixture-1 (Tap water) is ………………
(i) Mixture-2 (Milk) is ………………
(i) Mixture-3 (Lime water) is ………………

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CHAPTER: 04 – ATOMS AND MOLECULES
EXPERIMENT – 4
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
Aim : To verify the law of conservation of mass.
Required : Lead nitrate, potassium iodide, distilled water, conical flask, spring balance, test
tube, stand, rubber cork, thread etc.
Description : If a chemical reaction took place then the mass remained same before and after
chemical reaction.
Therefore, mass was neither created nor destroyed in the chemical reaction.
This is law of conservation of mass.
Procedure :
1. Prepare a solution by dissolving approximately 2g of lead nitrate in 100ml of distilled water.
2. Prepare another solution by dissolving approximately 2g of Potassium iodide in 100ml water.
3. Take 100ml solution of lead nitrate in 250ml conical flask.
4. Also take 4ml solution of potassium iodide in test tube.
5. Hang the test tube in the flask carefully, without mixing the solutions.
6. Put a cork on the flask.
7. Weigh the flask with its contents Carefully.
8. Now tilt and swirl the flask, so that the two solutions mix.
9. Weigh the flask again by the same Balance.
10. Record the observations.
Observations :
Weight of flask and contents before mixing = ………...… (before chemical reaction)
Weight of flask and contents after mixing = …………… (after chemical reaction)
Precautions :
(i) Measure the mass accurately.
(ii) Take care while mixing the solutions in the conical flask.
Result : The law of conservation of mass is verified.

CHAPTER: 06 – CHEMICAL REACTIONS-EQUATIONS
EXPERIMENT – 5
CHEMICAL DISPLACEMENT REACTION
Aim : To observe the chemical displacement reaction.
Required : Test tube, small beaker, water, copper sulphate, new iron nails-2, sand paper
Description : In which chemical reaction, one element displaces the other element from its
compound, that chemical reaction is called chemical displacement reaction.
Example : Zinc + Silver nitrate  Zinc nitrate + Silver
Procedure :
1. Take two iron nails. (Scratch them with sand paper if needed.)
2. Take 20g of copper sulphate in to a beaker. Add 100ml of water. Copper sulphate aqueous
solution is formed.
3. Take 10ml of copper sulphate in to a test tube.
4. Dip one iron nail in to the copper sulphate solution in the beaker.
5. Keep the beaker undisturbed for 15min.
6. Compare the dipped iron nail with the new iron nail.
7. Compare the copper sulphate solution in the beaker with the solution in the test tube.

Observations :
1. Lead nitrate aqueous solution and Potassium iodide aqueous solutions are colourless.
2. The mixture of two solutions turns in to Yellow colour first.
3. After some time yellow colour precipitate settle down in the bottom of the beaker. Remaining
solution is colourless.
4. Due to reaction between Lead nitrate and Potassium Iodide, Lead and Potassium
interchange their places and form Lead iodide (Yellow colour precipitate) and Potassium
nitrate solution (Colourless solution).
5. Lead nitrate + Potassium iodide  Lead Iodide + Potassium Nitrate
6. This is chemical double displacement reaction.
Precautions :
(i) Do not make the solution disturbed until the reaction takes place.
Result : Observed the Chemical double displacement reaction.

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

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CHAPTER: 07 – CHEMICAL REACTIONS-EQUATIONS
EXPERIMENT – 6
FOCAL LENGTH OF A CONCAVE MIRROR
Aim : To find the focal length of a given concave mirror.
Required : Concave mirror, V-stand, Screen, Measuring tape or meter scale, Candle, Match
box
Description : The point on the principal axis at which the parallel rays coming from infinity
converges after reflection is called focus of the spherical mirror. It is denoted by ‘F’.
The distance between pole and focus is called focal length of the spherical mirror. It
is denoted by ‘f’.
Formula : Object distance = u Image distance = v Focal length = f
Then Mirror formula : = + 
Procedure :
1. Place the given concave mirror on the V-stand.

2. Lit a candle in front of the mirror.
3. Place the screen in opposite to the mirror and adjust the place of the screen such that the
clear image of the candle flame can be collected on it.
4. Measure the distance between mirror and candle flame as Object distance “u”.
5. Measure the distance between mirror and screen (image) as Image distance “v”.
6. Find the focal length of the concave mirror by using the formula : = +
Observations :
1. Object distance “u” = …………………….. cm

2. Image distanance “v” = …………………….. cm

Calculation :
Mirror formula : = +
 = +
…………. …………….
…………. …………….
 =
……………………………………..
………….…………….
 =
……………………………………..
………….…………….
 = ……………………………………..
Focal lengthf) =
Precautions :
(i) Collect the clear image on the screen without parallax error.
(ii) Measure the distances accurately.
(iii) Remember that “the distance from the mirror” means “the distance from the center of
V-stand.”
Result : Focal length of the given Concave mirror = ……………………… cm











CHAPTER: 09 – FLOATING BODIES
EXPERIMENT – 7
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
Aim : To prove Archimedes principle for the bodies which sinks in liquids.
Required : Water, Over flow jar, Spring balance, Iron sphere with hook (or) a stone
Description : The apparent loss of weight of the immersed stone is equal to the weight of water
displaced by the stone.
i.e., equal to the force of buoyancy exerted by the water.







Procedure :
(1) Tie a thread to the hook of iron bob.

(2) Find the weight of the iron bob (m1) by using spring balance.
(3) Find the weight of empty beaker (m2) by using spring balance.
(4) Pour water in the over flow jar until it starts dripping from its beak.
(5) After completion of dripping water from over flow jar, place the beaker under the beak of
over flow jar.
(6) Hang the iron bob to the hook of the spring balance.
(7) Immerse the iron bob gently in to the water in the over flow jar.
(8) Water flows out from the beaker and was collected in the beaker.
(9) Find the weight of the iron bob (m3) when immersed in water.
(10) Find the weight of the beaker along with displaced water (m4).
(11) If we deduct m3 from m1 we get the apparent loss of weight (m) of object.
(12) If we deduct the mass of empty beaker from the mass of the beaker with displaced water,
then we get the mass of the displaced water (mI).

Oservation :
Mass of the Object (m1) = …….……………g

Mass of the empty beaker (m2) = ………………….g
Mass of object when immersed in water (m3) = ………………… g
Mass of beaker with displaced water (m4) = ………………….g
Apparent loss of weight of the object (m) = m1 – m3
=
= …………………g
I
Weight of displaced water (m ) = m4 – m2
=
= …………………g
Apparent loss of weight of object (Iron bob) is equal to the weight of the displaced water by
the object.

Precautions :
(1) Immerse the object in the water of over flow jar gently.
(2) Observe the readings in the spring balance without parallax error.
Result :
The apparent loss of weight of the immersed stone is equal to the weight of water
displaced by the stone.
Hence Archimedes principle is verified.

ENGLISH MEDIUM

PROJECT WORK - 1
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
To find the average speed of vehicles in our locality.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Title of the project : To find average speed of vehicles.

Name of the team : Super science Team
Class :9
Medium :
Number of Team members :
Names if the team members : 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Material required : Measuring Tape, Stop watch / Cell phone, Work sheets,
Calculator, Pen / Pencil
Procedure :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Work sheet : Table – 1
Travelling
Speed =
Distance time
Sl. Vehicle Starting Ending
Travelled (Time
No. Type time time
(D) period) (v = )
(T)

Calculation : Table – 2
Number
Sl. Vehicle Average speed =
of
No. Type
vehicles
Analysis :
Conclusion :
References :
Acknowledgements :
Signature of the student
. Page 94
: Project Guidance :
(i) We want to find the average speed of vehicles in our locality or nearby school.
(ii) To do this work select a part of road about 200m by using measuring tape.
(It should not a busy center).
(iii) Mark the starting point and end points.
(iv) We observe the digital clock. If any vehicle touches the starting point and after crossing
the final point, note down the timings.
(v) The time taken by the vehicle to travel the distance should be noted down in the work
sheet.
(vi) Similarly continue the work and calculate the speed of different vehicles and then find
the average speed of vehicles on the road point.
Note : Copy the same observations for each of the members.

Don’t copy the procedure. Change it according to your work.
Steps while doing this project :

Travelling
Speed =
Distance time
Sl. Vehicle Starting Ending
Travelled (Time
No. Type time time
(D) period) (v = )
(T)
1. 200m
2. 200m
3. 200m

Calculation : Table – 2
Number is it travel within
Sl. Vehicle Average speed =
of the permitted
No. Type
vehicles speed or not ?
1. Bus …..
2. Car…..
3. Bike…
Analysis:
Number of vehicles Surveyed =
Total average speed of vehicles = …..………. m/s
Actual permitted speed of vehicles in that area = ……..……. m/s
The vehicles travelling with normal speed / over speed / less speed.
Which type of vehicles travel with average speed more than the permitted average speed ?
Which type of vehicles travel with average speed less than the permitted average speed ?
Some more Observations :
Note : If vehicles are travelling with over speed in your school locality, then make a representation
to the station house officer and request him/her to instruct the local drivers towards
controlled driving and safe driving.

MODEL REQUESITION LETTER
.…………….. (Village Name),
Date : …………………….
To
The Station House Officer,
……………………………...,
…………………………….…
Sir,
Sub : Expressing the average speed of vehicles travelled in our locality (………….) –
Requesting to make arrangements to control over speed of vehicles – Reg.
******
In our ………… School area (Locality) of …………. Village, we observed that the vehicles
are travelling with over speed. The permitted average speed of vehicles in our locality is ……….
m/s. But the vehicles are travelling an average speed of ……………. m/s.
As this is the School zone/ …………….., if vehicles travel with over speed there may be
accidents took place.
So we request you to take necessary steps to control over speed of vehicles in our School
zone/locality.
Thanking you sir.
Yours truly
Students of Class …..

….………… School,
…….……….. Village.
Signatures of the Team members:
Signature of the Teacher:

PROJECT WORK - 2
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
To find the average speed of runners.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Title of the project : To find average speed of runners.

Class :9
Medium :
2.
3.
4.
5.
Material required : Measuring Tape, Stop watch / Cell phone, Work sheets,
Calculator, Pen / Pencil
Procedure :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

Travelling
Speed =
Name Distance time
Sl. Starting Ending
of the Travelled (Time
No. time time
Student (D) period) (v = )
(T)
1. 100m

Analysis:
Number of students participated =
Total average speed of students (100m) = …..………. m/s
Total average speed of students (200m) = …..………. m/s
The students travelled with normal speed / over speed / less speed are …..
Some more Observations :
Conclusion :
Who runs fast ?
Who runs slow ?
References :
Acknowledgements :

(i) We want to find the average speed of runners (Friends) in the school.
(ii) To do this work select 100m track or 200m track by using measuring tape.
(Take the help of the Physical Education Teacher).
(iii) Mark the starting point and end points.
(iv) We observe the digital clock. If a runner starts at the starting point and after crossing
the final point, note down the timings.
(v) The time taken by the runner to travel the distance should be noted down in the work
sheet.
(vi) Similarly continue the work and calculate the speed of other runners and then find
the average speed of runners.
Note : Copy the same observations for each of the members.

Steps while doing this project :

Travelling
Speed =
Name Distance time
Sl. Starting Ending
of the Travelled (Time
No. time time
Student (D) period) (v = )
(T)
1. 100m
2. 100m
3. 100m
Analysis :

Average speed =

If a runner speed is more than the average speed, he is the fast runner.
If a runner speed is less than the average speed, he is not a suitable runner.
PROJECT WORK - 3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Collect the Names and symbols of all element known to the world till today.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Title of the project : Collecting the Names and symbols of elements

Class :9
Medium :
2.
3.
4.
5.
Material required : White papers, Scale, Pencil,
Class-X Physical science text book
Procedure :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
List of all elements :

Atomic
Name of the element Symbol Atomic mass
number
1
2
3
4
References :
Acknowledgements :
(i) Collect the Class-X Physical science text book from a friend.
(ii) Refer the periodic table of elements.
(iii) Make a list of all elements in the order of atomic numbers.
(iv) Also write the Name along with symbol and atomic mass.
(v) Prepare 3 or 4 charts with the details of elements and present them in the class room.
(vi) Stick the charts on to the wall in the class room.
Note : Repeat the same for each of the members.

Understanding the Periodic table of elements :
List of all elements :

Atomic
Name of the element Symbol Atomic mass
number
1 Hydrogen H 1.008
2 Helium He 4.00
3 Lithium Li 6.94
4 Beryllium Be 9.01
5 10.81
6 Carbon
7 N
PROJECT WORK - 4
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Collect the photographs of images formed by the spherical mirrors.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Title of the project : Collecting the photographs of images formed by spherical

mirrors.
Class :9
Medium :
2.
3.
4.
5.
Material required : Optics reference books/News papers/ ……
Procedure :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Explanation :
(i) We can get different sizes of images and at desired distances by spherical mirrors.
(ii) Spherical mirrors, which converges light at a point used in solar appliances.
(iii) Concave mirrors are used by ENT doctors to see the effected parts more visible.
(iv) Spherical mirrors are used in wars in olden days to destroy the ships.
(v) Concave mirrors are used in telescopes to see celestial bodies.
(vi) Convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors.
(vii) Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in head lights of vehicles.
Images formed by spherical mirrors :
(i) Images formed by convex mirrors:
(ii) Images formed by concave mirrors:
Opinion of spherical mirrors :
References :
Acknowledgements :
. Page 104
(i) Collect the images formed by the spherical mirrors from the magazines.
(ii) Write the uses of spherical mirrors.
(iii) Paste the image photographs in the project book.
(iv) Write your opinion on the spherical mirrors.
Note : Repeat the same for each of the members.

Some images formed by spherical mirrors :
PROJECT WORK - 5
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Make a model to visualize the motion of transverse wave

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Title of the project : Making a model of Dynamic wave

Class :9
Medium :
2.
3.
4.
5.
Material required : Old CD’s-2, Wooden sticks-32, Cycle spoke-1, Plastic lids-2,
Scissors-1, Glue, Beads-32
Procedure :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Diagram of Prepared model :
(Model submitted)
References : arvindguptatoys.com
Acknowledgements :
(i) First list out the material needed. (Old CD’s-2, Wooden sticks-32, Cycle spoke-1,
Plastic lids-2, Scissors-1, Glue, Beads-32)
(ii) Collect the material from home or shop.
(iii) Drill 16 equidistance hole at the edges of both CD’s.
(iv) Fit 16 sticks through the holes tightly. (for 2 CD’s)
(v) Insert one bead in each stick.
(vi) Fix second CD through stick to form like a cage.
(vi) Make one hole at the middle on the two plastic lids.
(vii) Fix the lids at the middle of the CD’s at out side.
(viii) Insert cycle spoke through the lids at the center.
(ix) Dynamic wave model is ready.
(x) Arrange a stand for the model.
Note : Don’t copy the procedure. Change it according to your work.

One team can make only one model.
Procedure and other works should be written in all record books.
Steps in making Dynamic wave model :

(from www.arvindguptatoys.com)
KEY SHEET for BITS
1. MOTION
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. A 04. A 07. D 10. B 13. B
02. D 05. D 08. D 11. B 14. A
03. B 06. B 09. B 12. A 15. A
2. LAWS OF MOTION
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. C 04. B 07. B 10. A 13. A
02. A 05. B 08. C 11. B 14. B
03. C 06. A 09. B 12. A 15. C
3. IS MATTER PURE ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. C 04. B 07. B 10. A 13. D

02. B 05. A 08. C 11. C 14. D
03. A 06. C 09. C 12. D 15. C
4. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. B 04. B 07. B 10. C 13. C

02. A 05. A 08. D 11. B 14. D
03. B 06. B 09. C 12. A 15. D
5. WHAT IS INSIDE ATOM ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. D 04. C 07. B 10. D 13. C
02. C 05. C 08. B 11. D 14. C
03. C 06. A 09. D 12. B 15. B
6. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. C 04. B 07. B 10. B 13. C

02. A 05. C 08. C 11. D 14. A
03. A 06. A 09. A 12. C 15. C
7. REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY CURVED SURFACES

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. D 04. A 07. A 10. C 13. C

02. D 05. C 08. C 11. C 14. D
03. A 06. D 09. A 12. C 15. A
8. GRAVITATION
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. C 04. B 07. A 10. C 13. A
02. A 05. A 08. C 11. B 14. A
03. B 06. C 09. B 12. D 15. D
9. FLOATING BODIES
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. A 04. C 07. C 10. D 13. A
02. C 05. D 08. C 11. A 14. B
03. B 06. C 09. B 12. A 15. C
10. WORK AND ENERGY
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. B 04. B 07. D 10. C 13. A

02. C 05. C 08. A 11. B 14. D
03. B 06. B 09. C 12. B 15. D
11. SOUND
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. A 04. B 07. C 10. D 13. D
02. A 05. A 08. A 11. C 14. B
03. D 06. A 09. C 12. B 15. A
12. UNITS AND GRAPHS
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
01. B 04. A 07. B 10. A 13. B
02. D 05. D 08. A 11. B 14. D
03. D 06. D 09. A 12. A 15. D
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS
*****

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CLASS-09

ALL PS STUDENT NOTES ARE AVAILABLE

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© All copy rights reserved to the Publishers

CCE STUDENT NOTES

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4. What do you mean by constant acceleration?

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(first half trip) = t1 = = = hours

The distance travelled by two trains in hours = relative speed x time = 60 x = 20 x 2 = 40 Km

The distance between two trains after hours =60–40=20 Km

The distance travelled by two trains in hours = relative speed x time = 60 x = 20 x = Km

The total time for one trip to bird = t1 + t2 = + = + = hours = hours

The distance between two trains after hours (one trip) = 20 – = Km

The distance travelled by two trains in hours = relative speed x time = 60 x = 20 x = Km

The distance between two trains after hours = – = – = Km

The distance travelled by two trains in hours = relative speed x time = 60 x = 20 x = Km

The total time for second trip to bird = t3 + t4 = + = + = hours = hours

The time taken to trains to reach together = 1 hour

Veocity of the stone while it touches the water surfaceV = ?

Formula : V = U + at = U + gt = 0 + 10(2) = 20m/s 

Depth of wter surface from the top of wellS = ?

Formula : S = Ut + at2 = 6(3) + (2)(3)2 = 18 + 9 = 27m

01. Units of displacement [ ]

08. Speedometer is used in vehicles to indicate [ ]

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01. Momentum P = Mass x Velocity

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12. Vehicles : (i) Jet plane

14. A system is said to be isolated when …………………. [ ]

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7. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures.

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01. Milk is …………….. [ ]

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(c) Carbon dioxide formula is CO2

14. Write the valencies of Fe in FeCl2 and FeCl3.

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01. Atomicity of water (H2O) molecule [ ]

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CaCO3  CaO + CO2

2AgBr  2Ag + Br2

2H2O (ℓ)  2H2(g) + O2 (g)

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