Simple living

Simple living refers to practices that promote simplicity in one's lifestyle. Common practices of simple
living include reducing the amount of possessions one owns, depending less on technology and services,
and spending less money.[1][2]

Adherents may choose simple living for a variety of

personal reasons, such as spirituality, health, increase
in quality time for family and friends, work–life
balance, personal taste, financial sustainability,
increase in philanthropy, frugality, environmental
sustainability,[3] or reducing stress. Simple living can
also be a reaction to materialism and conspicuous
consumption. Some cite sociopolitical goals aligned
with environmentalist, anti-consumerist or anti-war
movements, including conservation, degrowth, deep
ecology, and tax resistance.[4]

Mahatma Gandhi spinning yarn in 1942. Gandhi

believed in a life of simplicity and self-sufficiency.
Contents
History
Religious and spiritual
Secular and political
Changing mindset
Practices
Reducing consumption, work time, and
possessions
Increasing self-sufficiency
Reconsidering technology
Simplifying diet
Politics and activism
Environmentalism
Anti-war
Arts
Economics
See also
References
Bibliography
External links

History
Religious and spiritual

A number of religious and spiritual traditions

encourage simple living.[5] Early examples include the
Śramaṇa traditions of Iron Age India, Gautama
Buddha, and biblical Nazirites.

Traditions of simple living stretch back to antiquity,

finding resonance with leaders such as Laozi,
Confucius, Zarathustra, Gautama Buddha, Jesus, and
Muhammad. These traditions were heavily influenced
by both Mediterranean culture and Abrahamic
ethics.[6] Diogenes, a major figure in the ancient Greek
philosophy of Cynicism, claimed that a simple life was Diogenes living in a clay wine jar. Painting by
necessary for virtue, and was said to have lived in a Jean-Léon Gérôme (1860), Walters Art Museum.
wine jar.[7]

Jesus is said to have lived a simple life. He is said to have encouraged his disciples "to take nothing for their
journey except a staff—no bread, no bag, no money in their belts—but to wear sandals and not put on two
tunics."[8] Similar to Jesus' statement, many notable religious individuals, such as Benedict of Nursia,
Francis of Assisi, Henry David Thoreau, Leo Tolstoy, Rabindranath Tagore, Albert Schweitzer, and
Mahatma Gandhi,[9][6] have claimed that spiritual inspiration led them to a simple living lifestyle.

Sufism in the Muslim world emerged and grew as a mystical,[10]

Ottoman Dervish portrayed by
Amedeo Preziosi, 1860s circa,
Muzeul Naţional de Artă al
României
somewhat hidden tradition in the mainstream Sunni and Shia
denominations of Islam,[10] state Eric Hanson and Karen Armstrong,
likely in reaction to "the growing worldliness of Umayyad and
Abassid societies".[11] Sufism was adopted and then grew particularly
in the frontier areas of Islamic states,[10][12] where the asceticism of its
fakirs and dervishes appealed to populations already used to the
monastic traditions of Hinduism, Buddhism, and
Christianity. [11][13][14] Sufis were highly influential and greatly
successful in spreading Islam between the 10th and 19th centuries,[10]
particularly to the furthest outposts of the Muslim world in the Middle
East and North Africa, the Balkans and Caucasus, the Indian
subcontinent, and finally Central, Eastern, and Southeast Asia.[10]
Some scholars have argued that Sufi Muslim ascetics and mystics
played a decisive role in converting the Turkic peoples to Islam
between the 10th and 12th centuries and Mongol invaders in Persia
during the 13th and 14th centuries, mainly because of the similarities
between the extreme, ascetic Sufis (fakirs and dervishes) and the
Shamans of the traditional Turco-Mongol religion.[12][15]

Plain people typically belonged to Christian groups that have practised

lifestyles with excluded forms of wealth or technology for religious or philosophical reasons. Such
Christian groups include the Shakers, Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites, Amana Colonies, Bruderhof,[16][17]
Old German Baptist Brethren, Harmony Society, and some Quakers. A Quaker belief called Testimony of
simplicity states that a person ought to live her or his life simply. Some tropes about complete exclusion of
technology in these groups may not be accurate though. The Amish and other groups do use some modern
technology, after assessing its impact on the community.[18][19]
The 18th-century French Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau strongly praised the simple
way of life in many of his writings, especially in two books: Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1750) and
Discourse on Inequality (1754).[20]

Secular and political

Epicureanism, based on the teachings of the Athens-based philosopher Epicurus, flourished from about the
fourth century BC to the third century AD. Epicureanism upheld the untroubled life as the paradigm of
happiness, made possible by carefully considered choices. Specifically, Epicurus pointed out that troubles
entailed by maintaining an extravagant lifestyle tend to outweigh the pleasure of partaking in it. He
therefore concluded that what is necessary for happiness, bodily comfort, and life itself should be
maintained at minimal cost, while all things beyond what is necessary for these should either be tempered
by moderation or completely avoided.[21]

Henry David Thoreau, an American naturalist and author, is often

Reconstruction of Henry David
Thoreau's cabin on the shores of
Walden Pond
considered to have made the classic secular statement advocating a
life of simple and sustainable living in his book Walden (1854).
Thoreau conducted a two-year experiment living a plain and simple
life on the shores of Walden Pond. In Victorian Britain, Henry
Stephens Salt, an admirer of Thoreau, popularised the idea of
"Simplification, the saner method of living".[22] Other British
advocates of the simple life included Edward Carpenter, William
Morris, and the members of the "Fellowship of the New Life".[23]
Carpenter popularised the phrase the "Simple Life" in his essay
Simplification of Life in his England's Ideal (1887).[24]

C.R. Ashbee and his followers also practised some of these ideas,
thus linking simplicity with the Arts and Crafts movement.[25] British novelist John Cowper Powys
advocated the simple life in his 1933 book A Philosophy of Solitude.[26] John Middleton Murry and Max
Plowman practised a simple lifestyle at their Adelphi Centre in Essex in the 1930s.[27]
Irish poet Patrick
Kavanagh championed a "right simplicity" philosophy based on ruralism in some of his work.[28]

George Lorenzo Noyes, a naturalist, mineralogist, development critic, writer, and artist, is known as the
Thoreau of Maine. He lived a wilderness lifestyle, advocating through his creative work a simple life and
reverence for nature. During the 1920s and 1930s, the Vanderbilt Agrarians of the Southern United States
advocated a lifestyle and culture centered upon traditional and sustainable agrarian values as opposed to the
progressive urban industrialism which dominated the Western world at that time.

The Norwegian-American economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen warned against the conspicuous
consumption of the materialistic society with The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899); Richard Gregg
coined the term "voluntary simplicity" in The Value of Voluntary Simplicity (1936). From the 1920s, a
number of modern authors articulated both the theory and practice of living simply, among them Gandhian
Richard Gregg, economists Ralph Borsodi and Scott Nearing, anthropologist-poet Gary Snyder, and
utopian fiction writer Ernest Callenbach. E. F. Schumacher argued against the notion that "bigger is better"
in Small Is Beautiful (1973); and Duane Elgin continued the promotion of the simple life in Voluntary
Simplicity (1981). The Australian academic Ted Trainer practices and writes about simplicity, and
established The Simplicity Institute[29] at Pigface Point, some 20  km from the University of New South
Wales to which it is attached.[30] A secular set of nine values was developed with the Ethify Yourself (http://
ethify.org/en/content/values) project in Austria, having a simplified life style in mind and accompanied by
an online book (2011). In the United States voluntary simplicity started to garner more public exposure
through a movement in the late 1990s around a popular
"simplicity" book, The Simple Living Guide[31] by Janet Luhrs.[32]
Around the same time, minimalism (a similar movement) started to
feature in the public eye.

Changing mindset
Danny Dover, author of The Minimalist Mindset, states that ideas
are just thoughts, but implementing and acting on these ideas in our
own lives is what will make it habitual, and allowing a change in
mindset.[33] Leo Babauta believes finding beauty and joy in less, is
what advocates of the thought of "more is better" fail to do. Joshua
Millburn and Ryan Nicodemus share their story of what they used
to see life for.[34] It is quality over quantity that minimalists prefer
to follow. It is emphasized that we should value things that make us
happy and are essential to us, rather than value the idea of just
having things to have.[35]

This mindset has spread among many individuals due to the

influence of other people living this lifestyle. The Theory of the Leisure Class,
1924

Practices

Reducing consumption, work time, and possessions

Some people practice simple living by reducing Simplicity boils

consumption. Lowering consumption will most down to two steps:
likely lead to less individual debt, allowing Identify the
greater flexibility and simplicity in one's life. essential. Eliminate
By lowering expenditure on goods or services, the rest.
the time spent earning money can be reduced.
The time saved may be used to pursue other
interests, or help others through volunteering. Leo Babauta
Some may use the extra free time to improve
their quality of life, for example pursuing
creative activities such as art and crafts. Developing a detachment from
money has led some individuals, such as Suelo and Mark Boyle, to live
with no money at all.[36][37] Reducing expenses may also lead to
increasing savings, which can lead to financial independence and the
Living simply in a small
possibility of early retirement.[38]
dwelling
The 100 Thing Challenge is a grassroots
movement to whittle down personal You have
possessions to one hundred items, with the aim of de-cluttering and simplifying succeeded in life
life.[39] The small house movement includes individuals who chose to live in when all you really
small, mortgage-free, low-impact dwellings, such as log cabins or beach want is only what
huts.[40] you really need.

Vernon Howard
Those who follow simple living may hold a different value over their homes.
Joshua Becker suggests simplifying the place that they live for those who desire
to live this lifestyle.[41]

Increasing self-sufficiency

One way to simplify life is to get back-to-the-land and grow your own
food, as increased self-sufficiency reduces dependency on money and
the economy. Tom Hodgkinson believes the key to a free and simple
life is to stop consuming and start producing.[42] This is a sentiment
shared by an increasing number of people, including those belonging
to the millennial generation such as writer and eco blogger Jennifer
Nini, who left the city to live off-grid, grow food, and "be a part of the
solution; not part of the problem."[43]

Forest gardening, developed by simple living adherent Robert Hart, is

a low-maintenance plant-based food production system based on
woodland ecosystems, incorporating fruit and nut trees, shrubs, herbs,
vines and perennial vegetables.[44] Hart created a model forest garden
from a 0.12 acre orchard on his farm at Wenlock Edge in
Shropshire.[45] Robert Hart's forest garden in
Shropshire, England, UK
The idea of food miles, the number of miles a given item of food or its
ingredients has travelled between the farm and the table, is used by
simple living advocates to argue for locally grown food. This is now gaining mainstream acceptance, as
shown by the popularity of books such as The 100-Mile Diet, and Barbara Kingsolver's Animal, Vegetable,
Miracle: A Year of Food Life. In each of these cases, the authors devoted a year to reducing their carbon
footprint by eating locally.[46]

City dwellers can also produce fresh home-grown fruit and vegetables in pot gardens or miniature indoor
greenhouses. Tomatoes, lettuce, spinach, Swiss chard, peas, strawberries, and several types of herbs can all
thrive in pots. Jim Merkel says "A person could sprout seeds. They are tasty, incredibly nutritious, and easy
to grow... We grow them in wide-mouthed mason jars with a square of nylon window screen screwed
under a metal ring".[47] Farmer Matt Moore spoke on this issue: "How does it affect the consumer to know
that broccoli takes 105 days to grow ahead? [...] The supermarket mode is one of plenty—it's always
stocked. And that changes our sense of time. How long it takes to grow food—that's removed in the
marketplace. They don't want you to think about how long it takes to grow, because they want you to buy
right now".[48] One way to change this viewpoint is also suggested by Mr. Moore. He placed a video
installation in the produce section of a grocery store that documented the length of time it took to grow
certain vegetables.[48] This aimed to raise awareness in people of the length of time actually needed for
gardens.

The do it yourself ethic refers to the principle of undertaking necessary tasks oneself rather than having
others, who are more skilled or experienced, complete them for you.

Reconsidering technology

People who practice simple living have diverse views on the role of technology. The American political
activist Scott Nearing was skeptical about how humanity would use new technology, citing destructive
inventions such as nuclear weapons.[49] Those who eschew modern technology are often referred to as
Luddites or neo-Luddites.[50] Although simple living is often a secular pursuit, it may still involve
reconsidering personal definitions of appropriate technology, as Anabaptist groups such as the Amish or
Mennonites have done.

Technology is a way to make a simple lifestyle within mainstream culture easier and more sustainable. The
internet can reduce an individual's carbon footprint through remote work and lower paper usage. Some
have also calculated their energy consumption and have shown that one can live simply and in an
emotionally satisfying way by using much less energy than is used in Western countries.[51] Technologies
they may embrace include computers, photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, and water turbines.

Technological interventions that appear to simplify living may actually induce side effects elsewhere or at a
future point in time. Evgeny Morozov warns that tools like the internet can facilitate mass surveillance and
political repression.[52] The book Green Illusions identifies how wind and solar energy technologies have
hidden side effects and can actually increase energy consumption and entrench environmental harms over
time.[53] Authors of the book Techno-Fix criticize technological optimists for overlooking the limitations of
technology in solving agricultural problems.[54]

Advertising is criticised for encouraging a consumerist mentality. Many advocates of simple living tend to
agree that cutting out, or cutting down on, television viewing is a key ingredient in simple living. Some see
the Internet, podcasting, community radio, or pirate radio as viable alternatives.

Simplifying diet

Another practice is the adoption of a simplified diet or a diet that

may simplify domestic food production and consumption. In the
United Kingdom, the Movement for Compassionate Living was
formed by Kathleen and Jack Jannaway in 1984 to spread the
message of veganism and promote simple living and self-reliance as
a remedy against the exploitation of humans, animals, and the
planet. Figs, berries, and cheese

Politics and activism

Environmentalism

Environmentalism is inspired by simple living, as harmony with nature is intrinsically dependent on a

simple lifestyle. For example, Green parties often advocate simple living as a consequence of their "four
pillars" or the "Ten Key Values" of the Green Party of the United States. This includes, in policy terms,
their rejection of genetic engineering and nuclear power and other technologies they consider to be
hazardous. The Greens' support for simplicity is based on the reduction in natural resource usage and
environmental impact.[3] This concept is expressed in Ernest Callenbach's "green triangle" of ecology,
frugality and health.

Many with similar views avoid involvement even with green politics as compromising simplicity, however,
and advocate forms of green anarchism that attempt to implement these principles at a smaller scale, e.g. the
ecovillage. Deep ecology, a belief that the world does not exist as a resource to be freely exploited by
humans, proposes wilderness preservation, human population control and simple living.[55]

Anti-war
The alleged relationship between economic growth and war, when
fought for control and exploitation of natural and human resources,
is considered a good reason for promoting a simple living lifestyle.
Avoiding the perpetuation of the resource curse is a similar
objective of many simple living adherents.

Opposition to war has led peace activists, such as Ammon

Hennacy and Ellen Thomas, to a form of tax resistance in which
they reduce their income below the tax threshold by taking up a
simple living lifestyle.[4][56] These individuals believe that their The White House Peace Vigil,
government is engaged in immoral, unethical or destructive started by simple living adherent
activities such as war, and paying taxes inevitably funds these Thomas in 1981
activities.[4]

Arts

The term Bohemianism has been used to describe a long tradition of both voluntary and involuntary
poverty by artists who devote their time to artistic endeavors rather than paid labor.

In May 2014, a story on NPR suggested that positive attitudes towards living in poverty for the sake of art
are becoming less common among young American artists, and quoted one recent graduate of the Rhode
Island School of Design as saying "her classmates showed little interest in living in garrets and eating
ramen noodles."[57]

Economics
A new economics movement has been building since the United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment in 1972,[58] and the publications that year of Only One Earth, The Limits to Growth, and
Blueprint For Survival, followed by Small Is Beautiful: Economics As If People Mattered in 1973.[59]

Recently, David Wann has introduced the idea of "simple prosperity" as it applies to a sustainable lifestyle.
From his point of view, and as a point of departure for what he calls real sustainability, "it is important to
ask ourselves three fundamental questions: what is the point of all our commuting and consuming? What is
the economy for? And, finally, why do we seem to be unhappier now than when we began our initial
pursuit for rich abundance?"[60]

A reference point for this new economics can be found in James Robertson's A New Economics of
Sustainable Development,[59] and the work of thinkers and activists, who participate in his Working for a
Sane Alternative network and program. According to Robertson, the shift to sustainability is likely to
require a widespread shift of emphasis from raising incomes to reducing costs.

The principles of the new economics, as set out by Robertson, are the following:

Systematic empowerment of people (as opposed to making and keeping them dependent),
as the basis for people-centred development
Systematic conservation of resources and the environment, as the basis for environmentally
sustainable development
Evolution from a "wealth of nations" model of economic life to a one-world model, and from
today's inter-national economy to an ecologically sustainable, decentralising, multi-level
one-world economic system
Restoration of political and ethical factors to a central place in economic life and thought
 Respect for qualitative values, not just quantitative values

See also
Agrarianism
Ahiṃsā (concept in Dhārmic religions)
Anti-consumerism
Asceticism
Back-to-the-land movement
Black Bear Ranch
Buddhist economics
Buddhist ethics
Christian anarchism
Christian pacifism
Corporate poverty
Deep ecology
Degrowth
Downshifting (lifestyle)
Engaged Buddhism
Epicureanism
Eye of a needle
Gross National Happiness
Homesteading
Intentional living
Jesus and the rich young man
Off-the-grid (lifestyle)
Pu (concept in Taoism)
Religion and vegetarianism
Buddhist vegetarianism
Christian vegetarianism
Jain vegetarianism
Jewish vegetarianism
Taoist diet
Simple living advocates (category)
Slow living
Tiny-house movement
Ziran

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