TechnicalGuidelines WSS KIIFB

TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING AND
DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME PROJECTS

FUNDED BY KIIFB
Version 1.0
JULY-2018
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. TYPES OF WSS FUNDED BY KIIFB .............................................................................................. 4
2. STAGES IN PROJECT PREPARATION ......................................................................................... 4
3. PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY STUDY OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES ...................................... 5
3.1 Field Investigation and Data Collection ........................................................................................... 6
3.1.1 Household Survey .................................................................................................................... 6
3.1.2 Identification of Problems ......................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Gravity Mains/Pumping Schemes .................................................................................................... 6
3.3 Preliminary Scheme Report-Approval ............................................................................................. 7
4. DETAILED SURVEY ....................................................................................................................... 7
4.1 Preparation of Scheme Maps .......................................................................................................... 7
4.1.1 Layout Maps ............................................................................................................................. 7
4.1.2 L- Section of Pumping Main/Gravity Main ................................................................................ 8
5. DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES ....................................................... …………………… 8
5.1 Population forecast and design period per capita water demand analysis ..................................... 9
5.2 Design Criteria for Source Development ....................................................................................... 12
5.2.1 Data Analysis on Adequacy of source ................................................................................... 12
5.3 Checking for Water Quality ............................................................................................................ 13
5.4 Selection of Prime Mover/HT/LT Options ...................................................................................... 13
5.5 Criteria for Selection of Pumps ...................................................................................................... 14
5.5.1 Pump Capacity ....................................................................................................................... 14
5.5.2 Operation of pumps ................................................................................................................ 15
5.5.3 HT/LT motors ......................................................................................................................... 15
5.6 Availability of Power ....................................................................................................................... 16
5.7 Transmission Mains Analysis ........................................................................................................ 16
5.7.1 Pumping Mains (Raw water /Clearwater) .............................................................................. 16
5.7.2 Economic Diameter of the Pumping mains ............................................................................ 16
5.7.3 Guidelines for Cost Effective Design of Pipelines .................................................................. 20
5.8 Water Treatment ............................................................................................................................ 23
5.8.1 Location Analysis of WTP ...................................................................................................... 23
5.8.2 Waste Disposal-Effluent discharge facilities/Zero waste concept.......................................... 23
5.8.3 Options and Justification ........................................................................................................ 23
5.9 Reservoirs ...................................................................................................................................... 24
5.10 Distribution System ........................................................................................................................ 25
5.10.1 Basic Requirements ............................................................................................................... 25
5.10.2 Peak Factor ............................................................................................................................ 25
5.10.3 Zoning .................................................................................................................................... 25
5.10.4 Flow in the pipe ...................................................................................................................... 25
5.10.5 Location and elevation of Reservoirs ..................................................................................... 26
5.10.6 Layout ..................................................................................................................................... 26
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5.10.7 Pipe Policy of KWA ..................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.10.8 Boosting ................................................................................................................................. 27
5.10.9 Layout Marking of Different Types of Valves-Air/Scour/Sluice .............................................. 27
5.10.10 Trench preparation ................................................................................................................. 27
5.10.11 Laying and Joining Procedures .............................................................................................. 28
5.11 DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR PIPED WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES-PIPE NETWORK
ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................................. 29
5.11.1 Pipe network analysis ............................................................................................................ 29
5.11.2 Hardy-Cross Method .............................................................................................................. 30
6. DRINKING WATER SOURCES .................................................................................................... 30
6.1 Surface Water Sources .................................................................................................................. 30
6.2 Ground Water Sources .................................................................................................................. 30
6.3 Adequacy of Sources ..................................................................................................................... 31
7. WATER QUALITY. ........................................................................................................................ 32
7.1 Drinking Water Quality ................................................................................................................... 32
7.2 Raw Water Quality Improvement ................................................................................................... 33
8. REHABILITATION OF EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES ................................................. 33
9. SUBMISSION OF PROPOSALS ................................................................................................... 34
9.1 Abstract of Proposals ..................................................................................................................... 34
9.2 Detailed Project Template ............................................................................................................. 34
10. IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES ................................................................ 34
10.1 Preparation of Implementation Plan .............................................................................................. 34
10.2 Bar Chart ........................................................................................................................................ 35
10.3 Capex - Opex Analysis .................................................................................................................. 35
10.4 Environmental and Sustainability Aspects ..................................................................................... 35
10.5 Risk Assessment and Mitigation Measures/Disasters natural and strikes .................................... 35
10.6 Commissioning Reports and Plan ................................................................................................. 36
11. OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE ................................................................................................ 36
ANNEXURE-1 – DPR TEMPLATE ........................................................................................................ 38
ANNEXURE-2 – WSS PROFORMA ..................................................................................................... 47
ANNEXURE 3-PIPE ALIGNMENT OF PUMPING MAIN ...................................................................... 55
ANNEXURE 4-TYPE LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PUMPING MAIN .............................................. 56
ANNEXURE 5-TYPE DRAWING OF AN INTAKE WELL ..................................................................... 57
ANNEXURE 6-TYPE DRAWING OF AN INFILTRATION WELL .......................................................... 58
ANNEXURE 7-TYPE DRAWING OF AN OHSR ................................................................................... 59
ANNEXURE 8-TYPICAL HYDRAULIC FLOW DIAGRAM OF WTP ..................................................... 60
ANNEXURE 9-NODAL DIAGRAM OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM........................................................ 61
ANNEXURE 10-DESIGN FOR ECONOMIC SIZE OF PUMPING MAIN .............................................. 62
12. REFERENCES: ............................................................................................................................. 64
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1. TYPES OF WSS FUNDED BY KIIFB
Kerala Water Authority (KWA) is implementing the Water Supply Schemes in Kerala funded by
KIIFB.KIIFB shall undertake the funding of two main types of WSS projects -new Water supply
scheme and Augmentation/Rehabilitation of WSS which include improvement of the quality of
drinking water delivery to achieve sustainability of all investments and health benefits. KIIFB funds
projects which cost 100 crores and above.
The following are the Projects funded by KIIFB:
a) Intake structures and allied works
b) Transmission networks (Raw/Clear Water)
c) Water Treatment Plant and allied works
d) Storage Reservoirs, Sump, Booster station etc
e) Replacement of existing Transmission lines and Distribution lines
f) Installation of pump sets and allied works
g) Improvement works for the existing components
2. STAGES IN PROJECT PREPARATION
Preliminary
Feasibility Study
Detailed Survey
Design &
Estimation
Clearances
Tendering
Implementation
Commissioning
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3. PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY STUDY OF WATER SUPPLY
SCHEMES
The preliminary feasibility study establishes the overall feasibility of the scheme before proceeding
with the detailed planning. The planning includes the identification of the existing problem by using
the water security plan. Advantages and disadvantages of various possible alternative solutions are
to be discussed keeping the environmental, financial and institutional sustainability. Establishing the
adequacy (quantity and quality) and sustainability of the sources with support of data’s fit for
interpolation originated by scientific institutions prior to preparation of plans and estimates are
mandatory.
The steps involved in a preliminary feasibility study are given below:
Identification and
Identification of assessment of water
problem clusters sources
Preliminary
Feasibility Report
Selection of technology
points
Per capita Cost Determination
Attention must be given to following assumptions/presumptions:

a. Time constraints of the study and their implications on findings.
b. Limitations on availability of base line details and their impact on evaluations.
c. Limitations of resources including manpower to conduct the pre-feasibility study or barriers for
the collection of information.
d. Assumptions made on field measurements or surveys/ desk studies and their validity on
analysis.
e. Assumptions or hypothesis made on demand/population/development etc. forecasting or
anticipating future characteristics.
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3.1 Field Investigation and Data Collection
This involves the collection of necessary data that are safe for extrapolations including base maps,
present water supply situation, source yield, population and water demand, level and source of
pollution, etc. The data collected could be helpful in the possibility of utilizing these sources.
3.1.1 Household Survey
Household survey refers to the baseline data, willingness to pay for water supply and environmental
sanitation status of beneficiary households.
The major heads included in the datasheet are:

a. Background
b. Identification
c. House description
d. Users
e. Available water sources
f. Daily water use
g. Health aspects
h. Waste water disposals/ reuse
3.1.2 Identification of Problems
The identification of problems is for establishing the need for the project and finding alternative
solutions which would meet the requirements. The following information shall be accounted for
preparing the identification report:
a. Identification of project area and its physical environment, existing population and its
physical distribution & socio-economic analysis.
b. The present water supply arrangements and quality of service in the project area.
c. Identify a plan for long-term development of water supply services in the project area and
the existing features, water studies and such other reports, indicating the phases of
development.
d. Water requirements during planning period for domestic, industrial, commercial and other
uses.
3.2 Gravity Mains/Pumping Schemes
Gravity Mains: The entire system works on gravity. Water is drawn from source by the raw water
main pipe to the treatment plant where it is treated and stored in a elevated reservoir capable to
feed the entire network through gravity.
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Pumping Schemes: The water is pumped from a lower elevation after treatment through a pumping
main to a supply tank or intermediate tank/sump located at a higher level from where water is
delivered to all houses through a network of gravity pipe system.
3.3 Preliminary Scheme Report-Approval
The following are the important considerations for the report approval:
a. Adequacy and Sustainability of source
b. Quality of raw water
c. Total cost and per capita cost
d. Expected annual O&M cost
e. Availability of Power
f. Availability of land for the construction of components like source, reservoirs etc.
g. Arrangements for implementing the scheme
h. Arrangements for managing the schemes including revenue realisation
i. Cost benefit analysis
4. DETAILED SURVEY
A complete total station survey is carried out to work out the detailed project report. Survey is
undertaken for the location of the source, assessment of the quantity of source, and field survey for
location of scheme components to generate a key plan of the project under preparation.
4.1 Preparation of Scheme Maps
4.1.1 Layout Maps
Prepared by super-imposing topographic details and scheme details and the benchmark details over
to the blown-up proportion of about 1:2500 scale.
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Figure 1: Layout Map
4.1.2 L- Section of Pumping Main/Gravity Main
Graphical representation of the profile of ground, pipe alignment and hydraulic gradient along
transmission or gravity mains. Used for design of pressure class of pipelines, marking scour
valve and air valve locations which shall be marked on pipe profile.
Figure 2: Longitudinal Section Diagram of Pumping Main/Gravity Main
5. DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

The codes, standards and technical specifications applicable for the design of project components
are:
a. Indian Standards for drinking water supply
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b. Manual on Water Supply and Treatment by CPHEEO
c. Water Supply Engineering – Vol 1 by Santhosh Kumar Garg
d. Any other standards referred to in the manual and any supplement issued with the bid
document.
e. The latest version of the codes, standards, specifications, etc. notified/published at least
60 days before the last date of bid submission shall be considered applicable.
f. In the absence of any specific provision on any issue in the above mentioned codes or
specifications read in conjunction with the specifications and standards contained in this
Guidelines, the following standards shall apply in order o f priority:
i. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
ii. Any other specifications/standards proposed by the SPV/contractor and concurred
by the Technical Sanction Authority and KIIFB.
5.1 Population forecast and design period per capita water demand analysis
Water demand: Water demand is derived from the total benefited population by the scheme based
on a percapita consumption specified by the CPHEEO guidelines for urban/rural population. The first
analysis is to consider the demand and second requirement is to find the yield from sources to fulfil
that demand for entire project life/ultimate demand. The population growth is forecasted with different
methods which indicate the most probable growth rates and compare with past population growth
trends.
The following mathematical methods are used for calculating the Population forecast:
a) Demographic Method of Population Projection
b) Arithematical Increase Method
c) Incremental Increase Method
d) Geometrical Increase Method
e) Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
f) Graphical Method
g) Logistic Method
h) Method of Density
The most appropriate methods shall be adopted for calculating the population forecast.
The precise assessment of the quantity of water demanded by the public is variable due to the
following factors affecting water consumption:
a. Domestic water demand
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Table 1: Recommended Individual requirement for Domestic water demand
Sl. Classification of Towns/Cities Recommended

No Maximum Water
Supply Levels (lpcd)
1 Towns provided with piped water 70
supply but without a sewerage
system
2 Cities provided with piped water 135
supply where sewerage system is
existing/contemplated
3 Metropolitan and Corporation 150
provided with piped water supply
where the sewerage system is
existing/contemplated.
(Source: CPHEEO Manual)
b. Industrial water demand
Table 2: Recommended Individual requirement for Industrial Water Demand
Industry Unit of Production Water requirements in

kilolitres per unit
Automobile Vehicle 40
Distillery (Kilolitre Alcohol) 122-170
Fertilizer Tonne 80-200
Leather 100 Kg (tanned) 4
Paper Tonne 200-400
Special quality paper Tonne 400-1000
Straw board Tonne 75-100
Petroleum Refinery Tonne(crude) 1-2
Steel Tonne 200-250
Sugar Tonne (Cane crushed) 1-2
Textile 100 Kg (goods) 8-14
c. Institutional and commercial water demand
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Table 3: Recommended Individual requirement for Institutional and Commercial
Water Demand
Sl. No Institutions Litres per head per day

1. Hospital (including laundry)
(a)No of beds exceeding 100 450 (per bed)
(b)No of beds not exceeding 100 340(per bed)
2. Hotels 180(per bed)
3. Hostels 135
4. Nurses’ homes and medical 135
quarters
5. Boarding schools/colleges 135
6. Restaurants 70(per seat)
7. Air ports and sea ports 70
8. Junction Stations and 70
intermediate stations where mail
or express stoppage (both
railways and bus stations) is
provided.
9. Terminal stations 45
10. Intermediate stations (excluding 45 (could reduce to 25 where bathing
mall and express stops) facilities are not provided)
11. Day schools/colleges 45
12. Offices 45
13. Factories 45 (could be reduced to 30 where no
bathrooms are provided)
14. Cinema, concrete halls and 15
theatre
d. Demand for public uses/ floating population demand
The demand to cater the needs of floating population expected in the scheme area and water
need to be distributed through public standpost/ fire hydrants.
e. Non-Revenue water (NRW)/UFW

f. Fire demand -Firefighting demand for distribution system along with normal supply to the
consumers is calculated in kilolitres per day based on the formula of 100√𝑃 where P =
population in thousands and one third of the firefighting requirements form part of the
service storage.
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Table 4:DESIGN PERIOD FOR COMPONENTS
Sl. Design Period

Items
No (Years)
1 Storage by dams/Weirs 50
2 Intake works 30
3 Pumping
i)Pump house (Civil Works) 30
ii)Electric motors and pumps 15
4 Water Treatment units 15
Pipe connection to several
5 treatment units and other small 30
appurtenances
Raw water and clear water
6 15
conveying mains
Clear water reservoirs at the head
work, balancing tanks and service
7 15
reservoirs (over head or ground
level)
8 Distribution System 30
Population Forecast: Normally the design period for whole systems is 30 years. The base year
taken is for the latest census and ultimate population will be accessed for 30 years ahead. It is
proposed that the design population will be calculated using prevailing decadal growth in the
respective districts. Design period for components is given in table 4.
Service level: The rural water supply systems require a minimum service level of 100 lpcd and
urban water supply systems require a minimum of 150 lpcd for supply. This criterion should be
location specific and based on the demand and preferences and willingness to pay for various
service levels, available safe yield of sources (minimum sustainable yield), cost considerations etc.
The recommended per capita water supply levels for designing schemes shall be referred from the
above table no.1 of this manual.
5.2 Design Criteria for Source Development
5.2.1 Data Analysis on Adequacy of source
The adequacy of the source is to be ascertained by the analysis of stream/river flow data collected
from water resource agencies.
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The intake is to be located and designed to ensure that the required discharge is available even in
the lean season (low flow) and floor of pump house shall be sufficiently well above the maximum
flood level. Incase of inadequacy, impounding storage by locating weir/subsurface dyke.
The analysis of the frequency and duration of lean-flow periods, reliability flow, the yield of the river,
Mass curves, etc. as applicable to substantiate the source shall be carried out.
River /Stream intake well: Subsurface profile is to be ascertained by site investigations to adopt
the most suitable intake structures. River intake should be such that there is no source of pollution
in the immediate vicinity, both upstream and downstream. The correct assessment of the capacity
of the source investigated is necessary to decide on its dependability for the water supply project.
The source should be in place of no or minimum scouring and/ depositions, be decided considering
the flow of regime.
Infiltration well/Infiltration gallery: An Infiltration well involves a simple means of obtaining

naturally filtered water. It consists of a system of porous, perforated/open joint pipe or another
conduit that drains to a receiving well. The pipe is surrounded by gravel and is in a porous formation
such as sand and gravel below the water table. The collecting system should be reasonably deep
from a lake/stream or under the bed of a stream or lake. It is not advisable to construct an infiltration
well unless the water table is relatively stable, and the water intercepted is free of pollution. The
depth of the collecting pipes should be about 3 m below the normal ground level, and below the
lowest known water table, to assure a greater and more constant yield.
Open well/sunk well: Open well may be dug or sunk well based on the method of construction
adopted. Dug wells are constructed by excavating the earth and removing the same, in strata which
are self-standing. Wells are sunk when the soil is loose or under water.
5.3 Checking for Water Quality (Seasonal Variations)
An assessment of the quality of water shall be done both before finalising the source of water and
after construction & full development of the source ensuring that the value of parameters conforms
to standards specified in IS 10500: 2012.
5.4 Selection of Prime Mover/HT/LT Options
To ensure the proper rating of the pump set, it shall be tested at rated conditions and the current
(maximum) consumption of the pump set in the operating head range shall be verified. The actual
verified current shall not be less than 75 percent of the maximum declared current at the rated
voltage.
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Table-5: Selection of Motors Based on Supply Voltages
Supply Voltage Range of Motor rating (in
KW)
Min Max
Single -phase A.C 230 V 0.3 2.5
Three-phase A.C 415 V - 250
3.3 KV 225 750
6.6KV 400 -
600 -
D.C 230V - 150
5.5 Criteria for Selection of Pumps
The following are the criteria opted for the selection of pumps:
a. Type of duty required, i.e., whether continuous, intermittent or cyclic
b. Present and projected demand and pattern of change in demand
c. The details of head and flow rate required.
d. Type and duration of the availability of power supply
e. Selecting the operating speed of the pump
f. The efficiency of the pump (Star rating of Bureau of Energy Efficiency) and consequent
influence on power consumption and running costs.
g. The parameters of the pumping system including the capacity and number of pumps
including stand-byes, combining them in series or in parallel
h. Influence of suction head
5.5.1 Pump Capacity
The discharge of the pump and total head for the pumps shall be calculated considering the suction
head, delivery head and frictional losses in the pipes.
The horsepower of the pump set is calculated by using the formula:
𝑊×𝑄×𝐻
𝐻𝑃 =
75 × Ƞ
Where,
W is the specific weight of water in kg/m3,
Q is the discharge in m3/s and H is the total head in meters
Ƞ is the efficiency of the pump usually about 0.6 to 0.7.
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The performance charts/curves furnished by the manufactures must be referred to for selecting the
most appropriate pump to match the discharge and head.
5.5.2 Operation of pumps
Dry running of the pumps shall be avoided by giving positive suction or auto priming. Centrifugal
pumps must be primed before starting. Pumps should have operated only within the recommended
range on the H-Q characteristics of the pump. Operation near to the shutdown should be avoided,
as in operation near the shut-off, there happens substantial recirculation within the pump which
causes overheating.
Figure 3: Operating point of the pump
5.5.3 HT/LT motors
For motors of ratings 225 KW and above, where high-tension (HT) voltages of 3.3KV,6.6KV and 11
KV can be chosen, the choice should be made by working out relative economics of investment and
running cost taking into consideration cost of transformer, motor, switch gear/cables,etc. The
selection of motors based on supply voltages shall be referred from the table no 5 of this manual.
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The following IS code shall be referred to:
IS 14536: 1998 – Code of Practice for Selection, Installation, Operation and Maintenance of
Submersible Pump set.
5.6 Availability of Power
Provision to get power allocation from Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) shall be included
in the DPR which covers the charges and extension of power supply lines, transformers,
substations wherever required. The estimate shall be prepared in consultation with KSEB
authorities to have realistic figures.
5.7 Transmission Mains Analysis
5.7.1 Pumping Mains (Raw water /Clearwater)
Hydraulic design: The frictional loss can be calculated by using the following computer
programming:
a. EPANET
b. WaterCAD
EPANET is a software application used throughout the world to model water distribution
systems. It was developed as a tool for understanding the movement and fate of drinking water
constituents within distribution systems, and can be used for many different types of applications in
distribution systems analysis.
WaterCAD is an easy-to-use hydraulic and water quality modeling application for water
distribution systems. Utilities, municipalities, and engineering firms trust WaterCAD as a reliable,
resource-saving, decision-support application for their water infrastructure. From fire flow and
constituent concentration analyses, to energy cost management and pump modeling,
5.7.2 Economic Diameter of the Pumping mains
The pipeline may have very long life but may also be relatively expensive interms of capital and
recurring cost. Therefore, it is very necessary to carry out the detail economic analysis before
selecting a pipe diameter and material of it. See Annexure 10 for design for economic size of
pumping main. Table 6 shows velocity and loss of head for different pipe size. Table 7 shows
kilowatts required and cost of pump sets for different pipe size. Table 8 shows comparative statement
of overall cost structure of pumping main ‘L’ for different pipe size.
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TABLE 6: SHOWING VELOCITY AND LOSS OF HEAD FOR DIFFERENT PIPE SIZE (Source: CPHEEO Manual)
SI Pipe size Frictional headloss per Velocity in m/s Total head in ‘m’ for 7000m pipe length including 50m of static
NO. in mm 1000m head
1st stage 2nd stage 1st stage 2nd stage Frictional 1st stage Total Frictional 2nd Total
loss in m flow losses m stage
flow of 7.5 flow of 10 flow of 7.5 flow of 10
Other flow
MLD MLD MLD MLD losses Other
losses
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
1 300 8.00 14.50 1.25 1.68 56.00 5.60 111.60 101.50 10.15 161.05
say 115 say 165
2 350 3.80 6.70 0.88 1.00 26.6 2.66 78.26 46.90 4.69 101.59
say 80 say 105
3 400 2.00 3.40 0.72 0.87 14.00 1.40 75.40 23.80 2.38 76.18
say 75 say 80
4 450 1.10 1.95 0.56 0.75 7.70 0.77 58.47 13.65 1.37 65.02
say 60 say 65
5 500 0.66 1.15 0.45 0.66 4.62 0.46 55.08 8.05 0.80 58.85
say 55 say 60
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TABLE 7: SHOWING KILOWATTS REQUIRED AND COST OF PUMP SETS FOR DIFFERENT PIPE SIZE (Source: CPHEEO Manual)
1st stage flow of 7.5 MLD 2nd stage flow of 10 MLD

SI NO. Pipe size in mm H1 total head KW required Cost of pump @ H2 total head in KW required Cost of pump @
loss in mm (rounded to Rs. 2000 per KW mm (rounded to Rs. 2000 per KW
nearest ten (Rs. In nearest ten (Rs. In
including 50% thousands) including 50% thousands)
standby) standby)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 300 115 260 520 165 330 660
2 350 80 180 360 105 210 420
3 400 75 170 340 80 160 320
4 450 60 140 280 65 130 260
5 500 55 130 260 60 120 240
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TABLE 8: SHOWS COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF OVERALL COST STRUCTURE OF PUMPING MAIN ‘L’ FOR DIFFERENT PIPE SIZE
SI No Pipe Total head in Class of CI Rate * Cost of 1st stage flow of 7.5 MLD 2nd stage flow of 10 MLD Grand total
size in m pipes per m 7000m of capitalised
mm 1 st
2 nd
required length pipe line cost for 30
stage stage years
= (11)+ (15)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 300 115 165 A 640.77 4486 520 1192 9067 14073 660 2391 18186 4512 18585
2 350 80 105 LA 804.92 5635 360 829 6306 12301 420 1522 11577 2872 15173
3 400 75 80 LA 918.72 6431 340 777 5910 12681 320 1160 8823 2189 14870
4 450 60 65 LA 1106.51 7746 280 622 4731 12757 260 942 7165 1778 14535
5 500 55 60 LA 1302.66 9119 260 570 4336 13715 240 870 6618 1642 15357
8* - costs of pumpsets 9* - Annual cost of energy charges = 7001.65kW1 = CR1
10*- Energy charges capitalised = CC1 = 7.606CR1 11* - Total capitalised cost = (7) + (8) +(10)
12* - cost of pumpsets 13* - Annual cost of energy charges = 7348.63 KW2 = CR2
14* - Energy charges capitalised = CC2 = 7.606CR2 15* - Initial capital investment for pumpsets and annual electrical charges
= (Col. 12 + Col. 14)/ 4.177
* Cost of pipe includes cost of specials (10% of actual pipe cost), of excavation and cost of laying and jointing.
REMARKS : From this table it is seen that the most economical sizes of main is 450mm ‘I.A’ class C.I. pipes.
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5.7.3 Guidelines For Cost Effective Design Of Pipelines
The cost of transmission and distribution system constitutes a major portion of the project
cost. It is desirable to adopt the following guidelines:
(i) The design velocity should not be less than 0.6m/s in order to avoid depositions and consequent
loss of carrying capacity.
(ii) In design of distribution systems, the design velocity should not be less than 0.6m/s to avoid
low velocity conditions which may encourage depositions and/or corrosion resulting in deterioration
in quality. However, where inevitable due to minimum pipe diameter criteria or other hydraulic
constraints, lower velocities may be adopted with adequate provision for scouring.
(iii) In all hydraulic calculations, the actual internal diameter of the pipe shall be adopted for the
thickness of lining, if any, instead of the nominal diameter or outside diameters (OD).
(iv) In providing for head loss due to fittings, specials and other appurtenances, actual head loss
calculations should be done instead of making an arbitrary provision.
If the diameter chosen is greater, the cost of pipe increases, then the head loss will be reduced
and if the diameter chosen is lesser than the economic size then the cost of pipe decreases, and
the head loss increases which increases the energy cost of the motor and pump power.
Figure 4: Economic Size of the pumping Main
This relationship gives optimum flow velocity varying between 1.35 to 0.8m/s. From the figure,
curve number 1 shows annual expenses, the curve number 2 is related to construction cost, the
curve number 3 shows the total cost. The optimum point is 𝐷 .
Water Treatment
The available raw water shall be treated and purified before it can be supplied to the public for
their domestic, industrial or any other uses. The extent of treatment required to be given to the
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water depends upon the characteristics and quality of the available raw water, and upon the
quality requirements for the intended use. The design options are chosen depending on the raw
water quality and drinking water standards.
The process flow of conventional water treatment plant is as follows:
Figure 1: Process Flow of a Water Treatment Plant (Source: Google)

Depending upon the magnitude of treatment required, proper unit operations are selected and
arranged in the proper sequential order for improving the quality of raw water to meet the desired
standards. Indian Standards for drinking water are given in the table below.
Table-9: Indian Standards for drinking water (Source: IS 10500-2012)
Parameter Acceptable Value Cause for rejection

Physical
Turbidity (NTU unit) < 10 25
Colour (Hazen scale) < 10 50
Taste and Odour Un-objectionable Un-objectionable
pH 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2
Chemical
Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 500-1500 3000
Total Hardness mg/l (as 200-300 600
CaCO3)
Chlorides mg/l (as Cl) 200-250 1000
Sulphates mg/l (as SO4) 150-200 400
Fluorides mg/l (as F) 0.6-1.2 1.5
Nitrates mg/l (as NO3) 45 45
Calcium mg/l (as Ca) 75 200
Iron mg/l (as Fe) 0.1-0.3 1.0
The typical functions of each unit operations are given in the following table:
21
Table-10: Functions of Water Treatment Units
Unit treatment Function (removal)

Aeration, chemicals use Colour, Odour, Taste
Screening Floating matter
Chemical methods Iron, Manganese, etc.
Softening Hardness
Sedimentation Suspended matter
Coagulation Suspended matter, a part of colloidal matter and bacteria
Filtration Remaining colloidal dissolved matter, bacteria
Disinfection Pathogenic bacteria, Organic matter, and Reducing
substances
For all water supply designs, the respective IS codes shall be adhered to. The following table
contains the list of IS Codes:
Table-11: List of IS Codes
Sl. No. Code Description

1 IS 1172:1993 Code of basic requirements for water supply, drainage,
and sanitation
2 IS 2064:1993 Code of practice for selection, installation, and
maintenance of sanitary appliances
3 IS 2065:1983 Code of practice for water supply in buildings
4 IS 3114:1994 Code of practice for laying of cast iron pipes
5 IS 6295:1986 Code of practice for water supply and drainage in high
altitudes and/or sub-zero temperature regions
6 IS 7090:1985 Guidelines for rapid mixing devices
7 IS 7208:1992 Guidelines for flocculator devices
8 IS 7558:1974 Code of practice for domestic hot water installations
9 IS 7740:1985 Code of practice for construction and maintenance of
road gullies
10 IS 8419 Code for design of filters
11 IS 9222(Part Recommendations for handling and dosing devices for
1):1990 chemicals for water treatment: Part I Coagulants
12 IS 10313:1982 Requirements for settling tank (clarifier equipment) for
water treatment plant
13 SP 35(S&T): 1987 Handbook on water supply and drainage with special
emphasis on plumbing
14 IS 14536 Code of practice for Selection, installation, operation,
and maintenance of submersible pump set.
22
5.8 Water Treatment
5.8.1 Location Analysis of WTP
It is essential that the design of any treatment process is based on a full investigation of site
conditions, including chemical and microbiological analysis of the water to be treated, a risk
assessment and the results of laboratory to determine the effectiveness of the process and the
chemical dosing requirements.
The following are the major steps involved in selecting a suitable location for the Water Treatment
Plant:
a. Analysing the characteristics of the study area through field survey and visual
interpretation of satellite images including contour maps.
b. The consideration of the availability of site nearer to the intake so that the cost of
conveying raw water is less.
c. The purer zone of the source location helps in withdrawing the best possible quality of
water from the source and thereby reducing the load on the treatment plant.
d. Discussion of the various sites considered and advantages of the recommended ones.
e. The proximity of residences, industries, and other establishments.
f. Any potential sources of pollution that may influence the quality of the supply or
interfere with effective operation of the water works system, including but not limited
to: absorption systems, septic tanks, privies, cesspools, sink holes, sanitary landfills,
refuse and garbage dumps.
5.8.2 Waste Disposal-Effluent discharge facilities/Zero waste concept
The recycled water can satisfy most water demands if it is adequately treated to ensure water
quality appropriate for the use. The concept of zero effluent aims to eliminate discharges to the
aquatic environment, recycle and reuse all possible solid and liquid process wastes, and reduce
air emissions to the lowest possible quantity and toxicity. The concept of zero discharge
necessarily means the recovery of reusable water/other materials from back wash water and
minimization or no discharge of polluting substances into the water bodies adjacent to WTP.
5.8.3 Options and Justification
A wide range of water treatment technologies have been developed or are currently
experimented in past by the water utilities within the country. Some of the recent practices are
modification of conventional age old practices aiming better efficiency in operation.
a. Pulsator technology
b. Modern technology/SCADA Controlled operation
c. Tube/Plate settlers
23
The Pulsator is a pulsed sludge blanket clarifier. The sludge formed during flocculation is
made up of an expansion mass. Water, that has coagulated beforehand, arrives from the
bottom of the device and flows through this sludge blanket to emerge clarified at the top of the
settling tank.
A cloud-based SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) system allows water
management plants to not only monitor levels of specific chemicals and toxins but to have precise
records accessible from anywhere.
5.9 Reservoirs
Storage capacity: The capacity of service reservoir is linked to pumping hours which shall be
1/3 of total designed demand based on 15 years capacity for round clock pumping. The design
of service reservoir shall be based on the safe bearing capacity of the soil; a due consideration
shall be taken for the type of soil to avoid unequal settlement and for seismic requirements of the
area.
The staging of overhead service reservoir shall be decided based on the hydraulic gradient level
required for the area proposed. The residual pressure (Terminal head) shall be considered in
view with the trend and growth of the village. GL./Overhead tank shall be preferably placed on
higher altitude/ elevated ground as well centrally located in consideration with the availability of
land. The structural design shall be consistent with IS 456 & IS 3370. Detailed soil investigations
shall be carried out and safe bearing capacity assessed before finalising the foundation design.
Figure 5: Typical Over Head Storage Reservoir
24
5.10 Distribution System
The distribution system is for the conveyance of the water to the consumer at an adequate
residual pressure in sufficient quantity at convenient points.
5.10.1 Basic Requirements
The requirement for the distribution system may be classified as functional and hydraulic. The
functional aspects involve the geometrical configuration of pipes, reservoirs and boosters,
selection and proper location of valves, specials etc. for efficient operation and overall economy
in cost consideration. In hydraulic characteristics, the adequate residual pressure at the
maximum demand for the system is computed utilising computer aided network analysis.
5.10.2 Peak Factor
The per capita rate of water supply indicates only the average consumption of water per day per
person as lpcd factor. The fluctuation and simultaneous occurrences in consumption is accounted
for, by considering the peak rate of consumption (which is equal to average rate multiplied by a
peak factor) as rate of flow in the design of distribution system. The peak factor for design of
distribution system shall be as follows :
Population Peak Factor
For population less than 50,000 3.00
For a population range of 50,000 - 2,00,000 2.50
For a population above 2,00,000 2.00
5.10.3 Zoning
Zoning in the distribution system ensures equalization of water supply in the project area.
Separate feeder lines from the tank will be provided for high level and low-level areas. It shall be
ensured that zones shall not be interconnected to maintain designed residual pressure in the
system.
If there is an elevation difference of 15 to 25m between the zones, then each zone should
be served by a separate system. The valves between the zones should normally be kept closed
and not partially opened.
5.10.4 Flow in the pipe
The hydraulic design of distribution system shall be done with EPANET software for computer-
aided design for pipeline networks. The terminal pressures in all pipes should remain above the
minimum allowable pressure chosen for the design and should also not exceed the maximum
allowable pressure chosen for the design of the distribution system. The minimum residual
pressure at ferrule point should be 7m for direct supply and more the terminal pressure, more will
25
be the probability of leakage loss. Direct connection is restricted for and upto two floors. The
provision of higher residual pressure leads to enhanced leakage losses.
5.10.5 Location and elevation of Reservoirs
The reservoirs shall be located at appropriate elevations which maintains the adequate pressure
in the distribution system. Elevation of service reservoir shall be kept maintaining minimum
residual pressure. The staging height of service reservoirs is computed based on HGL required
at farthest end in the network.
5.10.6 Layout
The distribution layout should be such as to facilitate isolation of sections, metering for
assessment and control of leakage and wastage. The formation of DMA (Direct Metered Area)
facilitate computation of UFW/NRW factors in water distribution to evaluate performance of
system in place.
5.10.7 Pipe Policy Of KWA
One among the key element for the success of a water supply scheme is the selection of pipe.
Pipe policy of KWA is framed keeping in mind that the selection shall be made on the basis of
excellence level of pipe and not on the basis of cost of pipe. See Annexure.
As per the IS 8329 (2000), dimensional features for the sizes of ductile pipes usually considered.
Table-12: Hydrostatic Test Pressure at Works for Ductile Iron Pipes

(Clause 4.6 and 11.1, As per Is 8329 (2000))
Nominal Minimum Hydrostatic Test Pressure at Works, MPa
Diameter (DN) Centrifugally Pipes with screwed or welded-on flanges
mm cast pipes with
flexible joints
Class K9, K10, PN 10 Flange PN 16 PN 25 PN
K12 Flange Flange 40Flange
80 to 300 5.0 1.6 2.5 3.2 4.0
350 to 600 4.0 1.6 2.5 3.2 4.0
700 to 1000 3.2 1.6 2.5 3.2 --
1000 to 2000 2.5 1.6 2.5 3.2 --
26
5.10.8 Boosting stations
In undulating terrain provision of boosting stations are considered based on relative economy in
increasing size of main and enhanced terminal pressure throughout the network.
5.10.9 Layout Marking of Different Types of Valves-Air/Scour/Sluice
Pipe Appurtenances
Air valve: They are placed at the summits of the pipe alignment and on both sides of the sluice
valves (in case of large pipes) and they ensure the safety of the pipe against collapse. Further
the air valves shall be provided at ridges and valleys in the pipe length. It may be advisable to
mount air valve over sluice valve for easy maintenance of air valve. The following ratios of air
valves to conduit diameter provide common but rough estimates of needed sizes:
For release of air only 1:12
For admission as well as release of air 1:8
Scour valves: Scour/washout valves are provided at valleys of the pipe alignment so as to
discharge into nearby water bodies or storm water drains at times of necessity. The size of the
scour valve will be at half to one-third the main diameter and minimum of 25 mm diameter will be
used.
Sluice valves: Also known as line valves are provided for all branching and at intervals of 1 to 2
Km along the pipe series for easy isolation.
Figure 6: Profile of the pressure pipe showing the locations of valves
5.10.10 Trench preparation
Incase the trench bottom is extremely hard or rocky or of loose stony soil, the trench shall be
excavated at least 150 mm below the trench grade. Rocks stone or other hard substances from
the bottom of the trench shall be removed and the trench is brought back to the required grade
27
by filling with selected fine soil/ quarry dust and compacted to provide smooth bedding for the
pipe.
Where excavation requires blasting operation i.e., protected /chemical blasting, ensure that no
pipes have been stacked in the vicinity. Make sure that the laid pipes have already been covered
before starting the blasting operations to prevent damage to the exposed pipes due to fly rock.
5.10.11 Laying and Joining Procedures
Laying: Pipe lengths are placed end to end along the trench to the levels required. Pipe specials
shall be laid in their proper position. The pipes laid on the level ground shall be laid with socket
facing the direction of flow of water. In unstable soils, it shall be checked whether the soils can
support the pipelines and if required suitable special foundation/ pedestal shall be provided.
Wherever necessary, bend in the pipe alignment is obtained, suitable protection to the pipe shall
be provided.
Anchor blocks/Thrust blocks: Thrust blocks are required to transfer the resulting hydrostatic
thrust from the fitting of pipe. It shall be constructed considering the pipe size, water pressure,
type of fitting, gravity component when laid on slopes and the type of soil.
Figure 7: Thrust Block For 45° Bend Horizontal Bend (Source: CPHEEO Manual)
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Backfilling and Tamping: The initial backfill shall be of selected soil or sand placed evenly in a
layer about 100 mm thick. This shall be properly consolidated and continued till there is a cushion
of at least 300 mm of cover above the pipe. Avoid backfilling with large stones which might
damage the pipe when spaded into the trench. If it is desired to observe the joint during the testing
of pipes such joints shall be left exposed. Sufficient backfill shall be placed on the pipe to resist
the movement due to pressure while testing.
Utility Duct: Water supply lines carry water under pressure and leakage causes damage to road
pavement. These lines should not be close to sewer lines to avoid crossflows in case of any
leakage or pipe burst. Water lines should be provided on one side of the road preferably on
prefabricated ducts. If the ducts are provided by the authority along the road, then the pipe line
shall be laid.
Figure 8: Typical installation of casing pipe under road

(Refer IRC 98-1997)
5.11 DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR PIPED WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES-PIPE

NETWORK ANALYSIS
5.11.1 Pipe network analysis
Hydraulic design of pipe network analysis is the building block of the design of water
distribution system which involves the determination of flow conditions associated with
specified pipe sizes, locations and size of reservoir and capacity of pumps.
29
The hydraulic analysis of pipe network must satisfy the two conditions:
a. The algebraic sum of the pressure drops around a closed loop must be zero.ie,
there can be no discontinuity in pressure.
b. The flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow leaving the same junction.ie,
the law of continuity must be satisfied.
5.11.2 Hardy-Cross Method
The flow in each pipe is assumed as the principle of continuity is satisfied at each junction.
Hydraulic analysis of pipe network is based on fundamental laws, i.e., the algebraic sum of
flows ∑Q=0 at a junction, algebraic sum of head loses ∑H=0 around a loop, head loss in
pipe h=k𝑄 ,where Q is the Quantity of flow.
EPANET is a software used for network analysis of given set of pipe sizes and it has an
additional feature of analysing water quality especially residual chlorine level in the network.
6. DRINKING WATER SOURCES

Water Supply systems obtain water mainly from two sources: surface water and groundwater.
Figure 9: Various sources of water
6.1 Surface Water Sources
Surface water is water that gets collected on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, reservoir, or
ocean. Surface water is constantly replenished through precipitation and lost through evaporation
and seepage into ground.
6.2 Ground Water Sources
Most of the public water systems are supplied by groundwater. Gaining access to groundwater
sources requires digging or drilling through the ground and into an aquifer.
30
6.3 Adequacy of Sources
Even though most drinking water (especially from surface water sources) is treated before
entering the home, the cost of this treatment and the risks to public health can be reduced by
protecting source of water from contamination. Water Quality Standards shall be met with. Water
quality standards include designated uses, water quality criteria, and anti-degradation policies.
The adequacy of sources can be ascertained from historical data of the river. Hydrogeological
properties of the water source shall be examined.
The proposed source of water supply to be developed, supported for the reasons for their
selection and provide the following information:
a. For surface water sources, include:
i. Hydrologic data, stream flow and weather records.
ii. Safe yield, quantity, including all factors that may affect it.
iii. Maximum flood level, maximum water level and minimum water level.
iv. Description of the watershed, noting any existing or potential sources of
contamination which may affect water quality.
v. Summary of the quality of raw water with special reference to fluctuations in quality.
b. For groundwater sources, include:
i. Sites considered.
ii. Advantages of the site selected.
iii. Elevations with respect to surroundings and floodplain.
iv. Character of formations through which the source is to be developed.
v. Geologic conditions affecting the site.
vi. Summary of source exploration quality of raw water test, well depth and method of
construction, placement of liners.
Also, the following tests shall be conducted, if applicable:
a. Pump tests
b. Water well Report
c. Coliform Bacteria test
d. Nitrate test
e. Hydro-conductivity test
f. Soils and Infiltration Rate Testing
g. Hydrogeological surveys
h. Geochemical analysis
i. Environmental Monitoring
j. Hydrogeological Studies
k. Conductivity tests
l. Total solids analysis test
31
m. Effluent Evaluation/Zero waste concept
n. Iron test, Fluorides test
o. Heavy metal test
7. WATER QUALITY.
Water found in nature is never 100% free from impurities. Impurity content varies. Groundwater
contains more impurities than surface water due to absorption of salts, organic and inorganic
compounds. Hence, water should be treated before it is made available to the beneficiaries as
found necessary.
The primary objective of water treatment and purification is to collect water from best available
sources and subject it to processing which will ensure water of drinking water quality. Raw water
should be treated before distribution. There are a set of standards to be met by water so that it
may be safe for drinking purposes.
7.1 Drinking Water Quality
The quality of water can be assessed by considering its physical, chemical and biological
characteristics. Physical characteristics of water include its turbidity, colour, temperature, total
Solids content, pH, odour, and taste. Chemical properties include Hardness of water, Chloride
content, Metal and other chemical substances, Nitrogen and its compounds, and dissolved
gases. Water also contains bacterial and microscopic organisms.
The presence of these characters/impurities is critical from the viewpoint of public health.
Water Quality standards are specified in IS 10500:2012.

This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards after the draft finalized by
the Drinking Water Sectional Committee had been approved by the Food and Agriculture Division
Council.
The permissible and acceptable limits of some characteristics that determine the quality of
drinking water are given in Table 11:
Table-13: Quality of drinking water (permissible and acceptable limits)
Sl. No. Characteristic Acceptable limit Permissible Limit

1 Physical Colour, Hazen units 5 15
Parameters
2 Odour Agreeable Agreeable
3 pH value 6.5-8.5 No relaxation
4 Taste Agreeable Agreeable
32
5 Turbidity, NTU 1 5
6 Total dissolved solids, 500 2000
mg/l
7 Chemical Ammonia 0.5 No relaxation
Parameters (mg/L)
8 Chloride 250 1000
9 Fluoride 1 1.5
10 Iron (as Fe) 0.3 No relaxation
11 Nitrate (as NO3) 45 No relaxation
12 Sulphate 200 400
13 Sulphide 0.05 No relaxation
14 Total alkalinity as 200 600
calcium carbonate
15 Total hardness (as 200 600
CaCO3)
16 Bacteriological E. coli or Shall not be detectable in any 100-ml
Parameters thermotolerant coliform sample
bacteria
7.2 Raw Water Quality Improvement
Water Quality Improvement Plans propose management measures and control actions that are
required to reduce the amount of impurities in the water from the source. Measures that aid in
the improvement of water quality include the following major steps:
a. Management of agricultural and urban land
b. Checking effluent characteristics
c. Protection and rejuvenation of waterways and wetlands
d. Drainage management
e. Monitoring and reporting system
f. The quality of treated water & efficiency of the water treatment and the need for
modification/dosing if any.
g. The seasonal variations and trends in natural water quality.
h. The possible locations of leakage/pollution entry into the system shall be rectified as
early as possible.
8. REHABILITATION OF EXISTING WATER SUPPLY

SCHEMES
The existing schemes require either augmentation or rehabilitation or both to function at the
intended service levels. Some schemes are not functioning at the intended service levels owing
mainly to pipeline extensions which will not supported by the design capacities. Replacement of
33
existing pipelines, alternative source for reasons of diminished yield, etc are the requirements for
some schemes which is to be rehabilitated.
Assessment of the technical status of the scheme and preparation of Rehabilitation proposals:
a. The design/capacity of the source.
b. The demand of the existing population worked out and compared with existing
capacity.
c. Components requiring replacement/Improvement/Rehabilitation shall be identified.
d. The laid map of the scheme with levels prepared.
e. Desired service levels fixed for house connections and stand posts.
f. If demand is a higher possibility of augmentation/improvement of the existing source
by deepening of well, providing additional source, augmenting the source etc explored
and specific proposals formulated.
g. Hydraulic calculation worked out and additional lines/new extension lines designed.
h. All the possible alternatives are prepared, and rough cost estimates prepared.
9. SUBMISSION OF PROPOSALS
9.1 Abstract of Proposals
Abstract of Proposals mentions the components of Water Supply Scheme as a Proforma

which shall be prepared along with the DPR and a sample is given in Annexure 2.
9.2 Detailed Project Template
A template for the preparation of the detailed project report is attached as Annexure 1.
10. IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

The time bound work schedule is an important part of every project which helps in better handling
of projects in planning, implementation etc. The major problems or risks or hindrances in the
project have been identified and suitable measures have been discussed to reduce the effect on
the schedule.
10.1 Preparation of Implementation Plan
The following guidelines shall be adopted while preparing the implementation schedule
a. Obtaining AS and TS sanctions.
b. Tendering procedures and award of works.
c. Synchronising with fund flow
34
d. The status of the land acquisition if any shall be cleared.
e. The source development shall be done in working season and shall be completed well
ahead of monsoon.
f. Construction of other components shall be started immediately once the quantity and
quality of the source are assured.
g. Phasing of project activities proposed contract packages and schedule of
implementation for each phase.
h. Identify critical factors in the project and expected timelines for completion of key
milestones and associated process indicators for the same.
10.2 Bar Chart
Implementation agency takes care of entire drinking water supply scheme which includes water
treatment, quality control, and commissioning. A Bar chart shall be prepared in MS project to
depict the implementation schedule of respective components of the project.
10.3 Capex - Opex Analysis
The capital expenditures and operational expenses of water supply services to a population
in a specified area needs analysis. The cost assessed in water supply which covers the
construction and maintenance of systems in the short and long term. Operational
expenditure is spent on the regular maintenance of the systems.
10.4 Environmental and Sustainability Aspects
a. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to be developed explaining the possible

environmental issues which may arise during the construction and operation of the
infrastructure and associated facilities depending upon the size of the project.
b. Environmental impact assessment study if necessary and measures identified to
mitigate the adverse impact, if any shall be conducted and documented in detail.
10.5 Risk Assessment and Mitigation Measures/Disasters natural and strikes
a. For those projects which involves large capital outlay and various issues relating to
land acquisition, environmental aspects, a detailed and systematic risk analysis may
be resorted.
b. Identification and assessment of implementations risks which can lead to time overrun,
cost escalation, scope reduction etc. is the primary stage of risk assessment.
(i) Permission from agencies having ownership of road. See
Annexure.
35
c. Risk analysis could include legal/contractual risks, environmental risks, revenue risks,
regulatory risks etc.
d. The mitigation plans including risk avoidance, risk transfer, and risk elimination are to
be well analysed and documented.
10.6 Commissioning Reports and Plan
The scheme implementing agency shall prepare a complete report and submit it to the O & M
agency, this report shall be prepared even if both the agencies are same. These completion
reports shall also include the following information/documents:
a. The details of the actual works executed with quantities, sizes and other specification
and item wise expenditure with details of total expenditure on the execution of the
scheme.
b. A detailed map showing the details of all scheme components, pipelines, the location
of all the valves with types, sizes and lengths of all the pies used.
c. Drawings and designs of all the major components must be made available to the O &
M agency.
d. Checklist for regular O&M and essential items for preventive maintenance with a
descriptive note on how the pumps and valves are to be operated (operation manual),
treatment specifications and manufacturer’s warranties etc with their copies be given
or the number of copies of the above shall be specified in the tender documents.
e. Details and procedure of record keeping such as pump logbooks, meter readings,
water sample testing etc.
f. Provision of standard measurement books for tracking the measurements of the future
maintenance works.
11. OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE

Annual Running and Maintenance estimate to be prepared giving details of estimated
expenditure on all major components such as electricity, chemicals, manpower/ labour, repairs
and maintenance of electrical/mechanical works, civil works and pipelines etc. Operation and
maintenance are those activities needed to fulfil the purpose continuously. Some of the key
issues contributing to the poor O & M have been identified as follows:
a. Lack of finance, inadequate data on O & M
b. Inappropriate system design and inadequate workmanship
c. Failure to recruit the best personnel and inadequate training of personnel
d. The multiplicity of agencies, overlapping responsibilities
e. The lesser attraction of maintenance jobs in career planning
f. Lack of performance evaluation and regular monitoring
g. Inadequate emphasis on preventive maintenance
36
h. Lack of operation manuals
i. Lack of appreciation of the importance of facilities by the community
j. Lack of real-time field information
Manual on operation and maintenance of water supply systems - CPHEEO serves as a guide for
strengthening the technical, operational and managerial capabilities required of the concerned
personnel to operate and maintain water supply services as per acceptable norms of quantity,
quality, sustainability, reliability, and cost.
37
ANNEXURES
ANNEXURE-1 – DPR TEMPLATE
DETAILED PROJECT REPORT
FOR
…………… WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SALIENT FEATURES (as per attached format)
CHAPTERS:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
 This section shall contain brief of all relevant details discussed in the following chapters.
 The brief description of the benefited area and the functioning of the schematic area shall be
provided.
1. INTRODUCTION
 This section should provide a general introduction regarding the project planning which include
the proposed design period of the project.
 The project planning area under consideration shall be discussed in this section which may be
larger than the service area determined to be economically and efficiently feasible.
 General introduction shall include write up on: features of water supply scheme, project
planning area including the location of the project area, general description of topography,
physiography and geology of the project area, growth area, population trends, environmental
concerns in service area, community engagement if any, need for the project, etc.
 Aims and objectives of the project shall also be briefed in the section.
2. STATUS FEASIBILITY STUDIES

 Description of any feasibility study conducted earlier, and their outcome shall be discussed in
this section.
 The data collected based on current and projected water use for the planning area shall be
discussed in this section.
 Legal data on various legal laws on water rights, land zoning, land ownership, administrative
pattern etc shall be collected and discussed.
38
 A description of population trends as indicated by available records and the estimated
population that will be served by the proposed water supply system or expanded system
3. REQUIREMENT/ DEMAND ANALYSIS

 This section shall include the condition of existing facilities and need for project which shall
include the present condition, suitability of continued use, adequacy of source both quality and
quantity (yield or specific capacity shall be mentioned).
 This section should present the specific problem(s) or issue(s) faced by stakeholders like
citizens, businesses or governments that would be addressed by means of provision of
improved services through the proposed project.
 In this section, describe the project proposed in terms of the rationale behind the project, clearly
focusing on the existing condition (how it will help in improving the situation and bring benefits
to the stakeholders).
 The rationale could be broad based and supplemented with facts and figures. Information
based on objective research, not subjective impressions, should be provided to justify the need
or problem. The rationale should be written in a way that would lead to objectives.
4. FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
 This section should contain descriptions of the reasonable alternatives considered in planning
a solution to meet the identified need and describe all feasible water supply sources and
provide a comparison of such sources. Also, describe treatment, storage and distribution
facilities.
 The functional design of the project is mainly achieved through field study and documentation
using existing information and specifications from various standards.
 The field study for water supply scheme includes population studies, water demand
calculations and documentation which may be done as per the latest revisions and
amendments of the relevant guidelines of Central Water Commission (CWC) and Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS).
 This section should describe the proposed source to be developed, reasons for their selection
and providing sufficient data to substantiate it such as hydrologic data, stream flow, weather
records, safe yield, quantity including all factors that may affect it, maximum flood level,
summary of the quality of raw water with special reference to fluctuations in quality.
 The demand calculations are discussed shall mention the design parameters used for
evaluation purpose. The design parameters such as base year and ultimate year, the per
capita rate, per capita amount, decadal growth and basic requirements for water demand
calculations including the industrial, commercial, fire, transmission losses, NRW, UFW etc.
 The alignment of WSS shall generally be governed by several factors like easy accessibility
and minimum requirement of land acquisition/demolitions, if any. The requirement of the most
39
suitable site shall have over riding consideration and the site so selected shall fulfil the
requirements. Also specify whether these land properties are currently owned, to be acquired
or leased.
 The major concerns regarding the construction and site considerations such as subsurface
rock, high water table, limited access, flood prone areas and related maps, or other conditions
which may affect cost of construction or operation of facilities.
 History of functioning of existing/nearby water supply scheme in the project location, if any,
under adverse conditions, maintenance problems etc. shall be considered.
 Treatment processes should describe in detail, including a plan view and schematic of site
layout, and identify location of plant and site of any process discharges and a brief description
of existing utilities, back up, or an alternative power supply. Also, describe foundation
conditions at sites of proposed structure based on geotechnical information and approximate
elevation of groundwater in relation to subsurface structures.
 The report shall discuss the various waste disposal including residuals from the water
treatment plant, their volume, proposed treatment, points of discharge, discharge permit
required, or method of disposal etc.
 The scheme shall be planned as to get the most economical design and at the same time
satisfy specific requirements, if any.
 The selection of the alignment shall be considered as one which results in minimum
construction cost with respect to the actual site conditions like topographical features,
geotechnical features etc.
 Project components shall be designed to meet the requirements of the design period wherever
applicable.
 In case of relaying of pipe lines, the adverse conditions of the existing pipe lines should be
clearly specified as per the relevant guidelines of CWC (like water audit) and other manuals.
 The distribution layout identification shall include general location of line improvements like
lengths, sizes and key components and the character of the soil through which water mains
are to be installed.
 The summary of the functional design is as follows:
SL. Components Points to be discussed
NO
1 Project Proposals Descriptive report on various project proposals
1.1 Intake structures Different alternatives, technologies, the final selection of
source etc
Type of structure, diameter, depth etc.
Pumphouse details, Yield test reports if any, safe yield,
adequacy of the source.
40
Descriptions of interventions if any required and
proposed.
1.2 Raw Water Transmission Economic size of pumping main, Selection of the pump,
mains and Pumping Design calculations, Pipe materials, electrical system,
mechanisms control system.
Raw Water Pumps –Type of Pump/ Head / discharge-
Nos/HP and Standby
Raw Water Pumping Main – Type of Pipe/Length/Dia.
1.3 Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Plant (WTP) – Type of Plant / Capacity
/ CW Sump capacity / Size of clear water pump house L
(WTP)
x W x H / capacity of gantry / disinfection system/Process
and units
1.4 Clear Water Transmission Clear Water Pumps –Type of Pump/Head /
discharge/Nos./HP.
mains and Pumping
Clear Water Pumping Main/s – Type of Pipe/Length/Día
mechanisms
1.5 Storage Reservoirs Location & selection of sites, soil investigation report,
Structural design, Inlet Outlet arrangements.
Drawings
1.6 Distribution system A brief description of the system, Analysis &design of the
system, Pipe selection, Valves & Appurtenances, Total
length and diameter of the pipe.
1.7 Land Availability of land, extend & ownership details, location
sketch etc if acquisition of land is required
5. ENGINEERING DESIGN
 This section should elaborate the technology choices, structural aspects, foundation options
and evaluation of the technology option, as well as the basis for the technology for the
proposed project.
 Detailed description of site including topographical and geotechnical investigations adequate
to choose the suitable depth of laying shall be furnished.
 The design population will have to be estimated with due regard to all the factors governing
the future growth and development of the project area in the industrial, urbanization,
commercial, educational, social and administrative spheres.
 Hydraulic and structural (where ever necessary) designs of all the major components of the
scheme, such as intake well, pump houses, raw and clear water pumping mains / water
treatment plant including underground sump / raw and clears pumps and motors / transformers
and solar systems, conveyance mains, distribution system including overhead or ground
reservoirs, any sustainability structures such as check dams or dykes etc. must be done as
41
per standard engineering practices and applicable manuals and codes of the Bureau of Indian
Standards IS-3370 part I to IV to be used for water retaining structures.
 The preliminary design for a typical water supply scheme shall consist of longitudinal profile of
the proposed pipe alignment from supply point to collection point, nodal diagrams in distribution
system, alignment with locations of crossings, points of interconnection, positions of sluice
valve, scour valve, spring points of branch lines and positions of pressure gauge, flow meter
with chainages etc.
 The summary of engineering design as follows:
NO
1 Drawings 1.Schematic diagram
2.Location map
3.Layout Map
4.Hydraulic Flow diagram
5.Detailed drawing of intake arrangements-Pumphouse
6.Longitudinal Section of Pumping Main /Gravity
Transmission mains with HGL
7.Detailed Structural drawing of Reservoirs
8.Key map
9.Distribution network diagram
6. FINANCIAL ESTIMATES & COST PROJECTIONS

 This section should focus on the cost estimates, budget for the project, means of financing and
phasing of expenditure.
 Cost estimates have to be worked out on the basis of detailed bill of quantities (with detailed
measurements of length, breadth, and depth / height for each item), using the current Schedule
of Rates of the State Government (PRICE) or relevant SOR as applicable.
 Itemized cost estimate for the proposed project based on anticipated period of construction
shall be provided.
 Applicable taxes, contingencies, investigation charges including any O&M cost for a specific
period shall be clearly specified.
 Lumpsum provisions for land acquisition etc. shall be explained in detail.
 The summary of the financial estimates is as follows:
NO
1 Abstract of estimates- 1.Intake Arrangements-Pump house
General abstract, Detailed 2.Water Treatment Plant
42
Abstract, Detailed 3.Pumpset, accessories &Electrical connection
Estimate. 4.Transmission Mains
5.Reservoirs
6.Distribution Network
7.Other components if any
7. REVENUE STREAMS
 Options for cost recovery, if any, should be explored
 Innovative ideas for additional revenue generation may be indicated.
8. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS & INVESTMENT CRITERIA

 Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a technique whereby the costs of and benefits from a scheme
are quantified over a selected time horizon and evaluated by a common yardstick.
 Cost Benefit Ratio (CBR - benefit to cost ratio), EIRR (Economic Internal Rate of Return) etc.
shall be worked out in detail with all supporting primary and secondary data.
 The project cash flow projections for the life cycle along with underlying assumptions have to
be presented.
9. ENVIRONMENTAL & SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS

 An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to be developed explaining the possible
environmental issues which may arise during the construction and operation of the
infrastructure and associated facilities depending upon the size of the project.
 Environmental impact assessment study if mandatory and measures identified to mitigate the
adverse impact, if any shall be conducted and documented in detail.
 Issues relating to land acquisition, diversion of forest land, wildlife clearances, rehabilitation
and resettlement should be addressed in this section.
 Inclusion of international best practices in sustainable infrastructure management including
green building concept, potential low carbon, low energy, zero pollution etc. are desirable.
10. RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

 For those projects which involves large capital outlay and various issues relating to land
acquisition, environmental aspects, a detailed and systematic risk analysis may be resorted.
 Identification and assessment of implementations risks which can lead to time overrun, cost
escalation, scope reduction etc. is the primary stage in risk assessment.
 Risk analysis could include legal/contractual risks, environmental risks, revenue risks, project
management risks, regulatory risks etc.
43
 The mitigation plans including risk avoidance, risk transfer, and risk elimination are to be well
analyzed and documented.
 For complex projects with multiple risk profiles, numerical modelling and simulation may be
adopted.
11. PROJECT MANAGEMENT ORGANISATION

 Responsibilities of different agencies for project management of the said project should be
elaborated. The organization structure at various levels, human resource requirements, as well
as monitoring arrangements should be clearly spelt out.
 Management arrangements refer to the institutional structures and mechanisms that would be
set up for ensuring effective project management.
 The involvement of external consultant if any shall be documented
12. CONTRACT MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

 Contracting methodology for the execution of the project should be specified in detail. (item
rate, lumpsum, design and execute, EPC etc.)
 The system followed in the bidding document and manuals of reference etc. shall be explained
(PWD/CPWD/ FIDIC) etc.
 Any variation proposed from the current practices acceptable under Govt. of Kerala
(Arbitration, escalation etc.) in the system due to any specific technical aspects associated with
the project need to be explained with justification.
 Any contract clause which may likely to lead to additional financial liability shall be identified
and reported with suggestions to overcome such issues.
13. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE & WBS

 The time bound work schedule is an important part of every project because it helps in better
handling of projects in planning, implementation etc.
 This section should indicate the propose zero date of commencement and also provide a Bar
chart / Project Schedule, wherever relevant.
 Phasing of project activities proposed contract packages and schedule of implementation for
each phase.
 Identify critical dependencies in the project and expected timelines for completion of key
milestones and associated process indicators for the same.
 The DPR should provide a time-bound action plan including tendering, appointment of
contractors, construction schedule, quality assurance & quality control and post-construction
activities, including project delivery
14. STATUTORY CLEARANCES
44
 This section should elaborate the statutory clearances to be obtained from the various
authorities.
 Statutory approvals as per bye laws, master plan, fire safety norms, environmental clearance
etc. as applicable for the project are to be taken.
15. QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN

 The DPR shall include information relating to the institution to be engaged in the quality
assurance & quality control of the project execution.
 Methodology to be adopted to ensure the quality of construction should be clearly mentioned
in the report.
 Quality management plan including the internal inspection and testing procedure shall be
documented.
 Third party quality control mechanism is adopted its structure and plan shall be specified in
detail.
16. OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE PLAN

 The DPR shall incorporate/include information relating to the institution to be engaged in the
O&M of the created WSS assets/enhanced WSS assets.
 Brief description/analysis of the key issues and obstacles in regard to O&M (including
billing/collection issues) and proposed countermeasures to overcome them for the project
should be contained.
 Requirement of funds for operation and maintenance of assets should also be included in the
report.
ANNEXURES
a. LONGITUDINAL PROFILE OF THE PROPOSED PIPE ALIGNMENT

b. KEY PLAN/ ALIGNEMENT PLAN WITH CHAINAGE & KEY FEATURES
c. LAYOUT AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING THE PUMPING LINES,
DISTRIBUTION LINES, WTP, INTAKE WELL, SUMP AND OHSR
d. DETAILS OF INTAKE ARRANGEMENTS WHICH INCLUDES WELL/DAM/RESERVOIRS
(MFL, MIN, MAX WATER LEVEL)
e. UNIT SIZES AND PROCESS DETAILED DIAGRAM FOR WTP
f. DETAILED DRAWINGS OF SUMP
g. DEATILS OF OHSR, GLSR WITH PUMP HOUSE
h. L/S DIAGRAM OF PUMPING MAINS INCLUDING THE LOCATION OF AIR VALVES,
SLUICE VALVE AND SCOUR VALVE
i. NODAL DIAGRAMS FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
j. WSS PERFORMA
45
k. GENERAL & SPECIFICATION ABSTRACT, DETAILED ESTIMATE
l. HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
m. COPIES OF STATUTORY APPROVALS
n. DESIGN FOR ECONOMIC SIZE OF PUMPING MAIN
46
ANNEXURE-2 – WSS PROFORMA
WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES PEFORMA
ABSTRACT OF PROPOSALS
1 PROJECT & SCHEME NAME
2 DEMAND ANALYSIS
Population (Base) & Year
Project Area
Extent of Project
Ultimate Population & Year
Ulitimate Water Demand
Fire fighting Demand %
Industrial,Institutional & Commercial
demand %
NRW-Transmission loss %
Per-Capita cost
3 INTAKE ARRANGEMENTS
** Drawings of the estimated components shall be attached
Source Adequacy Analysis (With Revelant Data)

Reports Yes/No
Mass Curve
Lean Flow Analysis
47
Drawings
Name Of Drawing Yes/No Page No
Layout
Land sketch
Detailed drawing of inlet well
Pump house (elevation,section,plan)
Preliminary Engineering Report
4 WATER QUALITY
Water Quality report Yes/No If yes, page no
Parameters Yes/No Page No

Critical parameters (Outside the
permissible limits)
Probable Causes
Remedial Measures
5 PUMPING DETAILS
Raw Water Pump/Clear Water Pump
Type Of
No.Of
Components Pump- Pump Discharge Head(M) Page No
Pumps
Ht/Lt/Sp/Cf
Raw Water Pump
Clear Water Pump
Sump pump
48
6 EXTERNAL ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
Distance from nearest HT supply (m)
m
:
Name of Components Description/Specification Page No

Transformer
Voltage Booster
Substation
7 PUMPING & GRAVITY MAIN

Raw Water, Clear Water And Clear Water Gravity Main
Components Diameter Type Class Length Page No
RWPM
CWPM
CWGM
RWGM
8 TREATMENT PLANT
Capacity of WTP:
Water Quality Report Analysis Yes/No If yes analysis base observations details page no
Drawings Yes/No Page No

Layout
49
Land sketch
Hydraulic flow diagram
Key plan
Preliminary details of components&
treatment process
9 STORAGE RESERVOIR
Land Extent
Type of Reservoir Capacity Soil Investigation Drawings
& Ownership
GLSR - Location
OHSR - Location
Sump - Location
** Plan, section, structural with page no details to be filled in drawings
Reservoir Components for

OHSR/GLSR
** To be filled for individual components
GLSR/OHSR at Location
Component Dimension
Foundation
Plinth
Beam
Column
Superstructure
Roof
50
10 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
**Attach Survey /Nodal Drawings:
Network Analysis
Zones Diameter Type Class Length
** Diameter - Size Range for the partiular type to be mentioned

** Length for each pipe size to be speciifed
Trench Details
Trench terminology Drawings: Yes/No If yes, page no
Valves & Appurtenances

Locations of Valves & Valve Chamber (marked in
Yes/No
Drawings)
Valve Chamber (Attach Detailed Drawings)
Type of Valve Chamber Dimensions Number Page No

Air Valve
Scour Valve
Sluice Valve
11 LAND
Land Acquisition Reports
Location Reports
Land Sketch
51
Road Details
Category
Pipe
Location Chainage Length(M) Panchayath/Pwd Of Road-
Dia(Mm)
Nh/Sh
Land Details
Village / Required Name&Address
Components
Survey No Land Of Owner
12 ABSTRACT OF DESIGNS
Designs Yes/No Page No

Population Forecast and Water Demand
Analysis
Hydraulic design of Capacity of WTP
(Design of Unit Sizes & Process)
Hydraulic &Water Quality Analysis-Pipe
Networks
Design of Reservoirs
Economic Sizing of Pumping mains
Check for design of Combined
RW,CW,GM
Design of Sump
General Design Principles
Cost Benefit Sheet
Cost Benefit Analysis-CBA and IRR
Per capita Cost
52
13 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE & ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
MS-Project-GANTT Chart Yes/No
Tender/Implementation Packages Yes/No
Organisational Chart Yes/No
14 FINANCIAL ESTIMATE
Estimates Yes/No Page No

General Abstarct
Specification Abstract
Detailed Estimate
15 O&M ARRANGEMENTS
Annual Maintenance Report Yes/No
Annexure
Annexure Yes/No Page No
Location Map
Schematic Diagram
Longitudinal Section of Pumping
Main,Gravity Mains,Sump Connection
Layout Map
Site Plan
Detailed Drawing of All Components
53
Cross Section of Structural Elements
Request Format to PWD,KSEB,Railway
Panchayath Resolution if any
*** Add the further details to respective chapter as necessary for the Proposal. Don’T fill the Performa as PROVIDED IN
THE REPORT. In case a Chapter is Not Applicable give NA corresponding to the headings/details
54
ANNEXURE 3-PIPE ALIGNMENT OF PUMPING MAIN
55
ANNEXURE 4-TYPE LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PUMPING MAIN
56
ANNEXURE 5-TYPE DRAWING OF AN INTAKE WELL
57
ANNEXURE 6-TYPE DRAWING OF AN INFILTRATION WELL
58
ANNEXURE 7-TYPE DRAWING OF AN OHSR
59
ANNEXURE 8-TYPICAL HYDRAULIC FLOW DIAGRAM OF WTP
60
ANNEXURE 9-NODAL DIAGRAM OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
61
ANNEXURE 10 DESIGN FOR ECONOMIC SIZE OF PUMPING MAIN
PROBLEM: - Design an economic size of pumping main, given the following data:
1) Water requirements Year Discharge

Initial 1989 5 MLD
Intermediate 2004 7.5 MLD
Ultimate 2019 10 MLD
2) Length of pumping main 7000m
3) Static head for pump 50m
4) Design period 30 years
5) Combined efficiency of pumping set 60%
6) Cost of pumping unit Rs. 2000 per kw
7) Interest rate 10%
8) Life of electric motor and pump 15 years
9) Energy charges Rs. 1 per unit
10) Design value of ‘C’ for C.I. pipes 100
Solution 1st 15 years 2nd 15years
1. Discharge at installation 5 MLD 7.5 MLD

2. Discharge at the end of 15 years 7.5 MLD 10 MLD
3. Average discharge 5+7.5/2 7.5+ 10/2
= 6.25 MLD = 8.75 MLD
4. Hours of pumping at the 23 23
end of 15 years
5. Average hours of pumping (23/7.5)x 6.25 (23/10)x 8.75
for average discharge = 19.17 = 20.12
6. K.W. required at 60% combined efficiency of pumping set

7.5 × 10 × 𝐻 × 100 × 24 10 × 10 × 𝐻 × 100 × 24
= 𝐾𝑊 = 𝐾𝑊
60 × 60 × 24 × 102 × 60 × 23 60 × 60 × 24 × 102 × 60 × 23
1.4H1 = KW1 1.972H2 = KW2
KW required = (Q x H)/102 x1/η x 24/X
62
Where,
Q= Discharge at the end of 15 years in lps
H = Total head in m for discharge at the end of 15 years
η = Combined efficiency of pumping set
X = Hours of pumping for discharge at the end of 15 years
7. Annual cost in Rs. Of eletrical energy @ Rs.1 per unit (KWX average hours of pumping
x average days per year x 1.00)
= KW1 x 19.17 x 365.24 x 1 KW2 x 20.12 x 365.24 x 1
= 7001.65 KW1 = 7348.63 KW2
8. Pump Cost Capitalised
Pn = C = Po(1+r)n
Po = C/(1+r)n
Where,
Po = Initial (1989) Capitalised investment
C = Amount needed after 15 years, that is, in 2004 to purchase the second
Stage pumping set.
r = Rate of compound interest
= 10% per year
n = No. of years = 15
Po = C/(1+0.1)15 = C/ 4.177
9. Energy Charges Capitalised
Cc = CR {(1-(1+r)-n)/n}
For values n = 15 and r = 10 %
Cc = 7.606 CR
(Cc) 1st stage = 7.606 (CR) 1st stage and
(Cc) 2nd stage = 7.606 (CR) 2nd stage
Present (1989) energy charges (Cp) for second stage capitalised value i.e. for (CC) 2nd
and stage in 2004
CP = (CC) 2nd stage / 4.177
10. Table I,II,III show the calculations to arrive the most economical pumping main size for
the given data.
63
12. REFERENCES:
a) CPHEEO Manual on Water Supply and Treatment
b) Water Supply Engineering by S.K Garg, Volume 1
c) IS 9668: 1990 Code of practice for provisions and maintenance for water supplies
for firefighting.
d) IS 3114:1994 Code of practice for Laying of Cast Iron Pipes
e) IS 8329:2000 Centrifugally Cast Ductile Iron Pressure Pipes for Water, Gas, and
Sewage-Specification.
f) IS 11346: Code of Practise Tests for Agricultural and Water Supply Pumps.
g) Water Pipe line Design Guidelines EPB 276
h) IS 1172:1993-Code of basic requirements for water supply, drainage, and
sanitation
i) IS 2064: 1993-Code of Practice for selection, installation, and maintenance of
sanitary appliances.
j) SP 35(S&T):1987 – Handbook on water supply and drainage with special
emphasis on plumbing
k) IS 14536:1998-Code of Practice for Selection, Installation, Operation and
Maintenance of Submersible Pump set.
l) IRC 1997: Guidelines on Accommodation of Utility Services on Roads In Urban
Areas
m) IS code practise 10500: 2012 Drinking Water specification
n) CPHEEO manual on Operation and maintenanceof water supply
64

TechnicalGuidelines WSS KIIFB

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TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING AND

DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME PROJECTS

2. STAGES IN PROJECT PREPARATION

The steps involved in a preliminary feasibility study are given below:

Per capita Cost Determination

Attention must be given to following assumptions/presumptions:

3.1.1 Household Survey

The major heads included in the datasheet are:

3.1.2 Identification of Problems

3.2 Gravity Mains/Pumping Schemes

3.3 Preliminary Scheme Report-Approval

4.1 Preparation of Scheme Maps

4.1.1 Layout Maps

4.1.2 L- Section of Pumping Main/Gravity Main

Figure 2: Longitudinal Section Diagram of Pumping Main/Gravity Main

5. DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

Sl. Classification of Towns/Cities Recommended

b. Industrial water demand

Table 2: Recommended Individual requirement for Industrial Water Demand

Industry Unit of Production Water requirements in

Sl. No Institutions Litres per head per day

e. Non-Revenue water (NRW)/UFW

Sl. Design Period

5.2 Design Criteria for Source Development

5.2.1 Data Analysis on Adequacy of source

Infiltration well/Infiltration gallery: An Infiltration well involves a simple means of obtaining

5.3 Checking for Water Quality (Seasonal Variations)

5.4 Selection of Prime Mover/HT/LT Options

5.5 Criteria for Selection of Pumps

5.5.1 Pump Capacity

The horsepower of the pump set is calculated by using the formula:

5.5.2 Operation of pumps

Figure 3: Operating point of the pump

5.5.3 HT/LT motors

5.6 Availability of Power

5.7 Transmission Mains Analysis

5.7.1 Pumping Mains (Raw water /Clearwater)

5.7.2 Economic Diameter of the Pumping mains

1st stage flow of 7.5 MLD 2nd stage flow of 10 MLD

2 350 80 180 360 105 210 420

3 400 75 170 340 80 160 320

4 450 60 140 280 65 130 260

5 500 55 130 260 60 120 240

8* - costs of pumpsets 9* - Annual cost of energy charges = 7001.65kW1 = CR1

= (Col. 12 + Col. 14)/ 4.177

Figure 4: Economic Size of the pumping Main

The process flow of conventional water treatment plant is as follows:

Figure 1: Process Flow of a Water Treatment Plant (Source: Google)

Parameter Acceptable Value Cause for rejection

Unit treatment Function (removal)

Sl. No. Code Description

5.8.1 Location Analysis of WTP

5.8.2 Waste Disposal-Effluent discharge facilities/Zero waste concept

5.8.3 Options and Justification

Figure 5: Typical Over Head Storage Reservoir

5.10.1 Basic Requirements

5.10.2 Peak Factor

5.10.4 Flow in the pipe

5.10.5 Location and elevation of Reservoirs

5.10.7 Pipe Policy Of KWA

Table-12: Hydrostatic Test Pressure at Works for Ductile Iron Pipes

5.10.9 Layout Marking of Different Types of Valves-Air/Scour/Sluice

Figure 6: Profile of the pressure pipe showing the locations of valves