@GKGCGF KMZMXGYGTGO KA@]OETG^

-G^KMZ GIXMIGT DGCG@ KA@]OETG^ KM^MFGTGO ZXEG-

De ^usuo Acmf 2

KMCA@ZAK 4

7. Gprecegog (7677:7>)

8. Mvg Ugote ^etarus (7677:=<)

>. Modgoi Y. ^eourgt (7677:=>)
4. Xeskgwgoe Zgsgreu (767775:)
=. Xea Mkg Z. ^gaia (767774<)
<. ^mkgr Yedyg Zutre (76777=9)
9. Tre Ygfyu Oeoisef (7677767)
6. Ymoe Zurog`g ^gre
(767774=)

DA^MO ZM@HE@HEOI 2

Ehu Os.Goetg Zurhg,^.Kmp,@.Kmp

EO^TET]T KM^MFGTGO @MDE^TXG C]H]K

ZGKG@ LGK]CTG^ KMZMXGYGTGO DGO

LE^EATMXGZE ZXAIXG@ ^T]DE EC@]

KMZMXGYGTGO

T.G 8:87/8:88
1
 KGTG ZMOIGOTGX 

Zube syukur kg`e pgobgtkgo kmfgdergt Tufgo Ugoi @gfg Msg ygoi tmcgf
`mce`pgfkgo Kmsmfgtgo dgo Kmkugtgo smfeoig kg`e dgpgt `moymcmsgekgo
@gkgcgf .

@gkgcgf eoe desusuo iuog `m`moufe sgcgf sgtu tuigs `gtg kucegf Kmpmrgwgtgo
Ka`uoetgs ygoi deg`pu acmf Ehu Os.Goetg Zurhg ^.Kmp,Os,@.Kmp.
Kg`e `moiungpkgo tmre`g kgsef kmpgdg sm`ug pefgk ygoi tmcgf
`m`hgotu, smfeoiig kgryg tuces ec`egf hmrupg `gkgcgf eoe smcmsge smsuge dmoigo
wgktuoyg. Kg`e `moygdgre hgfwg `gkgcgf eoe `gsef bguf dgre sm`purog, acmf
kgrmog etu, kretek dgo sgrgo ygoi hmrselgt `m`hgoiuo kfususoyg dgre dasmo
`gtg kucegf Kmpmrgwgtgo Ka`uoetgs ^goigt kg`e fgrgpkgo, iuog `mobgde
gnugo dgcg` hmkgc
 pmoigcg`go hgie pmoyusuo uotuk cmhef hgek de `gsg ygoi gkgo dgtgoi.

Cuhuk Zgkg`

Zmouces

2
 DGLTGX E^E NA\MX ...............e

KGTG ZMOIGOTGX .............................................................................ee

DGLTGX E^E................................................................................................eee

HGH E ZMODGF]C]GO ........................................................................7

7.7 Cgtgr Hmcgkgoi .........................................................................7

7.8 Xu`usgo @gsgcgf ....................................................................7

7. > Tubugo.................................................................................. 8

HGH EE ZM@HGFG^GO......................................................................>

8.7 Avmrvemw Tu`huf Km`hgoi Dmwgsg (Zreg) ....................>

8.8 Zmr`gsgcgfgo Kmsmfgtgo Zmoygket Kraoek ........................9
8. > Zmr`gsgcgfgo Kmsmfgtgo Xmpradukse .................................7>

8.4 Zra`ase Zrmvmose Kmsmfgtgo Zgdg Zreg ..............................76

8.= Zrairg` Kmsmfgtgo Zreg ........................................................88

HGH EEE G^]FGO KMZMXGYGTGO ..............................................8>

  >.7Zmoikgbego .................................................................................8>

>.8 Degioasg Kmpmrgwgtgo ..........................................................8=

>.> Eotmrvmose Kmpmrgwgtgo.............................................................8=

>.4 E`pcm`motgse ...........................................................................85

>.= Mvgcugse ....................................................................................>:

HGH E\ ZMO]T]Z ..................................................................................>7

  4.7 Kmse`pucgo ...............................................................................>7

  4.8 ^grgo....................................................................................>7

DGLTGX Z]^TGKG ..............................................................................>8

>
 HGH E

ZMODGF]C]GO

7.7 Cgtgr Hmcgkgoi

Ka`uoetgs gdgcgf sugtu kmca`pak papucgse ygoi teoiigc desutu
kgwgsgo tmrtmotu, hmrgdg dehgwgf sugtu pmoigturgo dgo `m`eceke oecge gtgu
eotmrms smrtg kmhutufgo tmrtmotu pucg. Kaosmp ygoi utg`g gdgcgf
kaosmp imairgle (kgwgsgo) dgo gdgoyg eotmrgkse (Tg`fmr, 8:74, fgcg`go
55).
Kmsmfgtgo `mrupgkgosmhugf kmhutufgo ygoi sgoigt `modgsgr hgie
smtegp argoi. Tmare kcgsek F.C.Hcaa` `moygtgkgo hgfwg gdg 4
lgktar ygoi
`m`pmoigrufe kmsmfgtgo smngrg hmrturut-turut ygetu 2 7. Igyg fedup, 8.

Ceoikuoigo (sasegc,mkaoa`e,hudgyg,pacetek), >. Zmcgygogo kmsmfgtgo dgo, 4.

Lgktar imomtek. Kmm`pgt dmtmr`eogo tmrsmhut sgceoi hmreotmrgkse dgo
`m`pmoigrufe stgtus kmsmfgtgo smsmargoi, ygoi ogoteoyg gkgo hmrpmoigruf
 pgdg kmsmfgtgo ka`uoetgs. Kmsmfgtgo ygoi apte`gc hgie smtegp eodevedu,
kmcugrig, kmca`pak dgo `gsygrgkgt `mrupgkgo tubugo dgre
kmpmrgwgtgo kfususoyg kmpmrgwgtgo ka`uoetgs, ygoi cmhef `momkgokgo
kmpgdg upgyg
 pmoeoikgtgo kmsmfgtgo dgo pmonmigfgo tmrfgdgp hmrhgige igoiiugo kmsmfgtgo
dgo kmpmrgwgtgo, dmoigotedgk `mcupgkgo upgyg-upgyg pmoiahgtgo
dgo
 pmrgwgtgo smrtg pm`ucefgo hgie ygoi smdgoi `modmretg pmoygket `gupuo

dgcg` kaodese pm`ucefgo tmrfgdgp pmoygket

Dedgcg` ka`uoetgs `gsygrgkgt sugtu dgmrgf hecg dekcgselekgsekgo hmrdgsgrkgo
kmca`pak kfusus, sgcgf sgtu kaoedese kmsmfgtgo rmotgo tmrigoiiu
gdgcgf kmca`pak dwwgsg. ^gcgf sgtuupgyg ygoi decgksgogkgo gdgcgf
`moeikgtkgo
 pacg fedup `gsygrgkgt ygoi smfgt dmoigo `mckukgo kmiegtgo kmpmrgwgtgo
 pgdg ka`uoetgs gtgu `gsygrgkgt ygoi dedgcg`oyg tmrdgpgt kmca`pak kfusus

4
dmwgsg. Dgcg` upgyg pmongpgego dmrgbgt kmsmfgtgo ygoi apte`gc decgkukgo
`mcgcue pmoeoikgtgo kmsmfgtgo (pra`atel) dgo pmonmigfgo
pmoygket (prmvmotel) desm`ug teoikgtgo pmonmigfgo (cmvmcs al
prmvmoteao).

4
7.8 Xu`usgo @gsgcgf
7. Hgige`gog tu`huf km`hgoi dmwgsg preg1

8. Hgige`gog fmgctfy warcd ka`uoetgs pgdg girmigt preg1

>. Gpg sgbg pmr`gsgcgfgo kmsmfgtgo pmoygket kraoek pgdg preg1

4. Gpg sgbg pmr`gsgcgfgo kmsmfgtgo rmpradukse dmwgsg preg1

=. Hgige`gog prasms gsufgo kmpmrgwgtgo ka`uoetgs pgdg preg1

<. Hgige`gog pra`ase prmvmose kmsmfgtgo pgdg preg1

9. Gpg sgbg prairg` kmsmfgtgo pgdg preg1

6. Hgige`og gogceses burogc de girmigt preg1

7. > Tubugo @gsgcgf

7. ]otuk `moimtgfue hgige`gog tu`huf km`hgoigo preg
8. ]otuk `moimtgfue fmgctfy warcd pgdg ka`uoetgs girmigt preg
>. ]otuk `moimtgfue pmr`gsgcgfgo kmsmfgtgo pmoygket kraoek pgdg preg
4. ]otuk `moimtgfue pmr`gsgcgfgo kmsmfgtgo rmpradukse pgdg dmwgsg preg
=. ]otuk `moimtgfue gsufgo kmpmrgwgtgo ka`uoetgs pgdg preg
<. ]otuk `moimtgfue pra`ase prmvmose kmsmfgtgo pgdg preg
9. ]otuk `moimtgfue prairg` kmsmfgto pgdg preg

=
 HGH EE

ZM@HGFG^GO

8.7 Avmrvemw Tu`huf Km`hgoi Dmwgsg (Zreg)

Zmrtu`hufgo (Irawtf) dgo pmrkm`hgoigo (Dmvmcap`mot) `m`eceke dmleoese
ygoi sg`g ygetu sg`g-sg`g `moigcg`e pmruhgfgo, og`uo smngrgkfusus
kmdugoyg hmrhmdg. Zmrtu`hufgo `mouobukgo pmruhgfgo ygoi hmrselgt
kugotetgs smhgige gkehgt pm`gtgoigo lesek ygoi de tgodge dmoigo `gkeo
ka`pcmksoyg sestm` bgreoigo atat, sestm` sygrgl smrtg luoise sestm`arigo
tuhuf cgeooyg dgo dgpgt de ukur (Uuoegrte, 8:7=). @gsg dmwgsg dgpgt deteobgu
dgre 8 sese, ygetu
g) ^ese Heacaies.^ugtu pmreadm dgcg` kmfedupgo eodevedu ygoi
detgodge dmoigo pmongpgego km`gtgoigo tuhuf smngrg apte`gc
dgo kmsegpgo
 hmrmpradukse (hmrkmturuogo).
 h) ^ese Zsekacaies.Zmreadm dgcg` kmfedupgo eodevedu ygoi detgodge dmoigo
nere-nere kmdmwgsggo gtgu km`gtgoigo, degotgrgoyg 2 m`ateaogc
stghecety, smosm al rmgcety, tedgk `moygcgfkgo argoi cgeo bekg
`moifgdgpe kmigigcgo, tacmrgose dgo apte`estes.

^tgtus kmsmfgtgo smsmargoi sgoigt hmrkgetgo dmoigo smhmrgpg bguf

pacg kmhegsggo pmrecgkuargoi tmrsmhut. Kmhegsggo pmrecgku ygoi
smfgt gkgo
`m`hmre pmoigruf pasetel pgdgkmsmfgtgooyg, smhgcekoyg kmhegsggo ygoi
sgcgf nmodmruoi `m`hmre dg`pgk omigtel. Gkehgtoyg,eodevedu `udgf
tmrsmrgoi
 pmoygket. Kgsc & Nahh (dgcg` ^grgleoa, 7554) `moim`ukgkgo teig bmoes
upgyg eodevedu uotuk `moigtgse sugtu pmoygket dgo `moepmrtgfgokgo
tgrgl kmsmfgtgo, ygkoe2
7) Fmgctf hmfgvear gdgcgf gktevetgs-gktevetgs ygoi decgkukgo eodevedu

<
ygoi deygkeoe gkgo dgpgt`m`hgoiuo kmsmfgtgooyg dmoigo ngrg
`monmigf sugtu pmoygket gtgu `mogoiiucgoie igoiiu-go pmoygketoyg.

<
8) Eccomss hmfgvear gdgcgf gktevetgs-gktevetgs ygoi decgkukgo argoi
ygoi sgket, iuog `m`pmracmfeolar`gse, ogsefgt gtgu ngrg
pmoym`hufgooyg gigr dereoyg smfgt km`hgce.
>) ^enk racm hmfgvear gdgcgf gktevetgs ygoi decgkukgo eodevedu uotuk prasms
 pmoym`hufgo dgrergsg sgketoyg.Dmwgsg gwgc u`u`oyg gktel dgo
`m`puoyge `gsgcgf kmsmfgtgo utg`g `eoe`u`. Gkgo tmtgpe,igyg fedup
`mrmkg dgpgt `mom`pgtkgo `mrmkg pgdg rmseka pmoygket gtgu kmngngtgo
smcg`g`gsg dmwgsg tmoigf gtgu gkfer. Dmwgsg tmoigf `uoikeo
buig rmotgo smngrg imomten tmrfgdgp pmoygket kraoes tmrtmotu smpmrte D@
dgo fepmrkacmstmracm`eg kmturuogo (Zrenm dgo Yecsao, 7558)Lgktar
rmseka
 hgie kmsmfgtgo dmwgsg gwgc hmrgsgc dgre ka`uoetgs, igyg fedup
dgo rewgygtkmcugrig. Lgntar-lgktar eoe `m`puoyge kgtmiare smhgige
hmrekut2
g) Km`gtego dgo nmdmrg kgrmog kmkmrgsgo

 h) Zmoygcgfiuoggo zgt

n) Kmfg`ecgo ygoi tedgk deeoieokgo

d) Zmoygket `moucgr smksugc

m) Lgntar ceoikuoigo dgo pmkmrbggo

l) Igyg fedup

9
8.8 Zmr`gsgcgfgo Kmsmfgtgo Zmoygket Kraoek 

Fgsec Xeskmsdgs 8:76 prmvgcmose pmoygket tedgk `moucgr `moigcg`e kmogekgo

 bekg dehgodeoikgo dmoigo Xeskmsdgs 8:7>, gotgrg cgeo kgokmr, strakm, pmoygket
ieobgc kraoes, deghmtms `mcetus, dgo fepmrtmose. Debmcgskgo Kmpgcg
Hgdgo

Zmomcetego dgo Zmoim`hgoigo Kmsmfgtgo, ^eswgota, prmvgcmose kgokmr

ogek dgre 7,4 pmrsmo (Xeskmsdgs 8:7>) `mobgde 7,6 pmrsmo de 8:76
dmoigo
 prmvgcmose tmrteoiie de Zraveose DE Uaiygkgrtg.Hmietu pucg dmoigo prmvgcmose
strakm ogek dgre 9 pmrsmo `mobgde 7:,5 pmrsmo, sm`motgrg pmoygket
ieobgc kraoek ogek dgre 8 pmrsmo `mobgde >,6 pmrsmo. Hmrdgsgrkgo
pm`mreksggo iucg dgrgf, prmvgcmose deghmtms `mcetus ogek dgre <,5 pmrsmo
`mobgde 6,= pmrsmo; dgo fgsec pmoiukurgo tmkgogo dgrgf, fepmrtmose ogek dgre
8=,6 pmrsmo `mobgde >4,7
 pmrsmo.

7. Kgrdeavgskucgr
Zmoygket kgrdeavgskucgr (ZK\) gdgcgf pmoygket ygoi
desmhghkgo igoiiugo luoise bgotuoi dgo pm`hucuf dgrgf. Zmoygket
tedgk `moucgr smpmrte pmoygket bgotuoi karaomr `mrupgkgo `gsgcgf
kmsmfgtgoutg`g de omigrg `gbu dgo omigrg hmrkm`hgoi. De
G`mrekg ^mrekgt, pmoygket kgrdeavgskucmr `mrupgkgo pmoymhgh
km`gtego pmrtg`g dmoigo Naraogry Fmgrt Dmsmgsm (NFD) (4>,6%)
gdgcgf pmoymhgh utg`g km`gtego deekute dmoigo strakm (7<,6%),
fepmrtmose (5,4%), igigc bgotuoi (5%), pmoygket
 pgdg grtmre (>,7%), dgo ZK\ cgeooyg. Teig lgktar reseka utg`g uotuk ZK\
ygetu tmkgogo dgrgf teoiie, kacmstmrac teoiie, dgo `mrakak (Hmobg`eo, mt
gc., 8:76).
^mngrg icahgc, de Eodaomseg tedgk bguf hmrhmdg. ZK\ buig `mrupgkgo
 pmoymhgh km`gtego pmrtg`g, tmr`gsuk de OTH wgcgupuo `gsef de hgwgf
goikg prmvgcmose ZK\ de Eodaomseg (37,=%) og`uo `mouobukkgo gdgoyg
 pmoeoikgtgo bu`cgf kgsus pgdg fgsec Xesmt Kmsmfgtgo Dgsgr tgfuo 8:76
dehgodeoikgo tgfuo 8:7> (Km`motmrego Kmsmfgtgo XE, 8:76).
Dgtg Arigoesgse Kmsmfgtgo Duoeg (Yarcd Fmgctf
6
Arigoezgteao/YFA) 8:7= `mouobu kkgo smketgr 7,7> `ecegr
argoi de duoeg `modmretg fepmrtmose. Grteoyg, 7 dgre > argoi de
duoeg tmrdegioases `modmretg

6
 fepmrtmose. Bu`cgf pmodmretg fepmrtmose de duoeg tmrus `moeoikgt
smtegp tgfuooyg, depmrkergkgo pgdg 8:8= gkgo gdg 7,= `ecegr argoi ygoi
tmrkmog fepmrtmose dgo smteg p tgfuooyg gdg 5,4 butg argoi
`moeoiigc gkehgt fepmrtmose dgo ka`pcekgse.

8. Kgokmr
Zmoygket kgokmr `mobgde sgcgf sgtu pmoygket kraoes ygoi pmoeoikgtgooyg
nukup teoiie sggt eoe. @mourut Yarcd Fmgctf Arigoezgteao gtgu
YFA (8:74) kgokmr `mrupgkgo sugtu estecgf u`u` ygoi
`moiig`hgrkgo
 pmoygket pgdg `gouseg hmrupg `uonucoyg smc-smc ghoar`gc dgcg`
tuhuf ygoi `mcg`pgue hgtgs. ^mc-smc tmrsmhut dgpgt `moymrgoi hgiego
tuhuf cgeo Kgokmr `mrupgkgo sgcgf sgtu pmoygket kraoes ygoi pgceoi
`m`gtekgo de duoeg. @mourut stgtestek G`mrekg ^mrekgt, kgokmr
`moyu`hgoi smketgr 8>% dgre tatgc bu`cgf km`gtego de omigrg tmrsmhut
dgo `mobgde pmoygket kmdug pgceoi `m`gtekgo smtmcgf pmoygket bgotuoi
(Gogod, Kuoou`gkgrg,
^uodgrg`, Fgreku`gr, Tfgrgkgo, Cge, dgo Giigrwgc, 8::6). Hmrdgsgrkgo
^estm` Eolar`gse Xu`gf ^gket (^EX^), bu`cgf pgsemo rgwgt bgcgo `gupuo
rgwgt eogp pgdg kgokmr pgyudgrg tmrhgoygk ygetu 78.:74 argoi (86,9%)
dgo kgokmr smrveks =.>45 argoi (78,6%) dgre bu`cgf pmodmretg
kgokmr kurgoi cmhef 48.::: (Xgfgbmoi, 8:74). Zgdg tgfuo 8::4-8::9 ^EX^
buig
`mongtgt urutgo bmoes kgokmr dmoigo pmodmretg tmrhgoygk de Eodaomseg
gdgcgf kgokmr pgyudgrg, kgokmr smrveks, kgokmr fgte, cmukm`eg, dgo kgokmr 
 pgrupgru (Xgsbede, 8::5).

>. Ahmsetgs
Zmoeoikgtgo prmvgcmose dgre eosedmo ahmsetgs de omigrg `gbu dgo
 hmrkm`hgoi sudgf tmrbgde smbgk 8= tgfuo tmrgkfer. De Eodaomseg smbgk 
^urvme Kmsmfgtgo Xu`gf Tgoiig (^KXT) kmdug sudgf `ucge gdg dgtg
kmcmhefgo hmrgt hgdgo dgo ahmsetgs eoe smbgk decgksgogkgo Xesmt
Kmsmfgtgo Dgsgr pgdg 8::9 sg`pge dmoigo Xesmt Kmsmfgtgo Dgsgr pgdg
8:7>.
5
Dgre puhcekgse de Tfm Cgonmt Buoe 8:7< `mcgparkgo hgfwg pgdg tgfuo
756: detm`ukgo 7,88= `ecygr argoi dmwgsg de duoeg sudgf
`modmretg

5
 kmcmhefgo hmrgt hgdgo dgo ahmsetgs. Zgdg tgfuo 8:77 `moeoikgt `mobgde
7,< `ecygr argoi dmwgsg `moigcg`e kmcmhefgo hmrgt hgdgo dgo 4:: butg
sudgf ahmsetgs. Km`udego pgdg tgfuo 8:7> `mobgde 8,> `ecygr
argoi dmoigo kmcmhefgo hmrgt hgdgo dgo 9:: butg sudgf ahmsetgs.
@gsgcgf hmrgt hgdgo hmrcmhef gtgu ahmsetgs te`huc sggt ketg `moiaosu`se
`gkgogo dmo igo kgdgr kgcare dgo cm`gk `mcmhefe dgre bu`cgf
ygoi dehutufkgo. Kgcare ygoi tedgk hmruhgf `mobgde momrie dgo tedgk
tmrpgkge tmrsmhut gkgo dese`pgo dgcg` hmotuk cm`gk dgcg` tuhuf. ^
mereoi wgktu,
 pmou`pukgo cm`gk eoe `mog`hgf hmrgt hgdgo ygoi `moigrgf pgdg hmrgt
 hgdg o hmrcmhef feoiig ahmsetgs.

4. Deghmtms
Deghmtms `mcetus gtgu ygoi smreoi desmhut kmoneoi `goes `mrupgkgo
 pmoygket kraoek ygoi gkgo dedmretg smu`ur fedup. Fgc eoe depmoigrufe acmf
igoiiugo `mtghaces`m kgrhafedrgt, pratmeo, dgo cm`gk. Deghmtms `mcetus
desmhghkgo acmf lgktar imomtek, pacg fedup tedgk smfgt, dgo
pmoigruf ceoikuoigo (Deokms Zrav. Bgtmoi, 8:7=).
  Hgdgo Kmsmfgtgo Duoeg (YFA) tgfuo 8:7= `m`pmrkergkgo gdgoyg
 pmoeoikgtgo bu`cgf pmoygodgoi D@ de smcuruf duoeg. YFA
`moymhutkgo 47= butg argoi `modmretg deghmtms de duoeg pgdg tgfuo 8:7=
dgo gkgo `moeoikgt `mobgde <48 butg argoi pgdg tgfuo 8:4:. Eodaomseg
`mrupgkgo sgcgf sgtu omigrg hmrkm`hgoi ygoi `m`puoyge
goikg kmbgdego D@ teoiie. @mourut dgtg dgre Eotmrogteaogc Deghmtms
Lmdmrgteao (EDL) tgfuo 8:74, hgfwg pmoduduk Eodaomseg ygoi
tmrdegioasg pmoygket D@ smhgoygk 5,7 butg argoi. Bu`cgf tmrsmhut
`moymhghkgo Eodaomseg
`moduduke urutgo kmtubuf de duoeg, dehgodeoikgo dgtg EDL tgfuo 8:7>
Eodaomseg `moduduke urutgo km-= de duoeg dmoigo bu`cgf pmodmetg D@
smhgoygk 9,< butg argoi

=. Fepmrtmose
Fepmrtmose gdgcgf tmkgogo dgrgf teoiie ghoar`gc dgo deukur pgceoi tedgk 
 pgdg > kmsm`pgtgo ygoi hmrhmdg (Narweo, 8::5). ^mdgoikgo `mourut
7
Yebgyg dgo Zutre (8:7>) fepmrtmose gdgcgf sugtu kmgdggo de`gog tmrbgde
 pmoeoikgtgo tmkgogo dgrgf smngrg ghoar`gc dgo tmrus `momrus pgdg
 hmhmrgpg kgce pm`mreksggo tmkgogo dgrgf ygoi desmhghkgo sugtu gtgu
 hmhmrgpg lgktar rmseka ygoi tedgk hmrbgcgo smhgige`gog `msteoyg dgcg`
`m`pmrtgfgokgo tmkgogo dgrgf smngrg oar`gc. Fepmrtmose gdgcgf
`moeoikgtoyg tmkgogo dgrgf grtmre ygoi pmrsestmo (Ourgrel dgo Kusu`g,
8:7>).

Mteacaie oyg ygetu @mourut ^gigcg (8::5), fepmrtmose tmrigotuoi

pgdg kmnmpgtgo dmoyut bgotuoi, vacu`m smkuonup dgo Tatgc
Zmrepfmrgc Xmsestgonm (TZX). Zmoeoikgtgo sgcgf sgtu dgre kmteig vgreghmc
ygoi tedgk deka`pmosgse dgpgt `moymhghkgo fepmrtmose.
Zmoeoikgtgo TZX ygoi hmrcgoisuoi cg`g dgpgt tmrbgde pgdg pmoeoikgtgo
rgoisgoigo sgrgl gtgu far`ao pgdg grtmreac, gtgu rmspaosevetgs
ygoi
 hmrcmhefgo dgre grtmreac tmrdgpgt rgoisgoigo oar`gc. Kmdug fgc
tmrsmhut gkgo `moymhghkgo pmoym`petgo pm`hucuf dgrgf. Zgdg
pmoeoikgtgo TZX,
 bgotuoi fgrus `m`a`pg smngrg cmhef kugt dgo dmoigo dm`ekego
`moifgseckgo tmkgogo ygoi cmhef hmsgr, uotuk `modaraoi dgrgf `mceotgs
 pm`hucuf dgrgf ygoi `moym`pet. Fgc eoe desmhut pmoeoikgtgo dgcg`
gltmrcagd bgotuoi dgo hegsgoyg hmrkgetgo dmoigo pmoeoikgtgo
tmkgogo degstacek. Gpghecg pmoeoikgtgo gltmrcagd hmrcgoisuoi cg`g, `gkg
vmotrekmc kere `uoikeo `ucge `moigcg`e fepmrtrale (`m`hmsgr).
Fepmrtrale
`moymhghkgo kmhutufgo vmotrekmc gkgo akseimo sm`gkeo
`moeoikgt smfeoiig vmotrekmc fgrus `g`pu `m`a`pg dgrgf smngrg
cmhef kmrgs cgie uotuk `m`moufe kmhutufgo tmsmhut. Zgdg
fepmrtrale, smrgt-smrgt atat
 bgotuoi buig `ucge tmigoi `mcmhefe pgobgoi oar`gcoyg ygoi
pgdg gkferoyg `moymhghkgo pmouruogo kaotrgktecetgs dgo vacu`m
smkuonup (Fgymos, 8::>).

Tgodg dgo imbgcg fepmrtmose gdgcgf Zgdg pm`mreksggo lesek, tedgk debu`pge
7
kmcgeogo gpgpuo smcgeo tmkgogo dgrgf ygoi teoiie, tmtgpe dgpgt
pucg detm`ukgo pmruhgfgo pgdg rmteog, smpmrte pmrdgrgfgo, mksudgt
(ku`pucgo

7
ngergo), pmoym`petgo pm`hucuf dgrgf, dgo pgdg kgsus hmrgt, mdm`g pupec
(mdm`g pgdg deskus aptekus).Eodevedu ygoi `modmretg fepmrtmose kgdgoi
tedgk `mog`pgkgo imbgcg sg`pge hmrtgfuo-tgfuo. Imbgcg hecg
gdg
`mouobukgo gdgoyg kmrusgkgo vgskucmr, dmoigo `goelmstgse ygoi kfgs
smsuge sestm` arigo ygoi devgskucgresgse acmf pm`hucuf
dgrgf
 hmrsgoikutgo. Zmruhgfgo pgtacaies pgdg ieobgc dgpgt hmr`goelmstgse
smhgige oaktureg (pmoeoikgtgo ureogse pgdg `gcg` fgre) dgo
gzmta`g [pmoeoikgtgo oetraimo urmg dgrgf (Hcaad ]rmg Oetraimo) dgo
krmgteoeoP. Kmtmrcehgtgo pm`hucuf dgrgf atgk dgpgt `moe`huckgo strak
gtgu smrgoigo eskm`ektrgosemo ygoi hmr`goelmstgse smhgige pgrgceses
sm`motgrg pgdg sgtu sese (fm`epcmieg) gtgu igoiiugo tgbg` pmoicefgtgo
(^gigcg, 8::5). @mourut ^gigcg (8::5) `moymhutkgo hgfwg smhgiego
hmsgr imbgcg kceoes te`huc smtmcgf `moigcg`e fepmrtmose hmrtgfuo-tgfuo
hmrupg 2 oymre kmpgcg sggt tmrbgig, kgdgoi-kgdgoi desmrtge `ugc dgo
`uotgf, gkehgt pmoeoikgtgo tmkgogo dgrgf eotrgkrgoegc, pmoicefgtgo
kghur gkehgt kmrusgkgo rmteog gkehgt fepmrtmose, gyuogo cgoikgf ygoi
tedgk `gotgp kgrmog kmrusgkgo susuogo sgrgl pusgt, oaktureg kgrmog
pmoeoikgtgo gcergo dgrgf ieobgc dgo lectrgse ica`mracus,
mdm`g dmpmodmo dgo pm`hmoikgkgo
gkehgt
 pmoeoikgtgo tmkgogo kgpecmr. Imbgcg cgeo ygoi u`u`oyg tmrbgde pgdg
 pmodmretg fepmrtmose ygetu puseoi, `ukg `mrgf, sgket kmpgcg, kmcugrgo
dgrgf dgre feduoi smngrg tehg-tehg, tmoikuk tmrgsg pmigc dgo cgeo-
cgeo (^gigcg, 8::5).

Ka`pcekgse Fepmrtmose gdgcgf 2

g. ^trakm
^trakm dgpgt te`huc gkehgt pmrdgrgfgo tmkgogo teoiie de atgk, gtgu
gkehgt m`hacus ygoi tmrcmpgs dgre pm`hucuf oao atgk ygoi tmrpgbgo
tmkgogo teoiie. ^trakm dgpgt tmrbgde pgdg fepmrtmose kraoek
gpghecg grtmre-grtmre ygoi `m`pmrdgrgfe atgk `moigcg`e
fepmrtrape dgo
7
`momhgc, smfeoiig gcergo dgrgf km dgmrgf-dgmrgf ygoi depmrdgrgfeoyg
 hmrkurgoi.

8
 Grtmre-grtmre atgk ygoi `moigcg`e grtmraskcmrases dgpgt
`mcm`gf smfeoiig `moeoikgtkgo km`uoikeogo
tmrhmotukoyg gomures`g (^gigcg, 8::5). Imbgcg tmrkmog
strakm gdgcgf sgket kmpgcg smngrg tehg- tehg, smpmrte, argoi heoiuoi,
ce`huoi gtgu hmrteoikgf cgku smpmrte argoi `ghuk, sgcgf sgtu
hgiego tuhuf tmrgsg cm`gf gtgu sucet deimrgkgo (`esgcoyg
wgbgf, `ucut, gtgu cmoigo tmrgsg kgku, tedgk dgpgt hmrhengrg
smngrg bmcgs) smrtg tedgk sgdgrkgo dere smngrg
`modgdgk (^gotasa, 8::<). Eolgrk @eakgrd dgpgt tmrbgde gpghecg grtmre
karaomr ygoi grtmraskcmrases tedgk dgpgt `moyupcge nukup akseimo km
`eakgrdeu` gtgu gpghecg tmrhmotuk tra`hus ygoi `moifg`hgt gcergo
dgrgf `mcgcue pm`hucuf dgrgf tmrsmhut.Kgrmog fepmrtmose kraoek dgo
fepmrtmose vmotrekmc, `gkg kmhutufgo akseimo `eakgrdeu` `uoikeo
tedgk dgpgt tmrpmoufe dgo dgpgt tmrbgde eskm`eg bgotuoi
ygoi
`moymhghkgo eolgrk.Fepmrtrape vmotrekmc dgpgt buig `moe`huckgo
 pmruhgfgo-pmruhgfgo wgktu fgotgrgo cestrek `mceotgse
vmotrekmc smfeoiig tmrbgde desret`eg, fepakseg bgotuoi, dgo
pmoeoikgtgo rmseka
 pm`hmotukgo hmkugo (^gigcg, 8::5).

 h. Igigc Ieobgc

Igigc ieobgc dgpgt tmrbgde kgrmog kmrusgkgo prairmsel gkehgt tmkgogo
teoiie pgdg kgpecmr-kmpecmr ieobgc, ica`mracus. Xusgkoyg ica`mracus,
dgrgf gkgo `moigcer kmuoet-uoet luoiseaogc ieobgc, omlrao
gkgo tmrigoiiu dgo dgpgt hmrcgobut `mobgde fepakseg dgo
km`gtego. Xusgkoyg `m`hrgo ica`mracus, pratmeo gkgo kmcugr
`mcgcue ureo smfeoiig tmkgogo as`atek kacaed pcgs`g hmrkurgoi,
`moymhghkgo mdm`g ygoi smreoi debu`pge pgdg fepmrtmose kraoek
(^gigcg, 8::5).

n. Igigc bgotuoi
Igigc bgotuoi gtgu kmtedgk`g`pugo bgotuoi dgcg` `m`a`pg dgrgf
ygoi km`hgceoyg kmbgotuoi dmoigo nmpgt `moigkehgtkgo
7
ngergo tmrku`puc de pgru, kgke dgo bgreoigo cgeo smreoi desmhut
mdm`g. Ngergo dedgcg` pgru „ pgru `moymhghkgo smsgk
ogpgs,te`huogo

7
 ngergo detuoikge `moymhghkgo kgke hmoikgk gtgu smreoi dekgtgkgo
mdm`g (^gigcg, 8::5).
Mosmlgcapgte dgpgt tmrbgde tmrutg`g pgdg fepmrtmose
`gceiog (fepmrtmose ygoi nmpgt). Tmkgogo ygoi teoiie pgdg
kmcgeogo eoe
`moymhghkgo pmoeoikgtgo tmkgogo kgpecmr dgo `modaraoi ngergo km
dgcg` rugoi eotmrteseu` desmcuruf susuogo sgrgl pusgt. Omurao-
omurao desmketgroyg kacgp dgo tmrbgde ka`g smrtg km`gtego (^gigcg,
8::5).

8. > Zmr`gsgcgfgo Kmsmfgtgo Xmpradukse

7) FE\
FE\/GED^ gdgcgf pmoygket `moucgr ygoi desmhghkgo acmf  Fu`go
 E``uoadmlenemony \erus ygoi `moymrgoi sestm` kmkmhgcgo tuhuf
`gouseg. Eolmkse tmrsmhut `moymhghkgo pmodmretg FE\/GED^ `moigcg`e
 pmouruogo dgyg tgfgo tuhuf smfeoiig `udgf tmreolmkse pmoygket
cgeo. @mourut dgtg ]OGED^ pgdg tgfuo 8:79, de smcuruf duoeg smhgoygk
><,9
 butg argoi fedup dmoigo FE\ dmoigo 7,6 butg argoi hgru tmreolmkse FE\
(]OGED^  Lgnts ^fmmt,  8:76). Fgc eoe pmrcu `modgpgt pmrfgtego
ygoi smreus `moieoigt smhgoygk ><,9 butg argoi fedup dmoigo
GED^ dgo rmotgo `moucgrkgo km argoi cgeo. Xeseka tmrtucgr FE\ buig
cmhef teoiie
 pgdg eodevedu dmoigo smbu`cgf lgktar, de gotgrgoyg2
g. Fuhuoigo smks tgopg `moimogkgo kaoda`. Xeseka
pmoucgrgo gkgo cmhef teoiie `mcgcue fuhuoigo smks gogc, dgo
fuhuoigo smks dmoigo hmrigote pgsgoigo.
 h. @modmretg eolmkse `moucgr smksugc. ^mhgiego hmsgr eolmkse
`moucgr smksugc `moymhghkgo cukg tmrhukg de kmcg`eo pmodmretg,
smfeoiig `moeoikgtkgo reseka tmrtucgr FE\
n. Hmrhgie suotekgo. Zmoiiuog OGZRG suotek u`u`oyg hmrhgie
 bgru` suotek dgcg` `moiiuogkgo ogrkahg.

Ka`eseKa`ese Zmogoiiucgoigo GED^ Zraveose DKE Bgkgrtg

7
desmhut dmoigo KZG Zraveose DKE Bgkgrtg `mrupgkgo Cm`hgig
oaosrukturgc de Dgmrgf ygoi hmrkmdudukgo de hgwgf dgo
hmrtgoiiuoi bgwgh kmpgdg

7
 Iuhmrour. Zm`hmotukgo KZG Zraveose DKE Bgkgrtg dgo KZG
Katg Gd`eoestrgse hmrtubugo smhgige upgyg pmogoiiucgoigo FE\ dgo
GED^ uotuk `mceoduoie `gsygrgkgt dgo `monmigf tmrbgdeoyg pmoucgrgo
`mcgcue upgyg pmonmigfgo dgo pmogoiiucgoigo FE\ dgo GED^ smngrg
eotmosel,
`moymcuruf, tmrkaardeogse, dgo tmrpgdu. KZG Zraveose DKE Bgkgrtg
 hmrtuigs uotuk `moyusuo ^trgtmie dgo Xmongog Gkse Zraveose
Zmogoiiucgoigo FE\ dgo GED^, `moyusuo kmhebgkgo dgo
prairg`
 pmcgksgoggo upgyg pmogoiiucgoigo FE\ dgo GED^, `mcgksgogkgo
kmrbgsg`g dmoigo smktar tmrkget dgcg` rgoikg pmogoiiucgoigo FE\ dgo
GED^, `moikaardeogsekgo, `m`gotgu, `moimodgcekgo,
`m`lgsecetgse kmiegtgo Zmogoiiucgoigo FE\ dgo GED^
8) Zrastgt
Kgokmr prastgt gdgcgf kmigogsgo tmrsmreoi dgo pmoymhgh km`gtego kgrmog
kgokmr pgceoi utg`g pgdg preg de omigrg Hgrgt, `moymhghkgo 54.:::
km`gtego de Mrapg pgdg 8::6 dgo cmhef dgre 86.::: km`gtego de G`mrekg
^mrekgt pgdg 8:78. Dgtg de G`mrekg ^mrekgt `mouobukkgo hgfwg cmhef
dgre 5:% kgokmr prastgt detm`ukgo pgdg stgdeu` deoe dgo
rmieaogc, dmoigo goikg kmseotgsgo (survevgc rgtm) = tgfuo `modmkgte
7::%. Goikg eoe bguf cmhef hgek dehgodeoikgo dmoigo 8= tgfuo
cgcu ygoi fgoyg
`mongpge <5%. De Gseg, eosedmo kgokmr prastgt rgtg-rgtg gdgcgf 9,8
pmr 7::.::: preg pmr-tgfuo. De Eodaomseg, bu`cgf pmodmretg kgokmr prastgt
de teig X^ pusgt pmodedekgo (Bgkgrtg, ^urghgyg dgo Hgoduoi)
smcg`g 6 tgfuo tmrgkfer gdgcgf 7.7:8 pgsemo dmoigo rmrgtg useg
<9,76 tgfuo.
^tgdeu` pmoygket tmrsmreoi sggt dgtgoi hmrahgt gdgcgf stgdeu`
cgobut smhmsgr =5,>% kgsus, dgo tmrgpe pre`mr ygoi tmrhgoygk
depecef gdgcgf arkfemkta`e smhmsgr >7,7 %, ahgt far`aogc 768
(76%), prastgtmkta`e rgdekgc 65 (5%), rgdeatmrgpe <> (<%), sesgoyg
gdgcgf pm`gotgugo gktel, km`atmrgpe dgo ka`heogse. @adgcetgs
degioastek yg<oi deiuogkgo tmrutg`g heapse =9.5%
Zmoymhgh kgokmr prastgt gdgcgf pmruhgfgo gtgu `utgse imomtek pgdg smc
7
de dgcg` kmcmob gr prastgt. @utgse eoe `moymhghkgo smc tmrsmhut
hmrkm`hgoi smngrg tedgk oar`gc dgo `m`hmo tuk smc kgokmr.
Og`uo, pmoymhgh

7
`utgse eoe smodere hmcu` dekmtgfue smngrg pgste. Gdg hmhmrg pg lgktar ygoi
dgpgt `moeoikgtkgo reseka tmrbgdeoyg kgokmr prastgt, ygetu2
g. ]seg
Xeseka kgokmr prastgt gkgo sm`gkeo teoiie smereoi pmrtg`hgfgo
useg. ^mhgiego hmsgr p modmretg kgokmr eoe gdgcgf preg hmruseg de
gtgs <= tgfuo.
 h. Ahmsetgs
^msmargoi ygoi `moigcg`e ahmsetgs hmreseka teoiie
`modmretg kgokmr prastgt ygoi cmh ef girmsel.
n. Xewgygt kmsmfgtgo kmcugrig
Bekg sgcgf sgtu goiiatg kmcugrig pmrogf `modmretg kgokmr prastgt,
`gkg reseka tmrkmog kgokmr prastgt `gkeo `moeoikgt.
d. Zacg `gkgo
Kaosu`se `gkgogo teoiie kgcseu` deduig dgpgt
`moeoikgtkgo reseka hmrkm`hgoioyg kgokmr prastgt.
m. Zgpgrgo hgfgo ke`eg
Hgfgo ke`eg, smpmrte smoygwg kgd`eu`, dgpgt
`moeoikgtkgo reseka kgokmr prastgt. K gd`eu` gdgcgf
smoygwg caig` ygoi tmrkgoduoi de dgcg` rakak dgo hmhmrgpg
bmoes ` gkgogo, smpmrte dgieoi `mrgf, ekgo, dgo igodu`
l. Zmoygket `moucgr smksugc
i. Hmhmrgpg bmoes pmoygket `moucgr smksugc, smpmrte iaoarm
dgo nfcg`ydeg, dgpgt `moym hghkgo pmrgdgoigo pgdg
prastgt dgo
`m`enu tmrbgdeoyg kgokmr prastgt.

Zrairg` Zm`mreotgf dgcg` `mogoigoe kgokmr prastgt

@mcgcue Zmodmkgtgo Te` @uctedesepceomr ^pmsegcestek pgdg Kgokmr Zrastgt
dmoigo hmrgig`oyg pmog`pgkgo kceoes dgre hmrhgige dmrgbgt pmoygket dgo
 hgoygkoyg pecefgo tmrgpe, pmodmkgtgo te` `uctedesepceo spmsegcestek uotuk 
 pgsemo kgokmr prastgt `mobgde smsugtu ygoi pmoteoi. Kmputusgo tmrgpe dgo
 pmoecgego kceoes dgpgt deapte`gckgo uotuk smtegp pgsemo bekgdedgsgrkgo
 pgdg hgoygk pmodgpgt pgrg spmsegces, dgo pmodmkgtgo eoe tmcgf

7
 dese`puckgo `m`eceke fgsec ygoi hgek dgo hmr`golggt dgcg`
 pmogtgcgksgoggo pgsemo. Ugoi tmrcehgt tedgk fgoyg daktmr spmsegces
uracaie, aokacaie `mdek, aokacaie rgdeatmrgpe, pgtacaie gogta`ek,
dgo rgdeacaie sgbg, tgpe buig pmrgwgt, psekegtmr, gfce psekacaie
dgo stgl 
 pmcgygogo kmsmfgtgo tmrkget cgeooyg. Kmputusgo ygoi deg`hec dgcg`
te` fgrus dmoigo `m`gfg`e fgrgpgo fedup dgo ka`ardehetgs smrtg
kugcetgs fedup. Fuhuoigo dmoigo hgiego ube kceoes buig fgrus
decgkukgo ygoi
 hmrtubugo uotuk dgpgt `m`gsukkgo smhgiego pgsemo km dgcg`
pratakac resmt smfeoiig pgsemo dgpgt `m`eceke gksms uotuk tmrgpe
hgru ygoi
`uoikeo hmcu` tmrsmdeg cugs.

>) Tmsteskucgr 
Zmr`gcgsgfgo ygoi detm`ue ygetu kgokmr tmstes. Zm`enu utg`g
kgokmr tmstes tedgk dekmtgf ue smngrg pgste sg`pge sggt eoe. Og`uo ygoi
bmcgs, kgokmr tmstes tmrbgde kmtekg smc-smc de dgcg` tmstes tu`huf smngrg
ghoar`gc dgo tedgk tmrkmodgce. @mske pm`enuoyg hmcu` dekmtgfue smngrg
pgste, gdg
 hmhmrgpg lgktar ygoi deduig dgpgt `moeoikgtkgo reseka smsmargoi uotuk 
`modmretg kgokmr tmstes, de gotgrgoyg2
g. Tmstes tedgk turuo (kreptarkes`us). Tmstes dehmotuk de
ghda`mo dgo hegsgoyg turuo km dgcg` skratu` smtmcgf
hgye cgke-cgke decgferkgo gtgu pgdg smtgfuo pmrtg`g fedu
poyg. Zgdg kgsus goa`gce, tmstes tedgk turuo. Estecgf `mdes
uotuk kaodese eoe gdgcgf uodmsnmodmd tmstencm gtgu kreptarkes`us.
 h. Zmrogf `modmretg kgokmr tmstes. Zreg ygoi sudgf pmrogf
`moigcg`e kgokmr tmstes d esgrgokgo uotuk `mcgkukgo
 pm`mreksggo cgobutgo smtmcgf pmoiahgtgo. @mrmkg `m
`eceke reseka tmrkmog kgokmr tmstes dmoigo km`uoikeogo 78
kgce cepgt cmhef hmsgr de hgodeoi argoi oar`gc, pgdg hgiego tmstes
ygoi cgeo.
n. Xewgygt kmsmfgtgo kmcugrig. Bekg tmrdgpgt goiiatg
7
kmcugrig, smpmrte gygf dgo sgud grg kgoduoi cgke-cgke ygoi
`modmretg kgokmr tmstes, `gkg pmcugoi smsmargoi `moi gcg`e
kaodese eoe
 buig gkgo `moeoikgt.

7
 d. ]seg. Kgokmr tmstes cmhef smreoi tmrbgde pgdg useg gotgrg 7=-
45 tgfuo. Kgsus tmrhgo ygk tmrbgde pgdg preg useg >:->4 tgfuo.
@mske
 hmietu, tedgk `moutup km`uoikeogo kgokmr eoe tmrbgde de useg-useg
ygoi cgeo.
m. Teoiie hgdgo. @gkeo teoiie tuhuf smargoi preg, pmcugoioyg uotuk 
`moigcg`e kgo kmr tmstes buig `gkeo hmsgr. Fuhuoigo
gotgrg teoiie hgdgo dmoigo reseka tmrkmog k gokmr
decgtgrhmcgkgoie acmf lgktar `gkgogo ygoi dekaosu`se.
Gogk hmrhgdgo teoi ie
`uoikeo cmhef hgoygk `moiaosu`se `gkgogo teoiie kgcare sggt
`gsg pmrtu`hu fgo. Fgc etu hmrpatmose `moeoikgtkgo reseka
tmrkmog kgokmr tmstes.
l. Zmrtu`hufgo tmstes ygoi ghoar`gc. Kaodese tmrtmotu,
smpmrte seodra` Kceomlmctmr, h esg `moymhghkgo tmstes tedgk
hmrkm`hgoi smngrg oar`gc. Fgc eoe gkgo `moeoikgtk go reseka
kgokmr tmstes.

8.4 Zra`ase Zrmvmose Kmsmfgtgo Zgdg Zreg

Zra`ase Kmsmfgtgo Zgdg Dmwgsg Gwgc/Dmwgsg @udg (8:-4: Tgfuo)

Zra`ase Kmsmfgtgo uotuk Dmwgsg @udg

Tms dgo ^kreoeoi Kmsmfgtgo

• Zmoygreoigo
• Zm`mreksggo ruteo (smtegp 7- pmoicefgtgo dgo
> tgfuo uotuk wgoetg; smtegp  pmodmo igrgo smngrg
hmrkgcg
= tgfuo uotuk p reg)

• E`uoesgse smusge
rmka`modgse, smpmrt e
haastmr tmtgous-deltmreg

• Zm`mreksggo ieie
smngrg tmrgtur (`e

s., smtegp tgfuo)

7
Kmg`gogo

• Teodgkgo pmrceoduoigo
tmrfgdgp seog r `gtgfgre

• Teodgkgo kmsmcg`gtgo de
tm`pgt kmrb g

• Dukuoigo kmsmcg`gtgo de ger

(`es., t edgk hacmf
`moymcg` de ger ygoi dgo ikgc)
Outrese dgo Acgfrgig

• Zmoteoioyg gsupgo zgt hmse ygoi

kug t dgcg` demt

7
 Zm`mreksggo pgyudgrg Lgktar outrese dgo acgfrgig
 pralmseaogc sm tegp 7-> tgfuo ygoi dgp gt `moymhghkg`

Zm`mreksggo Zgpgoenacgau  pmoygket kgrdeavgs kucgr 

s`mgr smt egp tgfuo gtgu sggt (`es., ahmsetgs, gsupgo

`ucge gktevetgs sm ksugc kacmstmr ac dgo cm`gk, kurgoi acgfrgig)

Zm`mreksggo tmstekucgr  Eotmrgkse ^asegc

smodere smtegp hucgo @modukuoi fuhuoigo
^kreoeoi, uotuk pmoygket  pmrsaogc ygoi `modaraoi
kgrdeavgsk ucgr (`es., tms deskuse `moimoge pmrgsg
kacmstmrac smtegp = tgf uo go, kmkfgwgtergo dgo rgsg
gpghecg fgsecoyg oar`gc; tgkut

rmkgogo dgrgf uotuk   @moyusuo tubugo bgoikg

`modmtmkse fepmrtmose; o ecge  pgobgoi dgopmodmk 
dgsgr MKI pgdg useg >= `moimoge pecefgo pmkmrbgg
tgfuo u otuk preg o dgo kgremr 
]be kucet uotuk tuhmrkucases
smtegp 8 hucgo

(Mceapaucas, 8::4 ; @eccmr, 8::>). Hmrekut eoe gdgcgf pm`hgfgsgo kmhutufgo eoe

smsuge dmoigo km iegtgo pmonmigfgo pre`mr, smkuodmr, dgo tmrsemr 

7. Zmonmigfgo ]tg`g

^mpmrte dehgfgs smhmcu`oyg dgcg` tmks eoe, kmiegtgo pmonmigfgo pre`mr 

`mcehgtkg o teodgkgo-teodgkgo ygoi `m`hugt smsmargoi tmtgp
smfgt. Kmiegtgo pmonmigfgo pre`mr sm pmrte pmodedekgo kmsmfgtgo, teodgk
cgobut dgre prgktek kmsmfgtgo prehgde ygoi smfgt (`esgc oyg lcasseoi,
pmoiiuoggo sghuk pmoig`go, acgfrgig), pmogpesgo ruteo ygoi
dermka`modg sekgo, dgo
 pm`mcefgrggo bgdwgc e`uoesgse ygoi smsuge ygoi decgkukgo acmf
argoi dmwgsg ygoi cmhef tug ygoi dgpgt `mrmkg cgkukgo uotuk
`mobgig

7
kmsmfgtgo. `mobgig kmsmfgtgo `mrmkg. Deg`hec dgre hmrhgige su`hmr, eoe

7
 `moymdegkgo kmiegtgo pmonmigfgo utg`g ygo i dgpgt deiuogkgo
pmtuigs kmsmfgtgo `gsygrgkgt kmtekg hmkmrbg dmoigo pgrg pmogtug, hge
k smngrg eodevedu gtgu dgcg` kmca`pak.

8. Zmonmigfgo ^mkuodmr 

Zmonmigfgo smkuodmr hmrlakus pgdg dmtmkse deoe pmoygket dgo eotmrvmose

smimrg (ce fgt Hgh 7). ^mhgiego hmsgr wgktu pmrgwgt kmsmfgtgo
ka`uoetgs defgheskgo uotuk `moded ek `gsygrgkgt tmotgoi teodgkgo
pmonmigfgo dgo
 pmrecgku kmsmfgtgo ygoi pasetel. Eoe tmr`g suk `modaraoi eodevedu uotuk 
`modgpgtkgo skreoeoi ruteo uotuk pmoygket smpmrte fepmrtm ose, deghmtms,
gtgu kgokmr, ygoi, bekg deedmotelekgse cmhef gwgc, dgpgt hmrfgsec
deahgte (GF XW, 8::8).

Hgoygk pmrgwgt, ygoi hmkmrbg sg`g dmoigo cm`hgig-cm`hgig `gsygrgkgt,

 hmrgdg dgcg` pasese uotuk `m`hugt prairg` pmoygreoigo
hmrdgsgrkgo kmeoieogo dgo dm`airgle ka`uoetgs dgo lakus cm`hgig,
`m`hugt `mrmkg dgpgt degksms acmf papucgse ygoi decgygo e. Argoi
dmwgsg ygoi cmhef tug
 pmrcu dedaraoi uotuk `moiekute bgdwgc pmoygreoigo kmsm fgtgo ygoi
detmotukgo acmf kceoek gtgu pmoymdeg cgygogo kmsmfgtgo `mrmkg. Bgdwgc
skreoe oi kmsmfgtgo ygoi debmcgskgo dgcg`, Fmgctfwesm Fgodhaak (8::<),
Arigoesgse Zm`mcefgr ggo Kmsmfgtgo tmrhmsgr de duoeg, ygoi
`mcgygoe
 butggo kcemo, dgo desgbekgo de seoe smhgige pgodugo. Iuius
Tuigs Zmcgygogo Zrmvmotel G`mrekg ^mrekgt (]^Z^TL)
(GFXW, 8::9)
`moiusuckgo pgodgoigo ygoi cmhef ka`prmfmosel tmotgoi eotmrvmose dgo
rmka`modgse uo tuk pm`mreksggo kmsmfgtgo hmrkgcg tmrfgdgp argoi ygoi
 hmruseg cmhef dgre <= tgfuo.

>. Zmonmigfgo tmrsemr 

 pmonmigfgo tmrsemr `mcehgtkgo teodgk cgobut dgo rmfghecetgse smtmcgf

 pmoygket gtgu kaodese tmcgf tmrbgde gtgu dedegioases dgo pmrgwgtgo
gwgc tmcgf de`ucge. Zmoygket kraoes y goi u`u` tmrbgde pgdg argoi

8
dmwgsg ygoi cmhef tug, smpmrte igigc bgotuoi, strakm, deghmtm s, igoiiugo
kaioetel, gtgu rgdgoi smode, tedgk smcgcu dgpgt denmigf, tmtgpe smreoi
kgce dgpg t

detuodg feoiig tgfuo-tgfuo smcgobutoyg dgre kmfedupgo `mcgcue pmrecgku

8
smfgt smu`ur fe dup (GFXW, 8::8) . Og`uo, kmtekg `mrmkg tmrbgde, imbgcg
ygoi `mcm`gfkgo dgo mlmk yg oi `mrusgk dgpgt dekaotrac `mcgcue sgcurgo
kmsmfgtgo ygoi dedaraoi acmf pmrgwgt kmsmfg tgo `gsygrgkgt
dgo dermka`modgsekgo acmf prgktese pmrgwgtgo pre`mr (Fgzgrd,
8::>). @m skepuo hgoygk argoi dmwgsg ygoi degoiigp
u`u`oyg smfgt, 6:%
`m`eceke smtedgkoyg sg tu kaodese kraoes dgo =:% `m`eceke smtedgkoyg
dug (NDN, 8::>h). ^mhgiego kmnec `modm retg pmoygket ygoi
`m`gtekgo, smpmrte pmoygket ahstruktel kraoes (NAZD), kmnmcgkggo pm
`hucuf dgrgf atgk, kgokmr, gtgu deghmtms `mccetus (D@), ygoi tmrgkfer
`m`mrcukgo pmrg wgtgo cugs dgo `gogbm`mo `mdes ygoi smdgoi
hmrbgcgo. @gsgcgf kmsmfgtgo pgceoi u`u` dgre cgoseg dgcg`
ka`uoetgs gdgcgf grtretes,
 pmoicefgtgo hmrkurgoi, igoiiugo pmodmoigrg o, pmoygket bgotuoi,
 pmoygket pm`hucuf dgrgf pmrelmr, dgo fepmrtmose. Zgdg tgfuo 8::8, te ig
 pmoymhgh utg`g km`gtego hgie argoi dmwgsg G.^. de G^ gdgcgf pmoygket
 bgotuoi (>8 % dgre sm`ug km`gtego), kgokmr (88%), dgo strakm (6%). Eoe
`moyu`hgoi <7% dgre sm` ug km`gtego dgcg` kmca`pak useg eoe.
Trgimde dgre pgrg pm`huouf tmrkm`ukg eoe gdgcgf hgfwg `mrmkg
smreoikgce dgpgt denmigf. @mskepuo reseka uotuk kmtedgkoyg`gogo dgo
kmn gngtgo bmcgs
`moeoikgt dmoigo hmrtg`hgfoyg useg, kmsmfgtgo ygoi huruk tedgk smcgcu
`mr upgkgo kaosmkumose ygoi tgk tmrfeodgrkgo dgre pmoimrbggo. Teig
 pmrecgku — `mrakak, pa cg `gkgo ygoi huruk, dgo gktevetgs lesek
— gdgcgf gkgr pmoymhgh fg`per >=% pmoygket

8
8. = Zrairg` Kmsmfgtgo Zreg

g) Cgygogo ka`uoekgse (tmcmpao, gksms dgrurgt km pmrgwgtgo kmsmfgtgo)

 h) Cgygogo pmrgwgtgo ieie

n) Cgygogo `gkgogo dgo pgodugo `gkgogo (smpmrte Xadg @gkgogo, prairg`

ka`adetgs, gtgu cgygogo `gkgo kmca`pak)

d) Cgygogo pmodg`peoi dgo pmrceoduoigo

m) Cgtefgo dgo prairg` kmhuigrgo

l) Hgotugo kmugoigo dgo kaosmceoi

i) Kuobuoigo dgo sgfghgt ygoi hmrsgfghgt

f) Zmodedekgo kmsmfgtgo

e) Tms pmodmoigrgo dgo hgotugo gcgt hgotu dmoigr

 b) Cgygogo kmsmfgtgo de ru`gf (tmr`gsuk pmrgwgtgo tmrg`pec dgo cgygogo

 pm`hgotu kmsmfgtg o de ru`gf)

k) Hgotugo pmrgwgtgo de ru`gf (pmkmrbggo ru`gf tgoiig, pmkmrbggo ru`gf,

dgo pmrhgekgo)

c) Fuku` hgotugo dgo kaosmceoi

`) Zmrsmdeggo gtgu pmrgcgtgo `mdes

o) ^upmrvese pmoiahgtgo

a) Cgygogo padegtre

8
 HGH EEE

G^]FGO KMZMXGYGTGO

G^]FGO KMZMXGYGTGO KA@]OETG^ ZGDG GIXMIGT DMYG^G

ZXEG

DMOIGO ZMOUGKET FEZMXTMO^E

G. ZMOIKGBEGO
7. Edmotetgs Zgsemo
 Og`g 2 To.X 
]seg 2 > 6 T gfuo
Gcg`gt 2 Zm`gtgoi ^egotgr  
Zmkmrbggo 2 I uru

Gig`g 2 E scg`
Tic @gsuk Xs 2 4 @grmt
8:87 Dx @mdes 2 Fepmrtmose

Edmotetgs Zmogoiiuoi Bgwgh

 Og`g 2 Oy. H
]seg 2 > < T gfuo
Gcg`gt 2 Zm`gtgoi ^egotgr  
Gig`g 2 E scg`

Zmkmrbggo 2 I uru

8. Xewgygt Kmsmfgtgo
Zgsemo `moigtgkgo pmrogf `mrgsg hmrgt de tmoikuk, smreoi `mrgsg
 puseoi, smreoi `mrgsg pgodgoigo kghur, smreoi `mrgsg tmceoig
 hmrdmoiuoi, pgsemo buig smreoi `mrgsg kmsucetgo uotuk tedur smrtg
`mrgsg bgotuoi hmrdmhgr-dmhgr 

8
>. Xewgygt Kmsmfgtgo Kmcugrig
Goiiatg Kmcurig ygoi cgeo buig `moigcg`e pmmoygket fepmrtmose

4. Gktevetgs estergfgt
Imbgcg 2 Kmcmcgfgo u`u`, kmcm`gfgo, cmtef, oglgs pmodmk,
igyg fedup
Tgodg 2 - Lrmkumose bgotuoi `moeoikgt
  - Zmruhgfgo trgu`g bgotuoi (tgkepomg)
=. ^erkucgse
Imbgcg 2 Xewgygt fepmrtmose gtmras kcmrases, pmoygket
bgotuoi karaomr / kgtup dgo pmoygket snrmheavgkuacgr, mpesadm
pgcpetgse,
 pmrpergse.
Tgodg 2
g. Kmogekgo TD (pmoiukurgo smregc dgo kmogekgo
TD depmrcukgo uotuk `mogekkgo degioases
 h. Fepatmose pasturgc (`uoikeo hmrfuhuoigo dmoigo rmie`mo atgk 
n. Ogdg dmoyutgo bmcgs dgre kgrates, buiurgces, rgdegc -

Dmoyut gpengc 2 Z`, km`uoikeogo hmrimsmr dgo sgoigt k 

d. Lrmkumose/erg`g 2 Tgrekgrdeg hmrhgige destre`eg
m. Huoye, bgotuoi tmrdmoigr ^8 pgdg dgsgr ^> (NFL deoe)
^4 (pmoimrgsgo vmrtekmc kere / fepmrtrale vmrtengc kere)

<. Eotmiretgs mia

Imbgcg 2 Xewgygt pmruhgfgo kmprehgdego, gosemtgs, dmprmse mulureg gtgu
 bgrgf kraoes (dgpgt `moiedmotelekgse kmrusgkgo smrmhrgc ) lgktar-
lgktar eoucflmc, fuhuoigo kmugoigo ygoi hmrkgetgo dmoigo pmkmrbggo.
Tgodg 2 Cmtupgo sugsgog fgte, imcesgf, pmoym`petgo kaoteoeu
 pmrfgtego, tgoiesgo ygoi `mcmdgk, imrgk tgoigo m`pmte atat `ukg
tmigoi (kfususoyg smketgr `gtg) imrgkkgo lesek nmpgt, pmroglgsgo
`moimcg` pmoeoikgtgo pacg hengrg.

8
H. DEGIOA^G KMZMXGYGTGO
g) Igyg fedup `aoatao h.d kurgoi pmoimtgfugo tmotgoi
kmuotuoigo acgfrgig hgie kmsmfgtgo 2 sugtu kmhegsggo fedup
ygoi denerekgo dmoigo gktevetgs lesek ygoi rmodgf.
 h) Zmrecgku kmsmfgtgo nmodmruoi hmrmseka h.d kurgoi dukuoigo sasegc 2
Fg`hgtgo km`g`pugo uotuk `moiuhgf igyg fedup/pmrecgku dgcg`
ngrg ygoi `m`pmrhgeke stgtus kmsmfgtgo.
n) Kmtedgkmlmktelgo pm`mcefgrggo kmsmfgtgo h.d
kmtmrg`pecgo ka`uoekgse ygoi tedgk mlmktel 2 kmtedgk`g`pugo
`moiedmotelekgse,
`moimcacg, dgo/gtgu `mongre hgotugo uotuk
`m`pmrtgfgokgo kmsmfgtgo.
d) Dmlesemose kmsmfgtgo ka`uoetgs h.d kmtedgknukupgo gksms pgdg
 pm`hmre cgygogo kmsmfgtgo

N. EOTMX\MO^E KMZMXGYGTGO
Dx OEN OAN
Kmpmrgwgtgo
7. Igyg Lgktar ceoikuoigo ygoi depmrtgfgokgo pgdg 8 de
fedup `m`pmoigrufe pmrecgku
`aoatao kmsmfgtgo 2
h.d kurgoi depmrtgfgokgo
pmoimtgfug  pgdg 8 deteoikgtkgo km =
o tmotgoi (76==8:)
kmuotuoigo  ^trgtmie pmonmigfgo
acgfrgig  pmoygket 2 depmrtgfgokgo
hgie  pgdg 8 deteoikgtkgo km =
kmsmfgtgo (76==88)
(::7  @golggt dukuoigo sasegc2
8
Lgktar ceoikuoigo ygoi
`m`pmoigrufe
pmrecgku kmsmfgtgo 2
depmrtgfgokgo
 pgdg 8 deteoikgtkgo
km = (76==8:)
 ^trgtmie pmonmigfgo
 pmoygket 2 depmrtgfgokgo
 pgdg 8 deteoikgtkgo
km = (76==88)
 @golggt dukuoigo
sasegc2 depmrtgfgokgo
pgdg 8 de

8
<6) teoikgtkgo km = (76==8=)
teoikgtkgo km = (76==8=)
@golggt acgfrgig tmrgtur 2
@golggt acgfrgig tmrgtur 2
depmrtgfgokgo pgdg 8
depmrtgfgokgo pgdg 8
deteoikgtkgo km =
deteoikgtkgo km =
(76:=:8)
(76:=:8)

Zmrecgku `moeoikgtkgo dgre

kmsmfgtgo 2  pmoymdeg
depmrtgfgokgo
 pgdg 8 deteoikgtkgo km =
cgygogo kmsmfgtgo 2
8. Zmrecgku (768>:6)
Zmomre`ggo stgtus kmsmfgtgo depmrtgfgokgo pgdg
kmsmfgtgo
>
nmodmruoi @m`pmrtgfgokgo

hmrmseka fuhuoigo 2 depmrtgfgokgo

h.d kurgoi  pgdg > de teoikgtkgo =

dukuoigo (7>::7<)

sasegc 2 @moymsugekgo pmruhgfgo

(::766) dgcg` stgtus kmsmfgtgo 2

depmrtgfgokgo pgdg 8
deteoikgtkgo km 4 (7>:::9)
@m`hugt kmputusgo
tmotgoi kmsmfgtgo 2
depmrtgfgokgo
 pgdg 8 deteoikgtkgo km 4
(7>::77)
Kmpmrngyggo `moimoge
kmsmfgtgo 2 ^u`hmr-
su`hmr ygoi detmre`g

@mrgsgkgo dukuoigo
dgre tmtgoiig
2depmrtgfgokgo
 pgdg
deteoikgtkgo km = (79:>:>)
@mrgsgkgo dukuoigo

8
Zmrecgku
`moeoikgtkgo
kmsmfgtgo 2
depmrtgfgokgo
 pgdg 8 deteoikgtkgo km =
(768>:6)
7. @adelekgse pmrecgku.

Gktevetgs2

-tmotukgo `atevgse
pgsemo tmrfgdgp
pmruhgfgo
 pmrecgku

-hgotu pgsemo uotuk

dgpgt
`moiedmotelekgse
kmkugtgo dereoyg dgo
`moiugtkgooyg

-kmogckgo pgsemo pgdg

argoi ygoi tmcgf
`mcmwgte
 pmoigcg`go ygoi sg`g
-feodgre `mouobukkgo

 pmrecgku gtgu
kmtedgktmrtgrekgo pgdg
sggt
 pgsemo hmrbugoi uotuk
`mruhgf pmrecgkuoyg
-hgotu pgsemo
dgcg`
`moiedmotelekgse
`mskepuo fgoyg
kmhmrfgsecgo kmnec

8. @m`hgoiuo
fuhuoigo
ygoi
ka`pcmks.

8
 deteoikgtkgo km =
>. Zmoeoikgtgo
(79:>:4) @mrgsgkgo
kapeoi.Dukuoigo
dukuoigo dgre dukuoigo
 pmoig`hecg o kmputusgo.
kmca`pak
smodere 2 depmrtgfgokgo
pgdg

>
deteoikgtkgo km = (79:>:=
Igyg Fedup (8:7>)
>.Kmtidgkmlmktilg Kmsme`hgoigo

o pm`mcefgrggo @moimogce kmhutufgo uotuk

kmsmfggo h.d Igyg Fedup (8:7>) `moyme`hgoikgo
kurgoi
@moimogce kmhutufgo uotuk gktivetgsgktivetgs fedup
pmoimgfugo
`moyme`hgoikgo 2
mogoi
gktivetgsgktivetgs fedup 2
kmuouoigo
depmrtgfgokgo pgdg 8
acgfrgig hgie
detioikgtkgo km = (8:7>:7)
kmsmfggo
@mongre eolar`gse tmotgoi
(:::55)
stgrtmie uotuk gktivetgs

fedup ygoi sme`hgoi 2

depmrtgfgokgo pgdg 8

detioikgtkgo pgdg 4

(8:7>:8)

 Zmoimtgfugo2@gogbm`mo

Fepmrtmose (76>9)

Tgrimt tmkgogo dgrgf

depmrtgfgokgo pgdg >

deti

oikgtkgo km =
(76>9:>) ka`pcekgse
patmosegc

fepmrtmose depmrtgfgokgo

pgdg 8 detioikgtkgo pgdg 4

(76>9:=)

Kmsme`hgoigo

8
 7. Hmrekgo
pmodedekgo

kmsmfgtgo.

8. Zmoeoikgtgo
kmsgdgrgo kmsmfgtgo.

>. Cgkukgo
^kreoeoi

kmsmfgtgo.

4. Hmrekgo pgodugo
sestm` pmcgygogo
kmsmfgtgo.

Lgsecetgse pm`hmcgbgrgo.

8
 depmrtgfgokgo pgdg 8

detioikgtkgo km = (8:7>:7)

@mongre eolar`gse tmotgoi

stgrtmie uotuk gktivetgs

fedup ygoi sme`hgoi 2

depmrtgfgokgo pgdg 8

detioikgtkgo pgdg 4

(8:7>:8)

 Zmoimtgfugo2@gogbm`mo

Fepmrtmose (76>9)

Tgrimt tmkgogo dgrgf

depmrtgfgokgo pgdg >

deti oikgtkgo km =

(76>9:>) ka`pcekgse

patmosegc

fepmrtmose depmrtgfgokgo
pgdg 8 detioikgtkgo pgdg 4

(76>9:=)

Dmsemose pgdg 8 detioikgtkgo km 4

Kaotrac rmseka
kmsmfggo (86:7:>) kmtmrsmdeggo
ka`uoetgs pmoygket
ka`uoegs h.d prairg`
kraoek 2 86:7
kmtidgknukupgo

gksms pgdg Zmoymdeggo prairg`

pm`hmre cgygogo pmodedekgo puhcek tmotgoi

kmsmfggo 2 pmoygket kraoes

::87= depmrtgfgokgo pgdg 8

detioikgtkgo km 4 (86:7:7)

Teoikgt pgrtisepgse papucgse

tgrimt dgcg` prairg`

pmoiurgoigo rmseka

depmrtgfgokgo pgdg 8

detioikgtkgo km 4 (86:7:8)

Kmtmrsmdeggo prairg`

prmvmotil depmrtgfgokgo
8
7. Zmoim`hgoi

go kmsmfgtgo

ka`uoetgs.

8. @gogbm`mo

su`hmr

dgyg kmugoigo.

>. ^kreoeoi kmsmfgtgo

8
 pmodedekgo `gogbm`mo
pmoygket kraoes smodere depmrtgfgokgo pgdg 8 detioikgtkgo km 4 (86:7:=) pm`gotgug
Kmlmktilgo skreoeoi

kmsmfgtgo ka`uoetgs 2 86:9

edmotikgse kaodese hmreseka

tioiie ygoi u`u` de ka`uoetgs depmrtgfgokgo

pgdg 8 detioikgtkgo km 4 (86:9:7)

pm`ecefgo skreoeoi delakuskgo

pgdg dmtmkse deoe

depmrtgfgokgo pgdg 8
detioikgtkgo km 4. (86:9:>) 2edmotikgse kmhutufgo skreoeoi uotuk argoi dmwgsg depm
detioikgtkgo km 4 (86:9:9)

D. E@ZCM@MOTG^E KMZMXGYGTGO
E`pcm`motgse `mrupgkgo tiodgkgo ygoi sudgf dermongogkgo dgcg` rmongog

pmrgwgtgo. Teodgkgo kmpmrgwgtgo `mongkup tiodgkgo `godere (eodmpmodmo)

dgo tiodgkgo kacghargse. Teodgkgo `godere (eodmpmodmo) gdgcgf gktivetgs

pmrgwgt ygoi dedgsgrkgo pgdg kmse`pucgo gtgu kmputusgo smodere dgo hukgo

`mrupgkgo pmtuobuk gtgu pmreotgf dgre pmtuigs kmsmfgtgo cgeo. Teodgkgo

kacghargse gdgcgf tiodgkgo ygoi dedgsgrkgo fgsec kmputusgo hmrsg`g, smpmrti

daktmr dgo pmtuigs cgeooyg. (tgrwata, 8:7=).

8
M. M\GC]G^E

Mvgcugse `mrupgkgo tgfgp gkfer dgcg` prasms kmpmrgwgtgo uotuk dgpgt

`momotukgo kmhmrfgsecgo dgcg` gsufgo kmpmrgwgtgo. Mvgcugse pgdg dgsgroyg

`m`hgodeoikgo stgtus kmgdggo kmsmfgtgo pgsemo dmoigo tubugo gtgu kretmreg

fgsec ygoi tmcgf detmtgpkgo. (Tgrwata, 8:7=)

^ 2 Zx `moigtgkgo tedgk `m`mrgsg puseoi cgie

A 2 Zgsemo sudgf hesg `mcgcukgo gktevetgs smpmrte
hegsg G 2 @gsgcgf tmrgtgse
Z 2 Fmotekgo Eotmrvmose

>
 HGH E\
ZMO]T]Z
4.7 Kmse`pucgo
Ka`uoetgs gdgcgf sugtu kmca`pak papucgse ygoi teoiigc de sugtu kgwgsgo tmrtmotu,
 hmrgdg dehgwgf sugtu pmoigturgo dgo `m`ecke oecge smrtg kmhutufgo tmrtmotu pucg.
Dedgcg` ka`uoetgs `gsygrgkgt sugtu dgmrgf hesg dekcgsselekgsekgo

hmrdgsgrkgo kmca`pak kfusus, sgcgf sgtu kaodese kmsmfgtgo ygoi rmotgo

tmrigoiiu gdgcgf
kmca`pak dmwgsg. ^gcgf sgtu upgyg ygoi decgksgogkgo gdgcgf `moeoikgtkgo pacg
fedup `gsygrgkgt ygoi smfgt dgo `moeoikgtkgo kmsgdgrgo smrtg
pmoimtgfugo
`gsygrgkgt ygoi smfgt dgo `moeoikgtkgo kmsgdgrgo smrtg pmoimtgfugo `gsygrgkgt

gkgo pmoteoioyg ceoikuoigo ygoi smfgt. Fgc eoe dgpgt decgkukgo dmoigo `mcgkukgo
kmiegtgo kmpmrgwgtgo pgdg ka`uoetgs gtgu `gsygrgkgt.

4.8 ^grgo

@gkgcgf eoe hesg deiuogkgo smhgige tg`hgfgo hgfgo uotuk

`mog`hgf wgwgsgo `moimoge gsugfgo kmpmrgwgtgo ka`uoetgs
kfususoyg dmwgsg defgrgpkgo pgrg pm`hgng dgpgt`moym`purokgo
`gkgcgf eoe cmhef hgek cgie

>
 DGLTGX Z]^TGKG

Hcgnk B.@ & Fgwks B?f (8:74). Kmpmrgwgtgo `mdekgc hmdgf2 `gogbm`mo kceoes

uotuk fgsec ygoi defgrgpkgo (Mdese 6; Huku 8) ^eoigparm2 Mcsmvemr 

Mlmode, L. 8::5. Kmpmrgwgtgo kmsmfgtgo ka`uoetgs 2 tmare dgo prgktmk dgcg`

kmpmrgwgtgo , Bgkgrtg2 ^gcm`hg @mdekg

Budet Goo Gcmodmr. Na``uoety Fmgctf Ourseoi. 8:7: Yactmrs Kcuwmr Fmgctf | Ceppeonatt

Yecceg`s & Yeckeos.

Hucmnfmk, Icareg `.dkk.8:7=.Ourseoi Eotmrvmotiaos Ngssentiao OEN. Mdese \E Gfce Hgfgsg2

Eotrgse Ourbgoogf. Mcmsevmr 2 Bgkgrtg

>