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Raising a new Generation of Leaders

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION DESIGN

Engr. Kennedy Okokpujie
 Rules for a wiring diagram
1. Draw or obtain a scaled architectural drawing of the floor area to be wired showing
walls, doors, windows, plumbing pipes and fixtures, and heating and cooling ducts.
2. Determine the floor area by multiplying the room length by width and then deduct
any floor areas occupied by closets and storage areas. Indicate this figure on the
diagram.
3. Mark the location of switches, luminaires, and permanent appliances such as
microwave ovens, heat exchangers, and attic fans with standard electrical symbols.
4. Draw in cable runs between wiring devices, indicating approved cables by type
designation, wire gauge, insulation type, and branch circuit amperage. If conduit is
used, size and location should be given.
5. Identify the wattages for luminaires, permanent appliances such as air-conditioning
systems, building service equipment such as furnaces and hot water heaters, and the
type and size of each electrical box.

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 STEPS TO STUDENT’s PROJECT
1. Get your architectural design plan.
2. Do your lightings calculation manually (to be
submitted in the report)
3. Locate where the energy will be supplied from.
4. Locate the position for the electrical symbols
(To be drawn preferably using Autocad)
5. Place the symbols
6. Try doing cabling connections

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Electrical symbols

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Layout drawing or site plan for electrical installation.

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 Basic Domestic Installations:
• Most of the domestic installations are of single phase (2 wire) type and
supplied at 240 V line to neutral. Basic arrangement of the connections from the
supply authority’s distribution pole is shown in fig A . This shows the
installation diagram from the service cable of the supply authority, which is
usually supplied overhead from the distribution pole.
• This comes to the service fuse box (or cut out as commonly known) and then to
the energy meter. Up to the energy meter belongs to the supply authority. The
consumer’s installation proper starts from the Main switch, which is likely not to
exceed 30A for a single phase supply. This will be followed by usually one (or
more) RCCBs (other than some older installations which have an ELCBs, and
some even older installations which have no earth leakage protection). Each
RCCB would be followed by a Consumer Unit (with different rated MCBs) or in
older installations, a Distribution Board (with Fuses). The final circuit are taken
from the consumer unit (or distribution unit)

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Fig A

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 Consumer Unit (Fuse Box)
• A consumer unit previously called a fuse-box is the "fuse
box" which goes between the electricity meter and all
the electrical circuits in the house. This is for neatness
and for easy installation
• Nowadays units use MCBs (Miniature Circuit Breakers)
instead of fuses which “trip” if a circuit shorts or is
overloaded.
• It also contain an extra protective device called a RCD
(Residual Current Device) or ELCB (Earth Leakage
Circuit Breaker). These devices trip if there is a insulation
fault allowing current to “leak to earth”.

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Overview of a Typical house wiring diagram illustrating each type of circuit:

Fig B

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 Basic Socket and switch Installation
Socket outlets (commonly called plug points by electricians) are
wired in two ways.: Ring circuit connection and the Radial circuit
connection.

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 3 basic types of switches
• There are 3 basic types of switches that are
used for domestic purposes:
• 1- Way Switches
• 2- Way Switches: Figure C
• Intermediate Switches:
• 1-Way Switches: If a light switch is '1 way' this
means it is just an on/off switch. This is the
simplest type of switch that you can get. The
single switch controls a single light (or lighting
circuit).
• The cable going to the light switch is
connected as follows (Fig. C).
• The red wire is connected to the top terminal,
the black wire is connected to the bottom
terminal and the earth wire is connected to the
earth terminal.

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 Two-way switches
• Two-way switching means having two or more switches in
different locations to control one lamp. They are wired so that
operation of either switch will control the light(s). i.e to operate
a lamp from two positions, such as at the top and bottom of a
staircase and at the ends of a long corridor. The connection and
operation are shown in the figure D.

Fig. D

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Intermediate lighting
An intermediate switch is a
three way light switch. It is
used when you have three
or more switches
controlling one light, the
middle switch needs to be
an intermediate light
switch. Or 3 entrances to a
large room and need a
light switch next to each
one

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 Location of switches
When a room has two or
• Light switches more entrances, each
must be easily
accessible when entrance to that room must
entering a room have a switch to put on the
light in the room.
Figure E
All hallways and stairs
must be lighted by
switches located at both
ends. The light sources
may be located midway
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 Location of switches
• All work areas (sinks, bath tubs etc.) must be
lighted in such a manner as avoid shadows on the
work surface. An example of kitchen is shown

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 Domestic wiring circuits
Branch circuits
• From the distribution panel, electricity is routed to the rest of the building
through branch circuits. It is the circuit that transfer power to load
devices.
• A circuit is a circular path that electricity follows from the power supply
source to a light, appliance, or other electrical device and back again to the
power supply source.
• If the electrical load for an entire building were placed on one circuit,
overloading it would leave the entire building without power. Thus branch
circuits are used. Each circuit delivers electricity to a limited number of
outlets or devices.
•
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 Branch circuits
• For circuit protection, each circuit is protected with a circuit breaker. It
opens (disconnects) a circuit when the current exceeds a certain
amount.
• Without a circuit breaker, excessive electrical loads could
cause the wiring to overheat and start a fire. When a breaker
opens, or "trips," the power to the branch circuit is
disconnected.
• Similarly, if the sum of the current drawn by the branch
circuits exceeds the rating of the main circuit breaker, the
main breaker will trip. This protects the service-entrance
wires and equipment from overheating and damage

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 Lighting Circuits
• Lighting circuits are usually wired with 1 mm2 or 1.5
mm2 cable, one circuit may serve up to 1200 Watts
(12 X 100 Watt lamps) and must not exceed 95 m of
cable length measured without the switch length.
However, where there are long cable lengths, use
1.5 mm sq. cable instead which allows a maximum
cable length of 110 m. The fuse rating for these
circuits is 5 amperes with ordinary fuses or 6
amperes with MCBs.

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 Wiring for lighting
• Loop-in Method or Loop-in Wiring
• This is the normal method for wiring final sub circuits.
• It eliminates the need for soldering in the circuit wires.
• Loop-in lighting wiring is the modern cabling
arrangements used in most installation.
• Generally it uses less materials and is quicker to install
than radial (junction box) wiring
• This makes all joints accessible for the purpose of
alterations and for testing
• Individual sections can be isolated and they can also be
expanded. All the neutrals are joined together.
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 Loop-in Method or Loop-in Wiring
It enables all joints and
terminations in a single final
circuit to be made at ceiling
roses, switches or other
accessories (bulbholder).

Figure F
shows the
use of
loop-in
method
for wiring
a final
1-gang circuit for
ceiling rose 2-gang switch switch lighting.

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 Ring Circuits
• The ring circuit or ring main as it is often called starts at the
consumer unit and returns to the consumer unit. It can serve an area
up to 120 square yards. It is normally protected by a 30 amp fuse or
32amp circuit breaker, it can have any number of sockets or fused
connection units on it but the maximum load is 7200 watts.
• For this reason it makes sense to have three ring mains per house, 1
on the ground floor, 1 on the upstairs floor and 1 serving the kitchen
alone, as this is where most of the high consumption appliances are.
• The ring method of connection is done only for the 13 A socket
outlets, as the individual 13A plugs are separately having fuses
(fuses may be usually rated at 13 A , depending on the type of load).

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 Ring circuits

Figure G

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 Radial Circuits
• Radial circuits are fed from the consumer unit and run in either a
chain or like the spokes of a wheel, i.e. they radiate out from their
source. Each circuit commences from the consumer unit through
an MCB/fuse of specific rating (e.g. 20A), loop into each socket
outlet but ends at a socket outlet (does not return to the original
fuse/mcb).
• the cable originates from the consumer unit and is wired, daisy
chain fashion, from socket to socket terminating at the last socket
on the run.
Figure H

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 Radial Circuits cont’d
Cookers
• High power electrical appliances (such as cookers, showers etc.)
should not be connected to a ring main even if they use less
current than the 30 amp rating of the ring circuit. Such appliances
will have their own dedicated connection to the consumer unit.
• A local isolation switch must be provided near the appliance.
Typical of domestic radial circuits are lighting, water heating,
storage heating and cooking.
• Radial circuits are used for lighting. There is one lighting circuit on
each lighting MCB.

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 Distribution boards for storey building/separate
buildings
• There are two major approaches for the installation of distribution
boards in storey buildings. These are
• Two wire looped-in distribution board and Separately
Controlled Figure I
1)Two wire looped-in distribution board: In this approach, different
distribution boards are used for different floors. The different DBs are
connected by looping-in from one to another.
Advantages
• This method requires less wiring.
• Disadvantages
• If a fault occurs in any part of the rising mains due to any of the
flats, the main fuses will blow disconnecting the entire installation.
• High capacity service fuses are required.
• All the flats utilize one meter so separate billing is not possible

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Separately Controlled
• This approach utilizes a main
distribution board from which the
various flats are fed. The fuse ratings
of the distribution board is such that
faults from any flat blows only the
fuse for that flat without bringing
down the whole installation.
Advantages
• The system is more immune to
failure.
Disadvantage
• More wiring is required for each of
the DBs in the flats.

Figure J

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DISTRIBUTION BOARDS FOR DIFFERENT
FLATS
For installations where each flat requires a
separate meter we can use the diagram below.

Figure K

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 Wiring for Industrial and/or Commercial
Environments
The energy requirements for industrial or commercial environments
required to cater for the following types of load.
Single phase lighting loads.
Single motor loads (star connected) e.g. Grinding machines, small
cranes, etc.
Three phase motor loads (delta connected).
The power flow to the motor loads is routed through the control
panels before getting to the various loads. The lighting loads can also
be routed through the control panels but it is not mandatory.
From the dedicated step down transformer, power is fed to the 3
phase meter, Through the different service fuses for each phase as
shown below .
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Figure L

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 EMERGENCY LIGHTING
• Emergency power systems are installed in order to provide a
back-up source of power in the event of a power or system
failure. These will often supply power to certain lights and
generators.
• Emergency lighting is not required in private homes because
the occupants are familiar with their surroundings. However,
in public buildings, people are in unfamiliar surroundings
and, in an emergency, they will require a well-illuminated and
easily identified exit route.
.

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 EMERGENCY LIGHTING Cont’d
Equipment on emergency power can include:
• lighting
• fire fighting equipment
• life-support machines in hospitals
• technical equipment in theatres
• computers and machines that hold electronic
records.

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 EMERGENCY LIGHTING Cont’d
There are actually several types
 Emergency-escape lighting: provided to enable safe exit in the event of failure of the normal
supply.
 Standby lighting: provided to enable normal activities to continue in the event of failure of the
normal mains supply. for example in a hospital operating theatre. This can be regarded as a
special form of conventional lighting.
• Escape-route lighting: provided to enable safe exit for occupants by providing appropriate
visual conditions and direction-finding on escape routes and in special areas/locations, and to
ensure that fire-fighting and safety equipment can be readily located and used.
• Open area (or anti-panic area) lighting: provided to reduce the likelihood of panic and to
enable safe movement of occupants towards escape routes by providing appropriate visual
conditions and direction-finding.
• High-risk-task area lighting: provided to ensure the safety of people involved in a potentially
dangerous process or situation and to enable proper shutdown procedures to be carried out for
the safety of other occupants of the premises.

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EMERGENCY LIGHTING Cont’d

Figure M Specific forms of emergency lighting

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 EMERGENCY LIGHTING Cont’d
Types
• Emergency lighting comes in two main formats: individual, self-contained systems with their own
emergency battery power source, and centralised battery-backup systems. In using both these
formats there are then three types available.
Maintained
• The same lamp is used by both the mains and the emergency backup system and therefore operates
continuously. The lamp is supplied by an alternative supply when the mains supply fails.
• The advantage of this system is that the lamp is continuously lit and therefore we can see whether a
lamp needs replacing.
• The disadvantage is that, although the lamp is lit, we do not know whether it is being powered by
the mains supply or the batteries.
• Emergency lighting should be of the maintained type in areas in which the normal lighting can be
dimmed, e.g. theatres or cinemas, or where alcohol is served.

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 EMERGENCY LIGHTING Cont’d
Non-maintained
• The emergency lighting lamp only operates when the normal mains lighting
fails. Failure of the mains supply connects the emergency lamps to the battery
supply.
• The disadvantage of this system is that a broken lamp will not be detected
until it is required to operate.
Sustained
• An additional lamp housed in the mains luminaire is used only when the
mains fails.
• The duration of the emergency lighting is normally three hours in places of
entertainment and for sleeping risk, or where evacuation is not immediate, but
one hour’s duration may be acceptable in some premises if evacuation is
immediate and re-occupation is delayed until the system has recharged .

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 Fire-alarm systems
• A correctly installed fire-alarm system installation is of
paramount importance compared to any other electrical
undertaking, as life could be lost and property damaged
as a result of carelessly or incorrectly connected fire-
detection and alarm equipment.
• Fire-alarm systems can be designed and installed for
one of two reasons:
• property protection
• life protection.
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 Earthing system
• Earthing is a fundamental safety system used in electrical
installations. It works in co-ordination with circuit breakers MCBs,
Fuses, and RCDs to ensure that an electrical supply can be
disconnected quickly in the event of a fault. This greatly reduces
shock risk.
• To connect the metallic (conductive) Parts of an Electric appliance or
installations to the earth (ground) is called Earthing or Grounding.
• It is to connect the metallic parts of electric machinery and devices to
the earth plate or earth electrode (which is buried in the moisture
earth) through a thick conductor wire (which has very low resistance)
for safety purpose

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 Earthing System
• To earth or earthing means to connect
the part of electrical apparatus such as
metallic covering of metals, earth
terminal of socket cables, stay wires
that do not carry current to the earth.
• Earthing can be said as the connection
of the neutral point of a power supply
system to the earth so as to avoid or
minimize danger during discharge of
electrical energy.
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 Earthing System
• An effective earthing system avoids having dangerous
potentials on the equipment even during electrical faults and
also ensures the proper operation of electrical protection
equipment during fault conditions.
• The earthing provides the simple path to the leakage
current. The short circuit current of the equipment passes to
the earth which has zero potential. Thus, protects the system
and from damage .

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 Purpose of Earthing
Safety of the living beings around the vicinty of the substation
Proper functioning of the protection system under fault condition
To limit the touch and step potential within tolerable limits.
To keep voltage as constant in the healthy phase (If fault occurs on
any one phase).
To Protect Electric system and buildings from lighting.
To serve as a return conductor in electric traction system and
communication.
To avoid the risk of fire in electrical installation systems.

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 Earth fault loop impedance
• Earth fault loop impedance is the path followed by fault current when
a low impedance fault occurs between the phase conductor and
earth, i.e. “earth fault loop”. Fault current is driven round the loop by
the supply voltage. The higher the impedance, the lower the fault
current will be and the longer it will take for the circuit protection to
operate.
• To make sure the protection operates fast enough, the loop
impedance must be low. Every circuit must be tested to make sure
that the actual loop impedance does not exceed that specified for the
protective device concerned.

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 Grounding electrodes for buildings, industrial
installations and substations
• Grounding electrodes is a conductor (or conductive plate) buried in
the earth for electrical earthing system.
• The National Electric Code requires that the grounding electrodes
be tested to ensure that they are under 25-ohms resistance-to-
ground (Earth). It is important to know that aluminum electrodes are
not allowed for use in grounding.
• The following are a few types of grounding electrodes commonly
used for the grounding of buildings, industrial installations,
equipment grounding or small and medium sized substations. Power
generating stations and large switchyards may experience large
ground fault currents accordingly, grounding electrodes demand a
lot more safety considerations:
• Driven Rod (copper), Grounding Plates etc
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 Earth Electrode Resistance
1 Plate grounding

where ρ = resistivity of soil, considered uniform in Ω m. A = area of each side of the

plate in m2
.
2, Pipe or rod grounding : The Ground Resistance (R) of a single rod, of diameter (d) and
driven length (i) driven vertically into the soil of resistivity (ρ), can be calculated as follows In
this case, the approximate resistance to ground in a uniform soil can be expressed by:
ρ Soil Resistivity in m
l Buried Length of the electrode in m
d Diameter of the electrode in m
The rod is assumed as carrying current uniformly

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 Tutorial 1
1. Find the resistance to ground for a 600 mm by
600 mm plate grounding, considering a sandy
soil, treated artificially and having attained an
average soil resistivity of 10 Ωm

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Tutorial 1 cont’d solution

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 Tutorial 2 solution:
Find the resistance to ground of a 19 mm internal
diameter pipe, 2.44 m long, with ρ as 10 Ω m

19mm/1000 =0.019m

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 Tutorial Cont’d (Voltage drop)
• Cables in a circuit are similar to resistors, in
that the longer the conductor, the higher its
resistance becomes and thus the greater the
voltage drop.

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 Tutorial 3
3. A low-voltage radial circuit supplying fixed equipment is arranged as shown
in Figure. It is wired throughout with 50 mm2 copper cable, for which the voltage
drop is given as 0.95 mV/A/m.
Calculate:
• (a) the total current drawn from the supply
• (b) the total voltage drop
• (c) whether the voltage drop meets Regulation 525-01-02. (Regulation 525
allows us a voltage drop of 5% of the nominal supply voltage)

figure

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 Tutorial 3 cont’d solution:
• Step 1: (a) Total current flowing = I1 = I2 + I3 = 40 + 55 = 95 A
• Step 2: (b) Calculate the voltage drop in section A–B.
We know the voltage drop (in mV) for each metre of our 50mm2 copper cable is 0.95 for each amp of current
flowing through it.
• Therefore the total voltage drop in section A–B = 0.95 × I1 × length of A–B
= 0.95 × 95 × 50
= 4512.5 mV
= 4.5125 V
• Step 3: Calculate the voltage drop in cable section B–C
We are using the same cable type. We can see from the diagram that the length is now 30m and the current flowing
through is I3.
• Therefore total voltage drop in section B–C = 0.95 × I3 × length of B–C
= 0.95 × 55 × 30
• = 1567.5 mV
• = 1.5675 V
• Step 4: Total voltage drop is therefore the sum of 4.5125 + 1.5675 = 6.08 V
• Step 5: ( c) Regulation 525 allows us a voltage drop of 5% of the nominal supply voltage, in this case 230 V. 5% of 230V
= 11.5 V but we are only dropping 6.08 V.

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 Tutorial 4
• A lamp giving out 2400 lumen in all directions is
suspended 8m above the working plane.
Calculate the illumination at a point on the
working plane 6m away from the foot of the
lamp

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Tutorial 4 cont’d

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 Tutorial 5
State four ways by which the risk of accident can be reduced when
carrying out an electrical installation:
• Ensure people working on or with your electrical equipment or
systems are ‘competent’ for the task.
• Ensure the electrical installation is safe, for example; earthing,
leakages.
• There is also an obligation to ensure that components supplied for
use in the installation are safe and to be worn by the user should any
hazardous defect be discovered subsequently in any of them.
• First aid appliances: having a good knowledge of the safety and first
aid appliances available.
• Also the need for maintenance check-ups

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 Tutorial 6
The illumination in a drawing office 50 m x 10 m
is to have a value of 250 lux and is to be
provided by a number of 300-Watts filament
lamps. If the coefficient of utilization is 0.6 and
depreciation factor is 0.9.Determine the number
of lamps required. The luminous efficiency of
each lamp is 16 lm/W.

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Tutorial 6 cont’d

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Any questions ?

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