Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ILOCOS NORTE

General Chemistry 2
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
The Kinetic Molecular Theory
and Properties of Liquids

MELCs: Use the kinetic molecular model to explain

properties of liquids and solids.
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-99)
Describe and differentiate the types of
intermolecular forces.
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-100)
Describe the following properties of liquids, and
explain the effect of intermolecular forces on
these properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor
pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of vaporization.
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-102)

Prepared by:

KAYE ANNE D. SALITAMOS

Teacher III
Marcos National High School
General Chemistry 2- Grade 12
Quarter 1 – Module 1: The Kinetic Molecular Theory and Properties of Liquids
First Edition, 2020

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12
General Chemistry 2
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
The Kinetic Molecular Theory
and Properties of Liquids
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 Module on The Kinetic Molecular

Theory and Properties of Liquids. This module was collaboratively designed,
developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to
assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set
by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Note to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you
in guiding the learners

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 Module on The Kinetic Molecular

Theory and Properties of Liquids. This module was designed to provide you with
fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own
pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need This will give you an idea of the skills or

to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

This part includes an activity that aims to check

What I Know
what you already know about the lesson to take. If
you get all the answers correct (100%), you may
decide to skip this module.

1
 What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the
current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to

What’s New
you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem,
a problem opener, an activity or a situation.

This section provides a brief discussion of the

What is it
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent practice to

What’s More
solidify your understanding and skills of the topic.
You may check the answers to the exercises using
the Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I have This includes questions or blank

Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what
you learned from the lesson.

What I Can This section provides an activity which will help you
Do transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.

This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of

Assessment
mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Additional In this portion, another activity will be given to you

Activities to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson
learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

This is a list of all sources used in developing this
References module.

2
This module is focused on the Kinetic Molecular Theory and Properties of
Liquids.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the kinetic molecular theory and properties of liquids. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and
solids;
2. describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces; and
3. describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of
intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension, viscosity,
vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of vaporization.

3
 What I Know

This first part of the module is a pre-assessment activity that allows your
teacher to determine your strengths, weaknesses, knowledge and skills on the
Kinetic Molecular Theory and Properties of Liquids prior to the lesson’s
discussion. So, sit back and read each question comprehensively and choose the
letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper
and submit a copy of it to your subject teacher. Be one of the students who
practice the virtue of HONESTY.

1. What attractive force is present in between molecules of the same

substance?
a. adhesive c. viscosity
b. cohesive d. surface tension

2. Heat of vaporization is the heat energy absorbed by a substance as it

transforms from _________.
a. liquid to gas c. liquid to solid
b. solid to liquid d. gas to liquid

3. Which of the following accounts for the spherical shape of liquid drops such
as raindrops and drops of oil?
a. capillary action c. surface tension
b. heat of condensation d. heat of vaporization

4. Heat of melting is the heat energy absorbed by a substance as it transforms

from _________.
a. liquid to gas c. liquid to solid
b. solid to liquid d. gas to liquid

5. The rising of liquid into a small vertical space due to the interplay of
cohesive and adhesive forces is called ______________.
a. capillary action c. surface tension
b. heat of Condensation d. heat of Vaporization

4
 Lesson Kinetic Molecular Theory
1 and Properties of Liquids

What’s In

We are made of water, born into a world of water, and then forevermore
dependent on water. We can survive form more than a month without food, but
without fresh water we would perish in a matter of days. Little wonder when we
consider that water makes up about 60 percent of our body mass. It is the ideal
solvent for transporting nutrients through our body and for supporting countless
biochemical reactions that keep us alive. All living organisms we know of depend on
water. It is the medium of life on our planet and arguable our most vital natural
resource.

Water and other liquids are so special since they exhibit properties which are
necessary in this world. Liquids do not have a simple or regular structure, but
many of their properties can be explained by viewing them at the particular level.

Now, read and understand each statement on liquid with regards to the
kinetic molecular model. Write TRUE if it is valid and acceptable and FALSE if not.
Write your choice on a separate sheet of paper and submit a copy of it to your
subject teacher.

1. The intermolecular attractive forces of liquid are strong enough to hold

molecules close together.
2. Liquids are denser and less compressible than gasses.
3. Liquids have a definite volume, dependent of the size and shape of their
container.
4. The attractive forces are not strong enough, however, to keep neighboring
molecules in a fixed position and molecules are free to move past or slide
over one another.
5. The intermolecular forces between neighboring molecules are strong
enough to keep them locked in position.

5
 What is New

Through the use of hierarchical map below, identify the terms which
are related to the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT). You may extend the map
to include all the necessary items related to the topic.

KMT

solid liquid gas

What is It

The properties of solids, liquids, and gases are affected by the movement of
their molecules or the particles which constitute them. Temperature plays a major
role in determining how these particles behave. It affects their average kinetic
energy, which determines how closely bonded the particles are with each other. The
Kinetic Molecular Theory explains the differences in solids, liquids, and gases. But
in here, we shall only focus on solids and liquids.

The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) of matter explains how the movement
of molecules affects their properties. It states that matter is made up of particles or
molecules which are constantly moving. The movement of these particles depends
on the intermolecular forces of attraction. If the attraction is very strong, the
particles become very close to one another, limiting their motion. How strong or
weak these forces are in matter will dictate its physical state. The forces of
attraction in gaseous molecules are so weak that they are considered insignificant.

6
 Liquids and solids are made up of particles which are close to one another.
Generally, there is a strong attraction between these particles. As such, they
cannot move freely: solids and liquids diffuse very slightly, expand very slowly, and
cannot be compressed significantly. Solids have specific shapes and volumes
because the rigidness of their particles keeps them in place. Liquids follow the
shape of their container. They flow when poured because their particles are not so
rigidly bound to each other.

The terms “particles” and “molecules” are often used in this module
interchangeably. By particles, we mean the atoms, ions, or molecules which make
up matter. A molecule is made up of two or more atoms which are combined to act
as one unit. Solids and liquids have varied compositions. They may be made up of
atoms, ions or molecules.

The KMT is a model used to explain the behavior of matter. It is based on a

series of postulates. Some of the postulates of KMT are as follows:

 Matter is made of particles that are constantly in motion. This energy in

motion is called kinetic energy.
 The amount of kinetic energy in a substance is related to its temperature.
 There is space between particles. The amount of space in between particles
is related to the substance's state of matter.
 Phase changes happen when the temperature of the substance changes
sufficiently.
 There are attractive forces in between particles called intermolecular
forces. The strength of these forces increases as particles get closer together.

In this lesson, we will focus on how KMT can be used to explain the
properties of liquids and solids.

KMT and Properties of Liquid

Check out these two pictures of liquid water:

Figure 1. (A) Water in a swimming pool; (B) Liquid water on the molecular level

What properties of liquids are evident in these two pictures?

7
 One of the most notable properties of liquids is that they are fluid and they
can flow. Liquids have definite volume, but not a definite shape. Liquids are said to
have low compressibility; in other words, it's hard to pack liquid particles closer
together. Compared to gases, there is relatively little space between particles.
Compared to solids, however, liquids have some space between particles. This, in
tandem with the fact that liquid particles also have relatively more energy than
solid particles, is what allows liquids to flow. On the molecular level, these two
factors give liquids the look of being disorganized.

The types of intermolecular forces in a liquid depend on the chemical

makeup of the liquid itself. Strength of intermolecular force is related to the type of
intermolecular force, but it is also affected by the amount of kinetic energy in the
substance. The more kinetic energy, the weaker the intermolecular forces. Liquids
have more kinetic energy than solids, so the intermolecular forces between liquid
particles tend to be weaker. We will discuss types of intermolecular forces later.

KMT and Properties of Solids

Now, let's check out some solids:

Figure 2: (A) Pyrite crystals

in their naturally occurring cubic form; (B) Phosphorus trioxide on the molecular scale.

What properties of solids do you notice?

Solid substances have definite shapes and volumes. Solid particles do move,
but not very far! Solid particles have relatively little kinetic energy and vibrate in
place. Because of this, they can't flow like liquids. Most solids are arranged in a
tightly packed crystalline structure. The crystalline structure is an orderly,
repeating arrangement of particles called a crystal lattice. The shape of the crystal
shows the arrangement of the particles in the solid.

Some solids are not crystalline-shaped. The ones that are not are called
amorphous solids. Amorphous solids do not have orderly internal structures.
Examples of amorphous solids include rubber, plastic and glass. Wax is also an
amorphous solid. It can be molded into any shape and remolded anytime it is
warmed up a bit.

8
Intermolecular Forces

The intermolecular forces or IMFs are physical forces that act between
molecules. In contrast, intramolecular forces act within molecules. Intermolecular
forces are weaker than intramolecular forces. Examples of intermolecular forces
include the London dispersion force, dipole-dipole interaction, ion-dipole
interaction, and van der Waals forces.

The interaction between intermolecular forces may be used to describe how

molecules interact with one another. The strength or weakness of intermolecular
forces determines the state of matter of a substance (e.g., solid, liquid, gas) and
some of the chemical properties (e.g., melting point, structure).
There are three major types of intermolecular forces: London dispersion
force, dipole-dipole interaction, and ion-dipole interaction. Here's a closer look at
these three intermolecular forces, with examples of each type.
The London dispersion force is also known as LDF, London forces,
dispersion forces, instantaneous dipole forces, induced dipole forces, or the
induced dipole-induced dipole force. The London dispersion force, the force
between two nonpolar molecules, is the weakest of the intermolecular forces. The
electrons of one molecule are attracted to the nucleus of the other molecule, while
repelled by the other molecule's electrons. A dipole is induced when the electron
clouds of the molecules are distorted by the attractive and repulsive electrostatic
forces.
Examples:
 An example of London dispersion force is the interaction between two
methyl (-CH3) groups.
 A second example of London dispersion force is the interaction
between nitrogen gas (N2) and oxygen gas (O2) molecules. The
electrons of the atoms are not only attracted to their own atomic
nucleus, but also to the protons in the nucleus of the other atoms.
Dipole-dipole Interaction occurs whenever two polar molecules get near
each other. The positively charged portion of one molecule is attracted to the
negatively charged portion of another molecule. Since many molecules are polar,
this is a common intermolecular force.
Examples: 
 An example of dipole-dipole interaction is the interaction between two
sulfur dioxide (SO2) molecules, in which the sulfur atom of one
molecule is attracted to the oxygen atoms of the other molecule.
 Hydrogen bonding is considered a specific example of a dipole-dipole
interaction always involving hydrogen. A hydrogen atom of one
molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another molecule,
such as an oxygen atom in water.

Ion-dipole Interaction occurs when an ion encounters a polar molecule. In

this case, the charge of the ion determines which part of the molecule attracts and
which repels. A cation or positive ion would be attracted to the negative part of a

9
molecule and repelled by the positive part. An anion or negative ion would be
attracted to the positive part of a molecule and repelled by the negative part.

Example: 
 An example of the ion-dipole interaction is the interaction between a
Na+ ion and water (H2O) where the sodium ion and oxygen atom are
attracted to each other, while the sodium and hydrogen are repelled
by each other.

Van der Waals Forces are the interaction between uncharged atoms or
molecules. The forces are used to explain the universal attraction between bodies,
the physical adsorption of gases, and the cohesion of condensed phases.

Properties of Liquids

Although you have been introduced to some of the interactions that hold
molecules together in a liquid, we have not yet discussed the consequences of those
interactions for the bulk properties of liquids. We now turn our attention to three
unique properties of liquids that intimately depend on the nature of intermolecular
interactions:

 surface tension
 capillary action
 viscosity
 vapor pressure
 boiling point
 molar heat of vaporization

Surface Tension

If liquids tend to adopt the shapes of their containers, then, do small

amounts of water on a freshly waxed car form raised droplets instead of a thin,
continuous film? The answer lies in a property called surface tension, which
depends on intermolecular forces. Surface tension is the energy required to
increase the surface area of a liquid by a unit amount and varies greatly from liquid
to liquid based on the nature of the intermolecular forces.

Figure 3 presents a microscopic view of a liquid droplet. A typical molecule

in the interior of the droplet is surrounded by other molecules that exert attractive
forces from all directions. Consequently, there is no net force on the molecule that
would cause it to move in a particular direction. In contrast, a molecule on the
surface experiences a net attraction toward the drop because there are no
molecules on the outside to balance the forces exerted by adjacent molecules in the
interior. Because a sphere has the smallest possible surface area for a given
volume, intermolecular attractive interactions between water molecules cause the

10
droplet to adopt a spherical shape. This maximizes the number of attractive
interactions and minimizes the number of water molecules at the surface. Hence
raindrops are almost spherical, and drops of water on a waxed (nonpolar) surface,
which does not interact strongly with water, form round beads. A dirty car is
covered with a mixture of substances, some of which are polar. Attractive
interactions between the polar substances and water cause the water to spread out
into a thin film instead of forming beads.

Figure 3. A Representation of Surface Tension in a Liquid

Molecules at the surface of water experience a net attraction to other

molecules in the liquid, which holds the surface of the bulk sample together. In
contrast, those in the interior experience uniform attractive forces. The same
phenomenon holds molecules together at the surface of a bulk sample of water,
almost as if they formed a skin. When filling a glass with water, the glass can be
overfilled so that the level of the liquid actually extends above the rim. Similarly, a
sewing needle or a paper clip can be placed on the surface of a glass of water where
it “floats,” even though steel is much denser than water. Many insects take
advantage of this property to walk on the surface of puddles or ponds without
sinking. This is even observable in the zero gravity conditions of space as shown in
Figure 4 where water wrung from a wet towel continues to float along the towel's
surface.

11
 Figure 4. The Effects of the High Surface Tension of Liquid Water
Such phenomena are manifestations of surface tension, which is defined as
the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a specific amount.
Surface tension is therefore measured as energy per unit area, such as joules per
square meter (J/m2) or dyne per centimeter (dyn/cm), where 1 dyn = 1 × 10 −5 N.
The values of the surface tension of some representative liquids are listed in Table
1.
Note the correlation between the surface tension of a liquid and the strength
of the intermolecular forces: the stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the
surface tension. For example, water, with its strong intermolecular hydrogen
bonding, has one of the highest surface tension values of any liquid, whereas low-
boiling-point organic molecules, which have relatively weak intermolecular forces,
have much lower surface tensions. Mercury is an apparent anomaly, but its very
high surface tension is due to the presence of strong metallic bonding.
Table 1. Surface Tension, Viscosity, Vapor Pressure (at 25°C Unless Otherwise
Indicated), and Normal Boiling Points of Common Liquids

Surface Tension (× Viscosity Vapor Pressure Normal Boiling

Substance
10−3 J/m2) (mPa•s) (mmHg) Point (°C)

Organic Compounds

diethyl ether 17 0.22 531 34.6

n-hexane 18 0.30 149 68.7

acetone 23 0.31 227 56.5

ethanol 22 1.07 59 78.3

ethylene 48 16.1 ~0.08 198.9

glycol

Liquid Elements

12
Continuation.

Table 1. Surface Tension, Viscosity, Vapor Pressure (at 25°C Unless Otherwise
Indicated), and Normal Boiling Points of Common Liquids

Surface Tension (× Viscosity Vapor Pressure Normal Boiling

Substance
10−3 J/m2) (mPa•s) (mmHg) Point (°C)

bromine 41 0.94 218 58.8

mercury 486 1.53 0.0020 357

Water

0°C 75.6 1.79 4.6 —

20°C 72.8 1.00 17.5 —

60°C 66.2 0.47 149 —

100°C 58.9 0.28 760 —

Adding soaps and detergents that disrupt the intermolecular attractions

between adjacent water molecules can reduce the surface tension of water. Because
they affect the surface properties of a liquid, soaps and detergents are called
surface-active agents, or surfactants.

Capillary Action

Intermolecular forces also cause a phenomenon called capillary action,

which is the tendency of a polar liquid to rise against gravity into a small-diameter
tube (a capillary), as shown in Figure 5. When a glass capillary is placed in liquid
water, water rises up into the capillary. The height to which the water rises
depends on the diameter of the tube and the temperature of the water but not on
the angle at which the tube enters the water. The smaller the diameter, the higher
the liquid rises.

Figure 5. The Phenomenon of Capillary Action. Capillary action seen as water climbs to different levels in glass
tubes of different diameters.

 Cohesive forces bind molecules of the same type together

 Adhesive forces bind a substance to a surface

13
 Capillary action is the net result of two opposing sets of forces: cohesive
forces, which are the intermolecular forces that hold a liquid together, and adhesive
forces, which are the attractive forces between a liquid and the substance that
composes the capillary. Water has both strong adhesion to glass, which contains
polar SiOH groups, and strong intermolecular cohesion. When a glass capillary is
put into water, the surface tension due to cohesive forces constricts the surface
area of water within the tube, while adhesion between the water and the glass
creates an upward force that maximizes the amount of glass surface in contact
with the water. If the adhesive forces are stronger than the cohesive forces, as is
the case for water, then the liquid in the capillary rises to the level where the
downward force of gravity exactly balances this upward force. If, however, the
cohesive forces are stronger than the adhesive forces, as is the case for mercury
and glass, the liquid pulls itself down into the capillary below the surface of the
bulk liquid to minimize contact with the glass (Figure 6). The upper surface of a
liquid in a tube is called the meniscus, and the shape of the meniscus depends on
the relative strengths of the cohesive and adhesive forces. In liquids such as water,
the meniscus is concave; in liquids such as mercury, however, which have very
strong cohesive forces and weak adhesion to glass, the meniscus is convex (Figure
6).

Figure 6. The Phenomenon of Capillary Action. Capillary action of water compared to mercury, in each
case with respect to a polar surface such as glass.

Polar substances are drawn up a glass capillary and generally have a

concave meniscus. Fluids and nutrients are transported up the stems of plants or
the trunks of trees by capillary action. Plants contain tiny rigid tubes composed of
cellulose, to which water has strong adhesion. Because of the strong adhesive
forces, nutrients can be transported from the roots to the tops of trees that are
more than 50 m tall. Cotton towels are also made of cellulose; they absorb water
because the tiny tubes act like capillaries and “wick” the water away from your
skin. The moisture is absorbed by the entire fabric, not just the layer in contact
with your body.

Viscosity

14
 Viscosity (η) is the resistance of a liquid to flow. Some liquids, such as
gasoline, ethanol, and water, flow very readily and hence have a low viscosity.
Others, such as motor oil, molasses, and maple syrup, flow very slowly and have a
high viscosity. The two most common methods for evaluating the viscosity of a
liquid are (1) to measure the time it takes for a quantity of liquid to flow through a
narrow vertical tube and (2) to measure the time it takes steel balls to fall through
a given volume of the liquid. The higher the viscosity, the slower the liquid flows
through the tube and the steel balls fall. Viscosity is expressed in units of the poise
(mPa•s); the higher the number, the higher the viscosity. The viscosities of some
representative liquids are listed in Table 1 and show a correlation between viscosity
and intermolecular forces. Because a liquid can flow only if the molecules can move
past one another with minimal resistance, strong intermolecular attractive forces
make it more difficult for molecules to move with respect to one another. The
addition of a second hydroxyl group to ethanol, for example, which produces
ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH), increases the viscosity 15-fold. This effect is due to
the increased number of hydrogen bonds that can form between hydroxyl groups in
adjacent molecules, resulting in dramatically stronger intermolecular attractive
forces.

Figure 8. Structure of ethanol and ethylene glycol

There is also a correlation between viscosity and molecular shape. Liquids

consisting of long, flexible molecules tend to have higher viscosities than those
composed of more spherical or shorter-chain molecules. The longer the molecules,
the easier it is for them to become “tangled” with one another, making it more
difficult for them to move past one another. London dispersion forces also increase
with chain length. Due to a combination of these two effects, long-chain
hydrocarbons (such as motor oils) are highly viscous.

Vapor Pressure

15
 Evaporation is the process where molecules which have higher kinetic
energy leave the liquid surface. This happens even without the direct heating of the
substance. The molecules which evaporate and stay above the liquid exert a partial
pressure called vapor pressure. It is partial because the total pressure acting on
the liquid includes external pressure, such as air pressure. Vapor pressure is
inversely proportional to the IMF. The higher the vapor pressure, the weaker the
IMF in the liquid. Vapor pressure can also be described as the tendency of liquid
molecules to evaporate. This tendency is high when the IMF is low and vice versa.
Acetone has a higher VP than water; its IMF is weaker; while

Boiling Point

Boiling is different from evaporation. In boiling, heat is directly applied to a

liquid, such as when we boil water. When does a given amount of water boil? Based
on observations, first, tiny bubbles begin to appear. They start from the bottom of
the liquid then rise, reach the surface and burst. But this is just a prelude to
boiling. When more bubbles rise, starting small but becoming bigger as they
continue moving up the surface, and at the same time, vigorous production of
steam is seen, then we know the water is boiling. In whistling kettle, water boils
when the kettle starts to whistle. The whistling sound is produced by the furiously
moving water vapor molecules which are escaping the liquid through tiny hole.

That description of boiling point is common. However, as a student of

chemistry, you should know better. External pressure (from the surroundings)
plays an important role in boiling. This can be pressure from air or the atmosphere
that acts on the liquid. Atmospheric pressure is created by the molecules present
in air. Above the liquid, vapor pressure is exerted by the molecules which evaporate
from it. The application of heat makes the evaporation of molecules faster. Vapor
pressure increases as more molecules evaporate. When the vapor pressure above
the liquid surface becomes equal to the prevailing air pressure above the liquid
boils. At this point we see many “excited” bubbles leaving the liquid and creating
the vigorous flow of steam. The temperature at which this happens is called at 1.0
atm (or 101 kPa in SI units), the vapor pressure above the liquid is also 1.0 atm.
The temperature at which this happens is called the normal boiling point. For
water, it is equal to 100 degrees Celsius; for ethyl alcohol, it is 79 degrees Celsius.

Molar Heat of Vaporization

Molar heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to vaporize one

mole of a substance at its boiling point. The application of heat disrupts the
intermolecular forces of attraction of the liquid molecules and allows them to
vaporize. Boiling point generally increases as molar heat of vaporization increases.
The molar heat of vaporization is also determined by the strength of the
intermolecular forces between molecules. From Table 2, although both methane
and argon are acted upon by London dispersion forces, methane has higher boiling
point and larger heat of vaporization than argon because methane has larger

16
surface area. Compared to methane, diethyl ether has higher boiling point and
molar heat of vaporization because its molecules are held together by both dipole-
dipole and London dispersion forces. Values for ethanol are higher than those for
diethyl ether due to the former’s hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, and London
dispersion forces. The high value for water is attributed to hydrogen bonding and
dipole-dipole attraction.

Table 2. Molar Heats of Vaporization for Selected Liquids

Substance Boiling Point Molar Heat of
(ºC) Vaporization
(kJ/mol)
Argon (Ar) -186.0 6.3
Methane (CH4) -164.0 9.2
Diethyl ether (C2H5OC2H5) 34.6 26.0
Ethanol (C2H5OH) 78.3 39.3
Water (H2O) 100.0 40.8

What’s More

This section will give you an activity titled, Mastering the Properties of
Liquids for independent practice to strengthen your understanding and higher
order thinking skills of the topic.

Understand the two questions below and use your knowledge on the
properties of liquids in answering them. Write the correct answer on a separate
sheet of paper and submit a copy of it to your subject teacher.

1. What is the reason why insects, like the water strider, can walk on water?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

2. Explain how very light objects like a thin blade or needle can be placed on
water without sinking?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

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 What I Have Learned

Now, answer briefly the questions below. This will gauge how much you had
learned from our lesson. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper and
submit a copy of it to your subject teacher.

1. What are the two major factors that affect viscosity?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

2. What causes water to have a higher boiling point?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

3. What makes vapor pressure increase?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

This section provides you three questions to be scientifically comprehended

and answered. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper and submit a copy
of it to your subject teacher.

1. Why do people prefer to wash their clothes with hot water?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

2. If water were less “sticky”, would you be cooled more or less by its
evaporation?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

3. If the water level in a dish or water remains unchanged from one day to the
next, can you conclude that no evaporation or condensation is taking place?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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 Assessment

Do what is required in each item below. Write the correct answer on a separate
sheet of paper submit a copy of it to your subject teacher.

1. What attractive force is present in between molecules of the same

substance?
a. adhesive c. viscosity
b. cohesive d. surface tension

2. Heat of vaporization is the heat energy absorbed by a substance as it

transforms from _________.
a. liquid to gas c. liquid to solid
b. solid to liquid d. gas to liquid

3. Which of the following accounts for the spherical shape of liquid drops such
as raindrops and drops of oil?
a. capillary action c. surface tension
b. heat of condensation d. heat of vaporization

4. Heat of melting is the heat energy absorbed by a substance as it transforms

from _________.
a. liquid to gas c. liquid to solid
b. solid to liquid d. gas to liquid

5. The rising of liquid into a small vertical space due to the interplay of
cohesive and adhesive forces is called ______________.
a. capillary action c. surface tension
b. heat of condensation d. heat of vaporization

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 Additional Activities

To further enrich your knowledge on the Properties of Liquid, understand

each question and answer each scientifically. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper and submit a copy of it to your subject teacher.

1. Is boiling a form of evaporation or is evaporation a form of boiling?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

2. What happens to a softdrinks can left in the freezer? Why?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

References

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Chang, Raymond. 2005. Chemistry, 8 th Edition. New York, USA:McGraw-
Hill. ISBN 0071241655

McMurry, Johh. 2004. Chemistry, 6th Edition. Belmont, CA:Brooks/Cole.

ISBN 0534420052

Nucum, Zenaida. 2017. General Chemistry 1 For Senior High School. C & E
Publishing Incorporated. ISBN 978-971-98-0610-3

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map
%3A_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/
11%3A_Liquids_Solids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/
11.04%3A_Intermolecular_Forces_in_Action-
_Surface_Tension_Viscosity_and_Capillary_Action

21
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division of Ilocos Norte – Curriculum Implementation Division

Learning Resource Management Section (SDOIN-CID LRMS)

Office Address: Brgy. 7B, Giron Street, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Telefax: (077) 771-0960
Telephone No.: (077) 770-5963, (077) 600-2605
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