MAKALAH

BIOKIMIA

Nama anggota :

Putu Arsienda Dahata Ulmafema (P07120219060)

Dewa Ayu Putri Widnyani (P07120219071)

Putu Lydia Kusuma Riawan (P07120219078)

Ni Kadek Yuni Anggreni (P07120219088)

Kadek Sari Savitri (P07120219094)

I Gusti Bagus Ade Oka Dwipayana (P07120219100)

Komang Nova Sadana Yoga (P07120219102)

KEMENTRIAN KESEHATAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA

POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN DENPASAR

TAHUN AKADEMIK 2020/2021

 FOREWORD

Praise our prayers to God Almighty. Thanks to his grace and guidance the paper entitled
"Biokimia" was completed well.

In writing and compiling this paper we realize that this paper still has many shortcomings
due to lack of experience and limited knowledge that we have. Therefore, we accept criticism
and suggestions that help in perfecting this paper.

The preparation of this paper will not be carried out properly without guidance, support
and assistance from various parties. For this reason, on this occasion, we thank you profusely.

May the Almighty God always bestow his blessings and blessings on the assistance that
has been given to us in the preparation of this paper, finally hopefully this paper can be useful for
readers.

Denpasar, 12th January 2020

Writer

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 Table of Contents

FOREWORD...................................................................................................................................2
PRELIMINARY..............................................................................................................................4
1.1. Formulation of problems..................................................................................................4
1.2. Purpose.............................................................................................................................4
CAPTURE II...................................................................................................................................5
DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Biochemistry term.................................................................................................................5
2.2 Composition of body.............................................................................................................6
2.3 Body tissue.............................................................................................................................9
2.4 Cell.......................................................................................................................................10
CAPTURE III................................................................................................................................18
CLOSING......................................................................................................................................18
3.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19

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 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

Biochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the

cellular and molecular level. It emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the
20th century when scientists combined chemistry, physiology, and biology to investigate the
chemistry of living systems. Biochemistry is both life science and a chemical science - it
explores the chemistry of living organisms and the molecular basis for the changes occurring
in living cells. It uses the methods of chemistry,physics, molecular biology, and immunology
to study the structure and behaviour of the complex molecules found in biological material
and the ways these molecules interact to form cells, tissues, and whole organisms.

Biochemists are interested, for example, the composition of body, body tissues and cel,
communication within and between cells and organs, and the chemical bases of inheritance
and disease. The biochemist seeks to determine how specific molecules such as proteins,
nucleic acids, lipids, vitamins, and hormones function in such processes.

1.1. Formulation of problems

1. What is the explanation and the example of biochemistry term?

2. What is the composition of body?
3. What is the body tissues?
4. What is the structure of the cell?

1.2. Purpose

1. To know what is the biochemistry term

2. To know what is the composition of body
3. To know what is the body tissues
4. To know the structure of the cell

CAPTURE II

DISCUSSION

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 2.1 Biochemistry term

1. . Synthesis is the process of forming a larger molecule, from smaller molecules. For example,
proteins are very large molecules. This protein is synthesized from amino acids with a very
complicated mechanism.
 Protein synthesis (also called protein biosynthesis) is the process of forming protein
particles in the discussion of molecular biology which involves the synthesis of RNA that
is influenced by DNA
 Lipid synthesis is an important part of cell metabolism, because lipids are an important
component of cell membranes. The most important part of this lipid metabolism is the
synthesis of fatty acids, because fatty acids are needed in triglycerides. Other important
biosynthetic pathways are cholesterol synthesis, eicosanoid synthesis, and sphingolipids
synthesis

2. Lysis is the event of rupture or damage to the integrity of the cell membrane and causes the
release of cell organelles

 Glycolysis is one of the most universal metabolic processes that we are familiar with, and
occurs (with a variety of variations) in many cell types in almost all forms of organisms.
The process of glycolysis itself produces less energy per glucose molecule compared to
perfect aerobic oxidation.

 Electrolysis is the breakdown of an electrolyte by an electric current. In electrolysis cells,

chemical reactions will occur if an electric current is flowed through an electrolyte
solution, that is electrical energy (electric current) is converted into chemical energy
(redox reaction).

3. . Denaturation is a process in which a protein or nucleic acid loses its tertiary structure and
secondary structure by applying some external pressure or compound, such as strong acids or
bases, concentrated inorganic salts, for example an organic solvent (eg, alcohol or
chloroform), or heat.

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  Protein denaturation
Denatured proteins can show a variety of characteristics, from loss of solubility to
communal aggregation. Communal aggregation is the phenomenon of hydrophobic
protein aggregation to come close and form bonds between them, thereby reducing the
area of the area exposed to water.

 Denaturation of nucleic acids such as DNA caused by high temperatures, is the separation
of a double strand into two single strands, which occurs when the hydrogen bond
between the strands is broken. This may occur during the polymerase chain reaction.
Strands of nucleic acid return when "normal" conditions are returned during annealing. If
this condition is restored too quickly, the nucleic acid strands can be formed imperfectly.

4. Oxidation is the interaction between oxygen molecules and all different substances.
Oxidation is the release of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion. ... In the case of iron, this
oxygen will make a slow combustion process, which produces a fragile brown substance
called rust.

5. Reduction is the event that an electron is obtained, or a oxidation number of an atom,

molecule or ion decreases. Reducing agents are substances that carry out the process of
reducing other substances.

2.2 Composition of body

Biochemistry, the body consists of 4 part : water , protein , mineral , fat . the formulation
is = water + protein + protein + mineral + fat .

The presentation of body composition from fat free mass are :

Water 62,4 - 73,8

Protein 16,4 - 19,4

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Fat 15,3 -

Mineral 5,9 - 6,8

Fat free mass 84,7 -

As for the sample that devide bady composition into 2 part ( kompartemen) . The division are
lean body mass or fat free mass and fat mass which in short FFM and FM whit the formulation
as follows.

Fat mass = FFM + FM

Body Composition is often defined as ratio from FM /FFM is often name fat mass composition
fat mass.

FM influenced by eating habit and body activity so this is called unstable body compositio . FM
fat system consist of water 14 %, very small amount of elektrolit potassium , and suspected
having density 0,9 g/cm3 . FFM generally consists of bones, muscle, and fat free mass system
and water inside the body. With FM and FFM rati comparison

Water 72% - 74%

Potassium 60 - 70 mmol/kg with comparison 50-60 mmol

The Main molecule compiler living thinks

Karbohidrat

lipid

Nukleotida

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Asam Amino

Transport membrane

Transport membrane is a movement process its very influence by interaction between membrane
cell with transport molecules . it’s normally seeing on “ diversity of paths “ various of molecules
through cell membrane , transport membrane divided by two active transport membrane and
active primer transport membrane .

Transport Active primer

Transport active is transport requiring energy .energy that use inside the cell is ATP ( adenosine
trifosfat ) is high chemical energy that from the results of cell respiration . active transport are
against concentration gradient . active transport function maintain the balance inside cell .

Active primer transport

In active primer transport , energy directly obtained from adenosine trifosfat (ATP) breaking or
some other high energy phosphate compound . this process transport depend on protein through
cell membrane , it’s happen also in the facilitated diffusion process . however , in active transport
process , the function of carrier protein different with carrier protein in facilitated diffusion
process because it’s able to giving energy to substance which transport to moving against
electrochemical gradients .

Chemical element making living thinks .

 The main chemical element making living thinks is minor constituents the earth’s crust
( main element 47 % O , 28 % Si , 7,9% Fe , and 3,5% Ca ).

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  Six main element making living cell are : C , H , N , O , P , and S . This atomic element
having lightest BA , with the strongest atomic bonds .

2.3 Body tissue

Body tissue is a group of cells that have the same shape and function. There are 4 basic types
of tissue found in the human body, namely :

1. Epithelium tissue
Epithelium tissue is a that lines the surface of the body outside and inside. The outer
surface of the body that has epithelium tissue is the skin while on the inside there is a
surface in the intestine, lungs, blood vessels, and body cavities. The function of
epithelium tissue is protection of absorption, transfer, serection, excretion, and sensory
reception. Ephitelium tissue based on its shape is divided to 5 parts :
a. Squamous epithelial tissue
b. Cuboidal ephitelial tissue
c. Columnar ephitelial tissue
d. Transitional ephitelial tissue
e. Gland ephitelial tissue
2. Connective tissue

Connective tissue is a binding tissue that functions to bind tissues and organs. The
example of this tissue is blood tissue. Connective tissue is divided into three parts real
connective tissue, fluid connective tissue, and retaining issue.

Functions of connective tissue :

 Binding and supporting other tissue.
 Organ protection.
 Energy storage.
 Body shaper.
 Immune producer.
 Transport of oxygen and food to other tissues.
3. Muscle tissue

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 Muscle tissue is tissue in the human body that functions as an active means of motion that
moves bones. There are 3 types of muscle, namely smooth muscle, striated muscle, and
cardiac muscle.
 Smooth muscle
It is muscle whose tissue is formed by muscle cells and smooth muscle forms
such as spindle, where the two ends are tapered and the center is distend.
 Striated muscle
Is a muscle that attached to the body frame that is moved by will, so it is also
called motor muscle.
 Cardiac muscle
Is a muscle making up the cardiac wall. The cardiac muscle is also called
myocardium. Myocardium moves under consciousness that is not influenced by
brain commands or central.

4. Nervous tissue

The nervous tissue is a tissue that functions to regulate the activity of muscle and organs
and to receive and regulate stimulation. Nervous tissue are composed of nerve cells (neuron) and
supporting cells (neurogial). Neuron in the form long fibers. Neurogial is small sized cells,
producing cells, functions as a support for neurons and unites tissue in the central nervous
system.

2.4 Cell
Cell is the smallest structutral unit from organism which is the important component
body of the organism. Cell was first discovered in 1665 by one of the England scientist whom
name is Robert hooke. Hooke the first time looked cell with using his simple microscope. He
saw a small space, then he named it cell.

A. Cell has a structure with their function, specifically :

1. Cell membrane

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 Cell membrane is a layer with the thickness 8nm which is the limit cell contents
with surrounding environment.

Cell membrane function are :

 Control the entry and out of substances into the cell.

 As a protector for the cell so that the cell contents do not come out.
 As a receptors from outside of the cell.
2. Nucleus

Nucleus is the important part of cell which is covered by a double membrane.

Nucleus function are :

 To control the protein synthesis

 To Keep genetic information in the form of DNA
 To be a placeses of DNA reprication
3. Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is the cell fluid located in the cell, outside the cell nucleus, and the cell
organelles.

Cytoplasm function are :

 A place cell organelles and cytoskeleton

 Allow the cell organelles to move
 A place cell metabolism reaction occur

4. Ribosome
Ribosome is the small granula with diameter of about 20-22nm.

Ribosomes have 2 types, they are :

 Free ribosome function is place for synthesis protein that will function in the
cytosol.
 Bound ribosome function is place for synthesis protein that will inserted into
the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and protein secretion.

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5. Endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum is a labyrinthine membrane connected to the cell nucleus.

Endoplasmic reticulum have 2 types, there are :

 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function is place for lipid synthesis.

 The rough endoplasmic reticulum function is place for protein synthesis.
6. Golgi body

Golgi body consists of piles of bags cystic lamellar membrane and vesicles

Golgi body functions are :

 Have a role in secretions, or forms vesicles that contain enzymes for
secretion.
 Making macromolecules, kinds of polysaccharides and hyaluronic acid.
 Forming the plasma membrane of the vesicles that are released.
7. Lysosome

Lysosomes are small organelles shaped like loaked and covered by single
membrane.

Lysosome function are :

 Have a role in intracellular digestion.

 Ingest and recycle damaged organelles.
 Cell destruction itself by free up all the contents of lysosome.
8. Perexisome

Perexisomes is organelle that resemble rather round pocket, crystal granules, and
covered with a single membrane.

Perexisome function are :

 Enzyme oxidase and catalase production.

 Break down fat acid into small molecules
 Neutralize alcohol poisons and other dangerous compounds

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 9. Mitochondria

Mitochondria are cylindrical organelles enveloped in two membranes

Mitochondria function are :

 Place of cell respiration

 Place for cell metabolism
10. Vacuoles

Vacuoles are organelles in the form of large vesicles filled with fluid and covered in
a single membrane.

Vacuoles has 2 types, there are :

 Food vacuoles function are to digest and distribute digestion results to all
parts of the cell.
 Kontran vacuoles function is serve to regulate cell osmosis pressure.
11. Centrosome

Centrosome is organelle where microtubule grow near the nucleus. Centrosome

function is as one component of cell division.

12. Cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton is strong and flexible cell skeleton, in the form of braid fibers spread
throughout the cytoplasm. Function of cytoskeleton is for maintain cell shape.

B. Cell divison

Cell divison is a process that divides one stem cell into 2 or more cells.

Cell divison has 2 kinds of type, they are :

1. Mitosis

Mitosis is the division of one diploid stem cell into two diploid cell.

There some stages of mitosis cell divison, their ar :

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A. Interphase stage

Interphase stage is a period of growth.

Interphase has divided into three phases.

 Gap-1 phase : cell have not yet replicated DNA, so Dna still amounts to 1 copy
 Synthesis phase : in this Phase the DNA in the nucleus undergoes replication, so
that in the synthesis phase it produces 2 copies of DNA
 Gap-2 phase : in this phase DNA replication is complete, and cells prepare to
divide cell.
B. Kariokinesis stage

Kariokinesis is the stage of cell division of the cell nucleus.

kariokinesis cell is further divided into 4 phases, they are :

a. Prophase

Prophase is the first stage of division.

That happens in prophase, there are :

 DNA begins to be packaged into cromosomes.

 The centriole divides and goes to the opposite pole in the nucleus.
 The formation of spindle threads that connect from pole to pole.
 The nucleus begins to fade and disappear.
b. Metaphase

Metaphase is the second stage of division that occurs in metaphase.

That happens in metaphase, there are :

 Chromosomes move to the equatorial plane of the spindle yarn

 Chromosomes are bound to the spindle threads through the centromere.
c. Anaphase

Anaphase is the third stage of divison.

That happens in metaphase, there are :

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  Each chromatid binding centromere splits together
 Chromatids move toward poles of division.
d. Telophase

Telophase is the fourth stage of division.

That happens in telophase, there is :

 The core membrane begins to form and the nucleus reappears.

C. Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis stage occurs cytoplasmic division followed by the formation of new cell divides.
The bulkhead separates the two nuclei into two cells.

2. Meiosis

Meiosis is the cell division in which one diploid stem cell produces four haploid cells.

There some stages of mitosis cell divison, their are :

A. Meiosis I
1) Interphase stage

Interphase stage is a period of growth.

Interphase has divided into three phases.

 Gap-1 phase : cell have not yet replicated DNA, so Dna still amounts to 1 copy
 Synthesis phase : in this Phase the DNA in the nucleus undergoes replication, so
that in the synthesis phase it produces 2 copies of DNA
 Gap-2 phase : in this phase DNA replication is complete, and cells prepare to
divide cell.

2) Prophase I

Prophase is the first stage of division.

That happens in prophase, there are :

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  Leptotene, chromatin turns into a chromosome that changes condensation and it
seen as a single, long thread.
 Zigotene, homologous chromosomes occur facing each other and in pairs called
synapses.
 Pakiten, the chromosome duplicates or replicates into two chromatids with a
centromere that still remains unified and does not divide.
 Diplotene occurs crossing between chromosomes called chiasmas.
 Diakinesis, formed spindle yarn from the movement of two centrioles toward the
opposite pole. Diachinesis ends with the removal of the nucleus and begins to move to
the equatorial plane.
3) Metaphase I

Metaphase is the second stage of division that occurs in metaphase.

That happens in metaphase, there are :

 Chromosomes move to the equatorial plane of the spindle yarn

 Chromosomes are bound to the spindle threads through the centromere.
4) Anaphase I

Anaphase is the third stage of divison.

That happens in metaphase, there are :

 Each chromatid binding centromere splits together

 Chromatids move toward poles of division.
5) Telophase I

Telophase is the fourth stage of division.

That happens in telophase, there is :

 The core membrane begins to form and the nucleus reappears.

6) Cytokinesis I

Cytokinesis stage occurs cytoplasmic division followed by the formation of new cell
divides. The bulkhead separates the two nuclei into two cells.

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 B. Meiosis II
1) Prophase II

Prophase is the first stage of division.

That happens in prophase, there are :

 DNA begins to be packaged into cromosomes.

 The centriole divides and goes to the opposite pole in the nucleus.
 The formation of spindle threads that connect from pole to pole.
 The nucleus begins to fade and disappear.
2) Metaphase II

Metaphase is the second stage of division that occurs in metaphase.

That happens in metaphase, there are :

 Chromosomes move to the equatorial plane of the spindle yarn

 Chromosomes are bound to the spindle threads through the centromere.
3) Anaphase II

Anaphase is the third stage of divison.

That happens in metaphase, there are :

 Each chromatid binding centromere splits together

 Chromatids move toward poles of division.
4) Telophase II
Telophase is the fourth stage of division.

That happens in telophase, there is :

 The core membrane begins to form and the nucleus reappears.

5) Cytokinesis II

Cytokinesis stage occurs cytoplasmic division followed by the formation of new cell
divides. The bulkhead separates the four nuclei into four cells.

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 CAPTURE III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
1. Some of the biochemistry term: Synthesis, Lysis, Denaturation, Oxidation, and
Reduction.

2. The body consists of 4 part : water, protein, mineral, fat. The formulation is = water +
protein + protein + mineral + fat.

3. There are 4 basic types of tissue found in the human body, there are :
 Epithelium tissue is a that lines the surface of the body outside and inside.
 Connective tissue is a binding tissue that functions to bind tissues and organs.
 Muscle tissue is tissue in the human body that functions as an active means of
motion that moves bones.
 The nervous tissue is a tissue that functions to regulate the activity of muscle and
organs and to receive and regulate stimulation.

4. The Structure of cell is cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome, endoplasmic

reticulum, golgi body, lysosome, peroxisome, mitochondria, vascuoles, centrosome,
and cytoskeleton.
5. The cell division :
 Mitosis : interphase stage, kariokinesis stage, and cytokinesis stage.
 Meiosis : Interphase stage, Meiosis 1, and meiosis 2.

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 REFERENCES

Campbell Reece-Mitchell, 2002, Biologi, edisi Kelima-Jilid I ; Erlangga

Stryer Lubert., 2000, Biochemistry,  volume 1,2,3 edisi 4., EGC Jakarta
Lehninger., 1998, Dasar –Dasar Biokimia, Terjemahan Maggi Thenawijaya., Jilid  1,2,3.,
Erlangga, Jakarta.
Murray, Robert (et,al)., 2001,  Harper’s Review Of Biochemistry., Edisi 25, EGC., Jakarta.
Arbianto,P., 1993, Biokimia Konsep-Konsep Dasar, DEPDIKBUD, DIKTI, Proyek Pendidikan
Tenaga Akademik; Jakarta.
Poedjiadi,A., 1994, Dasar-Dasar Biokimia. Universitas Indonesia.

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