Diocese of Baguio - Schools

S a i n t L o u i s s c h o o l of p a c d a l , i n c .
Siapno Road, Pacdal Circle, Baguio City 2600, Philippines
www.saintlouispacdal.com E-mail: slpacdal@yahoo.com Tel. No. (074) 661 – 4223

Life Transforming and Christ Disciple – forming community

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Grade 11 – St. Lorenzo

Module 2 – The Chemistry of Life

Source: https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=323197662033926

PRUDENCIA C. BULIGON
Facilitator
 OVERVIEW
Subject Title: Physical Science
Subject Description: This learning area is designed to provide basic understanding
of Physical Science
Subject Type: Core Subject
Grade Level: Grade 11
Semester: Second Semester
School Year: 2020 – 2021

This subject has one module that begins with Introduction, followed by Instruction, Competencies
and Objectives, Concept Discussion, Learning Activities, Assessments, and Reflection respectively.
As learners of this subject, you are expected to submit all your Learning Activities on the specific
deadline aiming to pass the mid-term.

So, let’s start…

 

Introduction

This module will help you gain further knowledge of Biomolecule, also called biological molecule,
any of numerous substances that are produced by cells and living organisms. Biomolecules have a wide
range of sizes and structures and perform a vast array of functions. The four major types of biomolecules are
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins..
Discussions are also directed to explain the nature of each biological molecules.

Instruction to the User

Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while enjoying the
lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun! This
module is due this February 26, 2021.

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of this module.
2. Perform all the provided activities in the module. Remember that all tasks or learning activities are
important because they affect your grade.
3. Analyze conceptually the questions and apply what you have learned.
4. Enjoy studying!

Competencies
1. Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins
determine their properties and functions

Concept Discussion 
Module 2
The Chemistry of Life
 Many molecules contain carbon atoms bonded to cach other or to atoms of other elements. These
carbon-containing molecules as generally called organic compounds. Since there are four valence electrons
in a carbon atom, it is capable of covalently bonding with four more atoms to form straight chains, branches,
or even rings. All of these three forms make up the biological molecules in living things.

Organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms are called hydrocarbon. The
covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen are rich in energy, making organic compounds very good
fuels. Hydrocarbons are considered nonpolar because of the almost equal distribution of electrons attributed
to relatively similar electronegativities of hydrogen (2.1) and carbon (2.5) atoms. However, most organic
molecules inside a cell contain atoms other than hydrogen and carbon. The presence of these other atoms
with different electronegativities make the molecules polar. For example, a hydrogen bonded to oxygen (-
OH), called bydroxyl group, may be bonded to a parent carbon chain. This group is a type of a functional
group. Functional groups are specific arrangements of atoms within an organic molecule and which impart
the physical properties and chemical reactivity of the molecule in which they are found.

Biological molecules
Macromolecules are made of big molecules which are synthesized and used by living things. The
living systems are composed of millions of different types of molecules, each with their own distinct
chemical composition, shape, and function. However, majority of these are macromolecules can be grouped
into four general classifications - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid are are referred to as
biological molecules (biomolecules). The last three are components the body, and are thus considered
as building blocks of life.
Intermolecular forces of attraction play a key role in the physical and chemical properties of
biomolecules. They are central to the most critical processes in living organisms such as protein
conformation, enzyme activity, and nucleic acid base-pairing.

Carbohydrates Store Energy

Carbohydrates are chains of organic molecules with a 1:2:1 mole ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen. The simplest formula for carbohydrates is (CH O), where the subscript n refers to the number of
carbon atoms. Carbohydrates act as energy storage or food reserves in plants and animals, and this role is
attributed to the many carbon-hydrogen bonds contained in a carbohydrate molecule. Carbohydrates are an
important source of the energy used in many metabolic activities. Because of the abundance of polar -OH
groups in its structure, carbohydrates are highly polar molecules. This make carbohydrates soluble in many
body fluids, especially in blood (composed mainly of water) through which they are carried to all parts of the
body. The polar groups store energy that is more easily available to the body.
 Carbohydrates are generally classified as simple or complex. The simple carbohydrates, being small
and therefore may be easily decomposed into its basic units, provide an instant source of energy Examples
include sugars found in candies. Complex carbohydrates, on the other hand, serve as structural materials
for cells. For example, chitin serves as structural building material of the exoskeletons of many arthropods
and of the cell walls of many fungi. Complex carbohydrates are composed of simple carbohydrates
covalently bonded to each other. These covalent bonds are broken as complex carbohydrates decompose
into their component simple sugars. Another complex carbohydrate that serves as energy source of the
body is starch, which is made up of glucose units.

Lipids Function as Membranes

Lipids are organic molecules that are insoluble in water because of their lack of many polar H-
bonding functional groups. Lipids have a very high proportion of carbon-hydrogen bonds. When placed in
water, lipid molecules cling together, exposing their polar groups to the surrounding molecules: the nonpolar
groups stay within the interior of the lipid cluster. Recall the concept “like dissolves like”. Because of the
hydrophobicity ("water-fearing") of the lipid tail, lipids can sen as an effective cellular membrane component.
They also serve as storage of energy.

Proteins Do Chemistry in the Cell

Proteins are complex molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids linked by peptide
bonds. Peptide bonds are a type of covalent bonds. An amino acid is a building block of protein. It consists
of a central carbon with the following units bonded to it-an amino group (-NH), a carboxyl group (-COOH),
and a side chain (R).
The 20 amino acids that make up proteins have side groups with varying properties. Hence, the
number and sequence of amino acids affect the properties and functions of a particular protein. Consider
hemoglobin as an example. Hemoglobin is a protein found in the red blood cells, and is used to carry
oxygen Hemoglobin contains 574 amino acids in a unique order. Insulin, the protein that regulates
metabolism, is only made up of 51 amino acids ordered in a very specific way.
Proteins may be polar or nonpolar depending on the functional group present in each amino acid.
Oftentimes, they have both polar and nonpolar parts, which allow them to perform different functions as
enzymes, transporters, defense from diseases, or regulators of cell processes.

Nucleic Acids Contain Genetic Information

Nucleic acids act as storage of genetic information in cells. Common examples include
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are made up of repeating units of
monomers known as nucleotides. These nucleotides are composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous
bases that are covalently bound together.

Cells use the information in DNA by coming up with a complementary single strand of messenger
RNA, which then directs the production of proteins needed in the living organism. The sequence of amino
acids in proteins corresponds to the nucleotide sequence in DNA from which the RNA is transcribed.
 The double helix structure of the DNA protects the nonpolar nitrogenous bases in the molecule by
orienting them in the middle. The polar phosphate groups are exposed so that the DNA will be soluble in the
aqueous polar environment. This protects the information stored in the DNA by ensuring that the DNA
sequence stays intact by keeping the DNA structure stable. Furthermore, the belix is held together by
hydrogen bonds that form between the two strands of DNA. This allows in to form a stable double helix and
thus be able to protect the important genetic information that make up the body,

Assessment
Please see the worksheet at the end of this module.

Reflection
Nehemiah 9:6 
“You alone are the Lord.
You have made the heavens,
The heaven of heavens with all their host,
The earth and all that is on it,
The seas and all that is in them.
You give life to all of them
And the heavenly host bows down before You.

References
Ayson, M., de Borja, R., General Chemistry 2 2016, Quezon City, Philippines, Vibal Group Inc.
Bible verse retrieved from : https://bible.knowing-jesus.com/topics/God,-The-Creator.”

Papa, E. C. R., General Chemistry 2 (2nd Ed.) 2020, Makati, Philippines, Diwa Learning Systems Inc.

Polysaccharide Vs. Disaccharide Vs. Monosaccharide: 7 Differences &Similarities retrieved from

https://vivadifferences.com/polysaccharide-vs-disaccharide-vs-monosaccharide/

Diocese of Baguio - Schools

S a i n t L o u i s s c h o o l of p a c d a l , i n c .
Siapno Road, Pacdal Circle, Baguio City 2600, Philippines
 www.saintlouispacdal.com E-mail: slpacdal@yahoo.com Tel. No. (074) 661 – 4223

Life Transforming and Christ Disciple – forming community

Name:Agpawa Ruffel Jake Jr C Score: ___________

Grade and Section:11 St.lroenzo Date: ____________

Worksheet 1(Q2) – Physical Science

(Summative) The Chemistry of Life

I. Modified Multiple Choice. Choose from the pool of words the correct answer. Write CAPITAL
letter of your correct answer from the given descriptions.

A. Amino acid B. Carbohydrates C. Chitin D. Functional group E. Hydrocarbon

F. Hydroxyl group G. Lipids H. Macromolecules I. Nucleic acids J. Proteins

___D__1. These are specific arrangements of atoms within an organic molecules and which impart the
physical and chemical reactivity of the molecule.
__B___2. Organic compounds that contain only carbon and oxygen.
___F__3. Tit is the bonding of hydrogen and oxygen as one unit.
____I_4. Acts as storage of genetic information in cells like DNA and RNA.
___E__5. These are organic molecules that are insoluble in water because of their lack of many polar and
hydrogen bonding functional group .
___J__6. Complex molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids.
___C__7. It serves as structural building of the exoskeleton of many anthropods.
____G_8. this contains millions of different types of molecules with their own distinct composition.
___A__9. These are the building blocks of proteins.
___H__10. These are organic molecules with a 1:2:1: mole ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

II. Use the back portion of this paper to illustrate the basic structure of each biological molecule.
Each illustration or drawing is 5 points.

ANSWERS
|
|
|
\/

CH2OH
|_O
/ OH \
| |
\____/ OH ----\ GLUCOSE
| | /
OH OH

CH2OH
|_O
/ OH \

\____/ O \ SUCROSE
| | /
OH OH

OH
| |_____ CH22OH
| / \|
| \ /
| O |
HOCH2 OH

CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

|_O |_O |_O |_O

/ OH \ / OH \ / OH \ / OH \ __________________ AMYLOSE
| | | | | | | |
\____/ OH \____/ OH \____/ OH \____/ OH
| | | | | | | |
OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH