Giáo trình Tiếng Anh Cơ khí-2015 - student

TH.
S ĐẶNG THỊ THUYẾT MINH (Chủ biên)

TH.S PHAN KIM OANH,
TH.S BẠCH THỊ THANH
TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH CƠ KHÍ

ENGLISH FORMECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
Hà nội, 2015
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Table of Contents
Unit 1 Engineering- What’s it all about? Page 3
Unit 2 Forces in Engineering 12
Unit 3 Engineering Materials 22
Unit 4 Metals 32
Sample Test No1 41
Unit 5 Mechanisms 44
Unit 6 The Electric motor 54
Unit 7 Lasers 64
Unit 8 Washing machine 73
Sample Test No 2 83
Extension Reading Passages 86
References 90
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UNIT 1
Engineering - What's it all about?
A. Understanding a printed text

This passage will give you some information about different branches of engineering.
Now look at the following tasks:
1. List the main branches of engineering

2. Read this text to find out how many of the branches listed are mentioned
Branches of Engineering
Engineering is largely a practical activity. It is about putting ideas into action. Civil
engineering is concerned with making bridges, roads, airports, etc. Mechanical
engineering deals with the design and manufacture of tools and machines.
Electrical engineering is about the generation and distribution of electricity and its
many applications. Electronic engineering is concerned with developing
components and equipment for communications, computing, and so on.
Mechanical engineering includes marine, automobile, aeronautical, heating and

ventilating, and others. Electrical engineering includes electricity generating,
electrical installation, lighting, etc. Mining and medical engineering belong partly to
mechanical and partly to electrical.
Transport: Cars, trains, ships, and planes are all products of mechanical
engineering. Mechanical engineers are also involved in support services such as
roads, rail track, harbours, and bridges.
Food processing: Mechanical engineers design, develop, and make the machine
and the processing equipment for harvesting, preparing and preserving the foods
and drinks that fill the supermarkets.
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Medical engineering: Body scanners, X-ray machines, life-support systems, and
other high tech equipment result from mechanical and electrical engineers
combining with medical experts to convert ideas into life-saving and life-preserving
products.
Building services: Electrical engineers provide all the services we need in our
homes and places of work, including lighting, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning,
refrigeration, and lifts.
Energy and power: Electrical engineers are concerned with the production and
distribution of electricity to homes, offices, industry, hospitals, colleges and
schools, and the installation and maintenance of the equipment involved in these
processes.
Vocabulary
aeronautical [eərə'nɔ:tikəl] adj thuộc về hàng không

application [æpli'kei∫n] n sự áp dụng, ứng dụng
automobile ['ɔ:təməbi:l] n xe ô tô
body scanner ['bɔdi 'skænə] n máy chụp, chiếu toàn thân
branch [brɑ:nt∫] n ngành
cable ['keibl] n dây điện, dây cáp
concern [kən'sə:n] n, v mối liên quan, có quan hệ
combine ['kɒmbain] v kết hợp, hợp nhất
communication [kə,mju:ni'kei∫n] n viễn thông, sự trao đổi thông tin
component [kəm'pounənt] n cấu kiện, bộ phận, linh kiện
computing [kəm'pju:tiη] n tin học
design [di'zain] n, v sự thiết kế, thiết kế
distribution [,distri'bju:∫n] n sự phân bố
electrical [i'lektrikəl] adj thuộc về/ liên quan đến điện
engineering [,endʒi'niəriη] n kỹ thuật
equipment [i'kwipmənt] n đồ trang bị, đồ dùng, thiết bị
generation [,dʒenə'rei∫n] v sự phát ra, tạo ra, sinh ra
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harbour ['hɑ:bə] n cảng
harvest ['hɑ:vist] v gặt hái, thu hoạch
heating ['hi:tiη] n nhiệt, sưởi ấm
include [in'klu:d] v bao gồm
industry ['indəstri] n ngành công nghiệp
installation [,instə'lei∫n] n sự lắp đặt
* electrical ~ n sự lắp đặt điện
involve [in'vɔlv] v gồm có, liên quan tới
lighting ['laitiη] n sự thắp sáng, chiếu sáng
lift [lift] n thang máy
machine [mə'∫i:n] n máy móc
maintenance ['meintinəns] n bảo quản, bảo dưỡng
manufacture [mænju'fækt∫ə] n, v sản xuất
marine [mə'ri:n] adj thuộc về hàng hải, biển
mine [main] v,n đào, khai thác mỏ, hầm mỏ
partly ['pɑ:tli] adv một phần
prepare [pri'peə] v chuẩn bị
preserve [pri'zə:v] v giữ gìn, bảo tồn, bảo quản
process ['prouses] n, v sự chế biến, xử lý, chế biến,
produce ['prɒdju:s] v sản xuất
rail track [reil] [træk] n đường sắt
result in [ri'zʌlt] phr dẫn đến, kết quả là
support [sə'pɔ:t] n, v sự hỗ trợ, ủng hộ, hỗ trợ,
switchgear [swit∫giə] n công tắc, hộp số
tool [tu:l] n công cụ, dụng cụ
ventilation [,venti'lei∫n] n sự thông gió, thông hơi
B. Check your understanding

1. Complete the blanks in this diagram using information from the text.
5
Engineering
Civil 1 mechanic Electrical 2 electronic
3 marine Automobile Aeronautical 4 Electricity Electrical 6 lighting

5 generating installation
7 mining Medical
4.heating and vetilating
2. Put T or F to indicate if the statements below are true or false:

T a. Engineering is about putting ideas into action.
F b. Mechanical engineering is concerned with making bridges, roads, airports,
civil
etc.
T c. Electrical engineering is about developing components and equipment for
communications, computing and so on.
mechanical
F d. Cars, trains, ships and planes are all products of civil engineering
T e. Mechanical engineers deal with the design, making the machines and the
processing equipment for harvesting, preparing and preserving the food that fill
the supermarkets.
electrical
F f. Mechanical engineers are concerned with the production and distribution of
electricity to homes, offices, and industry.
C. Word study Word formation – Suffixes

Suffixes are endings on words. They change the form of the word, for example,
from a noun to an adjective or from a verb to a noun.
Eg. aeronautics – aeronautical; act – action; install – installation
1. Complete the table
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- al -ion - ation
noun adjective verb noun verb Noun
electricity electrical distribute distribution install installation
mechanics mechanical refrigerate refrigeration combine combination
practice practical generate generation transport transportation
industry industrial ventilate ventilation form formation
2. Fill the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets
combine
a. When developing a new engine, scientists want to ____________ high power
consumtion (COMBINE/CONSUME)
output and low fuel____________
information
b. Body scanners can give doctors far more ____________ than X-rays and
there’s no risk to the patient. (INFORM)
installation
c. Do you know what branch of engineering electrical ____________ belongs to?
(INSTALL)
d. refrigeration
_____________ preserves foods and drinks by lowering their temperature.
(REFRIGERATE)
mechanical
e. _____________engineering industrial
appeared as a field during the _____________
revolution in Europe in the 18 century. (MECHANICS/INDUSTRY)
3. What is the link between column A and column B?
A B
mechanical machines
electrical electricity
Column A lists a branch of engineering or a type of engineer. Column B lists

things they are concerned with. We can show the link between them in a number
of ways:
1. Mechanical engineering deals with machines.

2. Mechanical engineering is concerned with machines.
3. Machines are the concern of mechanical engineers.
Match each item in column A with an appropriate item from column B and link the
two in a sentence:
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A B
f 1. marine a. tools and machines
2. aeronautical b. roads and bridges
3. heating and ventilating c. body scanners
4. electricity generating d. cables and switchgear
5. automobile e. communications and equipment
6. civil f. ships
7. electronic g. planes
8. electrical installation h. cars and trucks
9. medical i. power stations
a10. mechanical j. air-conditioning
1.................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................
3. ...............................................................................................................................
4.................................................................................................................................
5.................................................................................................................................
6.................................................................................................................................
7.................................................................................................................................
8.................................................................................................................................
9 ................................................................................................................................
10……………………………………………………………………………...……………..
D. Language study Tense Revision

1. Present simple S + V (-s; -es)
2. Present continuous S + is/am/ are + V-ing
3. Simple past S + V-ed
4. Present perfect S + have/has + past participle
5. Future S + will + V(infinitive)/ to be + V-ing/ to be going to
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.

1. Engineering (be) …………………an aspect of life since the beginning of human
existence.
2. A long time ago, before the development of nuclear power plants, people
(have)................ the sun as their source for mechanical energy.
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3. A combustion engine (can/ convert)................................... heat into mechanical
energy?
4. You (know) …………………….who (invent)……………..……. the steam engine?
5. Nowadays, scientists (do) ....................different research to find out better
materials to produce cars, ships and planes.
6. People hope that the Government (spend) ......................more money building
hospitals with modern medical equipment in the coming years.
7. A German scientist, Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, (discover)........................ X-rays
by accident when he was doing an experiment with electricity.
8. Scientists and engineers (apply)……………..……a lot of modern equipment and
technology in food processing recently?
9. Internal combustion engines so far (appear)........................ in almost all vehicles
such as automobiles, trucks, motorcycles and boats.
10.Many people (think) ….…………………that the earliest practice of civil
engineering (start) …………….………..between 4000 and 2000 BC.
E. Writing Summarizing a text from a diagram

Fill in the gaps in the following description of the different branches of engineering
using information from this diagram and language you have learnt in this unit.
Engineering
Civil Mechanical ______________________ Electrical Electronic
Marine Automobile Aeronautical Heating and Electricity Electrical

ventilating generating installation
Lighting
Mining Medical
The main branches of engineering are civil, (1)..................., (2) ..............., and
electronic. Mechanical engineering is(3)...................(4) .....................machinery of
all kinds. This branch of engineering includes (5) ......................, automobile,(6)
..........................,and heating and ventilating. The first three are concerned with
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transport: (7) ........................,cars and planes. The last(8)……................with air-
conditioning, refrigeration, etc. Electrical engineering deals with (9)
…...................... from generation to use. Electricity generating is concerned with
(10) ..................... stations. Electrical installation deals (11)........................cables,
switchgear, and connecting up electrical equipment. Two branches of engineering
include both (12) ..........................and (13)........................engineers.These are
mining and (14) ........................engineering. The former deals with mines and
mining equipment, the latter with hospital (15) .........................of all kinds.
F. Further Practice
1. Translate into English
a. Tôi là sinh viên năm thứ hai khoa cơ khí trường Đại học giao thông. Chúng tôi
đang học tiếng Anh chuyên ngành cơ khí.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
b. Có bốn ngành kỹ thuật chính là kỹ thuật cơ khí, kỹ thuật công trình, kỹ thuật
điện và kỹ thuật điện tử.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
..........………………………………………………………………………………………..
c. Bạn có biết kỹ thuật cơ khí liên quan đến lĩnh vực nào không?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
d. Việc sản xuất, phân phối và lắp đặt điện là lĩnh vực thuộc về kỹ thuật điện.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
e. Có phải ô tô, tàu hỏa, tàu thủy và máy bay tất cả đều là sản phẩm của kỹ thuật
cơ khí không?
…………………………………………………………………………………….…………
……………………………………………………………………………………….………
2. Translate into Vietnamese

1. Electrical engineering is about generating and supplying power.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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2. Electronic engineering is about designing and making machines that use
electric power.
………………………………………………………………………………..………………
3. Civil engineering is about designing, building, and looking after structures.
………………………………………………………………………….…………………….
4. Marine engineering is applying engineering to take advantage of the sea.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Manufacturing engineering is about making useful things from raw materials.
…………………………………………………………………….………………………….
3. Put the list of common technical words into groups using the table below.
mechanical mechanism mechanics mechanic

electronics electron electronic
technical technology technician
electricity electrician electrical
engineer engine engineering
Subjects People and jobs Things Adjectives

engineering engineer engine engineering
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UNIT 2
Forces in engineering

Working in your group, try to explain these problems.
1. Why doesn’t the ship sink?
2. What makes the spring stretch and what keeps the weight up?
3. Why doesn’t the box slide down the slope?
Reading Predicting
As you know, it is important to think about what you are going to read before you
read. Do not start to read a text immediately. One way to help your reading is to
think about the words, which might appear in the text. The title might help to focus
your thoughts. Which words might appear in a text with the title Forces in
engineering?
The text you are going to read is called Forces in engineering. Here are some of
the words it contains. Can you explain the link between each word and the title of
the text?
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weight buoyancy equilibrium
elasticity magnitude resultant
newton gravity
Forces in Engineering
To answer the question why the ship doesn’t sink, we must look at the forces on
the ship (Fig.1). The weight, W, acts downwards. That is the gravity force. The
buoyancy force, B acts upwards. Since the ship is in equilibrium, the resultant
force is zero, so the magnitudes of B and W must be the same.
Another very important force in engineering is the one caused by elasticity. A good
example of this is a spring. Springs exert more force the more they are stretched.
This property provides a way of measuring force. A spring balance can be
calibrated in newtons, the unit of force. The block in Fig. 2 has a weight of 10
newtons. The weight on the balance pulls the spring down. To give equilibrium, the
spring pulls up to oppose that weight. This upward force, F1, equals the weight of
the block, W.
It is important to get the distinction between mass and weight absolutely clear.
Mass is the quantity of matter in an object. Weight is the force on that object due
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to gravity. Mass is measured in kilograms, whereas weight, being a force, is
measured in newtons
We have looked at buoyancy, elasticity, and gravity. There is a fourth force important
in engineering, and that is friction. Friction is a help in some circumstances but a
hindrance in others. Let us examine the forces on the box (Fig.3). Firstly, there is its
weight, W, the gravity force, and then there is the reaction, R, normal to the plane.
R and W have a resultant force trying to pull the box down the slope. It is the
friction force, F, acting up the slope that stops it sliding down.
Vocabulary
ad
absolutely ['æbsəlu:tli] tuyệt đối, hoàn toàn
v
bearing ['beəriη] n (kỹ thuật) ổ; giá; trụ; đệm
buoyancy ['bɔiənsi] n sự nổi; sức nổi
calibrate ['kælibreit] n đo, xác định đơn vị đo lường
circumstance ['sə:kəmstəns] n hoàn cảnh; trường hợp
distinction [dis'tiηk∫n] n sự khác biệt
elasticity [,elæs'tisiti] n (vật lý) tính đàn hồi
equal ['i:kwəl] v bằng; ngang
equilibrium [,i:kwi'libriəm] n (sự) cân bằng giữa các lực
exert [ig'zə:t] v đưa , tác động
force [fɔ:s] n sức; lực; sức mạnh
friction ['frik∫n] n (sự) ma sát; mài xát
gravity ['grævəti] n (sự) hút; (sự) hấp dẫn; trọng lực
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grease [gri:s] n dầu mỡ; dầu nhờn
hindrance ['hindrəns] n sự cản trở
lubricate ['lu:brikeit] v tra dầu mỡ, bôi trơn (máy)
magnitude ['mægnitju:d] n tầm lớn, độ lớn, lượng
maintain [mein'tein] v giữ cho khỏi thay đổi; duy trì
mass [mæs] n (vật lý) khối lượng
matter ['mætə] n vật chất (nói chung)
measure ['meʒə] v đo, đo lường
normal ['nɔ:məl] adj (toán học) trực giao, vuông góc
object ['ɒbdʒikt] n đồ vật, vật thể
oppose [ə'pouz] v đối lập, đối chọi
plane [plein] n mặt, mặt bằng, mặt phẳng
polish ['pɒli∫] v,n đánh bóng, làm cho láng (cái gì)
quantity ['kwɔntəti] n lượng; khối lượng; số lượng
reaction [ri:'æk∫n] n (vật lý); (hoá học) phản ứng
adj
resultant [ri'zʌltənt] (vật lý) (toán học) tổng hợp, hợp
slide [slaid] n,v sự trượt, trượt
slope [sloup] n dốc, đường dốc
solve [sɔlv] n giải quyết
spring [spriη] n lò xo
stretch [stret∫] v kéo dài ra, căng ra, duỗi ra
weight ['weit] n trọng lượng

Put T or F to indicate if the statements are true or false:
a. As the ship is in equilibrium, the resultant force is zero.
b. Spring is another important force in engineering which is caused by
elasticity.
c. A spring balance can’t be calibrated in newtons.
d. It is not very important to get the distinction between mass and weight.
e. Mass is measured in kilograms.
f. Weight, being a force, is measured in newtons.
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C. Word study
1. Links in texts
One of the ways in which sentences in a text are held together is by grammar
links. In this extract, note how each expression in Italics links with an earlier
expression. For example:
Another very important force in engineering is the one caused by elasticity.

A good example of this is a spring. Springs exert more force the more they
are stretched. This property provides a way of measuring force.
Sometimes these links cause problems for readers because they cannot make the
right connection between words in different parts of a text. Study these common
grammar links:
1. A repeated noun becomes a pronoun: Springs becomes they.

2. A word replaces an earlier expression: Force in engineering becomes one.
3. A word replaces a whole sentence or clause: Springs exert more force the more
they are stretched becomes this property.
With which earlier expressions do the words in italics link? Join them as in the
example above.
Friction in machines is destructive and wasteful. It causes the moving parts to

wear and it produces heat where it is not wanted. Engineers reduce friction by
using very highly polished materials and by lubricating their surfaces with oil and
grease. They also use ball bearings and roller bearings because rolling objects
cause less friction than sliding ones.
2. Word formation
Some more common noun endings: -t, -ment, -ance
E.g. fly- flight, employ- employment, assist- assistance
Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the given word:
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Verb Noun
_____________________________________
weigh
_____________________________________
measure
_____________________________________
maintain
_____________________________________
produce
_____________________________________
allow
_____________________________________
arrange
_____________________________________
hinder
______________________________________
D. Language study Active and passive

Study the following sentences:
The machine hasn’t been put into use yet.

I think the project will be finished till the end of this year.
Is water circulated through a heat exchanger above the burner?
The passive is used when it is not necessary to mention who does the action, or
when it is impossible to know who does the action. The passive is frequently used
in scientific writing because the form is impersonal and objective.
 Form: Be + past participle (P2) Be + P2

 Tenses:
1. Simple present: is/are+ P2
E.g. The tools are cleaned after the work.
2. Present continuous: is/are/+being P2
E.g. The new material is being developed at the moment.
3. Present perfect: has/have + been P2
E.g. Many materials have been used to build ships, cars and planes so far.
4. Simple past: was/were + P2
E.g. The house was repainted by my uncle last week.
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5. Past perfect: had +been P2
E.g. These boxes had been delivered before we left.
6. Simple Future: will +be P2
E.g. The findings will not be announced until next week.
7. Passive Voice with Modal verbs:
can / could / may / might / should / must….+ be + P2
E.g. All diesel engines can be classified based on their main features.
1. Underline all the passive verb forms in the text.

2. Study these instructions for a simple experiment on friction
a. Place a block of wood on a flat surface.

b. Attach a spring balance to one end of the block.
c. Apply a gradually increasing force to the balance
d. Note the force at which the block just begins to move
e. Pull the block along so that it moves at a steady speed.
f. Note the force required to maintain movement.
g. Compare the two forces.
When we describe this experiment, we use the present passive:
A block of wood is placed on a flat surface. A spring balance is attached to

one end of the block.
3. Complete this description of the experiment using the present passive.
A block of wood (a)…………..….……on a flat surface. A spring balance (b)

……………….…… to one end of the block. A gradually increasing force (c).
…………………..…… to the balance. The force at which the block just begins to
move (d). ……………….……The block (e). ……………………along at a steady
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speed. The force required to maintain movement (f). ………..………… The two
forces (g). ………….…………. It is found that the first force is greater than the
second.
4. Rewrite these sentences using the passive form instead of active ones.
a. We rarely find pure metals in nature.

………………………………………………………………………………..………….
b. Do they recover metallic ores from the earth in many ways?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
c. Joseph Thomson discovered the electron.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
d. Scientists have proved the existence of several subatomic particles.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
e. People must dispose of nuclear waste very carefully.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
f. They can store it as a liquid in stainless-steel containers.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
g. They might turn the most dangerous nuclear waste into glass.
…………………………………………………………………………..……………….
h. They plan to store this substance in deep underground mines.
……………………………………………………………………………...…………….
E. Writing Sentence Building
a. first cars / be made / 100 year ago/. They / be / slow and unreliable/ begin with.
People soon / learn / how / make they / faster and better.
…………………………………………………………………………….….……………...
…………………………………………………………………………..…………………...
b. Mechanical engineering/ be / very large field / that involve / application of
physical principles/ analysis, design, manufacturing and maintenance/ mechanical
systems.
………………………………………………………………………….……………………
………………………………………………………………………..………………………
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c. As applied to motorcycles/, two stroke engine/ have some advantage/ over
equivalent four stroke.
…………………………………………………………………………………..……………
…………………………………………………………………………………..……………
d. automobile be/ our most familiar engineering system/ and one that/ undergo/
major change / materials used / its construction.
………………………………………………………………………..………………………
……………………………………………………………………………….………………
e. basic purpose / any solar energy system/ be/collect solar radiation and / convert
it / useful thermal energy
……………………………………………………………………………….………………
………………………………………………………………………….……………………
F. Further Practice
I. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.
1. This book provides a …………. introduction to the application of electronic
control systems in mechanical and electrical engineering.
A. clearly and comprehensively B. clearly and comprehensive
C. clear and comprehensively D. clear and comprehensive
2. Food must be refrigerated in order ………… .
A. keep fresh longer B. keeping fresh longer
C. to keep fresh longer D. to be kept fresh longer
3. New technology allows manufacturers……….production.
A. to increase B. increase C. increasing D. increased
4. Mechanisms play an……….important role in industry.
A. very B. essential C. essentially D. so
5. A few days ago I spoke to the man………is a specialist in plastic surgery.
A. which B. whose C. whom D. who
6. ……….. engineering belong partly to mechanical and partly to electrical.
A. Mine and medical B. Mining and medicine
C. Mining and medical D. Mine and medicining
7. Any minor trouble, if left uncorrected, can bring……….a serious failure or
accident.
A. to B. about C. with D. at
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8. Heating and ventilating are the concern of ………engineers.
A. civil B. mechanical C. electrical D. electronic
9. Diesel engines are more economical than gasoline engine in………. .
A. price B. fuel C. fuel price D. fuel cost
10. Friction is essential in brakes but it is a……….in engine.
A. help B. nuisance C. motion D. tension
II. Column Matching
A B
1 Another very important force in A being a force, is measured in

engineering is newtons.
2 Friction causes the moving parts to B so the magnitudes of B and W
wear and it produces must be the same.
3 Pull the block along C friction in machines is
destructive and wasteful.
4 Since the ship is in equilibrium, the D heat where it is not wanted.
resultant force is zero,
5 Mass is measured in kilograms, E and compare the two forces.
whereas weight,
F so that it moves at a steady
speed.
G the one caused by elasticity.

H a way of measuring force.
21
UNIT 3
Engineering materials

In engineering it is important to practise reading tables, charts, diagrams, and
graphs because so much information is presented in these ways. We will start in
this unit with a table. Scanning is the best strategy for finding information in a
table. With scanning, you know before you read what sort of information you are
searching for. To scan a table, you move your eyes up and down the columns until
you find the word or words you want. To scan quickly, you must learn to ignore
any information which will not help you with your task.
Scan the table which follows to find a material which is:

1. soft
2. ductile
3. malleable
4. tough
5. scratch-resistant
6. conductive and malleable
7. durable and hard
8. stiff and brittle
9. ductile and corrosion-resistant
10. heat-resistant and chemical-resistant
Materials Properties Uses

Metals
Aluminium Light, soft, ductile, highly Aircraft, engine components,
conductive, corrosion-resistant foil, cooking utensils
Copper Very malleable, tough and Electric wiring, PCBs,
ductile, highly conductive, tubing
corrosion-resistant.
22
Brass(65% copper, Very corrosion-resistant. Casts Valves, taps castings, ship
35% zinc) well, easily machined. Can be fittings, electrical contacts
work hardened. Good conductor.
Mild steel (iron with High strength, ductile, tough, General purpose
0.15 % to 0.3 % fairly malleable. Cannot be
carbon) hardened and tempered. Low
cost. Poor corrosion - resistance
High carbon steel Hardest of the carbon steels but Cutting tools such as drills,
(iron with 0.7 % to less ductile and malleable . Can files, saws
1.4 % carbon) be hardened and tempered.
Thermoplastics
ABS High impact strength and Safety helmets, car
toughness,scratch-resistant, components, telephones,
light and durable kitchenware
Acrylic Stiff, hard, very durable, clear, Aircraft canopies, baths,
can be polished easily. Can be double glazing
formed easily.
Nylon Hard, tough, wear-resistant, Bearings, gears, casings
self-lubricating for power tools
Thermosetting
plastics
Epoxy resin High strength when reinforced, Adhesives, encapsulation
good chemical and wear- of electronic components
resistance
Polyester resin Stiff, hard, brittle. Good Moulding, boat and car
chemical and heat resistance bodies
Urea formaldehyde Stiff, hard, strong, brittle, heat- Electrical fittings,
resistant, and good electrical adhesives
insulator
Vocabulary
acrylic [ə'krilik] n nhựa acrylic
adhesive [əd'hi:siv] n keo dính
air-craft canopy [eə krɑ:ft n vòm che buồng lái máy bay
23
'kænəpi]
alloy ['ælɔi] n hợp kim
aluminium [,ælju'minjəm] n nhôm
bearing ['beəriη] n cái đệm,thiết bị làm giảm ma sát
brass [brɑ:s] n đồng thau
brittle ['britl] adj giòn, dễ vỡ
cast [kɑ:st] v đúc, đổ khuôn
circuit ['sɜ:kit] n mạch điện
chemical-resistant ['kemikl-ri'zistənt] adj chịu hóa chất
conductive [kən'dʌktiv] adj có tính dẫn điện
contain [kən'tein] v bao gồm, gồm có
copper ['kɔpə] n đồng đỏ
corrosion-resistant [kə'rouʒn - adj có tính chống ăn mòn
ri'zistənt]
current ['kʌrənt] n dòng điện
diagram ['daiəgræm] n biểu đồ
double-glazing [,dʌbl - 'gleiziη] n kính hai lớp
drill [dril] n, v máy khoan, khoan
ductile ['dʌktail] adj dễ kéo sợi
durable ['djuərəbl ] adj bền, chắc
electric wiring [i'lektrik 'waiəriη] n dây điện
encapsulate [in'kæpsjuleit] v bọc, gói gọn, đóng chặt
file [fail] n cái giũa
fitting ['fitiη] n thành phần, bộ phận
*electrical ~ n các bộ phận điện
form [fɔ:m] v hình thành, tạo hình
gear [giə] n bánh răng, bộ số
graph [græf] n đồ thị
hard [hɑ:d] adj cứng, chắc, rắn
heat-resistant ['hi:t - ri'zistənt] adj chịu nhiệt
insulator ['insjuleitə] n vật liệu cách điện
kitchenware ['kit∫in,weə] n đồ bếp núc
machine [mə'∫i:n] v cắt, gò, đánh bóng (bằng máy)
malleable ['mæliəbl] adj dễ dát mỏng
24
material [mə'tiəriəl] n vật liệu
metal ['metl] n kim loại
mould [mould] v đúc, tạo khuôn
reinforce [,ri:in'fɔ:s] v tăng cường, gia cố
safety ['seifti] n sự an toàn
* ~ helmet ['helmit] n mũ bảo hiểm
scratch-resistant [skræt∫- ri'zistənt] adj chống cào xước, sức bền bề mặt
tốt
self-lubricating ['self - lubri'keitiη] adj tự bôi trơn
soft [sɔft] adj mềm
steel [sti:l] n thép
*high carbon ~ [hai 'kɑ:bən] n thép có tỉ lệ cácbon cao
*mild ~ [maild] n thép mềm
stiff [stif] adj cứng (không biến dạng)
strength ['streηθ] n sức bền, độ bền
*high impact ~ [hai 'impækt] n độ bền/ chịu va đập cao
temper ['tempə] v tôi (nung nóng kim loại rồi
làm nguội để có độ cứng
và đàn hồi cần thiết)
temperature ['temprət∫ə] n nhiệt độ
thermoplastics [,θə:mou'plæstik] n nhựa dẻo, nhựa tổng hợp có thể
gia công, tái chế
tough [tʌf] adj dai
tubing ['tju:biη] n ống, hệ thống ống
utensil [ju:'tensl] n đồ dùng, dụng cụ
wear-resistant [weə - ri'zistənt] adj chịu được mài mòn
zinc [ziηk] n kẽm

Scan the table to find:
1. A metal used to make aircraft
2. Plastics used for adhesives
3. Steel which can be hardened
4. An alloy suitable for castings
25
5. A plastic with very low friction
6. A material suitable for safety helmets
7. A metal suitable for a salt-water environment
8. A metal for general construction use but which should be protected from
corrosion
9. A plastic for car bodies
10. A metal used for the conductors in printed circuit boards
C. Word study Word formation

Some other common noun endings are: -ness, -ity, -th.
1. Give the NOUN forms of the following words:

a. soft …………….……………… f. ductile ……………………………..….…..
b. conductive ……………….…… g. tough ……………………………………..
c. strong ………………….……… h. hard ………………………………..……..
d. brittle …….…..……………….. i. stiff ………………………………………...
e. elastic ………………………… j. wide ……………………...……………….
2. Use your dictionary to find the meanings of the following words:

a. corrosion- resistant ……………………………………..………………………….
b. easily machined ………………………………………………..…………………..
c. highly conductive ……………………………………………...…………………….
d. good conductor …….………………………………………………………………..
e. self-lubricating …………………..…………………………………………...………
f. wear-resistant …………….................................................................................
D. Language study Relative Clauses

A relative clause gives more information about a noun in a sentence. Study these
facts from the table about aluminium:
1. Aluminium is a light metal.

2. Aluminium is used to make aircraft.
We can link these facts to make a definition of aluminium using a relative clause:
26
1+2: Aluminium is a light metal which is used to make aircraft.
relative clause
A relative clause starts with a relative pronoun. We use

• who or whom with people
Eg. He’s the engineer who has designed a lot of machines.
He’s the engineer who(m) I told you about last week.
• which with things
Eg. In a gas central heating, the flow of gas to the burner is controlled by a valve
which can be operated by a time switch.
• that with people and things
Eg. He’s the engineer that has designed a lot of machines.
In a gas central heating, the flow of gas to the burner is controlled by a valve
that can be operated by a time switch.
• where with places
Eg. In jet engines, fuel and air flow steadily into the engine where a stable flame is
maintained for continuous combustion.
• whose with possession
Eg. The woman whose bicycle was stolen yesterday is my sister.
● Non-defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses are placed after nouns which are definite already.
They do not therefore define the noun, but only add something to it by giving some
more information about it. Unlike defining relative clauses, they are not essential in
the sentence and can be omitted without causing confusion. Also unlike defining
relatives, they are separated from their noun by commas. The pronoun can never
be omitted in a non-defining relative clause. For example:
- Alluminium, which is light, soft, and ductile, is used to make engine components.
non-defining relative clause
- I have invited Ann, who lives in the next flat.
- Mrs Jane, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.
27
Notes:
In a relative clause we can sometimes omit the relative pronoun who, which,
where or that. We can do this if the relative pronoun is the object of the clause.
Look at these sentences:
This is the book. I bought it yesterday.
= This is the book (that/which) I bought yesterday.
In this sentence the book is the object of the relative clause, so we can omit the
relative pronoun.
He’s the engineer. He has designed a lot of machines.
= He’s the engineer who/that has designed a lot of machines.
In this sentence the engineer is the subject of the relative clause, so we can’t omit
the relative pronoun. But “whose” and the relative pronoun in a non-defining
relative clause can never be omitted.
I. Complete the sentences with that, who, which, where or whose. In which
sentences can we omit the relative pronouns?
a. The mechanical engineer ………..…… you met yesterday is my former student.

b. The washing machine …………..……..I bought last week is not very expensive.
c. Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines use a new combustion control method
……..…………...injects gasoline directly into the cylinders.
d. In general, a piston is a sliding plug………..…….fits closely inside the bore of a
cylinder.
e. An engineer..……..……….is employed to keep a system in good working order
specializes in maintenance.
f. Was iron the first material ……..……………...was used by humans to build cars?
g. The mechanic ……………..………son is working for me is one of my old friends.
i. This is the factory ………….………….my grandfather worked when he was alive.
j. George Brayton, .........................had developed a two-stroke kerosene engine in
1873, was an American engineer.
k. This engineer, ....................is going to talk about modern techniques in machine
designing, used to be my student.
28
II. Use the table on the previous page to make definitions of each of the materials
in column A. Choose the correct information in column B and C to describe the
materials in column A.
A B C
1. An alloy allows heat or current to flow easily

2. A thermoplastic remains rigid at high temperatures
3. Mild steel does not allow heat or current to flow easily
4. Conductor a metal contains iron and o.7% to 1.4 % carbon
5. An insulator a material becomes plastic when heated
6. High carbon steel an alloy contains iron and 0.15% to 0.3% carbon
7. Brass formed by mixing other metals or elements
8. A thermosetting consists of copper and zinc
1. .........................................................................................................................
2. .........................................................................................................................
3. .........................................................................................................................
4. .........................................................................................................................
5. .........................................................................................................................
6. .........................................................................................................................
7. .........................................................................................................................
8. ........................................................................................................................
E. Writing Adding information to a text

Study this text about aluminium.
Aluminium is used to make aircraft, engine components, and many items

for the kitchen.
We can add extra information to the text like this:

Alluminium, which is light, soft, and ductile, is used to make aircraft,
29
engine components - for example, cylinder heads- and many items
for the kitchen,such as pots.
Note that the extra information is marked with commas or dashes:

, which; -for example,.. ,such as…,
Add extra information to the following text about plastics.
1. Plastics can be moulded into plates, car components, and medical aids.
2. Thermoplastics soften when heated again and again.
3. Thermosetting plastics set hard and do not alter if heated again.
4. ABS is used for safety helmets.
5. Nylon is self-lubricating.
6. Nylon is used for motorized drives in cameras.
7. Acrylic is a clear thermoplastic.
8. Acrylic is used for aircraft canopies and double-glazing.
9. Polyester resin is used for boat and car bodies.
10. Polyester resin is hard and has good chemical and heat resistance.
Plastics are synthetic materials. They can be softened and moulded into useful
articles. They have many applications in engineering. There are two types of
plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics.
ABS is a thermoplastic which is tough and durable. Because it has high impact
strength, it has application where sudden loads may occur
Nylon is a hard, tough thermoplastic. It is used where silent, low friction operation
is required.
Acrylic can be formed in several ways. It is hard, durable, and has many uses.
Polyester resin is a thermosetting plastic used for castings. It has a number of
useful properties.
F. Further Practice
I. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tenses.
1. About 20 years after Otto first (run) his engine, Rudolf Diesel successfully
(demonstrate) an entirely different method of igniting fuel.
2. Engineered systems contain many components, and a suitable material (must
select) for each of them.
3. Why the first Concorde’s engine surrounds (make) of special alloy?
30
4. Since the 1950s, the size of computers (decrease) considerably.
5. Charles Babbage (produce) the first general purpose digital computer?
6. You (think) that a new power plant (build) near this area in the future?
7. Since the introduction of computer imaging in the 1970s, X-ray machines (use)
in many fields.
II. Translate into English

a. Hợp kim được tạo ra bằng cách nào? Nó được tạo ra bằng cách tổ hợp /trộn
lẫn các kim loại khác nhau.
………………………………………………..………………………………………………
………………………………………………………….……………………………………
b. Nhôm là một kim loại mềm, dẫn điện/nhiệt tốt và thường được dùng để làm
máy bay cũng như các vật dụng nhà bếp.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
......…………………………………………………………………………………………..
c. Mũ bảo hiểm thường được làm từ vật liệu gì? Tại sao? – Nó thường được làm
bằng nhựa ABS vì loại nhựa này bền, dai và có độ bền va đập cao.
……………………………………………………………..………………………………...
……............................................................................................................................
d. Đồng thau là một hợp kim có chứa đồng và kẽm.
……………………………………………………………..…………………………………
e. Có phải thép mềm là một kim loại có chứa sắt và từ 0.15% đến 0.3 % các- bon
không?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
31
UNIT 4
Metals

This passage will give you some information about metals, alloys and their uses.
Now look at the following questions and read the text to find the answers:
1. What is the main advantage of metals?
2. Can plastics be recycled?
3. Which type of heat treatment makes metal softer and less brittle?
4. Why are Concorde’s engine surrounds made of titanium alloys?
Why does man use metals still so much today when there are other materials,
especially plastics, which are available? A material is generally used because it
offers the required strength, and other properties, at minimum cost. Appearance is
also an important factor. The main advantage of metals is their strength and
toughness. Concrete may be cheaper and is often used in building, but even
concrete depends on its core of steel for strength.
Plastics are lighter and more corrosion-resistant, but they are not usually as
strong. Another problem with plastics is what to do with them after use. Metal
objects can often be broken down and the metals recycled; plastics can only be
dumped or burned.
Not all metals are strong, however. Copper and aluminium, for example, are both
fairly weak- but if they are mixed together, the result is an alloy called aluminium
bronze, which is much stronger than either pure copper or pure aluminium.
Alloying is an important method of obtaining whatever special properties are
required: strength, toughness, resistance to wear, magnetic properties, high
electrical resistance or corrosion resistance.
32
The properties of a metal can be further improved by use of heat treatment. Heat
treatment is the term given to a number of different procedures in which the
properties of metals and alloys are changed. It usually consists of heating the
metal or alloy to a selected temperature below its melting point and then cooling it
at a certain rate to obtain those properties, which are required. For example,
hardening is used to make metals harder. Tempering makes them softer and less
brittle. Annealing is carried out to make a metal soft so that it can be machined
more easily. In this way, metallic materials can be produced to meet every kind of
engineering specification and requirement.
When Concorde was built, a material was needed which could withstand extreme
aerodynamic conditions and would have a life of at least 45,000 flying hours. To
achieve this, a special aluminium alloy was developed which is tough and
lightweight and is used in over 70% of Concorde’s structure. Another 16% is made
of high-strength steel, and titanium alloys are used in the engine surrounds to
withstand temperatures of 4000 degrees centigrade.
Methods of extracting, producing and treating metals are being developed all the
time to meet engineering requirements. This means that there is an enormous
variety of metals and metallic materials available from which to choose.
Vocabulary
achieve [ə't∫i:v] v đạt được, giành được

advantage [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ] n lợi thế, ưu điểm
aerodynamic [,eəroudai'næmik] adj (thuộc) khí động lực học
anneal [ə'ni:l] v (kỹ thuật) ủ, tôi, thấu
at least [ət li:st] it nhất, ít ra
burn [bɜ:n] v đốt, đốt cháy
at a certain rate [ət ə sə:tn reit] nphr ở một tỷ lệ nhất định
cool [ku:l] v làm mát, làm nguội
concrete ['kɒηkri:t] n bê-tông
core [kɔ:] n (kỹ thuật) nòng; lõi; ruột
33
dump ['dʌmp] v đổ thành đống (rác)
extract [iks'trækt] v chiết, tách xuất
extreme [ik'stri:m] adj vô cùng; tột bực, rất
factor ['fæktə] n nhân tố, yếu tố
flying hour ['flaiiη'auə] nphr giờ bay
freezing point ['fri:ziη pɔint] nphr điểm đóng băng
further ['fə:đə] adj/adv thêm nữa; hơn nữa
improve [im'pru:v] v cải tiến, cải thiện
lead [led] n chì
lightweight ['laitweit] adj nhẹ
magnetic [mæg'netik] adj (thuộc) từ tính
molten ['moultən] adj nấu chảy (kim loại)
ore [ɔ:(r)] n quặng
melting ['meltiη ] n tan chảy
method ['meθəd] n phương pháp
mix [miks] v trộn, pha lẫn, hoà lẫn
mixture ['mikst∫ə] n sự pha trộn, sự hỗn hợp
obtain [əb'tein] v đạt được, thu được
procedure [prə'si:dʒə] n thủ tục, quy trình
pure [pjuə] adj nguyên chất, tinh khiết
recycle [ri:'saikəl] v tái chế
nphr sức bền; độ bền cần có,
required strength [ri'kwaiəd'streηθ]
theo yêu cầu
resistance to wear [ri'zistəns tə weə] nphr chống mài mòn
select [si'lekt] v lựa chọn, chọn lọc,
n đặc điểm, thông số kỹ
specification [,spesifi'kei∫n]
thuật
structure ['strʌkt∫ə] n kết cấu, cấu trúc
surround [sə'raund] n vỏ (động cơ)
temper ['tempə] v tôi (thép...)
term [tə:m] n từ, thuật ngữ
tin [tin] n thiếc
titanium [tai'teiniəm] n (hoá học) ti-tan
34
toughness ['tʌfnis] n tính dai, tính bền
treat [tri:t] v (hoá học) xử lý
withstand [wiđ'stænd] v chịu đựng; chống lại

1. Put T (true) or F (false) to indicate if the statements below are true or false
according to the facts in the passage
a. Concrete is a cheap building material.
b. Plastics are more easily recycled than metals.
c. Aluminium bronze is an example of an alloy.
d. Pure cooper is stronger than the alloys that are made by mixing copper with
aluminium.
e. Tempering is a kind of heat treatment.
f. It is sometimes an advantage for a metal to be soft.
g. Concorde is built mainly of steel.
2. Answer the following questions:

a. In paragraph 1, which noun does the underlined pronoun “it” refer to?
b. In paragraph 2, which noun does the pronoun “them” refer to?
c. In paragraph 3, what does the word “which” refers to?
d. In paragraph 4, what does the pronoun “it” refer to?
e. In paragraph 4, which noun or nouns does the word “its” refer to?
C. Word study
1. Properties of materials
(a) These words and phrases refer to properties of materials:
strength toughness corrosion resistant
In the passage, there are nine more words which refer to properties of materials.
List them below:
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
35
(b) Now write the meanings of these words.
loosen _________________ brighten ______________________
tighten _________________ stiffen ______________________
cool____________________ harden ______________________
2. Nouns and adjectives

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the word given:
Noun Adjective
________________________________________
importance
________________________________________
wind resistance
________________________________________
elasticity
________________________________________
plasticity
________________________________________
rigidity
________________________________________
flexibility
________________________________________
lightness
________________________________________
hardness
________________________________________
D. Language study
1. Adverbs and adjectives
Adjective Adverb
A mechanical enginer works carefully

A weak metal breaks easily
A good student studies hard
Many adverbs end in -ly but there are exceptions, such as:
36
often sometimes always never well hard fast
Some adverbs go with adjectives to modify them, for example:
Aluminium is extremely light.

Many alloys have been specially developed.
Choose either the adjectives or the adverbs to complete each of the sentences
below:
a. Alloys are (general/ generally) prepared by mixing molten metals.

b. Pure iron is a (softly/ soft) metal.
c. Platinum has (exceptional/ exceptionally) resistance to corrosion.
d. Iron is (easy/ easily) to extract from iron ores.
e. Rolled gold consists of a (thin/ thinly) layer of gold alloy.
f. It is also (highly/high) radioactive.
g. Magnesium is known as a metal, which burns (bright/ brightly).
2. Comparatives and superlatives

● Equal comparison
as + adj/ adv +as
● Comparative
- Short adjectives/ adverbs: adj/adv-er +than
- Long adjectives/ adverbs: more/less + adj/adv +than
● Superlative
- Short adjectives/ adverbs: the + adj/adv-est
- Long adjectives/ adverbs: the + most/ least + adj/adv
Irregular comparatives and superlatives

far - farther -farthest
- further -furthest
good/ well - better -best
bad/ badly - worse -worst
Notes
• Spelling: big – bigger – the biggest
noisy – noisier – the noisiest
37
large – larger – the largest
• Comparative comparisons can be further intensified or modified by adding
much, far, a bit, … before the comparative form.
Eg. - Ben’s watch is far more expensive than mine.
Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the words in brackets. Add any
other words that may be necessary.
1. One of the ________ internal combustion engines in the world, the Wortsilo-
Sulzer RTA96-C is a two-stroke , it is __________ __________ most two storey
houses. (big)
2. A new house is much __________ __________ __________ an older one
(expensive)
3. Body scanners can give doctors far _________ information than X-rays and
there’s no risk to the patient. (much)
4. Traditionally, two stroke engine needed _________ maintenance and tended to
wear out ___________ __________ four stroke engines. (much/ fast)
5. They have used ___________ construction machines in building that
skyscraper. (modern and reliable)
6. The roads in Hanoi were not as __________ __________ they are now.
(beautiful)
7. A full cantilever bridge would require considerably __________ material and be
much __________ __________ a cable stayed. (much, heavy)
8. Is Thang Long bridge as __________ __________ Bai Chay bridge? (long)
E. Writing Describing the chart using comparatives and superlative
Production of iron in millions of tones
20 40 60 80 100
Australia _____________________________
USA _________________
Canada ________
Chile _____
Using the information in the following chart we can say:

38
 Australia produces the most iron.
 Canada produces a little more iron than Chile.
 Chile produces a lot less iron than Australia.
Now write five sentences about tin production using the chart below:
Production of tin in thousands of tones

10 20 30 40 50 60
Malaysia __________________________________________________
Bolivia _____________________________
Indonesia __________________
Thailand __________
China _______
1…………………………………………………………………………………………..….
2………………………………………………………………………………………………
3………………………………………………………………………………………………
4………………………………………………………………………………………………
5………………………………………………………………………………………………
F. Further Practice
I. Read the passage and complete the sentences below, using the correct form of
the word in brackets.
There are three main materials used in making pipes: metal, rubber and
plastic. Metal is stronger than rubber or plastic. It is also heavier and more rigid
than rubber or plastic. Rubber is the most flexible of the three materials, but it is
more expensive than either steel or plastic.
a. Rubber is _____________than metal or plastic. (strong/weak)
b. Rubber is also _____________ than the other two materials.
(flexible/rigid)
c. The ____________ of the three materials is metal. (strong/ weak)
d. The _________ _________of the three materials is rubber.
(expensive /cheap
e. Plastic is _____________than metal. (heavy/light)
f. Metal is the _____________of the three materials. (heavy/ light)
39
II. Fill the gaps to compare computers now and ten years ago. Use the adjectives
in brackets.
Computers today are more powerful ____________a (powerful). They operate

___________ b (fast) and they have much ___________c (large) memories.
Because they contain more electronics, the cases have become __________ d
(big) but the flat-screen monitors are _____________e (heavy) and fit into a
___________f (small) space on your desk. Computers are also ____________ g
(cheap). The price is ___________ h (low) now than in the past. The programs too
are ____________i (good). They are ____________k (sophisticated) and you can
work much ____________l (efficiently).
III. Complete sentences 1 - 8 comparing the two planes:

1 The Airbus is ____________ (long) than the Boeing
2 The Boeing is a little ____________ (short) than the Airbus.
3 The Airbus can carry a ____________ (heavy) weight than the Boeing.
4 The Boeing is ____________ (fast) than the Airbus.
5 The Airbus can fly ____________ (far) than the Boeing
6 The Boeing can fly ____________ (high) than the Airbus.
7 The Airbus engines are ____________(powerful).
8 The Airbus was introduced ____________(recently).
IV. Most of the following sentences are incorrect. Find and correct them.
1. Is the Wortsilo-Sulzer RTA96-C biggest internal combustion engine in the
world?
2. Deep-type filters are more efficient and have a longer service life.
3. Iron is plentiful, cheap, much stronger than wood, and flexible than stone.
4. Which is the building highest in the world?
5. I think My Thuan bridge is not beautiful as Can Tho bridge.
6. Cable-stayed bridges have much greater stiffness than suspension bridges.
7. Now I earn fewer than before but spend more than so I am always in the lack of
money.
8. I think this unit is difficult much more than the next one.
9. Life in the city is more noisy than life in the country.
40
SAMPLE TEST N01
Time allowed: 60 minutes
I. Read the passage and answer the questions (2 points)

Nobody can imagine what our life would be like without metals. Until he
discovered how to make things with metals, man had only stones and wood as
raw materials. The first metal that primitive man used was copper – a pure or
base metal. This was around 5000 B.C in the Middle East. Copper has the
advantages of being very easy to extract from rock, but its use is limited because
it is fairly soft.
Around 1500 B.C it was discovered that if copper was mixed with tin –
another soft metal- the resulting alloy was bronze, which was very much harder
than either of them.
The softer metals- copper, tin, lead, gold- were the first metals to be used
because they needed less heat to smelt them. It was not until 600 B.C that the
Greeks learnt how to extract the hard metal, iron from its ore. Even then, only
small amounts could be produced, because there was not enough charcoal
available. It was not until the 18th century that an English man, Abraham Darby,
discovered that coke could be used instead of charcoal. This made it possible to
produce the vast amounts of iron and steel that we use today.
New words: - stone: đá - raw: thô - primitive: nguyên thuỷ
- smelt: luyện, nung chảy - charcoal: than đá - coke: than cốc
Questions:
1. What raw materials did people use before they discovered metals?
2. Why were copper, tin, lead, gold the first metals to be used?
3. Did the Greeks learn how to extract iron from its ore before 600 B.C?
4. What did Abraham Darby find out in the 18th century? And what could this
help?
II. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D (2 points)
1. _________ is concerned with developing components and equipment for
communications, computing, and so on.
A. Civil engineering B. Electrical engineering
C. Mechanical engineering D. Electronic engineering
41
2. Electrical engineers are concerned with the _______ and ______ of electricity.
A. produce/distribute B. productive/distributive
C. production/distribution D. productively/distributively
3. The first internal combustion engine was built _______1859 _______ Etienne
Lenoir.
A. at/with B. in/by C. on/with D. from/to
4. Alluminium, which is light, soft, and ductile, is used _______ aircraft and engine
components.
A. make B. making C. to make D. made
5. The first person _______ did experiment with an internal-combustion engine
was the Dutch physicist Christian Huygens.
A. where B. who C. which D. whose
6. Diesel engines are _______ heavier, noisier, and _______ at lower speed than
gasoline engines.
A. general/ powerful much B. generally/ powerful more much
C. general/ more powerful much D. generally/ much more powerful
7. George Brayton, _______ had developed a two-stroke kerosene engine in 1873,
but it was too large and too slow to be commercially successful, was an American
engineer.
A. that B. who C. whom D. X
8. When developing a new engine, scientists want to _______ high power output
and low fuel______.
A. combine/ consumption B. combination/ consume
C. combine/ consume D. combination/ consumption
9. People hope that a lot of new kinds of materials ______ to make better
engines in the future.
A. will develop B. are going to be developed
C. are developing D. will be developed
10. Friction is sometimes a help _______ it is often a hindrance.
A. because B. since C. but D. so
III. Column matching (2 points)
A B
1. Mechanical engineers A. is the term given to a number of
42
different procedures in which the
properties of metals and alloys are
changed
2. High carbon steel B. to get the distinction between mass
and weight absolutely clear.
3. Spring is another C. are involved in support services such
important force in engineering as roads, rail track, harbours, and
bridges.
4. It is important D. to use escalators and lifts, switch on
lights turn taps and open doors.
5. Heat treatment E. which is caused by elasticity
F. a rapid rise in cylinder pressure which

is converted to useful mechanical energy
by the piston and crankshaft.
G. includes electricity generating,
electrical installation, lighting, etc.
H. contains iron and 0.7% to 1.4 %
carbon.
IV. Verb tense (2 points)

1. ABS (have) high impact strength, so it often (use) to make safety helmets, car
components, etc.
2. You (know) when the first internal combustion engines (make)?
3. It (be) likely that future intelligent machines such as robots (use) much more
than they are at present.
4. Civil engineering (not deal) with generating and distributing electricity, but it
(deal) with making bridges, roads, airports,etc.
V. Translation (2 points): English – Vietnamese

1. Mechanical engineers design and make machines and processing equipment for
harvesting, preparing and preserving foods and drinks.
2. Not all metals are strong. Copper and aluminium, for example, are both fairly
weak- but if they are mixed together, the result is an alloy called aluminium
bronze, which is much stronger than either pure copper or pure aluminium.
Vietnamese – English
1. Có phải xử lý nhiệt có thể làm thay đổi các đặc tính của kim loại không?
2. Khối lượng được đo bằng kilogram còn trọng lượng được đo bằng đơn vị
Niutơn.
43
UNIT 5
Mechanisms

Identify these simple mechanisms. Try to explain the principles on which they
operate.
Scanning is the best strategy for searching for specific information in a text. Move
your eyes up and down the text until you find the word or words you want. Again,
try to ignore any information which will not help you with your task.
Scan the text below quickly to find out which of these mechanisms are mentioned.
1. cam 4. foot pump
2. tap 5. escalator
3. pendulum
44
Mechanisms
Mechanisms are an important part of everyday life. They allow us to do simple
things like switch on lights, turn taps, and open doors. They also make it possible
to use escalators and lifts, travel in cars, and fly from continent to continent.
Mechanisms play a vital role in industry. While many industrial processes have
electronic control systems, it is still mechanisms that deliver the power to do the
work. They provide the forces to press steel sheets into car body panels, to lift
large components from place to place, to force plastic through dies to make pipes.
All mechanisms involve some kind of motion. The four basic kinds of motion are:
Rotary: Wheels, gears, and rollers involve rotary movement.
Oscillating: The pendulum of a clock oscillates -it swings backwards and
forwards.
Linear: The linear movement of a paper trimmer is used to cut the edge of the
paper.
Reciprocating: The piston in a combustion engine reciprocates.
Many mechanisms involve changing one kind of motion into another type. For
example, the reciprocating motion of a piston is changed into a rotary motion by
the crankshaft, while a cam converts the rotary motion of the engine into the
reciprocating motion required to operate the valves.
Vocabulary
beam /bi:m/ n dầm (bằng gỗ, kim loại, bê tông)

brake /breik/ n phanh
cơ cấu trong kỹ thuật để tạo ra
cam /kæm/ n được các chuyển động theo yêu
cầu
car body panel /kɑ: 'bɔdi 'pænl/ n tấm panel của thân ô tô
combustion /kəm'bʌst∫n / n sự cháy, sự đốt cháy
compression /kəm'pre∫n / n sự nén, sự ép
concrete /'kɔnkri:t/ n bê tông
crankshaft /'krænk∫ɑ:ft/ n trục khuỷu
escalator /'eskəleitə/ n thang máy (cuốn)
essential /i'sen∫əl/ adj cần thiết, thiết yếu
45
foot pump /fut pʌmp/ n bơm chân
friction /'frik∫n/ n sự cọ xát
gear /giə/ n bánh răng, răng cưa
hinder /'hində/ v cản trở
hindrance /'hindrəns/ n sự cản trở
linear /'liniə/ n chuyển động thẳng
load /loud/ n sự tải, tải trọng
mass /mæs/ n khối lượng
mechanism /'mekənizm/ n cơ cấu
motion /'mou∫n/ n sự chuyển động, di động
move /mu:v/ v chuyển động
nuisance /'nju:sns/ n điều bực bội, mối gây thiệt hại
oscillating /'ɔsileitiη/ n dao động
pendulum /'pendjuləm/ n quả lắc
piston /'pistən/ n pitông
chuyển động qua lại (theo đường
reciprocate /ri'siprəkeit/ v
thẳng)
roller /'roulə/ n trục quay
rotary /'routəri/ adj quay
steel rod /sti:l rɔd/ n thanh thép
surface /'sə:fis/ n bề mặt
tap /tæp/ n vòi nước
trimmer /'trimə/ n lưỡi cắt
valve /vælv/ n van
weight /'weit/ n trọng lượng
wheel /wi:l/ n bánh xe

1. Read the text to find the answers to these questions.
a. What does a cam do?
b. What does oscillating mean?
c. How are plastic pipes formed?
d. What simple mechanisms in the home are mentioned directly or indirectly?
46
e. What is the function of a crankshaft?
f. Give an example of a device which can produce a linear movement
g. How are car body panels formed?
h. What do mechanisms provide in industry?
2. Now say what the words or phrases below refer to:
a. paragraph 1: they …………………………………………………………………
b. paragraph 2: they …………………………………………………….….………..
c. paragraph 3: it ………………………………………….…………………………
C. Word study
1. Compound Noun
Compound nouns are common in English. We make a compound noun by putting
two or more separate nouns together to make a new noun.
E.g. control system steel sheet car factory
Find all the compound nouns in the text Mechanisms.
2. Dealing with technical terms

One of the difficult things about the English of engineering is that there are many
technical terms to learn. Newer terms may be the same, or almost the same, in
your own language. But many terms will be quite different and you may not always
remember them. When this happens, you will have to make your meaning clear
using other words.
1. The technical words in column A are similar in meaning to the more general
English in column B. Match them.
A B
1 oscillates a changes
2 rotates b large, thin , flat pieces
3 reciprocates c moving stairs
4 has a linear motion d goes round and round
5 converts e movement
6 motion f goes in a line
7 escalator g swings backwards and forwards
8 sheets h goes up and down
47
2. Can you find any other words or phrases which also express:
play a vital role
make it possible to
D. Language study -ing form and infinitives

Study sentences taken from the text:
Many mechanisms involve changing one kind of motion into another type.
Mechanisms allow us to do simple things like switch on lights, turn taps,
and open doors.
1- Here are some of the common uses of the –ing form.

The –ing form is used
• in continuous tenses
E.g. They are inspecting the combustion chamber at the moment.
• as an adjective như 1 tính từ
They are trying their best to reduce the running cost of the system.
• as a subject of a sentence dùng làm cn
khu căn hộ
E.g. Building a hospital, a block of flats, or other civil engineering projects
requires special equipment and machinery.
` civil engineering, designing a foundation is really necessary.
- In
• after some verbs
E.g. He stopped working for that automobile company last year.
• as a complement of sentence bổ sung
Eg. One of the responsibilities of a mechanical engineer is designing
tools and machines.
• after prepositions sau giới từ
Eg. Mechanical engineering deals with designing and manufacturing
tools and machines.
2- Here are some of the common uses of the infinitive

The to- infinitive is used
• as a subject of a sentence
Eg. To obey the traffic rules is everyone’s duty. (= It is everyone’s duty is
to obey the traffic rules)
48
• as a complement
Eg. One of the responsibilities of a mechanical engineer is to design
tools and machines.
• to express a purpose
Eg. To be successful, mechanical engineers need to catch up with modern
technology.
• after some verbs and in some structures
Eg. - They want to build a new car factory in this area.
- It is not as expensive to build a local road as a superhighway.
The bare-infinitive is used
• after modals
Eg. All people must obey the traffic rules.
• after some verbs
Eg. They never let me use their car
Notes
Some verbs and structures can take an -ing form or an infinitive and the meaning
is more or less the same.
Eg. - It’s just started raining or It’s just started to rain
- My hobby is to collect stamps or My hobby is collecting stamps.
1. Underline all the –ing forms and infinitives in the text Mechanisms.
2. Put the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
a. (Burn) fuel inside the engine cylinders produces heat.
.........................................................................................,,,,,....................................
b. The lubricating system allows the parts (move) freely with little power lost in
(make) them (move).
.........................................................................................,,,,,,....................................
c. In an automotive engine, power is produced by (burn) a mixture of air and fuel
inside cylinders in the engine.
...................................................................................................................................
d. Workers (should / clean) the tools after (use) them.
...................................................................................................................................
e. (Continue) running, an engine (must have) 4 support systems: fuel, ignition,
lubricating and cooling systems.
……………………………………………………………………………..…………………
49
f. We are looking forward to (see) more and more advancements (achieve) safer
travelling.
………………………………………………………………………………………..………
g. Recently, people have tended (book) e-tickets through the Internet (avoid)
(queue) for ages.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..……
h. (Complete) a project today requires compliance with a broad range of rules,
regulations, laws, procedures, policies, guidelines, and specifications.
………………………………………………………………………………….…………….
i. If your car (not start) in the morning, you (should check) three things first: the
battery, the fuel level and the spark plugs. It is easy (repair) these faults.
...................................................................................................................................
j. (Use) an excavator makes the task of (lift) and (carry) much easier and quicker.
………………………………………………………………………………...……………..
E. Writing: Ways of linking ideas
When we write, we may have to describe, explain, argue, persuade, complain, etc.
In all these forms of writing, we use ideas. To make our writing effective, we have
to make sure our readers can follow our ideas. One way of helping our readers is
to make the links between the ideas in our writing.
What are the links between these pairs of ideas? What words can we use to mark
the links?
1. Mechanisms are important to us.

2. They allow us to travel.
3. Mechanisms deliver the power to do work.
4. They play a vital role in industry.
5. Friction is sometimes a help.
6. It is often a hindrance.
Sentence 2 is a reason for sentence 1. We can link 1 and 2 like this:

Mechanisms are important to us because/since/as they allow us to travel.
Sentence 4 is the result of sentence 3. We can link 3 and 4 like this:
50
Mechanisms deliver the power to do work so they play a vital role in industry.
Mechanisms deliver the power to do work; therefore they play a vital role in
industry.
Sentence 6 contrasts with sentence 5. We can link 5 and 6 like this:
Friction is sometimes a help but it is often a hindrance.
Show the links between these sets of ideas using appropriate linking words:
1. Copper is highly conductive
It is used for electric wiring
2. Weight is measured in newtons
Mass is measured in kilograms.
3. Nylon is used for bearings.
It is self -lubricating.
4. ABS has high impact strength.
It is used for safety helmets.
5. The foot pump is a class two lever.
The load is between the effort and the fulcrum.
6. Friction is essential in brakes
Friction is a nuisance in an engine.
7. The upper surface of a beam is in compression.
The lower surface is in tension.
8. Concrete beams have steel rods near the lower surface

Concrete is weak in tension
51
1. ………………………………………………………………………………………..
2 …………………………………………………………………………………………
3 …………………………………………………………………………………………
4 …………………………………………………………………………………………
5 …………………………………………………………………………………………
6 …………………………………………………………………………………………
7…………………………………………………………………………………………
8…………………………………………………………………………………………
F. Further Practice
1. Translate into English
a. Có bốn loại chuyển động cơ bản: chuyển động quay, chuyển động tịnh tiến, dao
động và chuyển động thẳng.
………………………………………………………………………………….……………
b. Cơ cấu đóng một vai trò quan trọng trong công nghiệp có phải không?
……………………………………………………………………………………….………
c. Chức năng của trục khuỷu là biến đổi chuyển động tịnh tiến của pit tông thành
chuyển động quay.
…………………………………………………………………………………….…………
d. Sự khác nhau giữa chức năng của trục khuỷu và cơ cấu cam là gì?
………………………………………………………………………………………..………
2. Fill in the missing prepositions

a. The linear movement of
………..
a paper trimmer is used to cut the edge ………..
of the
the paper.
b. Internal combustion engines can be classified according ………… the cooling
system employed.
c. If the water temperature is too low, the control unit will switch………. the heater.
d. Weight is measured …………. newtons and mass is measured …………
kilograms.
e. Air pollution can lead ………….some dangerous diseases like asthma, lung
cancer and even premature death.
3. Column Matching
52
A B
1. Plastics are lighter and more A. by use of heat treatment.
corrosion-resistant, B. to make a metal soft so that it can be
2. Alloying is an important method machined more easily.
of obtaining C. what to do with them after use.
3. The properties of a metal can be D. which is much stronger than either pure
further improved copper or pure aluminum.
4. Tempering makes metals E. to separate aluminum from the oxygen in
5. You need a lot of electrical aluminum ore.
energy F. but they are not usually as strong.
G. softer and less brittle.
H. whatever special properties are required.
4. Translate into Vietnamese

a. Mechanical engineering is about designing and making all the parts of machines
that move. That could mean rocket science or bike design – and everything in
between.
……………………………………………………………………………………..…………
……………………………………………………………………………………….………
b. Chemical engineering is about using the processes which change materials in a

chemical or physical way. The science behind these processes helps to find out
the best way to make the right products.
…………………………………………………………………………………..……………
…………………………………………………………………………….…………………
c. Information technology is about using computers for collecting, storing, and

sending information.
…………………………………………………………………………………..……………
…………………………………………………………………………….….………………
d. Transport technology is concerned with all types of transport as well as roads,

railways, airports, and sea ports.
…………………………………………………………………………………...………..…
53
UNIT 6
The Electric Motor

Work in your groups. List as many items as you can in the home which use electric
motors. Which room has the most items?
Reading
Another useful strategy is reading a text quickly to get a general idea of the kind of
information it contains. You can then decide which parts of the text are worth
reading in more detail later, depending on your reading purpose. This strategy is
called skimming.
Skim this text and identify the paragraphs which contain information on each of
these topics. The first one has been done for you.
a. What electric motors are used for paragraph ____ 1 ____

b. The commutator paragraph __________
c. Why the armature turns paragraph __________
d. Electromagnets paragraph __________
e. Effects of putting magnets together paragraph __________
f. The armature paragraph __________
In an electric motor an electric current and magnetic field produce a turning

movement. This can drive all sorts of machines, from wrist watches to trains. The
motor shown in Fig. 1 is for a washing machine. It is a universal motor, which can
run on direct or alternating current.
An electric current running through a wire produces a magnetic field around the
wire. If an electric current flows around a loop of wire with a bar of iron through it,
the iron becomes magnetized. It is called an electromagnet; one end becomes a
54
north pole and the other a south pole, depending on which way the current is
flowing around the loop.
Fig.1
If you put two magnets close together, like poles - for example, two north poles-
repel each other, and unlike poles attract each other.
In a simple electric motor, like the one shown in Fig.2, a piece of iron loops of wire
round it, called an armature, is placed between the north and south poles of a
stationary magnet, known as the field magnet. When electricity flows around the
armature wire, the iron becomes an electromagnet.
The attraction and repulsion between the poles of this armature magnet and the
poles of the field magnet make the armature turn. As a result, its north pole is
close to the south pole of the field magnet. Then the current is reversed so the
55
north pole of the armature magnet becomes the south pole. Once again, the
attraction and repulsion between it and the field magnet make it turn. The
armature continues turning as long as the direction of the current, and therefore its
magnetic poles, keeps being reversed
To reverse the direction of the current, the ends of the armature wire are
connected to different halves of a split ring called a commutator. Current flows to
and from the commutator through small carbon blocks called brushes. As the
armature turns, first one half of the commutator comes into contact with the brush
delivering the current, and then the other, so the direction of the current keeps
being reversed.
Vocabulary
alternating current ['ɒ:ltərneɪting 'kʌrənt] phr dòng điện xoay chiều

(AC)
armature ['ɑ:mət∫ə] n cuộn cảm ứng, lõi, cốt
attraction [ə'træk∫n] n sức hút, sự hút
carbon brush ['kɑ:bən brʌ∫] phr chổi than
commutator ['kɔmju:teitə] n cái đảo mạch, cái cổ góp
field [fi:ld] n (điện) trường, lĩnh vực
gap [gæp] n khe hở, khoảng cách
loop [lu:p] n,v cuộn, mạch, móc lại
magnet ['mægnɪt] n nam châm
opposite direction ['ɑ:pəzɪt dɪ'rek∫n] phr chiều ngược lại, đối diên
pole [poʊl] n cực (nam châm, ắc qui)
quarter ['kwɔ:rtər] n một pnần tư, phía, nơi
repel [rɪ'pel] v đẩy đi xa, đẩy lùi, đẩy
repulsion ['ri'pʌl∫n] n lực đẩy
reverse [rɪ'vɜ:rs] adj, đảo,sự đổi chiều,
skimming [skɪming ] n lướt qua, (đọc) qua loa
split [splɪt] adj chia ra, tách ra, vỡ ra
stationary ['steɪ∫nərɪ] adj tĩnh, đứng yên, ổn định
strategy ['strætədʒɪ] n chiến thuật, sách lược,
wrist watch [rɪst wɒʧ] n đồng hồ đeo tay
56
I. Answer the questions about the text:
1. What do an electric current and magnetic field produce in an electric motor?
2. Can a universal motor run on direct and alternating current?
3. What happen if you put two magnets close together, like poles- for example, two
north poles?
4. What make the armature turn?
5. What must be done to reverse the direction of the current?
II. Match each of these diagrams with the correct description A, B, C or D. One of
the descriptions does not match any of the diagrams. (The diagrams are in the
correct sequences, but the descriptions are not.)
The armature turns a quarter of a turn. Then electric contact is broken because of
the gap in the commutator, but the armature keeps turning because there is
nothing to stop it.
B
When current flows, the armature becomes an electromagnet. Its north pole is
attracted by the south pole and repelled by the north pole of the field magnet.
C
When a universal motor is run on direct current, the magnetic poles in the
armature change while those of the field magnet remain constant.
57
D
When the commutator comes back into contact with the brushes, current flows
through the armature in the opposite direction. Its poles are reversed and the turn
continues.
C. Word study Word formation

Some nouns and verbs have the same form, the same spelling and pronunciation.
VERB NOUN
design design
cause cause
use use
I. Look back at the reading text and find all the verbs and nouns which have the
same form.
II. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets.
1. In a simple experiment on friction, a block of wood ___________on a flat
surface. (PLACE)
2. After work, tools should be kept in dry and clean __________ .(PLACE)
3. Friction in ____________ is destructive and wasteful. (MACHINE)
4. Brass is a metal which is a good conductor and can be easily _____________.
(MACHINE)
5. In order to avoid future accidents, equipment should not be operated by
__________ personnel.(TRAIN)
6. It is important that all workers must be __________ in basic safety.(TRAIN)
7. In an electric motor an electric current and magnetic field produce a turning
movement which can drive all sorts of ____________,from wrist ___________to
__________ . (MACHINE/ WATCH/ TRAIN)
8. “It’s my___________to keep___________”,said the soldier.(TURN/WATCH)
9. When electricity ____________ around the armature wire, the iron becomes an
electromagnet.(FLOW)
10. Over the past fifty years, most American and European cities ___________ to
landfills, where waste___________are regulated and controlled.(TURN/FLOW)
58
11. The two substances are now in___________ and a chemical reaction is
occurring.(CONTACT)
12. Where can technicians____________the manager tomorrow? (CONTACT)
13. While he was ____________ a brass component on Tuesday, last week,
Kenneth Oliver, machinist, received an injury to his eye. (TURN)
14. As the armature _____________, first one half of the commutator comes into
____________ with the brush delivering the current.(TURN/ CONTACT)
D. Language study Describing function

Try to answer this question:
What does an electric motor do?
When we answer a question like this, we describe the function of something. We

can describe the function of an electric motor in this way:
An electric motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
We can emphasize the function like this:
The function of an electric motor istoconvert electrical energy to mechanical
energy.
Match each of these motor components to its function, and then describe its
function in a sentence.
Component Function
1 armature a transfers rotation from the motor

2 bearings b creates an electromagnetic field
3 brushes c converts electromagnetic energy to rotation
4 commutator Revers
d reverses the current to the armature
5 drive shaft e support the drive shaft
6 field windings Suppl
f current to the armature
59
1…………………………………………………………………………………………
2…………………………………………………………………………………………
3…………………………………………………………………………………………
4…………………………………………………………………………………………
5…………………………………………………………………………………………
6…………………………………………………………………………………………
E. Writing Describing components

Dismantle this simple dc motor into its components by completing the labeling of
the chart below.
Now study this description of the motor.

A simple dc motor consists of a field magnet and an armature. The armature is
placed between the poles of the magnet. The armature is made up of a loop of
wire and a split ring known as a commutator. The loop is connected to the
commutator. Current is supplied to the motor through carbon blocks called
brushes.
To write a description, you need to use language to:

1 dismantle a piece of equipment into its main parts. These expressions will
help:
consists of
A is made up of X and Y
is composed of
2 name of components:
Carbon blocks known as brushes
called
60
3 locate components:
The armature is placed between the poles.
4 connect components:
The loop is connected to the commutator.
Complete the text with the help of the diagram. Use the following words:
are made up is composed

consists is placed
A transformer…………………of two coils, a primary and a secondary. The coils

are wound on a former which is mounted on a core. The coils …………
…………..of a number of loops of wire. The core …………………of thin pieces of
soft iron. U- and T-shaped pieces are used. The former ……………..on the leg of
the T.
Now label the diagram below using the completed text.
F. Further Practice Negatives

I. Change these sentences like this.
A robot never gets bored. → A robot does not get bored.
Robots never get bored. → Robots do not get bored.
A Robots never complain. →…………………………………………...……………
B A computer never makes mistakes. →………………………….………………
61
C A robot never eats. →………………………………………………………………
D Some satellites never return to Earth. →……………………………...…………
E Machines never demand higher wages. →………………………………………
F Some materials never decay. →………………………………………..…………
G A wet bird never flies at night. →………………………………………..………..
II. Giving reasons

You are planning a factory operated totally on robots. Make a list of things you
don’t need and say why.
E.g. a canteen
You don’t need a canteen to provide meals because robots don’t eat.
1 medical facilities
2 a clock
3 washing facilities
4 wages clerks
5 car park
6 heaters
III. Translate the sentences into Vietnamese.

1. If a robot has been programmed, it will do its job over and over again.
………………………………………………………………..……………….……………..
………………………………………………………………….………….………………...
2. A robot can work for 24 hours a day without breaks for food, rest or sleep. It
doesn’t take holidays or demand higher wages.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………….…………………………...
3. Robots can be designed to do almost any job; they can also do very heavy work
and they can operate in conditions that are too dangerous, too hot or too cold for
people to work in.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..……………………...
IV. Match each requirement to the correct reason.
62
Product: Garden chair
Requirement Reason
1 lightweight a stores easily in winter

2 strong b spends most of the time outside
3 stackable c supports heavy adults
4 available in a range of colours d keeps manufacturing costs low
5 durable e easy to lift
6 comfortable f competes with rivals
7 easy to mass-produce g looks attractive
8 sell for less than €20 h encourages people to use it
V. Tick (√) the ones you agree with and cross (X) those you disagree with.
1 Appropriate technology is only for poor countries.
2 Technology students should invent and make appropriate technology devices.
3 Studying appropriate technology is a waste of time.
4 Appropriate technology is out-of-date technology.
VI. Put the verbs into the correct tenses.

I: Where you (1.work_____________) before present job?
A: I (2. spend ____________) three and a half years with a large defence company.
I: And what your job (3.be____________) there?
A: I (4.be______________) a test engineer.
I: You (5.find_____________) that experience useful when you
(6.move____________) over to your present job?
A: I (7.think____________) it (8.be_____________).
I: You (9.go) there on leaving school or you (10.go_____________) to college
first?
A: No, I (11. spend______________) three years doing a course in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering. I (12.do______________) six months doing work-related
studies.
I: Where you (13. do____________) that?
A: I (14. spend) some time in a company which (15. build_____________)
ultrasonic measuring instruments. Again I (16. be) lucky- it (17. be____________)
a very interesting job. I (18. do_____________) a lot of field service.
63
UNIT 7
Lasers

This passage will give you some information about lasers in engineering. Now look
at the following tasks:
1. In your groups, list any applications you know for lasers.

2. Read this text to find out how many applications of lasers listed are
mentioned
Lasers (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) are devices which

amplify light and produce beams of light which are very intense, directional, and
pure in colour. They can be solid state, gas, semiconductor, or liquid.
When lasers were invented in 1960, some people thought they could be used as
‘death rays’. In the 1980s, the United States experimented with lasers as a
defence against nuclear missiles. Nowadays, they are used to identify targets. But
apart from military uses, they have many applications in engineering,
communications, medicine, and the arts.
In engineering, powerful laser beams can be focused on a small area. These

beams can heat, melt, or vaporize material in a very precise way. They can be
used for drilling diamonds, cutting complex shapes in materials from plastics to
steel, for spot welding and for surfacing techniques, such as hardening aircraft
engine turbine blades. Laser beams can also be used to measure and align
structures.
Lasers are ideal for communications in space. Laser light can carry many more
information channels than microwaves because of its high frequency. In addition, it
can travel long distance without losing signal strength. Lasers can also be used for
information recording and reading. Compact discs are read by lasers.
64
In medicine, laser beams can treat damaged tissue in a fraction of a second
without harming healthy tissue. They can be used in a very precise eye operation.
In the arts, lasers can provide fantastic displays of light. Pop concerts are often
accompanied by laser displays.
Vocabulary
accompany [ə'kʌmpənɪ] v đệm nhạc, phụ họa
align [ə'laɪn] v sắp cho thẳng hàng
amplification [,æmplifi'kei∫n] n sự khuyếch đại công suất
be focused [bi 'foukəst] phr điều tiêu, hội tụ
beam of light [bi:m ɑ:v laɪt] phr chùm, tia ánh sáng
blade [bleɪd] n cánh (tua bin)
damaged tissue ['dæmɪdʒ 'tɪ∫u:] phr cơ bị tổn thương
drilling [drɪling] n việc khoan lỗ
emission [ɪ'mɪ∫n] n sự phát ra, bốc ra
fraction of a ['fræk∫n ɑ:və phr một phần nghìn giây
second 'sekənd]
frequency ['fri:kwənsɪ] n tần suất, số
identify [aɪ'dentɪfaɪ] v xác định
intense [ɪn'tens] adj chói, mãnh liệt, dữ dội
microwave ['maikrəweiv] n vi sóng, sóng cực ngắn
missile ['mɪsəl] n tên lửa
precise [prɪ'saɪs] adj chính xác
radiation [reɪdɪ'eɪ∫n] n bức xạ, phóng xạ
ray [reɪ] n tia
semiconductor [,semikən'dʌktə] n chất bán dẫn
shape [∫eɪp] n hình dạng
solid ['sɑ:lɪd] adj thể rắn
spot welding [spɑ:t welding] phr hàn điểm
stimulate ['stɪmjʊleɪt] v kích thích, khích động
target ['tɑ:rgɪt] n mục tiêu, mục đích
vaporize ['veɪpəraɪz] v làm cho bốc, bay hơi
65
Complete this table of laser using information from the text. You may also add any
applications you know of which are not included in the text.
Military Engineering Communications Medicine Arts

drilling treating
diamonds damaged
tissue
cutting information
complex recording and
shapes reading
C. Word study Noun + noun compounds

We can use adjectives to describe an object in greater detail. For example:
light electrical light

a motor an electric motor
steel stainless steel
gears helical gears
We can also use nouns. For example:

light laser light
a motor an air motor
steel carbon steel
gears titanium gears
Many relationships are possible in noun compounds. For example:

an air motor a motor which uses air
carbon steel steel which contains carbon
titanium gears gears made of titanium
66
Put each of these examples in the correct column.
carbon blocks a power tool
aluminum alloy a ball bearing
carbon fibre a concrete beam
a gas burner a diesel boat
roller bearings a spring balance
a circuit board a plastic tube
magnesium alloy steel sheets
uses is made of contains

_______________ ______________ ______________
a gas burner carbon blocks carbon blocks
…………………… ……………………. ……………………
…………………… ……………………. ……………………
…………………… ……………………. ……………………
…………………… ……………………. ……………………
…………………… ……………………. ……………………
…………………… ……………………. ……………………
D. Language study
1. Time clauses
What is the relationship between these pairs of actions? How can we link each
pair to show this relationship?
1. Cold water passes through a heat exchanger.
The water is heated.
2. The water is heated.
It reaches a pre-set temperature.
3. The water is heated.
It is pumped to a diverter valve.
4. The water temperature reaches the right level.
The gas control valve shuts off.
67
We can show how actions are linked in time by using time clauses. We can use as
to link two connected actions happening at the same time. For example:
1 As cold water passes through a heat exchanger, the water is heated.

We can use until to link an action and the limit of that action. For example:
2 The water is heated until it reaches a pre-set temperature.
Note that until normally comes between the stages.
We can use after to show that one action is followed by another action. For
example:
3. After the water is heated, it is pumped to a diverter valve.
We can use when to show that one action happens immediately after another. For
example:
4. When the water temperature reaches the right level, the gas control
valve shuts off.
Note that when the time word comes first in the sentence, a comma (,) is used
after the time clause.
Link these sets of actions with appropriate time words:

1. The system is switched on.
Cold water passes through a heat exchanger in the boiler.
2. The water passes through the heat exchanger.
The water becomes hotter and hotter.
The water reaches a pre-set level.
3. The water temperature reaches the pre-set level.
A thermostat causes the gas control valve to shut off.
4. The water is pumped to a diverter valve.
The water goes to the hot water cylinder or the radiators.
5. Hot water passes through the inside of the hot water storage cylinder in a
coil arrangement.
Heat is transferred to the surrounding water.
6. The hot water flows through the radiators.
The hot water loses heat.
7. The water passes through the radiators
The water returns to the boiler.
68
2. used to / for
Study these examples of laser applications:
1 Laser beams can be used to measure and align structures.
2 They can be used for drilling diamonds.
3 They can be used for light displays.
We can describe applications with used to + infinitive or used for + -ing or noun.
1. Describe the applications of lasers using the information in your table and the
structures given above.
2. What new relationship can you find in the examples below? Rewrite each
compound to show the relationship. For example:
a foot pump a pump which is operated by foot
a ribbon cable a cable which is like a ribbon
a gear lever a lever for operating gears
1 chain wheel……………………………………………………………….…………..
2 disc wheel……………………………………………………………………….…….
3 foot brake…………………………………………………………………..………….
4 a hand throttle……………………………………………………………..………….
5 strain gauge…………………………………………………………………..……….
6 college lecturer……………………………………………………………..…………
7 toe-clip………………………………………………………………………….……..
8 boiler thermostat…………………………………………………………………..….
9 safety helmet…………………………..................................................................
10 aircraft engineer……………………………………………………………………....
E. Writing Describing a process: Sequence

When we write about a process, we have to:
1 Sequence the stages

2 Locate the stages
3 Describe what happens at each stage
4 Explain what happens at each stage
69
In this unit we will study how to sequence the stages. Consider these stages in
the operation of a washing machine.
1 The drum is filled with water.

2 The water is heated to the right temperature.
3 Soap is added.
4 The drum is rotated slowly.
5 The dirty water is pumped out.
6 Clean water is added.
7 The drum is rotated much faster and the water pumped out
8 The clean clothes are removed.
Instead of numbers, we can show the correct order using sequence words.
1 First the drum is filled with water.
2 Then the water is heated to the right temperature.
3 Next soap is added.
4 After that, the drum is rotated slowly.
5 Next the dirty water is pumped out.
6 Then clean water is added.
7 After that, the drum is rotated much faster and the water
pumped out.
8 Finally, the clean clothes are removed.
Study this diagram. It shows an extruder for forming plastic pipes. Describe the
extruder:
Now put these stages in the process in the correct sequence.
70
a The hot plastic is forced through the die to form a continuous
length of pipe.
b The rotating screw forces the plastic past heaters.
c The plastic granules are mixed and placed in the hopper.
d The pipe is cooled and cut to suitable lengths.
e The plastic melts.
F. Further Practice
I. Choose the best letter.
1. That construction corporation………a lot of important construction items in this
city this year.
A. has made B. makes C. is making D. make
2. Friction ……….the moving parts …….. .
A. makes / to wear B. makes / wear
C. made / to wear D. made / wearing
3. Electronic Fuel Injection system ……..into three basic sub-systems.
A. can be divide B. can divide C. can divided D. can be divided
4. Friction is sometimes a help, but it is………..a hindrance.
A. always B. commonly C. never D. just
5. After the piston reaches the bottom of its first stroke, the cylinder is ……….full of
an air / fuel charge.
A. especially B. importantly C.practical D. practically
6. ……….electric current running through a wire produces a magnetic field
around………wire.
A. The / the B. An / a C. An / the D. The / a
7. In general, a piston is a sliding plug ….…fits closely inside the bore of a
cylinder.
A. who B. whose C. that D. what
8. Mechanisms provide the forces to force plastic……….dies to make pipes.
A. to B. into C. with D. through
9. Designing and manufacturing tools are the concern of……….engineers.
A. civil B. mechanical C. electrical D. electronic
10. Engineers use ball bearings and roller bearings because
………..objects cause less friction than sliding ones.
A. rolling B. rolled C. oscillating D. rotary
71
II. Complete the paragraph with appropriate words.
Robots are particular useful for (1) …………………in places where
humans would die. They don’t (2) …………………air, so they can be used in
space or underwater. Special (3) …………………have also been designed for
handling radioactive materials. A number of industrial and military robots are also
(4) …………………to operate (5) …………………poisonous gases. So in many
ways robots mean that people do (6) …………………have to work in (7)
…………………jobs. But of course, (8) ………………… are still needed to program
and repair the robots.
III.Column Matching
A B
1. To give equilibrium, A. produces a magnetic field around

2. Spring is another important force in the wire.
engineering B. one for hot water and one for cold.
3. An electric current running through a wire C. to decide when to close the water
4. When electricity flows around the armature inlet valves.
wire, D. current flows through the armature
5. There are usually two of these valves, in the opposite direction.
E. which is caused by elasticity.
F. which can run on direct or
alternating current.
G. the iron becomes an
electromagnet.
H. the spring pulls up to opposite that
weight.
72
UNIT 8
Washing Machine

Many items found in the home contain control systems. The washing
machine is one of the most complex. List some of the factors the control system of
a washing machine must handle. This diagram may help you.
Fig.1 Cross section through a washing machine
73
Reading Reading diagrams
In engineering, diagrams carry a great deal of information. They can also help you
to understand the text. For this reason, it is helpful to try to understand any
diagrams before reading the text.
Study the diagram again. Try to explain the function of each of these items.
1 Pump
2 Motor
3 Shock absorber
4 Solenoid valves
5 Heater
6 Pressure sensor
7 Door lock and sensor
8 Temperature sensor
9 Fan
Text 1
Door position
The machine will not start any program unless the door is fully closed and locked.
When the door is closed, it completes an electrical circuit which heats up a heat-
sensitive pellet. This expands as it gets hot, pushing a mechanical lock into place
and closing a switch. The switch signals the control unit that the door is closed and
locked. Only when it has received this signal will the control unit start the wash
program.
Text 2
Water level
When a wash program first starts it has to open the valves which allow the water
in. There are usually two of these valves, one for hot water and one for cold. Each
must be controlled separately depending on the water temperature needed for that
program. The valves are solenoid operated, i.e. they are opened and closed
electrically.
74
The rising water level is checked by the water level sensor. This is a pressure
sensor. The pressure of the air in the plastic tube rises as it is compressed by the
rising water. The pressure sensor keeps the control unit informed as to the
pressure reached and the control unit uses the information to decide when to close
the water inlet valves.
Text 3
Water temperature
The temperature sensor, a type of thermometer which fits inside the washer drum,
measures the water temperature and signals it to the control unit. The control unit
compares it with the temperature needed for the program being used. If the water
temperature is too low, the control unit will switch on the heater. The temperature
sensor continues to check the temperature and keep the control unit informed.
Once the correct temperature is reached, the control unit switches off the heater
and moves on to the next stage of the program.
Text 4
Clock
The control unit includes a memory which tells it how long each stage of a
program should last. The times may be different for each program. The electronic
clock built into the control unit keeps the memory of the control unit informed so
that each stage of each program is timed correctly.
Text 5
Drum speed
During the wash and spinning cycles of the program, the drum has to spin at
various speeds. Most machines use three different speeds. The control unit
signals the motor to produce these speeds. The motor starts up slowly, and then
gradually increases speed. The speed sensor, a tachogenerator, keeps the control
unit informed as to the speed that has been reached. The control unit uses the
information to control the power to the motor and so controls the speed of the
drum at all times.
75
Vocabulary
absorber [əb'sɔ:rbər ] n thiết bị hấp thụ, hút thu

adjusting [ə'dʒʌsting] n điều chỉnh
circuit ['sɜ:rkɪt] n chu vi, mạch (điện)
cycle ['saɪkl] n vòng, chu kỳ
device [dɪ'vaɪs] n thiết bị, dụng cụ
drum speed [drʌm spi:d] n.phr vận tốc lồng giặt
expand [ɪk'spænd] v giãn nở, mở rộng
feedback ['fi:dbæk] n phản hồi
sensitive pellet ['sensətɪv 'pelɪt] n.phr viên, bi cảm ứng
lock [lɑ:k] v,n khóa chặt
position [pə'zɪ∫n] n vị trí, địa điểm
pressure ['pre∫ər] n áp suất, áp lực
pump [pʌmp] v,n bơm, máy bơm
reach [ri:ʧ] v,n đạt được, tới được
sensor ['sensər] n bộ cảm biến
separately ['sepərətlɪ] adv riêng rẽ, tách biệt
solenoid ['soulənɔid] n,adj điện từ (Cuộn dây kim loại
trở nên có từ tính khi có
dòng điện đi qua)
spin [spɪn] v,n xoay tròn, quay tròn
stage [steɪdʒ] n chu trình, giai đoạn
thermometer [⊖ər'mɑ:mɪtər] n nhiệt kế
valve [vælv] n van
1. Read the text 1 to find the answers to these questions.

1 What device is used to lock the door?
2 What provides feedback to the control unit about the door position?
2. Now work in pairs, A and B.

Student A: Read Text 2 and 3
Student B: Read Text 4 and 5.
76
Complete your section of the table. Then exchange information with your partner
to complete the whole table.
Control factor Operating device Feedback by

_____________ ______________ _________________
1 Door position heat-sensitive pellet switch
2 Water level ________________ _______________
3 Water temperature ________________ _______________
4 Wash and spin times ________________ _______________
5 Drum speeds ________________ _______________
C. Word study Verbs and related nouns

Each of the verbs in column A has a related noun endings in –er or –or in
Column B. Complete the blanks. Use a dictionary to check any spellings which
you are not certain about.
A. Verbs B. Nouns
For example:
control controller
1 divert ………………………
2 …………………… absorber
3 heat ………………………
4 ……………………… evaporator
5 compress ………………………
6 ……………………… resister
7 charge ………………………
8 ……………………… generator
9 conduct ………………………
10 ……………………… exchanger
11 radiate ………………………
12 ……………………… refrigerator
77
D. Language study If / Unless sentences
Fill in the blanks in this table using the information in the texts.
_____________________________________________________________
Sensor Condition Control unit action
_______________ _______________ __________________
Water level low open inlet valves
level high enough __________________
Water temperature _______________ switch on heater
high enough __________________
Drum speed _______________ _________________
_______________ decrease motor speed
______________________________________________________________
The conditions which the sensors report determine the action of the control unit.
We can link each condition and action like this:
If the water level is low, the inlet valves are opened.
Write similar sentences for the other five conditions given.

1………………………………………………………………………………………….
2………………………………………………………………………………………….
3………………………………………………………………………..........................
4.…………………………………………………………………………………………
5………………………………………………………………………..........................
Now study this example.

Sensor Condition Control unit action
Door Door open Machine cannot start
Door closed Machine can start
We can link these conditions and actions as follows:

1 If the door is open, the machine cannot start.
2 If the door is closed, the machine can start.
3 Unless the door is closed, the machine cannot start.
78
We use unless when an action cannot or will not happen if a condition is not true.
In example 3, Unless means If … not. We can rewrite 3 as:
If the door is not closed, the machine cannot start.
Complete these sentences using your knowledge of engineering.

1 Unless the ignition is switched on, a car cannot __________.
2 Unless the pilot light is on, gas central heating will not __________.
3 Unless the diverter valve is switched to central heating, the radiators will
not __________.
4 Unless there is current flowing in the primary coil of a transformer there will
be no current in the __________ coil.
5 Unless there is __________ in the cylinders, a petrol engine will not start.
6 Unless the doors are __________ a lift will not operate.
7 Unless mild steel is painted, it will __________.
8 Unless electrical equipment is earthed, it may be __________
E. Writing Explaining a diagram

I. Study this diagram of a pressure sensor. Explain how it works by linking each
pair of actions with appropriate time words.
1 A wash programme first starts.

It opens the valves to allow the water in.
2 The water level in the drum rises.
The air in the plastic tube is compressed.
3 The pressure rises.
79
The diaphragm moves upwards.
4 This continues.
The switch contacts are separated.
5 This happens.
The fill valves are closed.
II. Join the following groups of statements to make longer sentences. Use the
words in Italics above each group. You may omit words and make whatever
changes you think are necessary in the word order and punctuation of the
sentences. Join the sentences to make a paragraph.
1 which
The temperature sensor measures the water temperature.
The temperature sensor is a type of the thermometer.
2 and
The temperature sensor fits inside the washer drum.
The temperature sensor signals the water temperature to the control unit.
3 which
The control unit compares the water temperature with the temperature.
The temperature is needed for the programme being used.
4 If
The water temperature is too low.
The control unit will switch on the heater.
5 and
The temperature sensor continues to check the temperature.
The temperature sensor keeps the control unit informed.
6 When …and
The correct temperature is reached.
The control unit switches off the heater.
The control unit moves on to the next stage of the programme.
F. Further Practice
I. Put the verbs into the correct tense.
The standard design of the bicycle (a. be) ______________ in existence for
about 100 years. But in the past 10 years there (b. be) _____________ more
changes than during any other decade. Bicycles (c. have) _____________ much
80
in common with aircraft: both (d. design) _____________ to minimize wind
resistance. The heart of the bicycle (e. be) _____________its frame. It (f.
must/be) _____________strong, light, flexible. Many racing bicycle frames (g.
make) _____________from aluminum alloys. In recent years, bicycle
manufacturers (h. experiment) _____________ with composite materials.
II. Show the links between these sets of ideas using appropriate linking words: in
addition, moreover, but, for example, because, therefore, so, since
1 Many accidents happen.
Workers’ carelessness.
2 Education can reduce accidents.
It is important that all workers receive training in basic safety.
3 Eye injuries can be serious.
Goggles must be worn for grinding and cutting.
4 Safety gloves provide protection for the hands.
They prevent burns.
They reduce the danger of cuts.
5 Safety shoes protect the feet against falling objects.
They prevent the feet getting caught in machinery.
6 Respirators should be worn in dusty conditions.
Dust can damage the lungs.
7 Safety gear exists for every danger.
Each year people are injured.
They refuse or forget to wear the right gear.
III. Translate into Vietnamese.
1 Do not wear loose-fitting clothing when working with machines.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
2 Protective clothing should be worn.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
3 Lighting should be adequate.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
4 Equipment should be used properly.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
5 Equipment must not be operated by untrained personnel.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
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IV. Column Matching
A B
1. Mechanical engineering deals A. which is formed by mixing other
with metals or elements.
2. Electricity generating is B. aircraft canopies and double –
concerned with glazing.
3. Conductor is a material C. which becomes plastic when
4. An alloy is a metal heated.
5. Acrylic is used for D. motorized drives in cameras.
E. power stations .
F. cables, switchgear, and connecting
up electrical equipment.
G. which allows heat or current to flow
easily.
H. machinery of all kinds.
V. Translate into English.

1 Máy giặt cần phải được bảo dưỡng định kỳ.
…………………………………………………………………………………..………..
2 Nếu vận tốc của lồng giặt chậm, vận tốc của mô-tơ sẽ tăng lên.
………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
3 Hãy giữ gìn nơi làm việc thật gọn gàng và sạch sẽ.
………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
4 Nên cất dụng cụ khi không sử dụng và cần phải báo cáo lại bất kỳ sự
hỏng hóc hay lỏng lẻo nào.
……………………………………………………………………………………….……
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SAMPLE TEST 2
Time allowed: 60 minutes
I. Read the following passage and answer the questions (2 points)
Design is at the heart of technology. This is why most technology courses

include design in their program. Look at any manufactured product and you will
see evidence of design. It may be beautiful, but appearance is only one aspect of
design. It must also function well. The design process is a series of stages, or
steps. It begins when someone notices that there is a need or problem in society
which must be solved. It ends when a product is manufactured and meets or
fulfils that need. These are the stages of the design process. First, identify the
problem. For example, when a certain cooking pot is heated, the handle becomes
too hot to touch. Sometimes the designer may have to invent a new product to
solve the problem. Sometimes he or she may modify or change an existing design
to improve it. The design process involves a lot of steps like write the design brief,
do an investigation, develop alternative solutions, choose the best solution, make
a model or prototype, test and evaluate.
1. Why do most technology courses include design in their program?

2. What aspects must be considered in a product?
3. When does a design process begin?
4. Is inventing a new product the only way to solve the problem?
II. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D (2 points)

1. _______ deals with the construction of bridges, roads, airports, etc as well as
the maintenance of them.
A. Electronic engineering B. Medical engineering
C. Civil engineering D. Mechanical engineering
2. _______ is concerned with mechanics, electronics, computing, control
engineering and molecular engineering.
A. Mechanics B. Electronics C. Electrical D. Mechatronics
3. Did some people think that lasers _______ as “death rays” when they _______
in 1960?
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A. could be used/ were invented B. could use/ invent
C. can be used/ are invented D. can be used/ were invented
4. If the water temperature _______ too low , the control unit _______ the
heater.
A. was/ will switch on B. is/ switched on
C. is/ will be switched on D. is/ will switch on
5. A simple dc motor consists _______ a field magnet and an armature. The
armature is made up _______ a loop of wire and a split ring known as a
commutator.
A. at/ on B. of/of C. in/ at D. with/ by
6. When the door is closed, it completes an electrical circuit _______ heats up a
heat-sensitive pellet.
A. which B. that C. A & B D. who
7. In severe cases of clogged radiators, it is necessary___________ them and
have them cleaned by specialized equipment.
A. remove B. to remove C. removing D. to removing
8. Without adequate accident investigation data , the company may be subjected
to costs, claims and legal action for _______ it has no defence.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
9. In engineering, ______ laser beams can be focused on a small area. These
beams can heat, melt, or vaporize materials in a very _______ way.
A. power/ precise B. powerful/ precisely
C. powerless/ precise D. powerful/ precise
10. Many accidents happen _______ workers’ carelessness
A. because B. since C. but D. because of
III. Sentence matching (2 points)
A B
1. Mechanical engineeringa. an electric current and magnetic field produce a
deals with... turning movement.
2. In an electric motor, ...
b. carry many more information channels than
microwaves because of its high frequency.
3. The control unit of a c. to use escalators and lifts, switch on lights turn
washing machine... taps and open doors.
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4. Laser light can... d. it has to open the valves which allow the water in.
5. When a wash program e. the design and manufacture of tools and machines.
first starts,…
f. converts the rotary motion of the engine into the

reciprocating motion required
g. includes a memory which tells it how long each
stage of a program should last.
h. belong partly to mechanical and partly to electrical.
IV. Verb tense (2 points)

1. The washing machine (not start) unless the door fully (close and lock).
2. Tools (should put) away when not in use and any breakages and looses (must
report).
3. Lasers (use) in engineering, communications, medicine, and arts since they first
(invent) in 1960.
4. Is it true that since the first internal combustion engine (build) in 1859, its
design (not change) much ?
V. Translation (2 points)
English – Vietnamese
1. Electrical engineers provide all the services we need in our homes and places of
work, including lighting, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, refrigeration, and
lifts.
2. If you put two magnets close together, like poles repel each other and unlike
poles attract each other.
Vietnamese – English
1. Chức năng của một động cơ điện là chuyển hóa điện năng thành cơ năng.
2. Cơ cấu đóng một vai trò quan trọng trong cuộc sống hàng ngày của chúng ta vì
chúng cho phép ta làm những việc đơn giản như bật đèn, vặn vòi nước và mở
cửa.
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Materials for Further Self-Studying
Unit 9
Computer Aided Design
Task 1 Study the example of Computer Aided Design in Fig.1. Answer these
questions about the diagram.
1 What structure does it show?

2 Apart from the design, what other information does the drawing provide?
3 What do you think the top row of words are for - File, Edit, constrain, etc.?
Task 2 You are going to read a passage about a designer of car engines.
He describes some of the advantages of CAD over traditional approaches to
design - for example, drawing and modeling. Before you read, list any advantages
you think CAD has over these traditional approaches.
I= Interviewer D= Design
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I: What do you like about designing on computer?
D: The fact that you can get into three dimensions immediately. You don’t have to
imagine how a component will look from two-dimensional drawings. You can put
your thoughts into the solid without having to go via paper. You can see exactly
how the components fit together or could fit, and you can modify, replace, and
generally tailor parts very quickly as ideas come to you.
I: What are the advantages of CAD over traditional design methods using
drawings?
D: There are many. An electronic image is much easier to edit. Changes are
simple to make. You can turn the view and move the image about. This makes it
very much easier to visualize. You can change the scale or produce a mirror
image. That’s impossible with traditional drawing methods. Designers used to
spend a considerable amount of time on drawing repeated features which occur
again and again in a design - holes, for example. With CAD, you needn’t describe
such a feature more than once. It can then be copied as often as you like and
stored for later use. Another major plus is that CAD can be interfaced to other
programs.
I: And I suppose one virtue of CAD is that there’s no possibility that you can have
inconsistent drawing if everyone is working from the same model. Is that correct?
D: Yes, that’s true. It’s always been the problem with engineering drawings- that
they can be misconstrued. And people can make mistakes in the actual drawings.
They are nearly always, for example, over-dimensioned or under-dimensioned,
apart from all the other drawings errors that can creep in. Drawings will still retain
a place if only for non-technical reason, for instance for showing to the public, to
clients, or for legal reasons.
I: And modeling? Does it have any future?
D: The problem with all models is that you can’t make changes easily, they are
cumbersome and inconvenient to transport, you can’t make copies, and at the end
of the day they have to be converted back into drawings for manufacture.
However, there will be a place for models to demonstrate a project to clients - for
example, the scale models architects use.
Vocabulary
advantage n [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ] ưu điểm, lợi thế
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constrain v [kən'strein] thúc ép, chế ngự, ghìm lại
creep in v [kri:p in] lọt vào
cumbersome adj ['kʌmbəsəm] nặng nề, cồng kềnh
demonstrate v ['demənstreit] chứng minh, giải thích
drawing n ['drɔ:iη] kéo ra, rút ra, bản vẽ
edit v ['edit] biên tập, sắp xếp dữ liệu
fit n [fit] điều chỉnh cho vừa
image n ['imidʒ] hình ảnh, hình tượng
imagine v [i'mædʒin] tưởng tượng, hình dung
inconsistent adj [,inkən'sistənt] mâu thuẫn nhau, trái nhau
interface n,v ['intəfeis] giao diện, những cái chung
misconstrue v [miskən'stru:] diễn giải sai đi
modeling n ['mɔdliη] nghệ thuật làm mô hình mẫu
modify v ['mɔdifai] sửa đổi, thay đổi
over-dimension v [ 'ouvə di'men∫n] quá khổ, quá cỡ, quá kích thước
plus n,v [pʌls] ưu thế, lợi thế, thêm vào
provide v [prə'vaid] cung cấp, lo liệu, quy định
public adj ['pʌblik] công cộng, công khai, chung
repeated feature [ri'pi:tid'fi:t∫ə] đặc điểm, chi tiết được lặp, nhắc lại
nhiều lần
replace n [ri'pleis] thay thế, thế chỗ
row n [roʊ] hàng, dãy
tailor n,v ['teɪlər] biến đổi, đáp ứng nhu cầu
visualize v ['vɪʒʊəlaɪz] hình dung, mường tượng
Task 3 Work in pairs A and B. Read the whole text again.
Student A: Note any disadvantages of drawings in the table below.

Student B: Note any disadvantages of modeling in the table below.
Now compare notes to complete both sections of the table.

Disadvantages:
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Drawing Modeling
________________________ ____________________________
________________________ ____________________________
________________________ ____________________________
________________________ ____________________________
Task 4 Are the following statements about CAD true (T) or false (F) ?
1 One advantage of CAD is that it gives three-dimensional image from the
start.
2 Design can’t be edited easily.
3 Image can’t be viewed from any angle.
4 Scale can be changed.
5 Mirror image can’t be produced.
6 Repeated features need to be drawn once only.
7 Features can be stored for later use.
8 CAD can interface with other programs (such as stress analysis).
9 Same model can’t be used by the manufacturing engineer.
10No inconsistent drawing.
11No drawing errors.
12Provides information on all major parameters continuously.
Language study Necessity: have to and need (to)

Study these examples from the passage.
1 You don’t have to image how a component will look from two
dimensional drawings.
2 … at the end of the day models have to be converted back
into drawings for manufacture.
3 Normally one need to go round the circle at least four times.
4 With CAD, you need not describe such a feature more than
once.
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Have to and need (to) can both be used to express necessity. In this sense, they
are similar to must. Must is a modal auxiliary verb and has no other forms,
whereas have to and need (to) have the same range of forms as other verbs. The
table opposite shows ways of expressing necessity and no necessity in the
present.
_______________________________________________
+ necessity - necessity
____________ ____________________
have to do not have to
need to need not or do not need to
must ____
_________________________________________
Task 5 Fill in the blanks in these sentences with appropriate forms of the verbs in
the table above.
1 Designers who work with CAD ___________ produce drawings on paper.

2 The production planner can use the computer model to calculate what
machining ___________be done.
3 One problem in working with wood or clay model is that they ___________be
converted into drawing for manufacture.
4 With traditional design, you ___________imagine a three-dimensional shape
from a two-dimensional drawing.
5 With CAD, designers can put their ideas into solid shapes without
___________use paper.
6 In engineering drawing repeated features ___________be drawn again each
time but with CAD they ___________be redrawn.
7 Making cars lighter ___________mean making them flimsier or less safe.
Task 6 Fill in the blanks with one missing word.
Interviewer: Will drawings disappear totally from the design process?
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Designer: Many concerns do (1) ___________ use engineering drawings at all.
They use the model (2) ___________ the computer directly, so that no paper
needs to be generated. It can all be done on the computer. The manufacturing
engineer, the production planner, has access to (3) ___________ same model
the designer has just created and can access this to decide what tools (4)
___________ needed, what machining has to be done - all the practical details (5)
___________ for actually manufacturing the component. Drawings will still retain
a place if only for non-technical reason, for instance for showing to the public, to
clients, or for legal (6) __________
Task 7 Column matching

A B
1 Three dimensions A image
2 Traditional design B features
3 Drawing repeated C can be misconstrued.
4 CAD can be D are cumbersome and inconvenient
to transport.
5 An electronic E interfaced to other programs.
6 Engineering drawings F methods
7 Models G drawings
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Unit 10
Scales
Turning in
Task 1 Complete this table of common quantities and forces to be measured
in engineering, the units in which they are measured, and the instruments you use
to measure them.
Quantity/Force Unit Instrument
1 Current …………………… Ammeter

2 …………………… Newton Force gauge
3 Velocity km/h …………………
4 …………………… C Thermometer
5 Thickness …………………… Micrometer
6 …………………… Ohm Ohmmeter
7 Voltage …………………… …………………
8 Pressure …………………… Manometer
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Task 2 What do you think are the advantages of electronic scales over
mechanical scales?
Task 3 Study this diagram of electronic scales and complete the notes below.
1 Load cell 2 Strain gauge 3 Circuit board

Material Converter
function
Position Between Microprocessor
the function
platform
and base
Operation Bends with the load cell,
stretching the wires, voltage
falls in proportion to load
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Task 4 Scan this text to find information on the load cell, the strain gauge, and the
circuit board.
Reading Meaning from context
Electronic scales use a weighting device called a load cell underneath the
platform. The load cell, an aluminum alloy beam, eliminates the need for springs,
cogs, or other moving parts which can wear, break, or cause inaccuracy in
mechanical scales.
A strain gauge is bonded on the load cell. The strain gauge consists of
a small piece of metal foil which detects any bending of the beam. A controlled
input voltage is supplied to the strain gauge from a battery- powered circuit.
When a load is placed on the platform, it causes the load cell to bend very slightly.
This, in turn, causes a change in strain, which triggers a change in the electrical
resistance of the strain gauge.
As the resistance changes, so does the output voltage from the strain gauge. In
short, the change in voltage across the strain gauge is proportional to the load on
the platform.
The voltage from the gauge is small and has to be amplified and then converted
into a digital signal. This signal is fed to a specially programmed microprocessor,
which converts it into a weight reading. This is displayed on the LCD. The display
will automatically switch off a few minutes after weighting is finished, thereby
saving battery power.
Task 4 Read the first two parts of this text and try to fill in the missing
words. More than one answer is possible for some of the blanks.
Electronic scales
The electronic kitchen scale (1) ____________take a larger load and is (2)
____________accurate than its mechanical counterpart. Whereas a (3)
____________scale may have a capacity of about 3kg, broken (4)
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____________25 g units the electronic scale can (5) ____________a load of (6)
____________to 5kg broken into units of 5 g or even 2g. The scale (7)
____________by converting the load increase on its platform
(8)____________weighing area into a weight reading (9) ____________the liquid
crystal display (LCD). It is controlled (10) ____________a microprocessor and can
therefore (11) ____________from ounces to grams at the touch of a button. The
compact internal components also make it small and (12) ____________to store.
Vocabulary
load cell n.phr [loʊd sel] thanh/tế bào tải trọng

Accurate adj ['ækjʊrət] hính xác
Amplify v ['æmplɪfaɪ] khuyếch đại
bending n [bending] uốn cong, bẻ cong
capacity n [kə'pæsətɪ] công suất
cog v,n [kɑ:g] lắp răng (vào bánh xe), răng
counterpart n ['kauntəpɑ:t] cân (tương tự)
crystal adj ['krɪstl] pha lê, tinh thể
digital signal n.phr ['dɪdʒɪtl 'sɪgnl] tín hiệu số
eliminate v [ɪ'lɪmɪneɪt] loại bỏ, không cần
microprocessor ['maikrouprousesə] mạch vi xử lý
proportional to [prə'pɔ:r∫nl tu ] tỷ lệ với
scale [skeɪl] chiếc cân
spring [sprɪŋ] lò xo
strain gauge [streɪn geɪdʒ] máy đo sức căng
touch [tʌʧ] chạm vào, sờ vào
trigger ['trɪgər] làm nổ ra, gây ra
voltage ['voʊltɪdʒ] điện áp
weight reading [weɪt 'ri:dɪŋ] đọc khối lượng
ammeter ['æmitə] thiết bị đo am pe
mannometer n [mə'nɔmitə] áp kế
common adj ['kɔmən] chung, phổ biến,
operation n [,ɔpə'rei∫n] hoạt động, vận hành
95
Language study Cause and effect, 1
Study these actions. What is the relationship between them?
1 A load is placed on the platform.

2 The load cell bends very slightly.
3 The strain gauge is stretched.
4 The electrical resistance increases.
In each case, the first action is the cause and the second action is the effect. We
can link a cause and effect like this:
1+2 A load is placed on the platform, which causes the load cell
to bend very slightly.
3+4 The strain gauge is stretched, which causes the electrical
resistance to increase.
In these examples, both the cause and the effect are clauses- they contain a
subject and a verb. Study this example:
Cause: The strain gauge is stretched.
Effect: An increase in electrical resistance.
The effect is a noun phrase. We can link cause and effect like this:
The strain gauge is stretched, which causes an increase in
electrical resistance.
Task 5 The diagram below is a cause and effect chain which explains how a
strain gauge works. Each arrow shows a cause and effect link. Match these
actions with the correct boxes in the diagram.
A An increase in resistance.
B A load is placed on the scale.
C A drop in voltage across the gauge.
D The load cell bends very slightly.
E They become longer and thinner.
F The strain gauge conductors stretch.
G The strain gauge bends.
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Extension Reading Passages
Passage 1
Technology and society
The purpose of technology is to produce applications which improve our material

environment. The people who design, test, and make these applications are called
technicians, technologists and engineers. They work in areas such as civil,
mechanical, electrical, electronic, and marine engineering, and in newer fields such
as information technology (lT). They use scientific knowledge and technological
experience in their work.
They often adapt older existing technology (e.g. radio waves) to create new
applications (e.g. mobile phones). Technology is all around us and affects every
aspect of our lives. Here are some examples:
transport - road, sea, and air travel; space exploration
telecommunications - mobile phones, fiber-optics, internet, satellites
trade - credit and debit cards, bank ATM machines, Business-to-business (B2 B)
internet trade
work efficiency - washing machine s, microwave ovens, computer software
power - heating, lighting, air conditioning personal entertainment - DVDs, iPods,
digital TVs, digital cameras
health - lasers in eye surgery, medicines
safety and security - ABS brakes, air bags, sensors, smoke detectors
food - food processing, agriculture
information management - computer databases, search engines, business
software
infrastructure - roads, buildings, sewerage, waste disposal, water supply
manufacturing - robotics in mass production (manufacturing an item in very
large numbers)
Because technology is so important in society, technicians, technologists, and
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engineers always have to think about values, that is, whether something is good
or bad. Unfortunately, some technology has both positive and negative effects on
society. Using minerals such as oil, coal, iron, and uranium improves our standard
of living, but can also pollute the air, water, and ground. The same rockets that
allow space exploration can carry nuclear weapons. Road vehicles and planes
allow fast travel but also cause accidental deaths and create global warming.
The challenge for technology is how to increase the positive effects on society but
reduce or eliminate the negative effects.
Passage 2
Studying technology
What is the difference between a technician, a technologist, and an engineer? The

main difference is in level of education and training. Engineers have the most
advanced training and normally hold university degrees.
In everyday contexts, the titles technician and technologist are

sometimes used interchangeably, meaning a specialist working in technology
below the level of engineer. In training contexts, technologist is normally used for
someone at a higher level (usually trained for 2-3 years) than a technician (usually
trained for l-2 years).
You can progress from technician to technologist and then to engineer by
following courses at colleges and universities. Colleges offer certificates and
diplomas (a diploma is a higher level qualification than a certificate). Universities
offer degrees.
As an example, in the UK system, most young people who want a career in

technology start by studying at a college of further education or university. They
would normally follow the route: HNC (Higher National Certificate), HND (Higher
National Diploma), B.Eng /bi: end3/ (Bachelor of Engineering degree).
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Some universities allow students to transfer to a degree course early, after
completing only one year of a diploma course. It is also possible for students to
leave school at sixteen and work as an apprentice with a company. The company
can then release them from work for some time every week to allow them to
study at a college. This is called a part-time, day-release or 'sandwich' course.
In this unit, there is an example of a student, Alec, who is following an HND

diploma course in civil engineering in a college in Scotland. Civil engineers work in
the planning and construction of airports, bridges, highways, harbours, etc. The
course syllabus includes the following subjects:
- Construction surveying. This teaches how to measure a site, and mark out lines
and points from the plans on the ground.
- Construction management. This teaches how to ensure that a building project is
completed on time, with the correct materials, within budget, and safely.
- Fluid mechanics. This teaches how liquids and gases move and affect structures.
This is important in constructing pipelines and dams.
- Geotechnics. This teaches the mechanical properties of soil and rocks. This is
important in constructing tunnels, pipelines, and foundations.
- Complex communications (sometimes called simply communication, or
communications kills).This teaches how to communicate on technical matters.
Working in technology you need to be able to speak and write effectively to
clients, write clear reports, and give oral presentations to colleagues.
- CAD (Computer-assisted design). Surveyors and architects use computer
software to help them draw plans and designs.
Passage 3
Design
Design is at the heart of technology. This is why most technology courses include
design in their syllabus. Look at any manufactured product, and you will see
evidence of design. lt may be beautiful, but appearance is only one aspect of
design.lt must also function well. The design process is a series of stages, or
steps. It begins when someone notices that there is a need or problem in society
99
which must be solved. It ends when a product is manufactured which meets or
fulfils that need. These are the stages of the design process.
Identify the problem. For example: When a certain cooking pot is heated, the
handle becomes too hot to touch. Sometimes the designer may have to invent a
new product to solve the problem. At other times he or she may modify, or
change, an existing design to improve it.
Write the design brief (also called the design specification).This is a simple, clear
statement of what is to be designed. For example: Design a handle that remains
cool when the pot is heated.
Do an investigation. The designer asks questions and finds out information to help
design a good product: Who will use this product. What will it do? How will it look?
What materials are available? How much will they cost? Do they have the right
properties (such as durability)? How will the product be made? How can it be
made safe?
Develop alternative solutions. Here, the designer thinks of different ideas, writing
them all down without evaluating them at first. He or she will then produce
sketches, or simple drawings, of the different designs.
Choose the best solution. Here, the designer chooses the design which best solves
the problem. He or she also considers cost, time, available materials,
manufacturability (that is, whether it can be manufactured using available skills,
tools, and machinery).
Make a model or prototype. (also called the realization stage, when a design is
realized or made into a real object) A. detailed drawing is made, probably using
CAD software. Then a model or prototype (= first working version) is
manufactured (or a computer simulation maybe used).
Test and evaluate. The prototype is physically tested and then evaluated to
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answer these questions: Does it work? Does it meet the design brief? Can it be
improved in any way?
Passage 4
Appropriate technology
Appropriate technology is technology which uses locally available materials and

expertise to provide inexpensive solutions to problems in countries in the
developing world, particularly in poorer rural areas. The wind pump is a typical
example: it is relatively simple to construct and maintain, and does not require
fuel. lt contains a simple mechanism, a crankshaft, which converts the rotary
(round and round) movement of the blades into a reciprocating (up and down)
movement which, in turn, is linked to the piston of a pump.
The clockwork radio is a more sophisticated example. lt consists of a clockwork

motor which drives a small generator. This produces enough power to run the
radio. The step-up gears increase the speed of rotation of the motor. The radio is
cheap to use because it does not need mains power or batteries, which can be
very expensive. The clockwork computer described in the Gadget box uses the
same form of power. Its cost is kept low because the computer is not advertised
and it uses o pen-source software, which is available free to anyone (unlike
Microsoft, for example, which requires users to pay for a license).
Portable generators combine an engine, usually diesel, with an

electric generator. They provide power in emergencies or in areas where no mains
power is available, but are often very noisy. Noise is measured in decibels (dB) -
the higher the number, the noisier the machine. At home, the generator may be
used to power domestic appliances such as kettles, freezers, washing machines,
and air-conditioners. The amount of electricity they use is measured in kilowatts
(kW) Lighting uses much less electricity.
Car engines are normally four-stroke. In a four-stroke petrol engine there is a

cycle (or series) of events which is completed in four strokes (or movements) of
101
the piston: on the induction stroke, the fuel is drawn into the cylinder, on the
compression stroke, the fuel is compressed and ignited by the spark plug on the
power stroke, the piston is driven down the cylinder by the expanding gas from
the burning fuel, on the exhaust stroke, the rising piston pushes the exhaust gas
out of the engine. Two-stroke engines are used in portable devices such as
chainsaws. They can be used at any angle. Put simply, in the two-stroke cycle,
power and exhaust are combined in one stroke, compression and ignition in the
other. There is no requirement for inlet and outlet valves for entry of the fuel or
exit of the exhaust gas. This simplifies construction and reduces the cost of two-
stroke engines. However, they are noisy and produce more pollution than four-
stroke engines.
Passage 5
Mass Transport
Transport technology is concerned with all types of transport as well as roads,

railways, airports, and sea ports. Engineers are involved in transport at all levels,
from how to make fuels more efficient to designing longer and stronger bridges.
A major challenge for engineers is to design safer vehicles. Advanced Safety

Vehicles use sensors to provide information to an onboard computer on all
possible dangers. The sensors can detect obstacles near the car, such as other
cars, pedestrians, or walls; they can detect changes in temperature, speed,
acceleration tyre pressure, and road surface. They can also sense changes in the
driver's condition, such as eye blinking through tiredness.
The sensors send a signal to the computer, which is programmed to take certain
actions. For example, if a tyre suddenly loses pressure, or the car is too close to
another vehicle, the computer sounds an alarm. The computer can take control of
the car if necessary, and can cut the engine or apply the brakes. Engineers are
also attempting to design cars which run on 'ecologically friendly' fuels, rather
than petrol or diesel.
102
Hybrid (mixed) cars combine the internal combustion engine and the electric
motor. The aim is to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions by switching
between the two power sources or combining the two to match the kind of driving
required at any time. For example, when the car is moving slowly in a traffic jam it
can switch to electricity, and when acceleration is required it can switch back to
petrol again. Hybrid cars also have a wider range: they can travel 30% further
than conventional cars on the same amount of fuel.
Hydrogen fuel cells use the world's most common element to generate electricity.
Hydrogen stored under pressure is combined with oxygen pumped from outside
the car. The chemical energy generated by this reaction is converted into electrical
energy to power electric motors.
The only by-product is steam. This means that it is an ecologically clean fuel,
which can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. But unfortunately it has some
disadvantages at present: the fuel cells are expensive to manufacture, energy is
consumed producing pure hydrogen, and it may be dangerous to store such an
explosive gas in city centres.
City authorities are increasingly concerned at the poor quality of air in city streets
because of vehicle exhausts. LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) produces 50% less
pollution than the average diesel vehicle. Biogas or methane, from human or
animal waste, can be collected and processed to fire electricity generating
stations. In some countries, particularly Brazil, biofuels are produced from sugar
cane or maize as an additive to diesel
Passage 6
Careers in technology
The jobs described in this unit are types of engineers and technicians. The
difference between an engineer and a technician relates to qualifications and
responsibilities. Engineers should have a better understanding of the principles
103
and theories behind their discipline, and are more likely to be involved in design
and project management, or running an industrial complex.
Technicians require a practical understanding of their specialism and have the

practical skills and understanding of equipment to convert the engineers'
theoretical design ideas into working solutions. Most engineers will work as a
member of a team including engineers from other disciplines. This is why
employers try to recruit people who are good team players and have good
communication skills, in addition to their engineering skills and qualifications, each
engineer will have technicians working for them to make parts or assemblies
conduct tests, and perform other tasks as part of the team.
Here are some examples of engineering and technician jobs:
Environmental Engineers who work in a manufacturing industry will know what

conditions (or environment) a product will have to survive and operate in, for
example the extremes of temperature and humidity that it will be exposed to.
They must also be able to devise tests that will ensure that the product will be
safe for use. They must make sure that the product and its parts can be recycled
or safely disposed of after they are no longer in use. The term Environmental
Engineer can also refer to an engineer who works directly in environmental
protection, using technology to prevent or reduce pollution and other dangers to
the life or health of humans, plants, and animals.
Petroleum Engineers specialize in the exploration and production activities of oil

companies. They have to implement high technology plans in often very
dangerous conditions, ranging from Arctic to desert temperatures and from land to
the deep ocean.
Sound Technicians have a working knowledge of many disciplines including

electrical engineering, electronics, and sound recording equipment studios.
Aerospace Engineers apply engineering principles to space craft, aircraft, satellites,

104
and rockets. Their work involves the control of flight, aerodynamics jet engines,
etc.
Agricultural Engineers design agricultural machinery and equipment. They are

concerned with ways to improve the processing of agricultural products and with
conserving soil and water.
Biomedical Engineers apply engineering principles to the development of

prosthetic (artificial) devices, to replace or support damaged organs or limbs. They
also develop diagnostic and treatment devices such as scanners.
Chemical Engineers apply chemistry (combined with maths and economics) to the
process of converting materials or chemicals to more useful or valuable forms, for
example, converting natural gas into arrange of plastics
Passage 7
The future of technology
Large companies such as British Telecom employ their own futurologists to predict
the most likely developments so that investment can be targeted on these areas.
However, it is very hard to predict future developments in technology with any
certainty, especially beyond a horizon of five to ten years. One way to do this is to
look at current technological developments, and imagine how things will be if they
continue into the future.
Here are some possibilities: It is likely that intelligent machines such as robots will
be used much more than they are at present. One possible area is surgery where
computer-controlled robot arms can, in some cases, operate with more precision
and less chance of error than a human surgeon. Intelligent machines can also be
used in telemedicine to help doctors diagnose and treat patients at a distance,
even in different countries.
105
Nanotechnology (technology involving tiny particles) is already being used to
create miniature machines small enough to be injected into the body to deliver
drugs to the correct place or to destroy dangerous cells. This will probably be
developed much more in the future.
In transport, features such as satellite navigation already exist now in a small

number of cars, and may become standard in all cars. Satellites will probably be
used to provide instant and accurate information on road congestion, which will be
useful for drivers to be able to choose the quickest route to their destination. This
technology will also allow precise and automatic congestion charging, so drivers
can be charged for using the busiest roads. In order to do this, devices will have
to be installed in all cars. In the distant future, road vehicles may come under
computer control on main roads to ensure safe speeds are maintained and there is
no danger of collision with other vehicles.
In all branches of technology computers will play a greater role and these
computers will be faster and more powerful than today's. This will allow and
encourage new devices to be invented, in the same way as much of today's
innovative technology (such as CADCAM car manufacture and wireless
telecommunications) were made possible by increased computer power and
speed. Unfortunately, not all new applications will benefit society. Computer crime,
such as identity theft and credit card fraud will continue. As more of our personal
information is stored electronically we will become more vulnerable to hackers.
Applications designed to make warfare more efficient will continue to be funded by
governments around the world.
106

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TH.

S ĐẶNG THỊ THUYẾT MINH (Chủ biên)

TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH CƠ KHÍ

Unit 1 Engineering- What’s it all about? Page 3

Unit 2 Forces in Engineering 12

Unit 3 Engineering Materials 22

Sample Test No1 41

Unit 8 Washing machine 73

Extension Reading Passages 86

Engineering - What's it all about?

A. Understanding a printed text

1. List the main branches of engineering

Mechanical engineering includes marine, automobile, aeronautical, heating and

aeronautical [eərə'nɔ:tikəl] adj thuộc về hàng không

B. Check your understanding

Civil 1 mechanic Electrical 2 electronic

3 marine Automobile Aeronautical 4 Electricity Electrical 6 lighting

4.heating and vetilating

2. Put T or F to indicate if the statements below are true or false:

C. Word study Word formation – Suffixes

Eg. aeronautics – aeronautical; act – action; install – installation

1. Complete the table

3. What is the link between column A and column B?

Column A lists a branch of engineering or a type of engineer. Column B lists

1. Mechanical engineering deals with machines.

D. Language study Tense Revision

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.

E. Writing Summarizing a text from a diagram

Civil Mechanical ______________________ Electrical Electronic

Marine Automobile Aeronautical Heating and Electricity Electrical

2. Translate into Vietnamese

mechanical mechanism mechanics mechanic

Subjects People and jobs Things Adjectives

A. Understanding a printed text

B. Check your understanding

Another very important force in engineering is the one caused by elasticity.

1. A repeated noun becomes a pronoun: Springs becomes they.

Friction in machines is destructive and wasteful. It causes the moving parts to

D. Language study Active and passive

The machine hasn’t been put into use yet.

 Form: Be + past participle (P2) Be + P2

1. Underline all the passive verb forms in the text.

a. Place a block of wood on a flat surface.

When we describe this experiment, we use the present passive:

A block of wood is placed on a flat surface. A spring balance is attached to

3. Complete this description of the experiment using the present passive.

A block of wood (a)…………..….……on a flat surface. A spring balance (b)

a. We rarely find pure metals in nature.

E. Writing Sentence Building

II. Column Matching

1 Another very important force in A being a force, is measured in

G the one caused by elasticity.

A. Understanding a printed text

Scan the table which follows to find a material which is:

Materials Properties Uses

B. Check your understanding

C. Word study Word formation

1. Give the NOUN forms of the following words:

2. Use your dictionary to find the meanings of the following words:

D. Language study Relative Clauses

1. Aluminium is a light metal.

A relative clause starts with a relative pronoun. We use

a. What electric motors are used for paragraph 1