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A Project Report
On
“Design of AC 220V to Variable DC Converter”
A Project report submitted to the department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
(EEE) of Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT)

By

Name ID Intake - sec

Akram Hossen 17182108001 23 - 1
Md.Injam-ul-Haque Prodhan 17182108010 23 - 1
Robaeyet Hasan 17182108018 23 - 1
Abhijit kumar Das 17182108018 23 - 1
Md. Orin Mia 17182108083 23 - 2

Supervised by
Md.Sanwar Hossain
Assistant Professor, Department of EEE.

26 July, 2021

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE)

Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT)
Mirpur-2, Dhaka-1216
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Declaration

We do hereby declare that the thesis titled “Study of AC-DC converter”

is submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Bangladesh University of Business and Technology in
partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Science in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering. Contents of work found by other researchers
are mentioned by reference.

Signature of Supervisor

……………………………...
Md.Sanwar Hossain

Signature of Authors

…...…………………………… …...…………………………… …...……………………………

Akram Hossen Md Injum-ul-haque Prodghan Robaeyet Hasan

…...…………………………… …...……………………………
Abhijit kumer Dash Md. Orin Mia
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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5
MOTIVATION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
BACKGROUND………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6
LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10
SIMULATION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11- 12
RESULT & DISCUSSIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12
SOCIAL-ECONOMIC IMPACT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..15
FUTURE WORK…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..16-17
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Md

Sanwar Hossain who gave us the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic Design of a AC to variable DC
converter, which also helped us in doing a lot of Research and we came
to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank friends who helped a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
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INTRODUCTION

A DC Voltage Converter is a device which maintains the output voltage of an

ordinary power supply constant irrespective of load variations or changes in
input AC voltage. Generally, electronic circuits using tubes or transistors
require a source of DC power. However, batteries are rarely used for this
purpose as they are costly and require frequent replacement. So, in practice, DC
power for electronic circuits is most conveniently obtained from commercial
AC. lines by using rectifier-filter system, called a DC power supply. The DC
voltage from an ordinary power supply remains constant so long as AC mains
voltage or load is unaltered.

220V AC to Variable DC power supply is the most used and common circuit.
There are so many applications of AC to DC converter Project. The 220v to
Variable DC power supply is build to convert AC input to 5v, 9v and 12v DC
output. The ac to dc converter project is useful for fixed DC applications like
DC motors, pumps, Chargers and many other applications. Here we are going to
discuss the what is a dc power supply and circuit for power supply for 5v, 9v
and 12 v output. The high current DC power supply is quite simple to test and
build. This AC to DC converter project of power supply is a beginners level
circuit for basic electronics projects. We are going to defined how to make 12V,
9V and 12V power supply .The AC to DC converter project is the best approach
to make this easy and simple power supply project. However, in many
electronic applications, it is desired that DC voltage should remain constant
irrespective of changes in AC mains or load for this a DC voltage regulator is
used.

MOTIVATION

Today is the universe of advancement and people are finding various sorts of
things every sooften. Power is a helpful type of vitality that can be diverted, just
controlled and conveyed to a wide assortment of circulated topographically
scattered consumers.AC-DC converter has wide variety of uses. AC signals
cannot be stored and DC power or signals can be stored. In this way, to store the
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electrical we have to change over it into DC. Similarly, Digital contraptions

require unfaltering voltages, thusly to get those steady voltage levels (DC
levels) we need to change over AC into DC using rectifiers. AC can be
transported over long separations as a result of its frequency and DC can't be
transported as DC has zero frequency. Thus we have AC control provided in
homes, industries. For testing, watching any electronic device or system we
require Variable dc supply. It is more successful to change over AC to DC.
Since to change over AC to DC a little rectifier is adequate yet to change over
DC to AC a convoluted inverter is required.

OBJECTIVE

The 220v to variable DC power supply is build to convert AC input to variable

DC output. Here we are going to discuss what is a DC power supply and circuit
for power supply for variable voltage output. The high current DC power supply
is quite simple to test and build. This AC to DC converter project of power
supply is a beginner’s level circuit for basic electronics project. We are going to
define how to make a variable voltage power supply. The variable DC voltage
output is useful for a number of DC supply applications.

BACKGROUND

With not very many exemptions, conveyance of electric power is in AC system.

With the headway of alternating to direct current converters are getting a
recognized and commonly followed applications. Accordingly, ac dc converter
has framed a functioning territory of research in recent times. There quirement
for DC power may be supplementary, for example, use in electronic controls, or
crucial, for example, the DC connection of a motor. In the meantime controlling
bodies are upholding strict harmonics directions, for example, IEC 1000, Std
500 and so on. This is because of the power fulfactor and low line current
harmonics distortion prerequisites.
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To change line frequency from ac to dc, a line frequency diode bridge rectifier
is utilized. A large filter capacitor is utilized at the rectifier output to diminish
the ripple in the output voltage. In any case, current drawn by this converter is
peaky by characteristics for the larger capacitor. This input current is high in
low order harmonics and because of the existence of these harmonics, the
aggregate harmonic distortion is high and the input control factor is denied.
Issues related with these low power factors also, harmonics, utilities will
authorize harmonic standards and rules which will constrain the measure of
current distortion permitted into the utility. It is greatly required to
accomplishing rectification at near utility power factor and low input current
distortion.

LITERATURE REVIEW

[1] Khushboo Arora, Sapna Katiyar & Rachit Patel “Design and Analysis of AC
to DC Converters for Input Power Factor Correction’’ 2nd International
Conference on Applied and Theoretical Computing and Communication
Technology (iCATccT), 2019 IEEE.

In this paper various control techniques for power factor improvement are
analyzed and simulated using MATLAB software. Various applications need to
regulate the output dc voltage with excellent performance characteristics. Till
now the circuitry involved for utility interface was a diode rectifier and a
capacitor filter. Thusseveral agencies had started imposing certain
recommendations and standards for equipments connected to the utility such
that input current harmonics is reduced thus implying on the improvement of
powerfactor.

[2] Chitravalavan and Dr.R.Seyezhai “A Study on the Design Aspects of

Interleaved Buck Converter for Telecommunication Systems.” International
Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-
2163 Issue 01, Volume 01 (March 2014).

This paper highlights the importance of interleaved boost converter for

Telecommunication Systems. The design aspects of interleaved buck converter
with zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero-current switching (ZCS) is
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discussed in detail. The study includes the description of switch mode power
supply, DC-DC Converter along with the characteristics of power MOSFET
switches and soft switching principle. The selection of inductor, output
capacitor, and freewheeling diodes, and main switches, number of phases and
choice of duty ratio for the proposed IBC in telecom sector is investigated.
Theoretical analysis is carried out to emphasize the significance of IBC as a
suitable power converter for telecommunication systems.

METHODOLOGY

I. Basic Principle

The block diagram of a basic AC-DC converter is given below.

Fig 1.1. Process of AC to DC converter

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Figure 1.2 Block diagram of an AC-to-DC converter.

A DC power supply is required to bias all electronic circuits. The DC output Vo will
usually be in the range of 3-24Vdepending the particular electronic application.
Here diode is very useful because characteristics of a silicon diode is non-linear that
is, current exists for one voltage polarity but zero for the opposite polarity. There
are many ways of rectification process. We will go through them all later. The half
wave rectifiers are the simplest power electronics circuit used in radios for low-cost
power supplies. But for most power applications, half wave rectification is
insufficient for the task. The output is quiet difficult to filter because the harmonic
content of the waveform is very large. It is very easy to understand the basic
principles with this rectifier. Let’s see the basic principle of a half-wave rectifier.

II. Required Components:

S. No. Component List Quantity

1. Transformer (step down) 1
2. Capacitor (2200 uF) 3
3. Diode Bridge 1
4. Voltage Regulator (7805 IC,5V) 1
5. Voltage Regulator (7809 IC,9V) 1
6. Voltage Regulator (7812 IC,12V) 1
7. LED(5V) 1
8. DC Motor (12 V ) 1
9. Buzzer 1
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III. Making procedure:

 First of all We Selected Ac Source and Supply Voltage 220V,50Hz Add

Transfomer Step Down Ac , Diode Bridge Rectifier Voltage regulator and
2200 uF capacitor connected like the mentioned circuit diagram other
connected.
 Load Element Are Blue Led, bazzer and Motor are Connected with 5v, 9v
and 12v Dc fixed load respectively.
 Transformer: A power transformer increases or reduces the voltage of an
AC signal in order to decrease or increase current flow.
 Diode rectifier/ Bridge rectifier : The diode rectifier either cuts off the
negative part of the AC signal or reverses to positive position.
 Filter: The filter reduces the ripple of the output signal we get from the
rectifier and makes the signal more constant.
 Voltage Regulator: The voltage regulator makes the signal almost constant
DC signal of the certain DC voltage.
 Load: The load is connected to the DC power supply for operating.
 See the circuit diagram all element are connected each other

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
U2
7805

1 3
VI VO
GND

C1
2200uF
2

U3
7809

BR1 1 3
TR1 VI VO
GND

C2
2200uF
2

V1
VSINE
VA=220V
BRIDGE

U1
TRAN-2P2S 7812

1 3
VI VO
GND

C3
2200uF
2

Figure1.3. Circuit diagram of AC to Variable DC converter

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Software Tools: This projected implemented by Proteuse software tools.

SIMULATION

There are various way of getting AC to DC voltage converter. We can use

power electronic converterssuch as step-down converter, step-up converter,
voltage stabilizer, AC to DC converter, DC to DC converter, DC to AC
converter. Here, we are doing analysis by using Single Phase Transformer with
Full Bridge Rectifier.

Figure1.4: Circuit Diagram of AC to DC converter.

From the circuit diagram shown in Fig 1.4, we give an AC source where AC
voltage is given 220V and Frequency is 50Hz. Here, a transformer is attached
with AC source which will transform 220v and make it a low voltage AC wave
as AC voltage has positive (+Ve) and negative (-Ve) terminals. Here, after step
down to a smaller voltage we need to stop polarity changes. To make electrons
passonly in one direction we need diodes. Here we are using 4 diodes as a
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bridge so that a positive and Now, adding capacitor of higher value so that it can
store charge. Here we are using Capacitors C1=2200 µF , C2=2200 µF and C3
= 2200 uF across to voltage regulator respectively. We can see that AC voltage
come from the transformer as a sinusoidal wave, after that rectifier flips the
negative half cycle into positive. Then with the help of capacitor the become
smoother. Adding more capacitor we can get smoother DC voltage. From Fig
1.4 We can see the three constant DC output which is almost straight with the
help of capacitors.

Figure 1.5: Simulation Graph of AC voltage as input with output of Full Bridge
rectifier.
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RESULT & DISCUSSIONS

Figure 2.1: Input Voltage (220v).

Figure 2.2: Output voltage (5V).

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Figure 2.3: Output Voltage (9V).

Figure 2.4: Output Voltage (12V).

The filtered 5V, 9V and 12V DC output is generated from AC 220 V

Which can we see through the Figure2.1, Figure 2.2, Figure 2. 3 and Figure 2.4.
The simple transformer based power supply circuit output is Variable fixed
DC. The output is not variable. It is always fixed for 5V, 9V and 12V. These
DC voltage can be utilized in any operated 220V AC to 5V, 9V and 12V which
we have already approved through Simulation (Drive load, such as; 5V LED,
9V buzzer and 12 V Motor).

Above all we say that we have been able to get our desired result through the by
completing the project.
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT

The need for converter is increasing day by day, as a result of new technological
innovations. At this moment we are working AC to Variable DC fixed
converter. Everyone can be benefited by our designed Converter. Because we
can give three DC outputs through one converter which is the biggest
advantage of this converter. If this converter is manufactured commercially, we
can market it at a very low price. As a result, there is no need to buy separate
converters for different DC loads. This will save the consumer a lot of money.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Technology is developing and expanding overtime which is having a very big

impact on the environment. As a result environment is constantly losing its
balance. So now is the time to think about environment along with innovation of
technology.

In our project has less environmental impact. If the circuit we designed is

physically implemented, due to supplying power and drive load, little bit head
and Carbon-dioxide will be released from the load which is absolutely
negligible.

CONCLUSION

We have analyzed AC to Variable DC convert by using full bridge rectifier with

different combination of load and observed the DC outcomes through
simulations. We also studied about different types and application of AC-DC
converters, keeping our main focus on single phase with full bridge rectifier
converter circuits. We gained vast knowledge about PROTEUS software during
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the project, where we carried out all our circuit construction and simulation
respectively.
The main function is to have a good conversion voltage from AC to DC, for that
reason where we are using full bridge rectifier instead of normal diodes
attaching or Zener diode. As we know Zener diode have limitation so when it
reach to that limitation it become bi-directional although it doesn’tneed voltage
regulator but it will make bi-directional wave up to a limit. That is why we used
fullbridge rectifier and a voltage regulator to make a simple conversion. Beside,
for better results we can use a voltage regulator chip or U0001f3a9 like 7805,
7809 and 7812, 7905 to obtain a constant voltage (both positive and negative
are possible).In Bangladesh the supply is 220Volts in 50Hz for households. We
get 5V, 9V and 12V as DC output when we apply 220V as AC input .

FUTURE WORK

Making the most out of electrical energy is the main challenge in today’s world.
Whatever the obtainable power source we use should be operated in high
efficiency. For future work, we can see the most efficient way of using different
converters which also can be used at renewable energy like, solar energy, wind
turbine, tidal energy etc. From this paper we can get a detailed idea of AC to
DC converter and their efficiencies and implement them to get maximum
output. Methods discuss here can be use and implemented in other types of
converter also. Power efficiency is criticalfor electrical stimulators. Battery life
of wearable stimulators and wireless power transmission inimplanted systems
are common limiting factors. Full wave bridge rectifiers are typically needed
toincrease the supply voltage of the output stage. Traditionally, Full wave
bridge rectifiers are used withfast control to minimization of power loss of the
supply voltage of the output.
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REFERENCES

[1] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316530937_Design_and_
analysis_of_AC_to_DC_converters_for_input_Power_Factor_Correction.
[2] https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_of_AC_to_DC_
Converters.
[3] http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/handle/10361/10820

[4] ttps://www.circuitsarena.com/2019/04/220v-to-12v-dc-converter-
circuit diagram.html?m=1&fbclid=IwAR1WgcOzP2kuywW31S1
Uj2RoW.

[5] https://makeitmech.com/220v-ac-to-12v-dc-power-supply-step-
by-step-project/

[6] http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10361/10820

/13121170%2C13121038%2C12221076%2C13121127_EEE.pdf?seque
nce=1&isAllowed=y

[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier#:~:text=A%20rectifier%20

is%20an%20electrical,is%20performed%20by%20the%20inverter.

[8] https://www.wikihow.com/Convert-AC-to-DC.