EEE 482 - Software

LAB MANUAL
(Software Based)
Program : B.Sc. in EEE

Course Code : EEE-482
Course Title : Power system protection Lab
Course Credit : 1.50
Contact Hours : 3hrs
Introduction
This course will mainly focus on different types of relays and their operations i.e. max. min. current relay,
voltage relay, frequency relay, phase sequence and three-phase voltage asymmetry relay etc. In addition, this
course will also be discussed on auxiliary relay as interface to control large power flows, auxiliary relay as
interface for remote optical/ acoustic signaling of the protection relays operation, timer with different time
function to extend the protection relays operation.
1. Course Objectives
The main objectives of this course are to develop fundamental understanding of students on working power
system protection. This course will discuss on different parts of power system protection like circuit breakers,
relays, fuses etc.
1. Course Outcomes
Upon completion of this course students will be able to:
CO1: Measure and investigate the performance of different current and voltage realys.
CO2: Examine the operation of relays and summarize the benefits of implementing relays in protection
schemes.
CO3: Design and develop power system protection schemes using relays, CTs and CBs and timers and evaluate
the performance of designed schemes.
CO4: Select and use modern hardware and software tools and devices
CO5: Work on complex engineering problems individually and in a team
CO6: Communicate and share knowledge, data, information, results etc. with others
2. Text Book
1. Principles of Power Systems by V.K Mehta

2. Power System Protection and Switchgear by bhuvanesh a oza
3. Reference
1. Switchgear and protection by Sunil S Rao

2. Power System Protection and Switchgear by Badri Ram and D. N. Vishwakarma
4. Course Outcomes (COs), Program Outcomes (POs) and Assessment:
Domain / level Delivery

Correspon Assessment
CO Statement of learning methods and
ding PO tools
taxonomy activities
Upon completion this PO1– Affective

experiment, students will Engineerin domain/ Simulation Lab tests
be able to:
CO1: use the various
procedures and techniques g analyzing
for using software tools of knowledge level
MATLAB/SIMULINK
and ETAP
Lab reports
CO2: apply the PO1– Affective Experiment
mathematical equations to Engineerin domain/ Final lab test
get the data theoretically g analyzing Practice lab Open ended
and experimentally; knowledge level Group lab
discussion Project show
CO3: develop intellectual Tutorial & project
communication skills presentation
through working in groups
PO9- Team
in performing the Psychomotor
Work
laboratory experiments
and by interpreting the
experimental results;
CO4: To learn the PO10–

Affective
writing techniques of lab Communic
domain
report in a systematic way. ation
5. Text Book
1. Principles of Power Systems by V.K Mehta

2. Power System Protection and Switchgear by bhuvanesh a oza
6. Reference

7. Weekly Schedule
Expt.N Week No. Page No.

Name of the Experiments
o.
01 Single Phase Short Circuit Week 1
Analysis and Protection Using
Auto Reclosure Circuit Breaker
02 Single Line to Ground (LG) Week 2
Fault analysis
03 Line to Line (LL) Fault Week 3
Analysis
04 Double Line to Ground (LLG) Week 4
Fault analysis
05 Three Phase Symmetrical Fault Week 5
analysis
06 Modeling of Over Current Relay Week 6
Using MATLAB Simulink.
Midterm Examination Week 7
07 Modeling of Differential Relay Week 8
Using MATLAB Simulink.
08 Introduction to Electrical Week 9
Transients Analyzer Program
(ETAP).
09 Load flow analysis of a Week 10
single line diagram by using
ETAP software.
10 Short circuit analysis of a single Week 11
line diagram by using ETAP
software.
11 Overcurrent relay and circuit Week 12
breaker operation of a single line
diagram during fault by using
ETAP software.
12 Week 13
Arc flash analysis of power system
using ETAP
Final Examination Week 14
Experiment Number: 01
Name of the Experiment: Single Phase Short Circuit Analysis and Protection Using Auto Reclosure
Circuit Breaker
Objective: To analyze single phase transmission line fault.
Course Outcomes (COs), Program Outcomes (POs) and Assessment:
Domain /
Exp Delivery
Correspon level of Assessment
t. CO Statement methods and
ding PO learning tools
No. activities
taxonomy
Lab tests
Upon completion of this
experiment, students will Simulation Lab reports
be able to PO1– Experiment Final lab
Affective
CO1: analyze single- Engineeri test
domain/ Practice lab
phase transmission line ng analyzing Open ended
fault and implement knowledge Group
level lab
Auto Reclosure Circuit discussion
Breaker in protection Project
Tutorial
schemes. show & project
presentation
01 Upon completion this
experiment, students will Lab tests
be able to: Simulation Lab reports
CO2: Examine the
operation of Auto PO1– Affective Experiment Final lab
Reclosure Circuit Engineeri domain/ test
Practice lab
Breaker and summarize ng analyzing Open ended
knowledge Group
the benefits of level lab
discussion
implementing Auto Project
Reclosure Circuit Tutorial
show & project
Breaker in protection presentation
schemes
Theory: Single Line SystemTransmission line protection is an important issue in power system engineering
because 85-87% of power system faults are occurring in transmission lines due to single or multi short circuit
faults happening in different points on the transmission line with different durations. The transmission line is
decomposed as the interconnection of many time-invariant lumped parameter. Any fault such as a short circuit
between the transmitter end and load end of the transmission line divides the structure into two cascaded
structures in between where the fault happens. Since the transmission line considered in this work is single
phase, the wires have internal resistances, inductances (efficient for high frequencies) and capacitance between
two wires. The duration of the short circuit fault affects the part of the circuit between source and fault and
between the fault and load in a different way.
Most of the faults on overhead lines are transient in nature. About 85% to 90% of faults are momentary and
caused by tree branches, lightning, birds etc. These conditions results in arcing faults which lasts for very
small duration and clears after that moment. The arc generated can be extinguished and the line can be
reenergized. For this momentary faults which recovers on its own normal circuit breaker operation of opening
the faulty part is not advisable. Some provision should be permitted in circuit breakers to close the breaker
contacts if the fault is cleared momentarily. This fact is employed as a basis for auto- reclosures. In this
scheme after the relays of both ends have picked up, the circuit breakers are tripped as for as possible at the
same time and reclosed after time has be allowed for deionization. The fault disappears if it is transient and
line is restored to normal service after the reclosure. If the fault is not cleared after the first reclosure a double
or triple attempt of separation and reclosure is made. If the fault still persists, the breaker may permanently
open till it is manually reset.
Auto reclosures may be single or three phase type. Mostly single phase auto reclosing breakers are preferred
as most of the transmission faults are single phase to ground faults. Auto reclosures of single pole type
improves the stability of the system as power remains transmitted through the remaining two healthy phases
when fault on one phase occurs.
Apparatus: Matlab Simulink
Experimental Procedure:
 Open Matlab-->Simulink--> File ---> New---> Model
 Open Simulink Library and browse the components
 Connect the components as per circuit diagram
 Set the desired voltage and required frequency
 Simulate the circuit using MATLAB
 Plot the waveforms
Precautions:
 Check the computer status and software installation is okay.
 To design the circuit properly.
Simulink Component Introduction:
SL No Components Description
01 Generate sine wave, using simulation time as time source
02 Step response plot of dynamic system; step response data

03 Combine multiple signals into single signal
04 Generate constant value
05 Display signals generated during simulation
Matlab Simulink Circuit Diagram:
Figure 03: Single phase auto reclosure Simulink diagra

Graphical Output:
Data table: No data table is needed.

Data analysis:
 Analyze the obtained data and plot the figures if needed.
 Compare the results with your experimental data /wave shapes and comment on the difference (If
any).
Results and Discussion:

 Interpret the data /findings and determine the extent to which the experiment was successful in
complying with the goal that was initially set.
 Detect the variation between theory and experimental result if any and propose the ways /procedures
to overcome the variations.
 State the particular steps adopted to overcome the deviations between theory and experiment.
Conclusion:
Summarize the experiment and discuss whether the objective were fulfilled or not with in a short paragraph
Reference:
Knowledge Test Questions

Pre-Lab Viva Sample Questions:
 What is fault?
 What is single line fault?
 What is circuit breaker?
 What is auto reclosure?
Post Lab Viva Sample Questions:

 What is difference between auto recloser and circuit breaker?
 What are the advantages of auto reclosing?
 What is reclaim time in auto reclose?
 Why is an auto reclosing scheme adopted for transmission line?
Name of the Experiment: Single Line to Ground (LG) Fault analysis
Objective: To analyze unsymmetrical fault
Domain /
Exp Delivery
No. activities
taxonomy
Lab tests
Simulation Lab reports
experiment, students will PO1– Affective Experiment Final lab
be able to Engineeri domain/ test
Practice lab
CO1: analyze single- ng analyzing Open ended
knowledge Group
phase transmission line level lab
discussion
fault. Project
Tutorial
show & project
presentation
02
Lab tests
Upon completion this Simulation Lab reports
experiment, students will
be able to: PO1– Affective Experiment Final lab
CO2: apply the Engineeri domain/ test
Practice lab
mathematical equations ng analyzing Open ended
knowledge Group
to get the data level lab
discussion
theoretically and Project
experimentally; Tutorial
show & project
presentation
Theory:
Line-to-Ground Fault
The single line-to-ground fault is usually referred as “short circuit” fault and occurs when one
conductor falls to ground or makes contact with the neutral wire. The general representation of a
single line-toground fault is shown in Figure 2.1 where F is the fault point with impedances Zf.
Figure 2.2 shows the sequences network diagram. Phase a is usually assumed to be the faulted
phase, this is for simplicity in the fault analysis calculations.
Since the zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence currents are equals as it can be observed in Figure 2.2. as
Therefore,
With the results obtained for sequence currents, the sequence voltages can be obtained from
By solving
Equation
If the single line-to-ground fault occurs on phase b or c, the voltages can be found by the
relation that exists to the known phase voltage components,
Precautions:
01 Three-Phase Source block implements a balanced
three-phase voltage source with an internal RL
impedance.
02 Implement three-phase series RLC load with

selectable connection
03 Measure three-phase currents and voltages in circuit
04 Implement programmable phase-to-phase and

phaseto-ground fault breaker system
06 Environment block for Simscape Electrical

Specialized Power Systems models
Figure 03: Single phase to ground fault

Graphical Output:
Fault occurs in phase A to ground
Figure 04: Applying phase A to ground fault
Figure 05: Output wave shape of phase A to ground fault

Fault occurs in phase B to ground
Figure 06: Applying phase B to ground fault
Figure 07: Output wave shape of phase B to ground fault

Fault occurs in phase C to ground
Figure 08: Applying phase C to ground fault
Figure 09: Output wave shape of phase C to ground fault

Data analysis:
 Compare the results with your experimental data /wave shapes and comment on the difference (If any).
 Detect the variation between theory and experimental result if any and propose the ways /procedures to
overcome the variations.
Conclusion:
Reference:

 What is fault?

 What is unsymmetrical fault?
 What are the types of unsymmetrical faults?
 What are the causes for unsymmetrical faults?
 Name any two methods of reducing short –circuit current.
Name of the Experiment: Line to Line (LL) Fault Analysis
Domain /
Exp Delivery
No. activities
taxonomy
Lab tests
Practice lab
knowledge Group
discussion
fault. Project
Tutorial
show & project
presentation
03
Lab tests
Practice lab
knowledge Group
discussion
show & project
presentation
Theory:
Line-to-Line Fault
A line-to-line fault may take place either on an overhead and/or underground transmission
system and occurs when two conductors are short-circuited. One of the characteristic of this type
of fault is that its fault impedance magnitude could vary over a wide range making very hard to
predict its upper and lower limits. It is when the fault impedance is zero that the highest
asymmetry at the line-to-line fault occurs.
A line to line fault or unsymmetrical fault occurs when two conductors are short circuited. In
the figure shown below shows a three phase system with a line-to-line fault phases b and c. The
fault impedance is assumed to be Zf. The LL fault is placed between lines b and c so that the
fault be symmetrical with respect to the reference phase a which is un-faulted.
The symmetrical components of a fault current in phase ‘a’ at the fault point can be divided into three
component. The zero sequence component of current at phase a is
In the equation (1) Ib = -Ic. Positive sequence component of phase a is expressed as
and the negative sequence component of phase a is given by the equation,
The sequence current can also be found by matrix method
Therefore, we get
Precautions:

impedance.




Graphical Output:
Fault occurs in phase A and phase B
Figure 03: Applying phase A and phase B fault
FFigure 04: Output wave shape of phase A

and phase B fault
Fault occurs in phase B and phase C

Figure 05: Applying phase B and phase C fault
Figure 06: Output wave shape of phase B

and phase C fault
Fault occurs in phase C and phase A

Figure 07: Applying phase C and phase A fault
Figure 08: Output wave shape of phase C and

phase A fault

Data analysis:
any).
Conclusion:
Summarize the experiment and discuss whether the objective were fulfilled or not with in a short paragraph.
Reference:

 What is fault?

Name of the Experiment: Double Line to Ground (LLG) Fault analysis
Domain /
Exp Delivery
No. activities
taxonomy
Lab tests
Practice lab
knowledge Group
discussion
fault. Project
Tutorial
show & project
presentation
04
Lab tests
Practice lab
knowledge Group
discussion
show & project
presentation
Theory:
Double Line-to-Ground Fault
In double line to ground faults, two lines come into the contact with each other as well as with ground. These
are severe faults and the occurrence these faults is about 10% when compared with total system faults. Figure
01 shows a Double Line to Ground Fault at F in a power system. The fault may in general have an impedance
Zf as shown.
Figure 01: Double line to ground fault

We can draw the connection of sequence networks as shown in figure 02 (a) and (b). The reader may verify
this by writing mesh and nodal equations for these figures.
Precautions:

impedance.




Graphical Output:
Fault occurs in phase A and B to ground
Figure04: Applying phase A and B to ground fault
Figure 05: Output wave shape of phase A and B to ground fault
Fault occurs in phase B and C to ground

Figure 06: Applying phase B and C to ground fault
Figure 07: Output wave shape of phase B and C to ground fault

Fault occurs in phase C and A to ground
Figure 08: Applying phase C and A to ground fault
Figure 09: Output wave shape of phase C and A to ground fault
Data analysis:
any).
Conclusion:
Reference:

 What is fault?

Name of the Experiment: Three Phase Symmetrical Fault analysis
Objective: To analyze symmetrical fault
Domain /
Exp Delivery
No. activities
taxonomy
Lab tests
Practice lab
CO1: analyze Three ng analyzing Open ended
knowledge Group
Phase Symmetrical level lab
discussion
Fault. Project
Tutorial
show & project
presentation
05
Lab tests
Practice lab
knowledge Group
discussion
show & project
presentation
Theory:
Symmetrical Fault
In such types of faults, all the phases are short-circuited to each other and often to earth. Such fault is
balanced in the sense that the systems remain symmetrical, or we can say the lines displaced by an equal
angle (i.e. 120° in three phase line). It is the most severe type of fault involving largest current, but it occurs
rarely. For this reason balanced short- circuit calculation is performed to determine these large currents.
Symmetrical Fault Types
Line to line to line to ground fault (LLLG fault): A triple line to ground fault occurs when three conductors
fall on the ground or come in contact with the neutral.
Line to line to line fault (LLL fault): three line of the conductor short with each other.
Figure 01: Symmetrical fault
Precautions:

impedance.




Figure 02: Simulink block diagram
Graphical Output:
Fault occurs in three line
Figure 03: Applying three line fault
Figure 04: Output wave shape of three line fault

Fault occurs in three line to ground
Figure 05: Applying three line to ground fault
Figure 07: Output wave shape of three line to ground fault

Data analysis:
 Compare the results with your experimental data /wave shapes and comment on the difference
(If any).

 Interpret the data /findings and determine the extent to which the experiment was successful
in complying with the goal that was initially set.
 Detect the variation between theory and experimental result if any and propose the ways
/procedures to overcome the variations.

State the particular steps adopted to overcome the deviations between theory and
experiment.
Conclusion:
Summarize the experiment and discuss whether the objective were fulfilled or not with in a short
paragraph.
Reference:

 What is fault?
 Which fault occurs most?

 What is symmetrical fault?
 What are the types of symmetrical faults?
 What are the causes for symmetrical faults?
 What is the importance of base kVA in short-circuit calculations?
 Why reactors are used in power system?
Name of the Experiment: Modeling of Over Current Relay Using MATLAB Simulink.
Objective: To understand the modelling of over current relay using MATLAB.
Domain /
Exp Delivery
No. activities
taxonomy
Lab tests
Upon completion of this PO1– Experiment Final lab
Affective
experiment, students will Engineeri test
be able to ng analyzing Open ended
CO1: analyze knowledge Group
level lab
overcurrent relay. discussion
Project
Tutorial
show & project
presentation
06
Lab tests
CO2: Examine the Engineeri domain/ test
Practice lab
operation of relays and ng analyzing Open ended
knowledge Group
summarize the benefits level lab
discussion
of implementing relays Project
in protection schemes. Tutorial
show & project
presentation
Theory:
The overcurrent relay is defined as the relay, which operates only when the value of the current is
greater than the relay setting time. It protects the equipment of the power system from the fault
current.
In an over current relay, there would be essentially a current coil. When normal current flows through
this coil, the magnetic effect generated by the coil is not sufficient to move the moving element of the
relay, as in this condition the restraining force is greater than deflecting force. But when the current
through the coil increases, the magnetic effect increases, and after a certain level of current, the
deflecting force generated by the magnetic effect of the coil, crosses the restraining force. As a result,
the moving element starts moving to change the contact position in the relay. Although there are
different types of overcurrent relays but basic working principle of overcurrent relay is more or less
same for all.
Types of Over Current Relay
Depending upon time of operation, there are various types of Over Current relays, such as,
1. Instantaneous over current relay.
2. Definite time over current relay.
3. Inverse time over current relay.
4. Inverse Definite Minimum Time Relay (IDMT)
 Set the desired parameters as per requirement
Precautions:
SL No Components Desc
ripti
on
01 Three-Phase Source block implements a
balanced three-phase voltage source with an
internal RL impedance.
02 Implement three-phase series RLC

load with selectable
connection
03 Measure three-phase currents and voltages in

circuit
04 Implement programmable phase-to-

phase and phaseto-ground fault
breaker system
06 Environment block for Simscape

Electrical Specialized Power
Systems models
07 The Three-Phase Breaker block implements a
three-phase circuit breaker where the opening
and closing times can be controlled either
from an external Simulink® signal (external
control mode), or from an internal control
timer (internal control mode).
08 Use the Terminator block to cap blocks

whose output ports do not connect to other
blocks. If you run a simulation with blocks
having unconnected output ports, Simulink®
issues warning messages. Using Terminator
blocks to cap those blocks helps prevent
warning messages.
09 The S-R Flip-Flop block models a simple Set-
Reset flip-flop constructed using NOR gates.
The S-R Flip-Flop block has two inputs, S

and R (S stands for Set and R stands for
Reset) and two outputs, Q and its
complement, !Q.
10 The Relational Operator block performs the
specified relational operation on the input.
The value you choose for the Relational
operator parameter determines whether the
block accepts one or two input signals.
11 The RMS block computes the true root mean
square (RMS) value of the input signal. The
true RMS value of the input signal is
calculated over a running average window of
one cycle of the specified fundamental
frequency
Figure1: Circuit diagram without over current relay
Figure 2: Circuit diagram with over current relay

Figure 3: internal Circuit diagram of Subsystem
Graphical Output:
Data analysis:
(If any).


experiment.
Conclusion:
paragraphReference:

 What is relay?
 What does overcurrent mean?
 What is meant by overcurrent protection?
 Why is overcurrent protection important?

 What is overcurrent relay?
 What are the types of overcurrent relay?
 What is the difference between an earth relay and overcurrent relay?
 Where is over current relay used?
 What is Inverse definite minimum time relay?
 What is definite time over-current relay?
Name of the Experiment: Modeling of Differential Relay Using MATLAB Simulink.
Objective: To understand the modelling of differential relay using MATLAB.
Domain /
Exp Delivery
No. activities
taxonomy
Lab tests
Upon completion of this Simulation Lab reports
be able to PO1– Affective Experiment Final lab
CO2: Examine the Engineeri domain/ test
Practice lab
operation of relays and ng analyzing Open ended
knowledge Group
summarize the benefits level lab
discussion
of implementing relays Project
in protection schemes. Tutorial
show & project
presentation
07
Upon completion this Lab tests
be able to:
CO3: Design and PO1– Affective Experiment Final lab
develop power system Engineeri domain/ test
Practice lab
protection schemes using ng analyzing Open ended
knowledge Group
relays, CTs and CBs and level lab
discussion
timers and evaluate the Project
performance of designed Tutorial
show & project
schemes. presentation
Theory:
A differential relay is defined as the relay that operates when the phasor difference of two or more
similar electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined amount.
Differential protection is generally unit protection. The protected zone is exactly determined by the
location of CTs and PTs. The phasor difference is achieved by suitable connections of secondaries of
CTs or PTs. Differential protection principle is employed for the protection of generators, generator-
transformer units, transformers, feeders (transmission lines), large motors and bus-bars.
Types of Differential Relays:
1. Current Differential Relays:
Figure 01: (a) (b) Principle of Current Differential Relays
2. Biased or Percentage-Differential Relay:
Figure 2: Biased or Percentage-Differential Relay

Precautions:
01 Three-Phase Source block implements a

balanced three-phase voltage source with an
internal RL impedance.
02 Implement three-phase series RLC

load with selectable
connection
03 Measure three-phase currents and voltages in

circuit
04 Implement programmable phase-to-

phase and phaseto-ground fault
breaker system
06 Environment block for Simscape

Electrical Specialized Power
Systems models
07 The Three-Phase Breaker block implements a
three-phase circuit breaker where the opening
and closing times can be controlled either
from an external Simulink® signal (external
control mode), or from an internal control
timer (internal control mode).
08 Use the Terminator block to cap blocks

whose output ports do not connect to other
blocks. If you run a simulation with blocks
having unconnected output ports, Simulink®
issues warning messages. Using Terminator
blocks to cap those blocks helps prevent
warning messages.
09 The S-R Flip-Flop block models a simple Set-
Reset flip-flop constructed using NOR gates.
The S-R Flip-Flop block has two inputs, S

and R (S stands for Set and R stands for
Reset) and two outputs, Q and its
complement, !Q.
10 The Relational Operator block performs the
specified relational operation on the input.
The value you choose for the Relational
operator parameter determines whether the
block accepts one or two input signals.
11 The RMS block computes the true root mean
square (RMS) value of the input signal. The
true RMS value of the input signal is
calculated over a running average window of
one cycle of the specified fundamental
frequency.
12 This block implements a three-phase
transformer using three single-phase
transformers.
Figure3: Circuit diagram of Differential Relay
Figure 4: internal Circuit diagram of Subsystem

Graphical Output:
Data analysis:
(If any).
 State the particular steps adopted to overcome the deviations between theory and
experiment.
Conclusion:
paragraph
Reference:

1. What is CT?
2. What is the uses of CT?
3. What is meant by overcurrent protection?
4. Why is overcurrent protection important?

 What is differential relay?
 What are the types of differential relay?
 What is the difference between an earth relay and overcurrent relay?
 How does a differential relay work?
Name of the Experiment: Introduction to Electrical Transients Analyzer Program (ETAP).
Objective: To familiarize with Electrical Transients Analyzer Program (ETAP).
Domain /
Exp Delivery
No. activities
taxonomy
Lab tests
experiment, students will PO1– Experiment Final lab
Affective
be able to Engineeri test
08 CO4: Familiarize with ng analyzing Open ended
Electrical Transients knowledge Group
level lab
Analyzer Program discussion
(ETAP). Project
Tutorial
show & project
presentation
Theory:
ETAP is the most comprehensive analysis platform for the design, simulation, operation, control,
optimization, and automation of generation, transmission, distribution, and industrial power systems.
Required Apparatus: ETAP software, Laptop/PC
Project Toolbar
The Project Toolbar contains icons that allow you to perform shortcuts of many commonly used
functions in PowerStation.
Create Create a new project file Open

Open Open an existing project file Save
Save Save the project file
Print Print the one‐line diagram or U/G raceway system
Cut Cut the selected elements from the one‐line diagram orU/G
raceway system to the Dumpster
Paste Paste elements from a Dumpster Cell to the one‐line diagram or
U/G raceway system
Zoom In Magnify the one‐line diagram or U/G raceway system Zoom Out
Reduce the one‐line diagram or U/G raceway system Zoom to Fit
Page
Re‐size the one‐line diagram to fit the window
Check Continuity Check the system continuity for non‐energized
elements
Power Calculator Activate PowerStation Calculator that relates MW,

MVAR, MVA, kV, Amp, and PF together with either kVA or
MVA units
Help Point to a specific area to learn more about PowerStation
Mode Toolbar
ETAP offers a suite of fully integrated software solutions including arc flash, load flow, short circuit,
transient stability, relay coordination, cable ampacity, optimal power flow, and more. Its modular
functionality can be customized to fit the needs of any company, from small to large power systems.
Edit Mode
Edit mode enables you to build your one‐line diagram, change system connections, edit engineering
properties, save your project, and generate schedule reports in Crystal Reports formats. The Edit
Toolbars for both AC and DC elements will be displayed to the right of the screen when this mode is
active. This mode provides a wide variety of tasks including:
 Drag & Drop Elements

 Connect Elements
 Change IDs
 Cut, Copy, & Paste Elements
 Move from Dumpster
 Insert OLE Objects
 Cut, Copy & OLE Objects
 Merge PowerStation Project
 Hide/Show Groups of Protective Devices
 Rotate Elements
 Size Elements
 Change Symbols
 Edit Properties
 Run Schedule Report Manager
Instrumentation Elements:
AC Elements:
DC Elements:
Load Flow Analysis:
Short Circuit Analysis:

Motor Starting Analysis:
Harmonic Analysis:
Transient Stability Analysis:

Optimal Power Flow Analysis:
Reliability Assesment Analysis:
DC Load Flow Analysis:

DC Short Circuit Analysis:
Battery Sizing And Discharge Analysis:
COMMENTS:
ETAP is the most comprehensive analysis platform for the design, simulation, operation, control,
optimization, and automation of generation, transmission, distribution, and industrial power systems.
This software is used to analyze
Very large power systems. ETAP is used for the following types of analysis of any power system:
 Battery Sizing And Discharge Analysis

 DC Short Circuit Analysis
 DC Load Flow Analysis
 Reliability Assesment Analysis
 Optimal Power Flow Analysis
 Transient Stability Analysis
 Harmonic Analysis
 Motor Starting Analysis
 Short Circuit Analysis
1. What is ETAP?
2. Why ETAP is useful for power system analysis?
Name of the Experiment: Load flow analysis of a single line diagram by using ETAP
software.
Objective: To understand the Load flow analysis of a single line diagram by using ETAP
software.
Domain /
Exp Delivery
No. activities
taxonomy
Lab tests
experiment, students will PO1– Experiment Final lab
Affective
be able to Engineeri test
CO2: Understand the ng analyzing Open ended
single line diagram and knowledge Group
level lab
load flow analysis of discussion
power system Project
Tutorial
show & project
presentation
09
Lab tests
CO3: Design and Engineeri domain/ test
Practice lab
develop single line ng analyzing Open ended
knowledge Group
diagram and analysis level lab
discussion
load flow of power Project
system by using ETAP Tutorial
show & project
presentation
Theory:
In power engineering, a single-line diagram (SLD), also sometimes called one-line diagram, is a
simplified notation for representing a three-phase power system. The one-line diagram has its largest
application in power flow studies. Electrical elements such as circuit breakers, transformers,
capacitors, bus bars, and conductors are shown by standardized schematic symbols. [1] Instead of
representing each of three phases with a separate line or terminal, only one conductor is represented.
It is a form of block diagram graphically depicting the paths for power flow between entities of the
system. Elements on the diagram do not represent the physical size or location of the electrical
equipment, but it is a common convention to organize the diagram with the same left-to-right, top-to-
bottom sequence as the switchgear or other apparatus represented. A one-line diagram can also be
used to show a high level view of conduit runs for a PLC control system.
Schematic Diagram representation:

Fig: Representation of single line diagram of power system
Single line Diagram:

One line diagram of a three phase power system is shown in fig. Find the real and reactive power of
each elements using load flow analysis.
G 90MVA 22kV X=18%

T1 40 MVA 22/220 kV X=10%
T2 40 MVA 220/11kV X=6.0%
T3 40 MVA 22/110 kV X=6.4%
T4 40 MVA 110/11kV X=8.0%
M 66 kW 11kV X=18.5%
L 57 MVA 11 kV 0.6 pf Lagging
 Open ETAP--> File ---> New---> Model
 Open ETAP Library and browse the components
 Simulate the circuit using ETAP
 Analyze the data
Precautions:
Rating:
After Simulation:
Fig. load flow analysis

Data Table:
Sl. No. Gen. Rating Lamp load Motor rating Bus 1 Bus 2
(MVA) rating ( kW) power power
( MVA )
1 90 57 66
2 100 66 70
3 80 50 55
Data analysis:
(If any).

experiment.
Conclusion:
paragraph
1. What is single line diagram?
2. What are the main reasons for using single line diagram?
2.
Experiment no 10: Short circuit analysis of a single line diagram by using ETAP software.
Objectives:
1. Students will able to gather knowledge about short circuit.
2. Analyze the short circuit of single line diagram in ETAP software.
Domain /
Exp Delivery
No. activities
taxonomy
Lab tests
10 Practice lab
knowledge Group
symmetrical and level lab
discussion
unsymmetrical fault Project
Tutorial
show & project
presentation
Lab tests
Upon completion this
be able to: PO5– Experiment Final lab
Affective
CO3: Design and Engineeri test
diagram and analysis knowledge Group
level lab
short circuit occurance discussion
of power system by Project
Tutorial
using ETAP show & project
presentation
Theory:
Short-Circuit Currents are currents that introduce large amounts of destructive energy in the forms of
heat and magnetic force into a power system.The reliability and safety of electric power distribution
systems depend on accurate and thorough knowledge of short-circuit fault currents that can be
present, and on the ability of protective devices to satisfactorily interrupt these currents. Knowledge
of the computational methods of power system analysis is essential to engineers responsible for
planning, design, operation, and troubleshooting of distribution systems. The building/facility may
not be properly protected against short-circuit currents. These currents can damage or deteriorate
equipment. Improperly protected short-circuit currents can injure or kill maintenance personnel.
Recently, new initiatives have been taken to require facilities to properly identify these dangerous
points within the power distribution of the facility. Short Circuit analysis is required to ensure that
existing and new equipment ratings are adequate to withstand the available short circuit energy
available at each point in the electrical system. A Short Circuit Analysis will help to ensure that
personnel and equipment are protected by establishing proper interrupting ratings of protective
devices (circuit breaker and fuses). If an electrical fault exceeds the interrupting rating of the
protective device, the consequences can be devastating. It can be a serious threat to human life and is
capable of causing injury, extensive equipment damage, and costly downtime.

Precautions:
Circuit Diagram:
Output:
Fault in BUS 1:
Fig: Short circuit analysis when fault occur in bus 1.
Fault in BUS 2:
Fault in BUS 3:
Data table:
Sl. No. Gen. Rating Lamp load Motor rating Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3
(MVA) rating ( kW) Short circuit Short Short
( MVA ) current circuit circuit
current current
1 90 57 66
2 100 66 70
3 80 50 55
Data analysis:
(If any).

State the particular steps adopted to overcome the deviations between theory and
experiment.
Conclusion:
paragraph
3. What is single line diagram?
4. What are the main reasons for using single line diagram?
Post Lab Questions:
1. A 3-phase transmission line operating at 10 kV and having a resistance of 1Ω and reactance of 4 Ω
is connected to the generating station bus-bars through 5 MVA step-up transformer having a
reactance of 5%. The bus-bars are supplied by a 10 MVA alternator having 10% reactance. Calculate
the short-circuit current fed to symmetrical fault between phases if it occurs
(i) at the load end of transmission line;
(ii) at the high voltage terminals of the transformer.
Assume, a 10 MW lamped load is connected with this system .
The bus-bars of a power station are in two sections P and Q separated by a reactor. Connected in
section P are two 15 MVA generators of 12 % reactance each and to Q one 8 MVA generator of 10%
reactance. The reactor is rated at 10 MVA and 15% reactance. Feeders are connected to bus-bar P
through transformers, each rated at 5 MVA and 4% reactance. Determine the maximum short-circuit
MVA with which circuit breakers on the outgoing side of the transformer shave to deal.
Experiment no 11
Name of the Experiment: Overcurrent relay and circuit breaker operation of a single line diagram
during fault by using ETAP software.
Objectives:
1. Students will able to gather knowledge about different types of fault and Analyze the fault
current of single line diagram in ETAP software.
Domain /
Exp Delivery
No. activities
taxonomy
Lab tests
Practice lab
knowledge Group
symmetrical and level lab
discussion
unsymmetrical fault Project
Tutorial
show & project
presentation
11
Upon completion this Lab tests
be able to:
CO3: Design and PO5– Affective Experiment Final lab
develop single line Engineeri domain/ test
Practice lab
diagram and analysis the ng analyzing Open ended
knowledge Group
operation of overcurrent level lab
discussion
relay and circuit breaker Project
in a power system by Tutorial
show & project
using ETAP presentation
Theory:
In an over current relay or o/c relay the actuating quantity is only current. There is only one current
operated element in the relay, no voltage coil etc. are required to construct this protective relay. In an
over current relay, there would be essentially a current coil. When normal current flows through this
coil, the magnetic effect generated by the coil is not sufficient to move the moving element of the
relay, as in this condition the restraining force is greater than deflecting force. But when the current
through the coil increases, the magnetic effect increases, and after a certain level of current, the
deflecting force generated by the magnetic effect of the coil, crosses the restraining force. As a result,
the moving element starts moving to change the contact position in the relay. Although there are
different types of overcurrent relays but basic working principle of overcurrent relay is more or
less same for all.
Depending upon time of operation, there are various types of Over Current relays, such as,
1. Instantaneous over current relay.
2. Definite time over current relay.
3. Inverse time over current relay.

Precautions:
Circuit Diagram:
Fig: Single line diagram
Output:
Fault in BUS 1:

Relay operation after fault:
Data Table:
Sl. No. Fault Bus No. Short circuit Circuit Time of Comments
Current breaker open operation
Data analysis:
(If any).

State the particular steps adopted to overcome the deviations between theory and
experiment.
Conclusion:
paragraph
5. What is relay?
6. What is the operating principle of relay?
7. What do you meant by overcurrent protection?
Design a typical 33kV/11kV substation and analyze the relay operations.
Experiment no 12
Name of the Experiment: Arc flash analysis of power system using ETAP
Objectives:
1. Students will able to gather knowledge about arc flash and Analyze the arc flash of single line
diagram in ETAP software.
Domain /
Delivery
Expt. Correspon level of Assessment
CO Statement methods and
No. ding PO learning tools
activities
taxonomy
Lab tests
Upon completion of Simulation Lab reports
this experiment,
students will be able to PO1– Affective Experiment Final lab
CO2: Understand the Engineeri domain/ test
Practice lab
Arc flash, arc current, ng analyzing Open ended
knowledge Group
operation of CB when level lab
discussion
arc flash occur and Project
protection scheme. Tutorial
show & project
presentation
12
Lab tests
experiment, students
will be able to: PO5– Affective Experiment Final lab
CO3: Design and Engineeri domain/ test
Practice lab
knowledge Group
diagram and analysis level lab
discussion
the arc flash in a power Project
system by using ETAP Tutorial
show & project
presentation
Theory:
An arc flash (also called a flashover) is the light and heat produced as part of an arc fault, a type
of electrical explosion or discharge that results from a connection through air to ground or another
voltage phase in an electrical system.
Arc flash is distinctly different from the arc blast, which is the supersonic shockwave produced when
the uncontrolled arc vaporizes the metal conductors. Both are part of the same arc fault, and are often
referred to as simply an arc flash, but from a safety stand point they are often treated separately. For
example, personal protective equipment (PPE) can be used to effectively shield a worker from the
radiation of an arc flash, but that same PPE may likely be ineffective against the flying objects,
molten metal, and violent concussion that the arc blast can produce. (For example, category-4 arc-
flash protection, similar to a bomb suit, is unlikely to protect a person from the concussion of a very
large blast, although it may prevent the worker from being vaporized by the intense light of the flash.)
For this reason, other safety precautions are usually taken in addition to wearing PPE, helping to
prevent injury.[1] However, the phenomenon of the arc blast is sometimes used to extinguish the
electric arc by some types of self-blast–chamber circuit breakers.
Precautions:
Circuit Diagram:
Fig: Single line diagram of power system.
Output:
Fig: Circuit Breaker operation during Arc flash
Data table:
Sl. No. Faulty Bus Arc flash Fault Arc Flash PPE
Current (Ia) Clearing Boundary Requirement
Time (FCT) (AFB)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Data analysis:
(If any).


experiment.
Conclusion:
paragraph
9. What is Arc flash?
10. What are the main reasons for occurring Arc flash ?
11. What is meant by overcurrent protection?

1. What is overcurrent relay?
2. What are the types of Overcurrent relay?
3. How does a Overcurrent relay work?

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LAB MANUAL

Program : B.Sc. in EEE

1. Principles of Power Systems by V.K Mehta

1. Switchgear and protection by Sunil S Rao

Domain / level Delivery

Upon completion this PO1– Affective

CO4: To learn the PO10–

1. Principles of Power Systems by V.K Mehta

1. Switchgear and protection by Sunil S Rao

Expt.N Week No. Page No.

Course Outcomes (COs), Program Outcomes (POs) and Assessment:

Apparatus: Matlab Simulink

Simulink Component Introduction:

02 Step response plot of dynamic system; step response data

04 Generate constant value

05 Display signals generated during simulation

Matlab Simulink Circuit Diagram:

Figure 03: Single phase auto reclosure Simulink diagra

Data table: No data table is needed.

Results and Discussion:

Knowledge Test Questions

Post Lab Viva Sample Questions:

Objective: To analyze unsymmetrical fault

Course Outcomes (COs), Program Outcomes (POs) and Assessment:

Apparatus: Matlab Simulink

Simulink Component Introduction:

02 Implement three-phase series RLC load with

03 Measure three-phase currents and voltages in circuit

04 Implement programmable phase-to-phase and

05 Display signals generated during simulation

06 Environment block for Simscape Electrical

Figure 03: Single phase to ground fault

Figure 04: Applying phase A to ground fault

Figure 05: Output wave shape of phase A to ground fault

Figure 06: Applying phase B to ground fault

Figure 07: Output wave shape of phase B to ground fault

Figure 08: Applying phase C to ground fault

Figure 09: Output wave shape of phase C to ground fault

Knowledge Test Questions

Post Lab Viva Sample Questions:

Objective: To analyze unsymmetrical fault

Course Outcomes (COs), Program Outcomes (POs) and Assessment:

and the negative sequence component of phase a is given by the equation,

The sequence current can also be found by matrix method

Simulink Component Introduction:

01 Three-Phase Source block implements a balanced

02 Implement three-phase series RLC load with

03 Measure three-phase currents and voltages in circuit

04 Implement programmable phase-to-phase and

05 Display signals generated during simulation

06 Environment block for Simscape Electrical

Figure 03: Single phase to ground fault

Fault occurs in phase A and phase B

Figure 03: Applying phase A and phase B fault

FFigure 04: Output wave shape of phase A

Fault occurs in phase B and phase C

Figure 06: Output wave shape of phase B

Fault occurs in phase C and phase A

Figure 08: Output wave shape of phase C and

Data table: No data table is needed.

Knowledge Test Questions

Post Lab Viva Sample Questions:

Objective: To analyze unsymmetrical fault