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REFRI DATION
AIR CON N~ IONING
3rd Edition
{(dimu;i
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QUAD ALPHA CENTRUM BLDG.
125 Pioneer s... Mandaluyong City
!'//!I!ishcd b» Contents
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Preface VB
Chapter
2 Simple Vapor Compression
Refrigeration Systems 12
,
1
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5 Cascade Systems . 90
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Preface
The Author
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Chapter 1
Refrigerating Machine and
Reversed Carnot Cycle
SI units
SI or the International System of Units is the purest form
and an extension and refinement of the traditional metric system.
)
Unit of Force
Unit of Pressure
Unit of Energy and Work Heat Engine and Refrigerating Machine
The SI unit of work is the newton meter denoted by Nm or A system operating in a cycle and producing a net quantity
joule denoted by J. of work from a supply of heat is called a heat engine and is
1 Nm = 1 J represented as shown in Fig. 11.
1 cal = 4.187 J Hot reservoir
1 Btu = 252 cal (source of heat)
= 1055 J
~
Unit of Power
Unit of Refrigerating Capacity
(receiver of heat)
One ton of refrigeration is the rate of cooling required to W _ QA QR
e = Q QA
freeze one ton of water at 32°F into ice at 32°F in one day. A
In English units
where QA = the heat supplied
1 TR = (2000 lb) (144 Btu/lb)
24 h QR = the heat rejected
W = the net work
1 TR = 12,000 Btu/h = 200 Btu/min
e = the thermal efficiency
In Metric units
1 TR = (12,000 Btulh) (252 callBtu)
A refrigerating machine will either cool or maintain a body
1 TR = 3024 kcallh =. 50.4 kcallmin at a temperature below that of its surroundings. A refrigerating
In Sl units machine may be represented by the diagram shown in Fig. 12.
The machine R absorbs heat QA from the cold body at
1 Tl{ = (200 Btu/rnin.) (1055 J/Btu) temperature T 1 and rejects heat QR to the surroundings at
I TH = ~1 k.L'min = 3.52 kW temperature T 2 and, during the process, requires work W to be
done on the system.
T2 surroundings
The Carnot power cycle consists of the following reversible
processes:
Q\ Q A W = QA QR
cOP = w = Q,,_.Q
1\ !\ = 1'\ (S" S) 1'2 (SI> S)
)
where QA = the heat absorbed from the cold body or = (1' _. T ) (S S )
1 :!'!, ,"I
refrigeration produced
,
1
QR = the heat rojected to the surroundings
W = the work done or mechanical energy
consumed
e = W
Q
(1'1 1',,) ISh S)
r 1 (S
'b
S a )
COP = the coefficient of performance
_ 1'] ~ T.
The performance of a heat engine is expressed by its thermal e
T
]
efficiency. The performance of a refrigerating m achin e is
expressed by the ratio of useful result to work, called energy
ratio or coefficient of performance (COPl. where Q A = the heat added by the hot body
'CJ~
1'] = the temperature of the Source of heat
T 2 = the temperature of the sink or receiver of heat
d
c
....
y s
l'i~ I·:l ('arnot Cyril'
6 Refngeration and Air Conditioning Refrigerating Machine and Reversed Carnot Cycle 7
c W = work done
T=:~r
COP= the coefficient of performance
T[ = the refrigeration temperature
d
T 2 = the temperature of heat rejection to the
surroundings
(11) A refrigerating system operates on the reversed Carnot
a cycle. The higher temperature of the refrigerant in the system
is 120°F and the lower is lOoF. The capacity is 20 tons. Neglect
v s losses. Determine:
F'i~. I ·1. /{"v('r'sed Carnot Cycle (a) Coefficient of performance.
(b) Heat rejected from the system in Btu/min.
The reversed Carnot cvcl« follows the same processes as in (c) Net work in Btu/min.
the power producing Carnot cycle, but the cycle operates in the (d) Horsepower,
counterclockwise or reverse direction. The reversed Carnot cycle
consists of the followi ng pn)('('ss('s: SOLUTION
Q A =Tj(Sa S)
Q R == T 2 rs, S)
dJ ..
470 0 R ,. T, = 120 + 460 ::: 580
QA::: 20 TR
0R
W = QR QA
B
= T 2(Sa Sri) T[ ($a So)
= (T 2
Til (Sa Sdl
COP = Q A ::: TI(SaSa)
W (T 2 T I) (Sa Sa)
T)
COP =
..
~T T[
T 470 T 248
( :I I CO!' " I = = 4.273 .1) COP
T2
j
SOLUTION
T
:Cjb a
T] = 25 + 273 = 248 K
T,~ = 72 + 273 = 345 K
s
II!
CQb T[ = 238.9 K
,/ (2) A reversed Carnot cycle has a refrigerating COP of 4.
(a) What is the ratio Tmax/Tmin? (b) If the work input is 6 kW,
what will be the maximum refrigerating effect, kJ/min and tons.
·238.9K
d a W = 1.1 kW/TR
Ans. (a) 1.25, (b) 6.82 TR
W =1.1kW
Q A 3.52 kW =3.2
COP = W = 1.1 kW
T[
(b) COP = T T
2 j
238.9
3.2
T l 2 3 8 . 9
T 2 = 313.6K
I
/
Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 13
The process which comprise the standard vaporcompression
cycle are:
Simple Vapor Compression
12, reversible and adiabatic compression from saturated
Refrigeration Systems vapor to the condenser pressure
23, reversible rejection of heat at constant pressure
III de superheating and condensation
34, irreversible expansion at constant enthalpy from
Refrigeration is that branch of science which deals with the saturated liquid to the evaporator pressure
process of reducing and maintaining the temperature of a space 41, reversible addition of heat at constant pressure in
or material below the temperature of the surroundings. evaporation to saturated vapor
Refrigerant is the working substance in a refrigeration
, system. Analysis of the Vapor Compression Cycle
}
: I ~
2
:=L 1. Compressor
·.~w -1Jw ~
l
Condenser •
J
Expansion
valve
=
w h2h i W m(h2 hI) = VI = mVI
w ::: work of compression, kJ/kg
Fig. 21. Vapor compression refrigeration system h, ::: enthalpy entering the compressor, kJlkg
h, ::: enthalpy leaving the compressor, kJlkg
m ::: mass flow rate, kg/s
ell 2 :.:: W ::: theoretical compressor power, kJ/s or kW
~ 1:1
~. e::s v l ::: specific volume of vapor, m 3/kg or Llkg
.::s
oj
.S
;'" 1.~ e VI::: volume flow rate, m 3/s or Lis
Q,
8-
'" '" l< 6'J$' 8
~I
r.:l Evaporation
~I /
/Q
4 :2. CondeI1i\er CIc c
L
".{: / ' ~n, rl = m~
Enthalpy, kJlkg Entropy, kJtq K
I
N = number of cycles completed per unit time
4. Evaporator N = (n ) (1) (number of cylinders) for singleacting
compressor .
N = (n ) (2) (number of cylinders) for doubleacting
/~ /,Q. compressor
J
1kI~ 7' ~hl m~ 7 r--. n = compressor speed
A singleacting compressor makes one complete cycle in one
rrvoluti on.
q e = h I
h 4 Q e = mth, h) A doubleacting compressor makes two complete cycles in
q e = h I h 3 Q e = m (h I h) ll!l(' revolution.
3
The actual volumetric efficiency n,"" is defined as
n va
volume flow rate entering compressor
qe = refrigerating effect, kJlkg
displacement rate of compressor
h, = enthalpy entering the evaporator, kJlkg
hi = enthalpy leaving the evaporator, kJlkg
YI
Q e = refrigerating capacity, k,J/s n VA. =Y-
D
Ihsplacement rate is the volume swept through by the pistons
III t li.i r suction strokes per unit time .
"
t'
l:I
SOLUTION
.~
<I
....
t::
QI
<I
50
'1:
....
QI
.tQ
~
S as
-~17,'
='
~
~ :J)
...
~
::l
tn
961kPo
Z) / 40°C
'"
...
III
10
Po. aPkl~ !j
0
2 3 .. 5 6 1
Diachargetosuction pressure ratio
Enthalpy, kJlkg
Fig. 23 Clearance and actual volumetric efficiency of a
Refrigerant 22 highspeed compressor. h, = h, at 40°C = 238.5 kJlkg
h. == h , at -5°C = 349.3 kJ/kg
v ] = v g at 5°C == 0.06496 m'/kg
The adiabatic compression efficiency or simply compression
efficiency nc is defined as: h , = h at 961 kPa and S2 equal to s] == 372 kJlkg
isentropic work of compression
n c = (;11 j{t'f'rigerating effect == h h, = 349.3 238.5 = 110.8 k.Jlkg
actual work of compression
. h ( Wurk = h,~ hi = :~72 . 349.:3 = 22.7 k.J/kg
1('( l l.n t rrjrrt cd = he' h, == :372 238.5 = 1:~;.5 k,Jlkg
<;()LUTION
Enthalpy, kJlkg
\
lOGC
volume of vapor is, (0.3002 kg/kg) (6534 Lzkg) == 19.615 Llkg h, = hat 974 kPa and S2 equal to 8 1 = 1657 kJlkg
. 0 f vanor.volume basi
F raction 19.615
vapor, vo ume aSIS == 0.9736 or 97.36%
20.146 I'i Rcfrigerat.ing effect == h j h, == 1439.94 312.87
== 1127.1 k,Jlkg
(24) A simple vaporcompression cycle develops 13 tons
of refrigeration. Using ammonia as refrigerant and operating at
"I (~, == 03 tons) (211 kJ/min. ton) = 2743 kJ/min
a condensing temperature of 24°e and evaporating temperature
of 18 c e and assuming that the compression are isentropic and Qe 2743 kJ/min
that the gas leaving the condenser is saturated, find the following: III
h , h l 0439.94312.87) kJlkg == 2.43 kg/min
(a) Draw the ph diagram, (b) refrigerating effect in kJ/kg,
(c) circulation rate of refrigerant in kg/min, (d) power requirement,
(e) volume flow in cubic meter/(min) (ton), in coefficient of ,II \\' = (rn ) (h, h.) == (2.43 kg/min) (1657 1439.94) kJlkg
performance, and (g) power per ton. = 527.5 kJ/min or 8.79 kW
, . I \
(2.43 kg/min) (0.5729 m 3lkg)
. 1 == (m ) (VI) == ..:.......::":: "'-
13 13 tons
= 0.1071 m:3/ (min) (ton)
H 79 kW
" I \\'
1:1 t on s
= O.G7() k W/ton
(25) A refrigeration system is to be used to cool 45,000
kg of water from 29°C to 18°C in 5 hours. The refrigerant is Let m V' = mass flow rate of cooling water circulated in the
ammonia and the operation conditions are 616 kPa evaporating condenser
pressure and 1737 kPa liquefaction pressure. Determine (a) the Heat to water = Heat from refrigerant
coefficient of performance, (b) the quantity of cooling water in
(m) (c) ( ~ t ) = (m ) (h ,
h 3 )
the condenser for an increase in temperature of 7°C, (c) the (0.1085 kg/s) (1620 410.4) kJ/kg
compressor power, anel (d) the volume of flow rate entering the
(4.187 kJ/kg. CO) (7 CO)
compressor. The specific heat of water is 4.187 kI/kg e Co. mV'=
SOLUTION = 4.48 kg/s
(c) W = (rn ) (h 2 hi) = (0.1085 kg/s) (1620 1471.6) kJ/kg
.> lei)
= 16.10 kW
V = (m ) (VI) = (0.1085 kg/s) (205.2 L/kg) = 22.3 L/s
j
1737 kPa
as (26) An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates
~
."~ between evaporator and condenser temperatures of 20°C and
I ~ :j5°C, respectively. The system is to be used in producing 5000
'"
'" kg of ice at 12°C from water at 29°C in 20 hours. Assuming
1
~
.l_616kP' losses to be 20 per cent of the heat to be absorbed from the water,
determine (a) the mass flow rate, (b) the heat rejected at the
condenser, and (c) the power required by the compressor. The
specific heat of ice is 2.094 k.Izkg s C'' and the heat of fusion is
1 Enthalpy, kJ/kg
:335 kJ/kg.
~OLUTIN
h, = h, at 1737 kPa = 410.4 kJ/kg
hi = h g at 616 kPa = 1471.6 kIzkg
VI
( a) \ COP = hi
= ", at 616 kPa = 205.2 L/kg
h, = h at 1737 kPa and S2 equal to
~
,
III
1352kPa
191 kPa
, ,
35°C
4' l
(b) Q = (45,000 kg) (4.187 kJ/kgeCO) (29 18) Co ::: 115.1 kJ/s
c (5 h) (3600 s/h) 20°C
Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 27
26 Refrigeration and All' Co ndit.iuning
indicated work
m w (81.32 kg/min) (60 min/h) = 4.879 m:J/h
7.318 = 9.76 kW V w -~
Brake work 0.75 1000 k g/m"
n m
SOLUTION
n vc =1 c [2
v
1] = 1 0.05 [0.4878 1] = 0.8874
2 0.15
0.8854 is the more accurate value, since 0.15 m:Jlkg is just
:111 approximation from the Mol lier diagram.
(al m=
h , h ,
Qe
(m)(hzh,)
1688 kJ/min
(1445.2 341.77) kJlkg
= 1.53 kg/min
nva = + =
V
[,
_~.I-
'13"'2
36.17
= 0.6558 or 65.5800
VI = v g at 291.6 kPa = 417.5 Lis
h 2 = hat 1204 kPa and S2 equal to SI = 1653 kJlkg
1
(c) Actual work of compression = 1_9.4 kJ/s = 33.00 kJlkg (ll' = (1.05) (rn.) (c.) (~tl) = (1.05) (102) (3.14) (8) = 2690 kJ/min
I 0.rJ878 kg/s or 44.83 kW
Isentropic work of compression = h 2 hI = 428 407.1
111 ~ = 44.83 k.]/s = 0.0406 k /s
= 20.9 kJlkg h, h, (1450.2 346.6) kJlkg g
. ffi 20.9
C ompression e iciency, n = = 0.63.339'c or 63.330;'
c 33.00 \\. = (rn) (h 2 h) = (0.0406) (1653 1450.2) = 8.23 kW
. d k 8.23 8.23
(210) A 100 x 200mm ammonia compressor with a l nd irn te war = = = 10.29 kW
n, 0.80
compression efficiency of 80 per cent operates with a suction
pressure of 291.6 kPa and a condenser pressure of 1204 kPa at HI';"'I' work = output of motor = (14.33) (0.92) = 13.18 kW
23 r/s. The refrigerant cools 102 kg/min of brine by 8 degrees in
the brine cooler. The specific heat of the brine is 3.14 kJlkgeC".
Electric input to the motor driving the compressor is 14.33 kW. \1, ' 1,.lllIcal efficiency = i~: = 0.781 or 78.1%
Motor efficiency at this load is 92 per cent. Assuming 5 per cent
of the useful refrigerating effect is lost by brine cooler from the 11111 (VI) = (0.0406) (417.5) = 16.96 Lis
room, determine the mechanical and volumetric efficiencies of
thl' roru pr e ssor. ~ D LN = TC (10cm)2 (20 cm) (23 cycles/s) = 21 68 L/s
I ! (4) (1000 crnVl.) .
'/ k 7 2
~
, ~
~
I £
I
Enthalpy, kJlkg
oe
Effects of Increasing the Vaporizing Temperature For the 10 evaporating cycle, the refrigerating effect
= hI h 4 = 347.1 238.5 = 108.6 kJlkg
(2 12) A R12 simple saturated refrigerating cycle operates
at an evaporating temperature of 10 oe and a condensing For the 5°C evaporating cycle, the refrigerating effect
temperature of 40'e. Show the effects of increasing the
vaporizing temperature to 5':e. = h.. h 4 , = 353.6 238.5 = 115.1 kJlkg
III
I~ "'-~A k 772 For the 5°C evaporating cycle, the mass flow rate,
~
t 211 211
l m'= h
h., 4' 353.6 _ 238.5 1.833 kg/(min) (ton)
I Effect on compressor volume capacity
W' = (rn) (h 2
, h.) = (1.833) (371 353.6)
1219 kPa
\. 2
= 31.89 kJ/(min) (ton) or 0.532 kW/ton 961kPa
•
, (f) Effect on condenser performance
~
e
::l
:l
For the 10°C evaporating cycle, the heat rejected at the tt. . ,U 219 kPa
condenser,
= 242.9 kJ/(min) (ton) or 4.05 kW/ton
For the 40°C condensing cycle (cycle 12341)
h, = h 4 == he at 40°C = 238.5 kJlkg
h, == h at 961 kPa and S2 equal to SI = 373 kJlkg
Effects of increasing the vaporizing temperature For the 50°C condensing cycle (cycle 12'3'4'1)
(1) The refrigerating effect per unit mass increases.
h; == h 4 · = he at 50°C = 248.9 kJlkg
(2) The mass flow rate per ton decreases.
h, == h at 1219 kPa and S2' equal to SI == 378 kJlkg
(3) The volume flow rate per ton decreases.
,) I{( frigerating effect
(4) The COP increases.
(5) The work per ton decreases.
Fill' the 40°C condensing cycle, the refrigerating effect
(6) The heat rejected at the condenser per ton decreases.
= h , h 4 == 347.1 238.5 = 108.6 kJlkg
he 50°C condensing cycle, the refrigerating effect
1,'111" t
36 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Simple Vapor Compression Refrigl'l'atlOil :l\'!"il' ."
For the 4We condensing cycle, the heat rejcct.cd :11 fill'
For the 40 e condensing cycle, the mass flow rate,
C
condenser,
211 211 Q, = (m) Ih 2 h) = 11.94.3) (37:3 238.5)
m == hi h,
347.1 _ 238.5 == 1.943 kg/Gnin) (ton)
== 261.:3 kL'(rn in I (ton) or 4.3:")5 kW/tul1
For the 50 e condensing cycle. the heat r ejcctrd .r t tIl'
For the 50 0 e condensing cycle, the mass flow rate, con de nser,
m' = h 2~ = ;347.12~89 == 2.149 kg/(min) (ton) Q'c = (m') (h 2 h) = 12.149) (378 248.9)
) ,,' = 277.4 kJ/(min) (ton) or 4.623 kW/ton
(c) Effect on compressor volume capacity
lTf.. cts of increasing the condenser temperature
For the 40,ce condensing cycle, the volume flow rate, (1) The refrigerating effect per unit m ass rlecn';l~ ' .
(2) The mass flow rate per ton increases.
V!, = (m) (v I) = (1.943) (0.07665) == 0.1489 m:l/(mim) (ton) 1.3) The volume flow rate per ton increases.
For the 40 De condensing cycle,
tr i g o r a n t
12 compressor running at 25 r l « cu rri o« "
" Irigerating load of 39.4 kW while operating at 340 k Pu uc t i on
rlld 1277 kPa discharge pressures. If thp discharge [)t"'';'; 11 1'('
, "fTC' raised to 1397 kPa, at what speed should the co m prr.s sor
I., run to carry the same load assuming the volumetric l,fficIPn('\
eop = h 1 h 4 = 347.1 238.5 = 419
h 2 h 1 373347.1 . r.m a in the same?
Let ru = old Ill;\';'; flow rate For the saturated cycle (cycle 12341)
m' = nvw m ass flow rate
n = old comprtssor speed v[ =V g at 5 DC
= 0.06496 m 3fkg
n' = now c.nnpresaor speed h, = h g at 5°C = 349.3 kJ/kg
Qp :30.4 k,J/s = 0.3870 kg/s h, = h at ~J61 k Pa and S2 equal to SI = 3';2 kI/kg
m= h _ h (:3:")28 251) k.I/kg
'I]
"or the superheated cycle (cycle 1'2'341')
Q, :39.4 k,J/s = 0.4041 kg/s
111' = :i[)28 255.3) kJ/kg
h\ h , VI' = v at 261 kPa and 15°C = 0.071 mVkg
. ffici volume flow rate entering compressor
vo I umetnc e Icwncv
. = .
displacement rate of compressor hi' = h at261 kPa and 15°C = 362 k,Jlkg
TIl
= 0.:3870
Effects of Superheating the Suction Vapor = h, h 4 = 349.:3 238.5 = 110.8 kJ/kg
(215) A simple saturated r efri gerat ing cycle for R12 For the superheated cycle,
system operates at an evaporating temperature of -boC and a (1) When superheating of suction vapor occurs inside the
condensing temperature of 40"C. Show the effects of superheating " frigerated space, useful cooling results and the refr'igeratirg
II, ct is
the suction vapor from 5°C to ISC.
I',·," is
~. - -k----T--7-2'
; h J h 4 = 349.3 238.5 = 110.8 kJfII:g
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
211 _ 211
(2) Without useful cooling, COP:= <_
h . h
h~
m' = h . h -
362 _ 238.5 := 1.709 kg/(min) (ton)
I j :349.3 2:38.5 := .1.+:{
387 :362
(2) Without useful cooling, the mass flow rate,
,211 211 ,,) Effect on work per ton of refrigeration
1.904 kg/(min) (ton)
111 = ~h4 = 349.3 238.5 For the saturated cycle, the work,
(c! Effect on com pressor volume capacity W:= (rn ) (h, h.) := (1.904) (372 :349.31
= 43.22 kJI (min) (ton) or 0.720 kW/ton
For the suturntvd cycle, the volume flow rate, For the superheated cycie,
j·'(lr the saturated cycle, the volume flow 'rate,
III
r -,r n_ - k 72 VI =: (rn ) (VI) =: (1.918) (0.06496) =: 0.1246 mil (mini (Ion)
~
E I" ,I' the subcooled cycle, the volume flow rate,
~
V, =: (rn ') (v 1 ) =: (1.747) (0.06496) =: 0.1135 m1/(minl (ton)
I'~ 4 261kPa
~ 111,('t on COP
L Enthalpy, kJ/kg
2 1 372 349.3
=: 4.88
For the saturated cycle, the volume flow 'rate,
V l = (In) (VI) = (1.918) (0.06496) == 0.1246 m:3/ (min) (ton)
as r -.r 1 7 2
:?il
~
For the sub cooled cycle, the volume flow rate,
oj
VI = (rri') (VI) = (1.747) (0.06496) = 0.1135 m 3/(min) (ton)
(d) Effect on COP
1
349.3 238.5
372 349.3
Enthalpy, kJ/kg = 4.88
h h 349.3 228.5
VI = vi! at 5 s e = 0.06496 mvkg For the subcooled cycle, COP = h 1 _ h 4 '
2 1
372 349.3
hi = 1\ at -SoC:::: 349.:3 k,J/kg
...
= 5.32
11, == li n t ~)(1 k l'n .uid s , ('quill tq SI = :172 kJlkg
Downloaded by Ice Scott (ice.scott30@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|12696415
For the saturated cycle, the work,
W = (rn ) (h , h.) = 0.918) (372 349.3) ssoc
= 4:3.f);3 k.l/r min ) (ton) or 0.726 kW/ton aLL 1460 kPa k • 2
For the subcoolrd cycle, the work,
WI = (m') (he h.) = (1.747) (372 349.3)
,
'\
38°C
For the saturated cycle, the heat rejected at the condenser,
Q = (rn ) (h, h) = n.918) (372 238.5) Enthalpy, kJ/kg
= 256.1 kL'(min) (ton) or 4.268 kW/ton h, = h. at 33=C = 240.5 kJ/kg
hi = h at 5°C and 466 kPa = 410 k.Izkg
For the subcooled cycle, the heat rejected at the condenser,
VI = v at 5°C and 466 kPa = 53 L/kg
Q'c = (rn') (h , h:3 ) = 0.747) (372 228.5)
h, = h at 1460 kPa and S2 equal to SI = 440 k.I/kg
= 250.7 k.Iz(min) (ton) or 4.178 kW/ton
Effects of sub cooling the liquid (a) m= 112 kJ/s = 0.6608 kg/s
(410 240.5) kIzkg
(1) The refrigerating effect per unit mass increases.
(2) The mass flow rate per ton decreases.
(3) The volume flow rate per ton decreases. V 1 = mv 1 = (0.6608) (53) = 35.02 Lis
(4) The COP increases. V =~ D2 LN = (It) (8.5 cm)'2 (7.0 em) (28 x 4 x cycles/s)
(5) The work per ton decreases. !l 4 (4) (1000 cmvl.)
(6) The heat rejected at the condenser per ton decreases.
= 44.49 Lis
SUBCOOLING AND SUPERHEATING VI
nva
VI)
(217) A refrigerant 22, four cylinder, 85 x 70mm,
compressor operating at 28 rls, a condensing temperature of
38 nC, and an evaporating temperature of 2°C carries a (b) Isentropic work = (rn ) (h 2 h.) = (0.6608) (440 410)
refrigerating load of 112 kW. The motor driving the compressor
has an efficiency of 92 per cent and draws 32.5 kW. There is a = 19.82 kW
5°C subcooling and 7°C superheating of the suction gas entering
the compressor. Compute (a) the actual volumetric efficiency and Actual work = (32.5) (0.92) = 29.90 kW
(b) the compression efficiency.
Compression efficiency, n = 19.82 = 0.6629 or 66.29(1r
c 29.90
(2·18) An ammonia compressor operates at an evaporator ( o ) VI = (In) (VI) = (0.07877 kg/s) (410 Llkg) == 32.3 Ll.s
pressure of :316 kPa and a condenser pressure of 1514.2 kPa.
The refrigerant is subconled ;) degrees and is superheated 8 Assume llva = 100 ck, then, V D == V l= 32.3 L/s
degrees. A twincylinder compressor with bore to stroke ratio of
0.85 is to be used at 1:200 rpm.. The mechanical efficiency is 77% .
For a load of 87.5 k \V, determine: V = ~D2LN == !:TC) (0.85L cm)2 (L cm) (20x2 cycles/s)
(a) the quant.it.y of cooling water in the condenser if the D 4 (4) (1000 cm3/L)
increase in temperature is 7 degrees,
(b) the bore and stroke, = 0.0227 L'L/s
(c) the size of th. driving motor, and
(d) the quality of the r.fr iger ant entering the evaporator. 0.0227L3 == 32.3
I
= 24.86kW
,,"ll
= 10.31 kW
The functions of the heat exchanger are:
3
V] = (rn) (v]) = (0.2947 kg/s) (0.12 ms/kg) = 0.03536 mvs
~
Assume n va = n vc
~
1
V 0.03563
V D = ~ = = 0.03904 m 3/s
or 2.3424 mVmin
va 0.09057 Heat
exchanger
Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 51
50 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
• ~ _n I > 2
10°C.
~
j (a) Calculate the COP of the system w i th ou t the heat
exchanger but with the condensing temperature a 32::>C and an
evaporator temperature at 10°C.
(b) Calculate the COP of the system with the heat exchanger.
(c) If the compressor is capable of pumping 20 Lis measured
at the compressor suction, what is the refrigerating capacity of
the system without the heat exchanger?
Enthalpy, kJlkg (d) With the same compressor capacity as in (c), what is the
refrigerating capacity of the system with the heat exchanger?
) h) = h at 261 kPa and 1f)°C =3G2 kJ/kg SOLUTION
h, = h at 961 kPa and So! equal to 5! = 387 kJlkg
( a)
h, = hi at 40 c C = 238,f) k.I/kg
1
'\.
\"
~c
COP = hI h~l _ 362 238.5
h h 1 387 360., =4.94 3fi4.3 kPa
2 4' I
....
,
The coefficient of performance of the heat exchanger cycle 10°C
differs than that of the saturated cycle by only
Enthalpy, kJlkg
4.88
h. = h g at 10 = 401.6 kJ/kg
GC
performance of a heat exchanger cycle may be either greater- h 2 = h at 1255 kPa and S2 equal to S1 = 433 kJlkg
than, less than, or the same as that ofa saturated cycle operating
between the same pressure limits.
COP = ~l h
2
=
3 = 401.6 239.2 __
h , ,').17
(b) PROBLEMS
I leaving the compressor, and (c) if the vapor at suction to the
compressor is superheated 6 degrees.
V 1 20 Lis Ans. (a) 19.73 TR; 8°C, (b) 4.83, (c) 19.26 hp .
m = = = 0.2777 kg/s
v 1 72L/kg
(4) A standard ammonia vaporcompression cycle developing
Q,. = (rn ) (h, h) = (0.2777 kg/s) (401.6 225.3) kJlkg 20 tons of refrigeration operates with a condensing temperature
of 32°C and an evaporating temperature of 14°C. Calculate the
::: 4R.96 kW
(a) refrigerating effect, (b) circulating rate of refrigerant, (c) (8) A refrigerant 12 refrigeration system requires a load of
theoretical power, (d) COP, (e) gallons per minute of cooling water 54 kW at an evaporator pressure of 270 kPa and a condenser
in the condenser, if ~t is 8Co, (f) quality of the refrigerant entering pressure of 1009 kPa. The refrigerant is subcooled 10 degrees
the evaporator, and (g) temperature of the refrigerant leaving the before entering the expansion valve and vapor is superheated
compressor. (l gallon contains 8.33 lb. of water) 14 degrees before entering the compressor. A twincylinder
compressor with stroke equal to 1.25 times the bore is to be used
Ans. (a) 1093.7 kJ/kg, (b) 3.86 kg/min., at a speed of 27 r/s. The volumetric efficiency is 84 per cent.
Determine (a) the quantity of cooling water in the condenser for
(c) 15.44 kW, (d) 4.56, (e) 40.6 gpm an l ldegree increase in temperature, (b) the bore and stroke,
and (c) the compressor power.
(5) Asingleacting, twincylinder 15.25 x 15.25cm. compressor
receives saturated ammonia vapor at 18°C and discharges it at Ans. (a) 1.40 kg/s, (b) 8.58 x 10.73 ern, (c) 10.5 kW
1514.3 kPa. The system is used to produce ice at a final temperature
of 10°C from water at 27°C. The compressor runs at 450 rpm with
(9) A refrigerant 22 refrigeration system carries a load of
an actual volumetric efficiency of 78%. Assume compression and
82 kW at an evaporator pressure of 354 kPa and a condenser
mechanical efficiencies to be 82% and 88%, respectively. Calculate
pressure of 1460 kPa. The liquid refrigerant is subcooled by 4
the following: (a) capacity of the system in tons of refrigeration, (b)
degrees before entering the expansion valve and the vapor is
brake hp required by the compressor, (c) tons of ice produced per
superheated by 5 degrees before entering the compressor. The
day if compressor runs only 20 hours a day. Assume losses to be
compressor operates at 28 r/s. The stroketobore ratio of the
10% of the refrigeration required to produce the ice, and (d) ideal
twincylinder compressor is 1.20 and the actual volumetric
and actual COP. efficiency is 82 per cent. Determine (a) mass flow rate of
refrigerant, (b) mass flow rate of cooling water in the condenser
Ans. (a) 17.04 TR, (b) 32 hp, (c) 8.37 tons, (d) 3.4,2.79 for a 7degree change in temperature, and (c) the bore and stroke.
(6) An R12 standard refrigeration cycle operates at an Ans. (a) 0.5025 kg/s, (b) 3.43 kg/s, (c) 9.2 x 11 em
evaporating pressure of 386 kPa and a condensing pressure of 1009
kPa. Show the effects of decreasing the vaporizing pressure to 270 (10) A refrigerant 22 refrigerating system is operating with
kPa on the following: For a unit mass, (a) refrigerating effect, (b)
a condenser temperature of 42°C and an evaporating
COP, and (c) work. For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW, (d)
temperature of O°C. (a) If the liquid line from the condenser is
power, (e) mass flow rate, (f) heat rejected, and (g) volume flow
soldered to the suction line from the evaporator to form a simple
rate. heat exchanger and if as a result of this the. saturated vapor
leaving the evaporator is superheated 10 degrees, how many
(7) An industrial plant has available a 4cylinder, 76mm bore
degrees will the saturates liquid leaving the condenser be
by 102mm stroke, 800 rpm, singleacting compressor for use with
subcooled? Determine (b) the volume flow rate, and (c) the
Refrigerant 12. Proposed operating conditions for the compressor
compressor work.
are 38°C condensing temperature and 5°C evaporating temperature.
It is estimated that the refrigerant will enter the expansion valve
Ans. (a) 5.3°C, (b) 1.102 L/sITR, (c) 0.662 kWITR
as a saturated liquid, that the vapor will leave the evaporator ata
temperature of 7°C, and will enter the compressor at a temperature
(11) In a conventional refrigeration cycle which uses Freon-
of 13°C. Assume a compressor volumetric efficiency of 70 per cent.
12 as the refrigerant, the temperature of the evaporating fluid
Assume frictionless flow. Calculate the refrigerating capacity in
is -20°C. It leaves the evaporator as saturated vapor at -20°C
kW for a system equipped with this compressor. and enters the compressor. The pressure in the condenser is 1.30
MPa. The liquid leaves the condenser and enters the expansion
Ans. 40.96 kW valve at 40"C. It is proposed to modify this cycle by adding a
Downloaded by Ice Scott (ice.scott30@gmail.com)
..L
lOMoARcPSD|12696415
56 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
heat exchanger that would superheat the suction vapor to 25°C.
Compare the coefficient of performance of these two cycles. What
is the temperature of the refrigerant entering the expansion valve
Chapter 3
with the heat exchanger? For a load of 50kW, determine the
vol ume flow rate for both cycles.
3/s
Ans. 2.79, 2.80, 12°C, 0.0522m 3/s, 0.0523 m
Actual Vapor Compression Cycle
As the refrigerant flows through the system there will be
pressure drops in the condenser, evaporator, and piping. Heat
losses or gains will occure depending on the temperature
difference b e twee n the refrigerant and the surroundings.
Compression will be polytropic with friction and heat transfer
instead' of isentropic. The actual vapor compression cycle may
have some or all of the items of departure from the simple
saturation cycle as shown on the pl.diagram in Fig. 31.
as
~
1
Enthal~y, kJJkg
Fig. 31. Actual vapor compression cycle
Temperatures of refrigerant: 5 4
After expansion valve 25°C Expansion32"C 3O"C I
<''lId alorap room Brine pump L
.&.
Downloaded by Ice Scott (ice.scott30@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|12696415
(c)
lit
as
I Qj
~ m lit _.
t ,,
~ 120°C
£
152.2 kPa
132kPa
I ~
Energy balance about compressor
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
(rn) (hI) + W = (m) (h.) + Qj
W = (m) (h 2h) + Qj
W = ~ H +' Q.J
h, == h, at 30°C == 341.77 kJfkg
h, == h 6 == h, at 32°C == 351.5 kJfkg Change of enthalpy, ~ H = (rn) (h 2h l ) = (2.091) (1725 1470)
h, == h at 132 kPa and18"C = 1445 kJfkg = 533.2 kJ/min
h. == h at 132 kPa and 8°C == 1470 kJlkg
Heat of jacket water, Qj = (row) (c) (~ t w) = (5) (4.187) (8.9)
VI == at 32kPa and 8°C == 0.95 m 3fkg
V
= 186.3 kJ/min
h, == h at 1352 kPa and 120°C = 1725 kJfkg
h, ;= h at 1352 kPa and 110°C == 1700 kJfkg Compressor indicated work, W = ~ H + Q. J = 533.2 + 186.3
or 69.31 %
Qe = (m) (h, h 6 )
2287 = (rn) (1445 351.5)
m = 2.091 kg/min
(d) V 1 = (rn) (v 1) = (2.091) (0.95) = 1.986 m 3/min (32) An ammonia compression plant is to be designed for
a capacity of 50 TR. The system operates with a condensing
V0 = ~D2 LN = .2:... (0.15 m)" (0.20 m) (320x2 cycles/min) temperature of 40°C and an evaporating temperature of 20°C.
4 4 The other data are the following:
= 2.262 m 3/min
Temperatures
V 1.986
n =~-0.87or% leaving evaporator 10°C
va V o 2.262
entering compressor 5°C
(e)
COP = ~ = 2287 kJ/min = 3.18 leaving compressor 95°C
W entering condenser 85°C
!
I,
leaving condenser 33°C
(D Heat balance entering expansion valve 36°C
Heat input to the system Wiredrawing
(a) Compressor, W = 719.5 kJ/min suction valve 20 kPa
(b) Evaporator, Qe = 2287 kJ/min discharge valve 40 kPa
(c) Pipe line from evaporator to compressor, Compressor speed 400 rpm
Mechanical efficiency 80%
Q7.1 = (m) (h 1h 7) = (2.091) (14701445)
Volumetric efficiency 77%
= 53.3 kJ/min Stroketo boreratio 1.3
(d) Pipe line from condenser to expallsion valve,
A twincylinder, doubleacting compressor is to be used. The
Q45 = (m) (h 5h 4) = (2.091) (351.5 341. 77)
heat absorbed by jacket water is 30 per cent of the indicated
= 20.3 kJ/min work of the compressor. Determine (a) the bore and stroke
Total heat input = 719.5 + 2287 + 52.3 + 20.3 (b) the brake work, (c) the heat lost or gained between compressor
and condenser, and (d) the heat rejected from the condenser.
= 3079.1 kJ/min
Heat rejected by the system SOLUTION
(a) Jacket cooling water, Q. = 186.3 kJ/min
J
190.74 kPa .9
"
_-'It-----,I-'--I Q J = 0.30 W
W = GH + QJ
W = 1744.2 + 0.30 W
1 W = 2491. 7 kJ/min or 41.53 KW
170.74kPa
indicated work 41.53 = 51.91kW
Brake work =-
mechanical efficiency 0.8
~
I· or 69.56 hp
COMPRESSOR
h 6 = h, = h, at 36°C = 370.96 kJlkg (d) Qc = (rn ) (h.lh) = (9.69) (1628356.3) = 12,323 kJ/min
h, = hat 190.74 kPa and 10°C = 1460 kJlkg
(33) An ammonia compression plant is to be designed for
h, = h at 190.74 kPa and 5°C = 1470 kJlkg a capacity of 30 TR. The cooling water temperature requires a
v
1
= v at 170.74 kPa and h. equal to h; = 0.75 m 3lkg condenser pressure of 1400 kPa and the brine temperature a
pressure of 291.6 kPa in the brine cooler. The following
h, = h at 1557 kPa and 95°C = 1650 kJlkg
temperatures will exist at the points designated:
h, = h at 1557 kPa and 85°C = 1628 kJlkg compressor suction O°C
en tering condenser 90°C
leaving condenser 32°C
Q (50 tons) (211 kJ/min.ton) = 9.69 kg/min leaving evaporator 5°C
(a) m = h _
s
h =
7
(1460 370.96) kJlkg Wiredrawing through compressor valves
suction 35 kPa
V = (rn ) (v ) = (9.69 kg/min) (0.75 m 3lkg) = 7.268 m
3/min discharge 70 kPa
1 1 A twocylinder, vertical cern pressor is to be used at 120
m/min piston speed.
V 1 _ 7.268 = 9.439 rrrVmin mechanical efficiency 80%
VD=n 0.77 adiabatic compression efficiency 82°k
va
volumetric efficiency 75 clr
v _ It D2 LN stroketobore ratio 1.20
D- \
4
Determine (a) the rate of circulation of ammonia, (b) the BHP
Actual Vapor Compression Cycle 67
66 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
(b) Isentropic work = h, h. = 1745 1475 = 270 kJ/kg (34) A simple ammonia compression system has a
compressor with a piston displacement of 1. 76 m Vm in , a
condenser pressure of 1557 kPa and an evaporator pressure of
isentropic work _ 270 = 329.3 kJlkg 227 kPa. The liquid is subcooled to 35°C and the vapor leaving
Actual work = n - 0.82 the evaporator and entering the compressor is 6°C. The
c
~
CII
"
90°C
condenser amount to 74 KW. The work to the compressor is 55.5
kJlkg, while the heat lost from the compressor is 4.2 kJlkg. If
A
_: i 1.15 kJlkg of heat are lost in the piping between the compressor
II
i and condenser, calculate the refrigeration capacity in tons.
£
SOLUTION
I'~ l
"
'I
,
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
~ 2
CII
h , = h , = h. at 35°C = 366.1 kJlkg
~
h, =h at 227 kPa and 6°C = 1465 kJ/kg
v1 == v at 227 kPa and 6°C = 0.55 m.3lkg
h , == h at 1557 kPa and 90°C = 1640 kJ/kg £ 219.12 kPa
6 ' .c.' t
(a) V1 (n ) (V o ) = (0.80) (1.76) = 1.408 m.3/ min
v
Q
e
= (rn) (h 1h4 ) = (2.56) (1465 366.1) = 2813.2 kJ/min
l.15kJ11rg
2813.2 = 13.33 TR
211
4.2kJ/kg
(b) ~H = (m) (h, h.) = (2.56) (1640 1465) = 448 kJ/min
55.5kJ/kg
5070 .
Q]. = - - = 84.5 k.I/min
60 '
W = Q + ~ ]
H = 84.5 + 448 = 532.5 kJ/min or 8.875 kW
Energy balance about compressor,
SOLUTION
h, + 4.2 = h. + 55.5
= 52.95 kW = 83.74m w kW
83.74m w = 352
52.9 kW = 15.04 TR
= 3.52 kW/ton m w = 4.2kg/s of chilled water
.
mean temperature of water In the evaporator = 22 + 2 = 120C
(36) A vapor compression refrigeration system is designed
to have a capacity of 100 tons of refrigeration. It produces chilled 2
water from 22°C to 2°C. Its actual coefficient of performance is From the steam table, the specific volume of water at 12°C,
5.86 and 35 per cent of the power supplied to the compressor is v f = 0.0010005m 3/kg
lost in the form of friction and cylinder cooling losses. Determine:
Volume flow rate of chilled water
(a) size of the electric more required to drive the
compressor in kW,
= (4.2 kg/s) 90.0010005 m 3/kg)
(b) volume flow rate of the chilled water in liters per
second, and = 0.0042 m 3/s or 4.2 Lis
(c) the condenser cooling water required in kg/s for a
temperature rise of lOCo. (c) Qj = 0.35W = (0.35) (60) = 21kW
Energy balance about the system
Q c + Qj = W + Q e
o, = 391 kW
....l Downloaded by Ice Scott (ice.scott30@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|12696415
1t 1t .
391 V0 ::: 4 D2 LN ::: "4 (0.25 m)" CO.30rn) (300x4 cycles/min)
Condenser cool i ng water, me ::: Qr
(c)(L\t)
w \\
(4.187)(10) ::: 17.671 m Vmin
t'l
'h
= 9.34 kg/s VI ::: (nv e ) (Vo ) ::: (0.9397) (17.671) ::: 16.605 rn 3/min
1.
I PI 04'
. 41
227 kPa h 2 ::: h at 1204 kPa and 0.1315 rn 3/kg ::: 1610 kJ/kg
, ...
'" ,1H = (rn) (h - h) = (31.43 kg/min) (1610 1442.6) kJ/kg
16°C 2
(38) An ammonia compression system operates at a h, = h at 1422 kPa and 0.1356 m 3Jkg = 1760 kJ/kg
capacity of 150 tons. Condensation temperature is 35°C. The
evaporation temperature in brine cooler is 24°C. Ammonia h, = h, = 1760 kJ/kg
,
leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor at 8°C.
Ammonia enters the expansion valve at 30°C. Were drawing nl
through the compressor valves: suction 35 kPa, discharge 70
kPa, compression is polytropic with n = 1.22, volumetric efficiency
W = nPlvl
In
[(. ELy~
PI
1]
is 75%. Calculate (a) IHP,(b) heat transferred to cylinder water
jacket, (c) piston displacement, (d) heat transferred to condenser
t circulating water, and (e) COP.
(1.22)( 124.2)(1.0) r(
1422) \2~;1 1] = 380.3 kJ/kg
W = 11.22 L 124.2
, ~
SOLUTION
= (28.18 kg/min) (380.3 kJ/kg) = 10,717 kJ/min
or 178.6 kW
w•
IHP 178.6 = 239.4 hp
J
~
i (b) ~H = (m) (h 2h 1 ) = (28.18 kg/min) (17601465) kJ/kg
~ pV U2 ·c
~ = 8313.1 kJ/min
_0 ~; _ -t,-),
, 1 " Q.J = W-~H = 10,7178313.1 = 2403.9 kJ/min or 40.07 kW
, ~c
CO~2- '"
(c) VI = (m) (v 1) = (28.18 kg/min) (1.0 m 3Jkg ) = 28.18 m 3/min
Enthalpy, kJlkg
Qe
(e) COP = h 6hs 1465341.8 = 2.95
(a) m
050 tons) (211 kJ/min.ton) = 28.18 kg/min = 380.3
h, -h 5 (1465341.8) kJ/kg
I I
l
C: (a) 11.34 kW,
(b) 329.5 kJ/min
Flash tank
Multipressure Systems
) • To evaporator
Expansion
A multipressure system is a refrigeration system that has valve
two or more lowside pressures. The lowside pressure is the
pressure of the refrigerant between the expansion valve and the Fig. 41. Flash tank for removing flash gas
;] during expansion process
intake of the compressor. Amultipressure system is distinguished
i' from the singlepressure system, which has but one lowside
pressure. Intercooling
Removal of Flash Gas Intercooling between two stages of compression reduces the
work of compression per kilogram of vapor. Intercooling in a
A saving in the power requirement of a refrigeration system refrigeration system can be accomplished with a watercooled heat
results if the flash gas that develops in the throttling process exchanger or by using refrigerant. The watercooled intercooler
between the condenser and evaporator is removed and may be satisfactory for twostage air compression, but for
recompressed before complete expansion. The vapor is separated refrigerant compression the water is usually not cold enough.
from the liquid by an equipment called the flash tank. The The alternate method uses liquid refrigerant from the condenser
separation occurs when the upward speed of the vapor is low to do the intercooling. Discharge gas from the lowstage
enough for the liquid particles to drop back into the tank. compressor bubbles through the liquid in the intercooler.
Normally, a vapor speed of less than 1 mls will provide adequate Refrigerant leaves the intercooler as saturated vapor.
separation. Intercooling with liquid refrigerant will usually decrease the
total power requirements when ammonia is the refrigerant but
not when refrigerant 12 or 22 is used.
Two evaporators and one compressor
80 Multipressure Systems
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 81
SOLUTION:
10 0e
evaporator
,
~ 2
Condenser 35
mass flow rate, m 4 == 35
== 1471.6375.9 == 0.0319 kg/s
h 5h4
3
5°e evaporator
f ,..-
Evaporator I I .... 1A 6 1 mass flow rate, m 7 == ..7..Q 70
35KW == 1456.2375.9 == 0.0648 kg/s
]ODC I h gh 7
or
Pressure
reducing
, valve Total mass flow rate, m 1 == m 6 + m s == m 4 + m
7
Evaporator
70KW
5OC I 8 == 0.0319 + 0.0648 == 0.0967 kg/s
h& hI
M6 ~ , ~ MI
4
f hS
.I
~
3 / 1432kPa
- 1 >2
MS
I /4 616 kPa
356 kPa
C~/ m.h. == m 6h6 et m.h,
1
(0.0967) h, == (0.0319) (1471.6) + (0.0648) (1456.2)
hI = 1461.3 kJlkg
Enthalpy, 1rJ1kg h, == h at 1432 kPa and S2 equal to SI
= 1665 kJlkg
h, = h, = h, = h, 37°C = 375.9 kJlkg
bs = h, = h g at 10°C = 1471.6 kJlkg Power == (rn.) (h 2h 1 ) == (0.0967) (16651461.3) == 19.7 kW
fJ '
Two compressors and one evaporator SOLUTION
...
I
1 210 210
m r ;::: = 0.172 kg/s
h, h, 1437.2 215.3
tercooler and
flash tank
m I = m = m,
2
Evaporator ma
210kW
3)OC
......-- m2
ha
h2
1239.6kPa
I 1'1 k. 7 4
~ ,
ms
~
.1
nJ!
£
it I I
7f!
I
32'»C
190.74 kPa
h7
m7
Enthalpy, kJlkg
Mass balance about intercooler
m 2 = m 7 and m, = m,
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 85
84 Mul tipressure Sy:-:tems
# (43) In an ammonia system, one evaporator is to provide
Encruy balance about intercooler 200 kW of refrigeration at 30°C and another evaporator is to
mh, + mh, = m.h, +mlh:l provide 220 kW at SoC. The system uses twostage compression
with intercooling and is arranged as shown below. The
(0.172) n563) + (m) (351.S) = (0.172) (215.3) + (m 3 ) (1465.5) condensing temperature is 40°C. Calculate the power required
by the compressors. What is the COP of the system?
m:] = 0.208 kg/s
f Lowstage power = (rn.) (h 2h 1) = (0.172) (15631437.2) I-~ r-- ...
4
= 21.6kW 3
=31.1kW
Evaporator
5°C
Total power = 21.6 + 31.1 = 52.7 kW 220KW
Two compressors and two evaporators l
The system which has two evaporators operating at different
I' temperature is common in industrial refrigeration.
2
Intercooler and
flash tank
- ,- -
7
Evaporator 1
30°C
200KW
1557kPa
L: > 4
~
1 1+51772 c~ 120 kPa 1
,
5~C
\
\
30°C
Enthalpy, kJlkg
~I
~
m7
5°C Evaporator
\ , 200 200
mass flow rate, m 6 = - - - == 1466.8-390.8 == 0.204 kg/s
h 3-h 6
bor
..,
mh, + m.h, = rnh, + m.h,
iii:'
PROBLEMS
(2) An ammonia refrigeration system has a capacity of210
(1) In an ammonia refrigeration system, the capacity is kW at an evaporating temperature of 20°C when the condensing
pressure is 1431 kPa.
210 kW at a temperature of 20°C. The vapor from the evaporator
is pumped by one compressor to the condensing pressure of 1431 (a) Compute the power requirement for a system with a
single compressor.
kPa. Later, the system was revised to a twostage compression
operating on the cycle shown below with intercooling but no (b) Compute the total power required by the two
compressors in the system shown below where there is no
removal of flash at 555 kPa.
intercooling but there is flashgas removal.
(a) Calculate the power required by the single compressor
in the original system.
(b) Calculate the total power required by the two
compressors in the revised system.
3
" 555kPa
.2
5
a
~
I I
5 Intercooler
2
- -
Evaporator I
210kW
20°C
1
• I
Evaporator 1
210kW I • f
-20OC
Refrigeration and Air Conditio,ning 91
.J
SOLUTION
!l
~
~
G) "' -,
1/
::l
gj
ODe
A cascade system combines two vaporcompression units, with ~ 105kPa
4
the condenser of the lowtemperature system discharging its heat
to the evaporator of the hightemperature system. Cascade systems
can normally furnish refrigeration down to about --100°C. There
f' are two types of cascade systems, the closed cascade condenser and
the directcontact heat exchanger. In the closed cascade condenser Enthalpy, kJlkg
e
Hlppmsltte
as
condenser ~
1/ '~De
'1 WI ~E
Expansion
.I¥e G ::l
00
00
~ 8 .Ie 219.1 kPa
"-
"-
-lODe
"'2
to
1
Enthalpy, kJlkg
Lowpressure
tvaponlor h. = h~ = hi at 38°C = 236.R k,J/kg
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lOMoARcPSD|12696415
h.
:J
= h g at IOoe = 347.1 kJlkg SOLUTION
h, = h at 914.2 kPa and S6 equal to 85 = 372 kJlkg (a) Ammonia cycle
"
.,~
MS
~~ . ..
,
m5 "
ooe
ba ~
Energy balance about cascade condenser, Enthalpy, kJlkg
m.h, + rn.h, = m.h, + rn.h, h, = h, = h. at ooe = 200 kJ/kg
m;j(hsh s ) = m 1(h2h 3 ) h) = h g at 35°e = 1415.2 kJ/kg
~ v) = v g at 35°e = 1212.5 L/kg
). m s(347.1236.5) = (0.14.85) (427200)
h, = h at 430.4 kPa and S2 equal to s) = 1620 kJ/kg
W 2 = m 1 (h 2 h.) = (0.1485) (427 388.6) = 5.70kW V - -V)- - (m)) (v) (0.00823 kg/s) (1212.5 L/kg)
~ ~
(52) The events of a cascade, splitstage, lowtemperature
11
refrigerating cycle are as follows: A refrigerant 12 vapor- lI:l
efficiency is 88 per cent. An ammonia compression system &:. I ,. ....
operates between 35°e and ooe with saturated liquid entering lOOC
the expansion valve and saturated vapor entering the compressor
whose volumetric efficiency is 85 per cent. The refrigerant 1Z
evaporator serves as the condenser for the ammonia. For the Enthalpy kJlkg
ideal cycle and 10 kW of refrigeration, find (a) the displacement h, = h, = h, at 33°e = 231.5 kJ/kg
rate of each compressor, and (b) the total actual power required h. = h g at 10 oe = 347.1 kJ/kg
1
:J
for compression efficiencies of 85 per cent.
v . = v g at 10 oe = 76.65 L/kg
.j
h" :;: h at 80S.4 kPa and Sfi equal to s', = 370 k.Jlkg
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lOMoARcPSD|12696415
m, (347.1231.5) = (0.00823) (1620200)
,) 40°C
7 Highpressure
m. :J = 0.101 kg/s condenser
n
,)
\";1
=
(0.101 kg/s) (76.65 Lis) = 8.80 Lis
0.86 Expansion
valve c:' rC)
(b) Ammonia cycle
Theoretic work = mCh, h.) = (0.00823) (1620 1415.2)
3 __l Compressor
== 1.69 kW
1557kPa \ . 6
Actual work = 2.31/n c = 2.31/0.85 = 2.72 kW as
/11'
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 97
96 Cascade Systems
PROBLEMS
Q (30) (3.52) kJ/s 6 k /
(c) m l = hll\ = (1422.86200.47) kJ/kg = 0.08 4 g s (1) A twostage cascade refrigeration system uses ammonia
Low pressure loop as the working substance. The evaporator is at 35°C and the
highpressure condenser is at 1514.2 kPa. The cascade condenser
j
m l = m 2 = m:, = m 4 = 0.0864 kg/s is a directcontract type. The refrigeration load is 90 tons.
Determine (a) the mass flow rate in the lowpressure loop, (b)
High pressure loop the mass flow rate in the highpressure loop, (c) the power
m s = m, = m? = m s required, (d) the COP, and (e) the quantity of the fluid entering
the evaporator.
Energy balance about heat exchanger
m.h, + m.h, = m.h, + m.h, Ans. (a) 0.2572 kg/s, (b) 0.341 kg/s,
(c) 116.08 kW, (d) 2.73, (e) 10.37lJt'
m.h, + m.h, = m.h, + m.h,
m l (h 2 - h,) (2) A twostage cascade refrigeration system uses ammonia
m s = as the refrigerant. The mass flow rate in the highpressure loop
h)hF\
I
J is 0.10 kg/so The condenser saturated temperature is 38°C and
(0.0864) (1600200.47) = 0.1129 kg/s the evaporator temperature is 40°C. The cascade condenser is
m.o
I 1461.81390.59 a directcontact type. Determine (a) the refrigerating effect in
a tons, (b) the power required, and (c) the COP.
(d) Work of low pressure compressor,
J1 l
Ans.la) 26.19 tons, (b) 37.22 kW, (c) 2.48
W LP = m l (h , h.) = (0.0864) (1600 1422.86)
"
I
= 15.31 kW
Work of high pressure compressor,
6 6
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 99
The aircycle system is ideally suited for use in aircraft
Chapter 6 because it is light in weight and requires less space than the
vaporcompression cycle. One disadvantage of the air cycle is
that it is not as efficient as the vaporcompression cycle.
Aircycle refrigeration may be designed and operated either
as an open or a closed system. In the closed or denseair system,
the air refrigerant is contained within the piping or component
AirCycle Refrigeration parts of the system at all times and with the refrigerator usually
maintained at pressures above atmospheric level. In the open
system, the refrigerator is replaced by the actual space to be
cooled with the air expanded to atmospheric pressure, circulated
through the cold room and then compressed to the cooler
COOLER pressure. Such a system is inherently limited to operation at
atmospheric pressure in the refrigerator.
p
r 2
3 • ..
1
3
'r ~ 1
..
Fig. ~l. Closed or dense- Fig, ~2. Openair system
air system v s
100 AirCycle Refri gerat ion Refri ge r a tion a nd Air Co ndi t ion ing 10 1
SOLUTION
np lV l [ (~ n ~l ]
p 3 r= ..
We = 1-n PI -1
=
nmTR J
l _ n
[t
PI
~ )n:1 - 1 ]
(4) Ex pa nder • -- ~ -.. > 1
P2 k1 1550 1.41 (62) A 35kW refrigeration load is to be carried by an air
T 2 = T 1 [ PH
] k = 278 [ ] 1.4 = 396 . 3K
448 refrigerating system with a discharge pressure of 1370 kPa and
a refrigerator pressure of 345 kPa. Compression and expansion
P4 k1 448 1.41 processes are polytropic with n = 1.37. The pressure at the start ;~
(~,
T 4 = T 3 [ P::3] k = 278 [1550] 1.4 = 209.0 K of expansion is 1344 kPa and the temperature is 32°C. Air I~.
temperature leaving the refrigerator is O°C and entering the
(a) (m) (cp ) (T i - T 4 ) = 50 compressor is 5°C. Clearance for both compressor and expander
is 5%. Determine (a) the piston displacement of the compressor
(m) ( 1 . 0 6 ~ ) (278 209) = 50 and expander, (b) the net work and, (c) the COP.
m = 0.720 kg/s
SOLUTION
(b) Compressor pirston displacement without clearance,
mRTl (0.72) (0.28708) (278) 3 3/ p
V = = = 0.128 m s l370kPa
-1--- - 2
1 Pi 448
(c) Expander pistvon displacement without clearance, ,
1344kPa
t
\
.
V mRT (0.72) (0.28708) (209) \
4 = 4i4 = = 0.0964 m 3/s \
P4 448 \
«n w
c
=_lrC(_2)
1 - k L PI
kmRT P k1
k -1
]
"
-
345kPa
6
~
n =l+cc -
vc [ P2]n
P I
= 1 + 0 .05 _ 0 .05[1370J 1.:37
345 Net work = 75.21 56.20 = 19 .01 kW "
= 0 .9132 ( c) COP = :~ = 1.84
mRT 1 (0 .564) (0 .28708 ) (278) 1 . 1
volume flow rate = -
Pl 345
= 0.1 30 m 3/s
Expander
. 1 1
= 0.9151
mRT 4 (0. 564 ) (0 .28 708) (2 11.3)
volume flow rate = -
P4 345
= 0 .099 m 3/s
.
piston di ISP 1 acement =
0 .099
- = 0 .108 m 3/s
0.9151
mRT P n1
(b) W c = n I [(i)n Jl~
= 75.21 kW
1'1,,(1'
106 AirCycle Refrigeration
PROBLEMS
(1) An open air refrigeration system carries a load of 35 kW
with a suction pressure of 103 kPa and a discharge pressure of
Chapter 7
690 kPa. The temperature leaving the refrigerator is 5°C and
that leaving the cooler is 30°C. The compression is polytropic
with n = 1.33 and the expansion is also polytropic but with n =
1.35. Determine the power required and the COP.
SteamJet Refrigeration
Ans. 23.77 kW, 1.47
~
1~;:!'-=t"E I
BOO8I'DZJI:C'I'OJl
/
SPRATS
IlADUP---
WATER
"_'_".'_16.".
WATEll LAVEL
COImloL
-moe z
-.
lIlab-up
The evaporation of the water in the evaporator, reduces the
water
J,. 4
z r---.-- , /2
- - - - I h ,
'§~'f2:", : .-. -=-:=-"
- - - .. - - --=--=-
-
temperature of the water in the evaporator. This cold water, 4°C I 2 I
to 21°C, is circulated by means of pumps, to the area to be cooled. 0 -..::-
~ ~ __~:=- I I
gi!z.S~
Steam jet systems are used extensively in air conditioning, eYaporat.ar : : 17Gb
and for cooling of water in certain chemical plants for gas I ,
absorption. The cooling temperatures provided by the steam jet I I
~ I I
mechanism are usually between 4°C and 21°C. Temperatures water
below 4°e are impractical due to the danger of freezing. PUDP I hI I
I cooled area I
L_~ ---.J
(71) A steamjet pump maintains a temperature of 5°C in
the evaporator. The cooled water leaves at the same temperature
·.,.t
From the steam table
and warms to 10 as it does its refrigeration. Makeup water is
0e
available at 2re. There are required 1.27 kg of nozzle steam
h, = h, at 5°C = 20.98 kJ/kg
per kg of vapor removed from the evaporator. For a 175:[{W plant,
I compute the volume of vapor handled, the quantity of steam h, = h, at 10°C = 42.01 kJ/kg
"
needed, and the quantity of chilled water. h 3 = h g at 5°C = 2510.6 kJ/kg
v3 = v g at 5°C = 147.12 m 3/kg
h4 = h, at 2roC = 88.14 kJ/kg
Let z = vapor removed from the evaporator, carried
by nozzle steam
SOLUTION
~'i The diagrammatic layout of Problem 71 is used in this
problem.
J
From the steam table
~
= 2435.9 kJ/kg
v1 = X,1Vj(l = (0.97) (147.1> = 142.7 mVkg
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lOMoARcPSD|12696415
Air Conditioning 113
112 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
PROBLEMS
(1) There are removed 3.06 mvs of vapor from the water Chapter 8
evaporator of a vacuum refrigeration system; the warm water
enters the evaporator at 18°C and chilled water leaves at 10°C;
makeup water enters at 29°C. Determine the refrigerating
capacity.
Air Conditioning
Ans. 68.99 kW
Ans. (a) 8.381 kg/s, (b) 10.07 m 3/s Dry air is the noncondensing comtponents of the mixture,
mainly the nitrogen and the oxygen.
Vapor is the condensable component cofthe mixture, the water
vapor or steam which may exist in a sarturated or superheated
state.
P, = PH + P,
Unsaturated air is containing superheated vapor.
Mixt ur e: ~ ~ ¥ • / t
air: ~
mass =m
mass / volume = V ~
It
volume
pressure = Pt
pressure
temperature temperature =T
Water vapor:
mass =mv
volume = Vv =V
Entropy, kJlkg K
o =[:~]t
Fig. 81. A mixture of dry air and water vapor
(8-1) Compute the humidity ratio of air at 65 per cent
relative humidity and 34°C when the barometric pressure is
101.3 kPa.
w = mass of water vapor = mv Ps V/RsT
mass of dry air rna Pa V/RaT Solution
W=0.62 ~ Ps
Pt Ps W= 0.6~: ~z. - - (0.622) (3.457) = 0.022 kg vaporlkg
P, - P,
101 .3 - 3.457 drv air
ryal
R a = 287 Jlkg.K, gas constant of dry air
R, = 461.5 Jlkg/J, gas constant of water vapor Enthalpy h of a mixture of dry air and water vapor is the
sum of the enthalpy of the dry air and the enthalpy of the water
Relative humidity 0 is the ratio of the partial pressure of vapor. Enthalpy values are always based on some reference
water vapor in the air to the saturation pressure corresponding condition, and the zero value of the dry air is chosen as air at
to the temperature of the air. O°C and the zero value of the water vapor is saturated liquid
water at O°C.
~· r-
where c = specific heat of dry air at constant pressure Wet bulb temperature t w is the temperature of air as
p
registered by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a wetted
= 1.0062 kJfkg.K (approximately) wick and exposed to a current of rapidly moving air.
RT RT
v = _p3 = _3_ m 3fkg of dry air
3 PtPs
f
~
(8-3) What is the specific volume of an airvapor mixture
at 300e
and a relative humidity of 40 per cent at 101.3 kPa
pressure?
SOLUTION Entropy,kJlkg . K
0e
P, = saturation pressure at 30 = 4.241 kPa Fig. 83
Ps = (0) (Pd) = (0.40) (4.241) = 1.696 kPa Degree of saturation u is the ratio of the air humidity ratio
W to the humidity ratio W s of saturated air at the same
T = 30 + 273 = 303 K temperature.
v=
RT
3
(287)(303) 3fkg
= 101,300-1696 = 0.873 m dry air
u = [;]t
s
P, P,
(0.622) (p)
Dry bulb temperature t d is the temperature of air as
registered by an ordinary thermometer. u= Pt Ps _ [ Ps ] [PIPel]
(0.622) (p) -p;- sP~t
PtPd
u = 0 [:~Pel]
I Ps
(84) A mixture of dry air and water vapor is at a
temperature of 21°C under a pressure of 101.3 kPa. The dew P...L-
(f) Ws = 0.622 PtPd
point temperature is 15°C. Find (a) partial pressure of water
vapor, (b) relative humidity, (c) humidity ratio, (d) enthalpy,
(0.622) (2.4861) = 0.01565 kglkg
(e) specific volume, and (f) degree of saturation. Ws = 101.3 _ 2.4861
SOLUTION
u= W 0.01064 = 0.6799 or 67.999t
W s = 0.01565
Psychrometry is the study of the properties of mixtures of
air and water vapor.
~
~
~ ... Psychrometric properties are the properties of moist air.
8-
8 A psychrometric chart is a graphical representation of the
~ thermodynamic properties of moist air.
Entropy, kJIkg . K
Ps (0.622) (1. 7044)
(c) W = 0.622 p _p ='.,
t 5
f"\., () ., rt r« A A = 0.01064 kg/kg
(d) h g = h g at 2PC = 2540 kJ/kg
h = c p t + Whg = (1.0062) (21) + (0.01064) (2540) Drybulb temperature
= 48.16 kJ/kg
(e) T = 21 + 273 = 294 K
Fig. 84 Constant property lines on a psychrometric chart
R a = 287 Jlkg.K
P, = PtPs = 101.3 1. 7044 = 99.6 kPa
't:l
en
'-<:
"
:::r
""i
o 1"'5
8
(1)
e-e-
:!. 1.lel
<:>
o . ~
:r ~
to //S
.....
'1
\<~
o
Barometric ~., 7S
/10
pressure ~
A' 70
= 101.325 kPa
.~ lOS
I 100
95
90
85
60
II r
Ss
~"\ SO
'It ) <'Is
The common processes involved in air conditioning are at This process involves heating
practically constant pressures and can be illustrated by lines on at constant humidity ratio
a psychrometric chart. (moisture content). It is Airflow Ia I
represented by a horizontal line
from left to right on the
DP _
psychrometric chart.
Heating coils
1"- O~2
7~J /5
What is the final relative humidity?
SOLUTION
Process 08: Heating and dehumidifying
The first two processes, sensible heating and cooling, involve
only a change in the dry bulb temperature. Humidifying and moe sse
dehumidifying involve a change in humidity ratio (moisture O 2 = 349c
content). The last four processes involve both changes in h, = 65.5 kJ/kg
temperature as well as in humidity ratio.
Q = m(h 2h I ) = 16.53 (65.550)
= 256.20 kJ/min. or 4.27 kJ/s
Sensible Cooling ,,
---DB
This process involves cooling ' ...... LWB
the air at constant moisture Airflow
content. It is represented by a
horizontal line from right to left DP-- ...... --I---DP
Airout
on the psychrometric chart.
Cooling coils
jClIc3l .. Makeu p
water
.(87) Determine the quantity of heat removed from 14 m' Eliminator
plates
per minute of air when cooled from 37° dry bulb and 2PC wet
bulb temperatures to 15°C. What are the initial and final
relatives humidities? External heater
or cooler
(8-8) How much heat and moisture must be added to 28 Cooling and Dehumidifying
m' per minute of air at 24°C and 40 per cent relative humidity to
raise it to 38°C dry bulb and 2T'C wet bulb temperatures? Air can be simultaneously cooled and dehumidified by being
drawn over cold surfaces oj through sprays of cold water. When
SOLUTION air is cooled and dehumidified by being drawn through a spray
chamber, the spray water is cooled outside of the spray chamber
From the psychrometric chart at td. = 24 DC and 0} = 40(!r by means of cooler installed in the circulating pipe line. The water
is constantly chilled as it is circulated. The temper.ature of the
hI = 43 kJlkg water rises while being sprayed because it absorbs sensible and
latent heat from the air. However, the heat that the water absorbs
WI = 0.0075 kglkg is being continually removed by the cooler installed in the
circulating pipe line.
V'
l
= 0.852 m'(kg
When cooling coils are used, the temperature of the film of
28 mvrnin air in contact with the surface of the metal pipe wall determines
mass now rate, m = . ' = 32.86 kg/min.
0.852 m"lkg the condition of the air flowing through the coil. The temperature
of this surface film is always at some point between the
From the psychrometric chart at t d 2 = 38 DC
and t W2 = 2 7
DC,
temperature of the air and the temperature of the water, or other
refrigeration, inside the coil.
h, = 84.5 kJlkg
W 2 = 0.0181 kglkg
Q = m(h 2 h.)
DB--- ............... • _ ... DB
= 32.86 (84.5 - 43) = 1364 kJ/min. or 22.73 kJ/s oI
Cooling coils
(89) How much heat and moisture must be removed to
2
cool 28 m' per minute of air from 35 DC dry bulb and 26 DC wet
bulb temperatures to 21 DC and 50 per cent relative humidity?
40*
24°C 38°C
SOLUTION Cooling and Humidifying
WI = 0.0175 kg/kg
INITIAL STATE FINAL STATE
OF AIR OF AIR
VI = 0.896 m '/kg'
DB I i ' I I
...............T I I I
"ll
mass fl owrae,m=·
t 28 m 3/min. = 31 . 25 k gmin.
/ . "t" ... _
10 ____ I I I I
0.896 rrr'/kg
~
~-.!j
:0 _-i:t~j='!B
I
'" _-------
-~
'III
DP
,. -- I I
DP --r- I I I PERFECT
From the psychrometric chart at t d 2 = 21°C and O2 = 50%, ,0 I I I I WASHER
b i I I I
AIR WASHER .L.l.L.L
h, = 40.5 kJ/kg
= (31.25) (40.580) = 1234.4kJ/min. or20.57 kJ/s
Figure 89 shows the changes occuring in the dry bulib and
Moisture removed = m(W 2W 1) dew point temperatures of the air flowing through an air wrasher
in which the same water is constantly recirculated without; being
= (31.25) (0.00770.0175)
either heated or cooled. In a perfect washer, the final dr~ bulb
and dew point temperatures of the air would be equal to each
= 0.306 kg/min. or 0.0051 kg/s
other, and equal to initial wet bulb temperature of the ai:r. The
efficiency of an air washer is defined as the ratio of the actual
drop in dry bulb temperature to the maximum theoreticaJ drop
in dry bulb temperature that could take place if the washer were
100 per cent efficient, and the air emerged saturated. In such a
case, the final dry bulb temperature of the air would be eq ual to
its initial wet bulb temperature. .
21°C 35°C
W 2 = 0.0122 kg/kg = 0.0023 kglkg
Moisture added = W 2 W 1
= 0.0122 0.0081
= 0.0041 kg/kg
1
3323
Air washer efficiency
3319
23°C 33°C
= 71.43%
2
Chemical Dehumidifying
24°C 4l o e
Air can be dehumidified by passing it over chemicals that
have an affinity for moisture. Usually in so doing the moisture
is condensed and gives up its latent heat, raising the dry bulb Mixing Air
temperature of the air. The air leaves drier and warmer. The
wet bulb temperature may increase or decrease. Units employing When air at one condition is mixed with air at another
such chemicals are used in some comfort air conditioning condition, the condition of the final mixture can be shown on the
installations but mainly for industrial air conditioning. Since psychrometric chart by a point on the line joining the points
the leavingair temperature is usually higher than wanted, it is indicating the original condition. The exact location of the final
necessary to add a sensible cooling process to get the desired point will depend upon the masses of the original air quantities.
final air condition.
SOLUTION
11\1-
From the psychrometric chart at t d l = 24°C and t Wl = 15°C,
W = 0.0070 kg/kg
j
(812) One half cubic meter per second of air at 15°C dry W 3 = 0.0092 kg/kg
bulb and 13°C wet bulb temperatures are mixed with 0.20 m'
per second of air at 25°C dry bulb and l8°e wet bulb t W3 == 14.6°e
temperatures. Determine (a) the dry bulb, wet bulb, and dew
point temperatures of the mixture, and (b) the enthalpy of the t dp3 == 12.5°e
mixture.
h, == 41kJ/kg
SOLUTION
From the psychrometric chart:
For the first stream
Alternate Solution
m]t rl ] + m 2td2 (113 (rn.) (35) + (2/3) (rn.) (26)
t d:J - m --
:3 m 3
2
= 29°C
1
17.8°C
15°C 25°C
tw3 = 14.6°C
~ =12.B'C 50~
h3 =41kJkg
(8-13) Outdoor air at 35°C dry bulb and 24°C wet bulb 26°C 29°C 36°C
temperatures is to be mixed with room air at 26°C dry bulb t WJ = 20.7°C
temperature and 50 per cent relative humidity. The final mixture
is to consist of onethird outdoor air and twothirds return air Al tern ate sol u tion:
from the room. Find the resulting dry bulb and wet bulb
temperatures of the mixture. Divide line 1-2 into three equal parts. Point 3 is onethird of
the line from point 2. Then read td, and t"x
SOLUTION
1
m l =T m 3
2
m 2 =T m 3
_m
~
-.m
&pplyair -
•
supply air
Qs = 1.0062 ( rn ) (t 2- t 1) The laten t h eat of stea m (wa t e r va por) in the a ir condit ion ing
is appr oxim atel y 2500 k.J/k g .
wh ere Q s = se ns ible h eat load , kJ/s or kW
Q L = m(W 2W 1 ) kg/s
m = ma ss flow rat e of su pply ai r, k g/s Q L = 25 00 (rn ) (W 2 W 1 ) kJ/s or kW
Q L = lat ent h eat load , kW
c p =s pec ific h eat of th e supply ai r
= 1.0062 k.I/kg e C", a pprox im ately Qr
---..m
t 2 = in s ide sp a ce temperature t o be maintain ed ,
°C dry bulb
BUpplyalr _
t 1 = supply a ir t emperature en te ring space, °C dry bulb'
)
F ig. 8 12. Tot al hea t load
Q T = Q s + QJ.
Q T = m t h .-.h 1 )
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lOMoARcPSD|12696415
"f'
138 Refr iger ation a nd Air Conditioning Air Cond itio ning 139
(8 14) An auditorium is to be maintained at a temperature The u s e of all outside air with no r ecirculati on is
of 25 °C dry bulb and 19°C wet bulb t emperatures . The sensible un economical unl ess the outside conditions ar e clos e in
heat load is 88 kW and 58 kg per hour or moisture mu st be t emperatures and humidity to th e in sid e conditi on s
r emoved . Air is supplied to the auditorium at 18°C. Determine maintain ed. Recirculation is impracticabl e in spac es wh ere
(a) th e mass flow r ate of s u pply air, (b) the r elative humidity, obj ection abl e odors ari s e .
d ew point, and wet bulb t emperatures of the s u pp ly air, (d) th e
se ns ib le heat ratio. (8 15) In a s p a ce, th e sen sible h eat load is 13 .5 kW
and the latent h eat load is 3.4 kW. Outsid e air is at 32 nC
SOLUTION and 50 per cent r elative humidity. Th e spac e is t o b e
( a) Q s = (1.006 2) ( m ) (t 2 - t l) m aintain ed at 25 °C dry bulb and 18°C w et bulb
temp eratures. All outside air is suppli ed with r eheater to
88 = (1.0062 ) ( rn ) (25 ~ 18)
satisfy th e s p a ce conditions. The condition ed air leav es
m = 12.49 kg/s the su pp ly fan at 17°C . Determin e (a) the refri geration
load , (b) the capacity of the s u pp ly fan , and (c) th e h eat
(b) Moi sture picked up = 58 = 0.0013 kg/kg supplied in the r eheater.
(3600X12.49)
From the psychrometric chart at t 2 = 25°C and tW2 = 19°C, SOLUTION
W 2 = 0 .0114 kg/kg.
Humidity ratio of supply air,
0 1 =77%
) Q s = (1. 006 2)( m) (t ~- t )
t ,lpl = 14.2°C
1:3 .5 = (1.0062)( m)(25 17 )
t WI = 15 J:;oC
m = I .GEl k g/ s
J
/ /
140 Refri gera ti on a nd Air Conditi oning Air Cond it ioning 141
Point 4: At t. = 25"C a n d t w • = 18"C (B) Recirculated and O utsid e Air Supp lied
W. = 0.0101 kglk g Recirculatin g part of th e air is more eco no m ica l t h a n u sin g
Point 3: Ql. = (2 500) ( rn ) (W. W) a ll outs ide air, a s th e t emp e rature of th e r ecircul at ed a ir is
u sually mor e favorab le than th at of th e outsid e a ir . In t h e
3.4 = (2500) (1.6 8 ) (0.0101 - W ;)
or d in ar y con d it ion er, th e air m u st be cooled t o a r el ativ e ly low
W 1 = 0.009 3 kglk g te m pe ra t u re to condense th e s u r p lus humidity, a n d wh en t.his
te m pe rat u re is too low for com for t a ble deli very to th e cond it ioned
At t ~ = 17°C a n d W ~ = 0.0093 kglkg s pace , so m e r eh eating of th e dehumidified air is n ece ss ary.
v ~ = 0.835 m'lkg
(8-16 ) A s pa ce to be air condit.ioned ha s a sens ible h e at load
h, = 40.5 kJlkg
of 36 kW a n d a latent h e at load of 10 .2 kW. Th e s pace is to be
Point 2: At W .l =W = 0.00 93 kglkg a n d sat u r a ted,
~ maintain ed at 26 "C and 50 per ce n t rel ativ e humidity. Outsid e
a ir is a t 32"C dry bu lb and 24"C wet bulb tempera tures . The
h, = 37 kJlkg
con d it ione d air will enter th e space at 19"C. If 45 per cent of
Po int 1: At t 1 = :32°C a n d 0 1 = 50 Ck , th e supply air is fres h air and th e r est is r ecircul at ed a ir, find
( :1) th e volum e flow rate of fresh ai r at su pp ly con d itions , (b ) th e
h i = 71 kJlkg
a p pa rat us d ew point, and (c ) th e refri gerati on load .
(a ) Refriger ati on loa d = mf h . h 2 ) = (1. 68 ) (71 - 37)
2
Q" = ( 1.006 2 ) ( m : (t , - t Il
36 = (1 .0062 ) t m ) (26 - 19 )
) m = 1) . 11 k g/s
Point 4: At t 4 = 26°C and 0 4 = 50% (c) Refrigeration load = (m) (h, h 2 ) + (rn o) (h, h)
v 3 = 0.841 rn 3/kg
mass flow rate of recirculated air,
(8 17 ) An a ir con d itio ned th eat er is t o be ma in t a in ed a t Q T = m t h , - h)
26.7°C db t emperature a nd 50 Ck relati ve humidity. Th e ca lcu lated
t otal se n sible heat load in th e th eater is 126 ,240 kcal /h and latent 875 ,753 = m (54 .5 4 2 )
heat loa d is 82,92 0 k ca l/h. Th e a ir mixture at 28 .9"C db and
22 .2 uC wb t emperature is cool ed to 17 .22°C db a n d 15°C wb m = 70 ,060 k glh
te m pe ratu re by chi lled water coolin g coils and del ive re d as supply
air to t he th eater. Calculate the t on s of r efrigeration r equ ired . Refri geration loa d = m th , _ h. ) = (70 ,06 0 ) (65 4 2 )
2 (2 11) (6 0)
SOLUTION = 127 .3 TR
of 26"C dry bu lb and 50 lk r el a t ive humidity. Air is t o be s u pplie d
ReciltUlared M
at a t emperature n ot lower t h an 15°C dry bulb . Th e sens ible
h eat ga in is 110 kW a nd th e latent h eat ga in is 3 7 .5 kW. Tak e
Theater
ventillatin g ai r a s 25 'k by wei ght of th e air fr om th e room a nd is
3 at 3 5"C d ry bu lb a n d 60 £,1, r e lativ e hu midity. Deter min e th e
.... 26 .7°0 refri geration ca pacit y in ton s .
____:::: Outside M 50%RH
n S OLU T IO N
Wl
Auditorium
4
ITlr
hi = 65 kJlkg
mo 1 ....
::;: Outside ~r
""''' m ~
2G°C
5O% RH
Point 2: At t 2 = 17.22"C a nd t W2 = 15°C sse ~iJ:r- -
60%RH
h, = 4 2 kJ/k g
Poi nt 3: At t 1 = 26 .7"C and 01 = 50<ii RII Q, = ( 1. 006 2 ) (rn ) (t . t j )
= (209 ,16 0 kc a l/h ) (4.18 7 k.Izkcal ) O~t sid e ai r supp ly, m o = (0 .25 ) (9.938 ) = 2 .485 k g/s
= 875 ,753 kJIh Point 4: A t . = 26 "C and 0 . = 50 'ir RH
In the bypass sy ste m , part of the r ecir culated a ir is con t r oll ed
W I = 0 .00909 kglk g by damp er ac ti on in or de r t o make it bypa s s th e cond iti on er.
At t = 15°C and W ~ = 0 .009 09 kglk g This warm e r byp a s s a ir is u s ed t o reheat th e a ir lea vin g t h e
j
refrigerat ed coils t o a mor e s u itable t emperature for distributi on
h, = 38 kJlk g at th e g r i ll e ou t le t s . Thi s m eth od produ ce s e cono m i ca l
P oint 1: At t l = 35°C a nd 0 1 = 60% RH hi = 90 kJlkg perform an ce as com pa re d with sy st e ms wh ere rehea t mi ght be
req u ir ed.
Return a ir, m = m m o = 9.938 - 2.4 85 = 7.453 kg/s
Refrigeration load = mil (hi h ) + m , (h , h ) (8- 19 ) In a n au di to r iu m , t h e se ns ible h ea t en ter ing is 96 kW
and th e lat ent h eat is 38.4 0 kW. Ou t side air is a t 33°C dry bul b
= (2 .485) (90 - 38 ) + (7.453) (53 - 38) and 25°C wet bulb t emperatures . Th e s u pply ai r en te rs a t 18°C
= 241 kJ/s and the a u di to r ium is t o be maintained a t 25°C dry bu lb a n d
18°C wet bulb t e m p erat ~l ! : ~ . S _ . If 20 per cent of th e fan ca pacity is
= 24 1 = 68 .5 TR fresh air and the by pass system is used, d etermine (a ) th e
3.52 app aratus d ew poin t , and (b) t he refrigerati on ·loa d.
An other solu t ion :
S OLUTION
mOh! + m rh ~
h ~ m
(2 .485 ) (90 ) + ( 7.453) (53)
= 62.25 kJ/kg
Refrigerati on load
9 .938
- 4
Conditioned.
= m (h l - h. ) Space
25°C
= (9.938) (62.25 - 38 ) m o ~
1 ......
. Outodde Air
lS"C
J
To a uditori u m
At t, = 18°C and Vi, = 0.0090 kglkg (b) Pain t 2: t 2 = t W2 = t d p 2 = 10. 7°C
= 200.1 kW
y+c=l ( 1) .~\ Another solution:
\
is 101.4 kPa. Determine (a) the partial pressures of water vapor
and dry air, (b) the dew point temperature, (c) the specific
humidity, (d) the specific volume, and (e) the enthalpy.
1
(3) Air at a temperature of 33°C has a relative humidity
of 50 per cent. Determine (a) the wet bulb temperature, (b) the
dew point temperature, (c) the humidity ratio, (d) the enthalpy,
and (e) the specific volume.
Ans. 7.62 kJ/s, 83%
Air Conditioning 153
(7) How much heat must be removed to cool 50 cu m per (12) An air conditioned auditorium with a capacity of
minute of air at 29°C dry bulb and 21°C wet bulb temperatures 1000 persons is to be maintained at 24°C dry bulb temperature
to 16°C dry bulb and 14°C wet bulb temperatures? How much and 55 per cent relative humidity. The sensible and latent heat
moisture was removed? . I
,AIL
loads are 115 kW and 42 kW, respectively, The conditioned air
'OJ
enters the auditorium at 1 T'(': For proper ventilation, 40 per
Ans. 20.5~) k.J/s, O~ 315 kg/s cent of the supply air is fresh air and the rest is recirculated air.
Outside air is at 34°C and 50 pPf cent relative humidity.
(8) Air at 32°C and 20 per cent relative humidity is Determine (a) the volume flow rate of recirculated air, (b) the
cooled and dehumidified by means of an air washer until the apparatus dew point, and (c) the refrigeration load,
relative humidity becomes 90 per cent. How much moisture was
added per kg of dry air. What was the air washer efficiency and An s. (a) 8.18 m Vs, (b) 13.3°C, (c) 4B7.6 k W
the dew point temperature of the leaving air?
(13) A store to be maintained at 2f,oC and 50 per cent
Ans. 0.0057 kg/kg, 92%, 16.5°C relative humidity has a sensible heat load of 18.90 k W and a
latent heat load of 6.30 kW. Outside air is at :32°C dry bulb and
(9) A stream of outdoor air is mixed with a stream of 23°C wet bulb temperatures. The conditioned air enters at 17°C
return air in an air conditioning system that operates at 101 If30 per cent of the supply air is fresh air and the bypass system
kPa pressure. The flow rate of outdoor air is 2 kg/s, and its is used, detennine (a) the refrigeration required, and (b) the
condition is 35°C dry bulb temperature and 25°C wet bulb volume of the bypass air at supply condition.
temperature. The f1 ow rate of return air is 3 kg/s, and its
condition is 24°C and 50 per cent relative humidity. Determine An s. (a) 41.1 kW, (b) 0.819 mVs
(a) the enthalpy of the mixture, (b) the humidity ratio of the
mixture, and (c) the dry bulb temperature of the mixture.
not exceeding 50 per cent. All outside air is supplied with
reheater. The conditioned air enters at 18°C. Determine (a) the
refrigeration load required, (b) the capacity of the supply fan,
'. ~
and (c) the heat supplied in the reheater. -I
Ans. (a) 106.6 kW, (b) 2.44 m 3/s, (c) 16.06 kW
~
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Air Conditioning 155
I
11, IIIII
hi enthalpy of water entering, kJ/kg
, ~' W I '
:= 1
water in power and refrigerating plants. h, = enthalpy of water leaving, kJlkg
I
water evaporated = m 1 m.) = m;1(W 2 WI)
3
r \ 2 rna
Arrout where \V I = humidity ratio of air entering, kglkg
/ \
/ \ ~
I \ W2 W 2 = humidity ratio of air leaving, kg/kg 1 1
/ \ I1 I 1
/ \
I
Airin )
Ola cooling tower efficiency =
II
ht
1':1
~ 1
t WI = wet bulb temperature of air entering 1
Fig. 91. Diagrammatic cooling water
I,II'
1 11'
I~
(91) In a cooling tower 28.34 mv/rnin of air at 32°C db and
Energy balance 24°C wb enter the tower and leave saturated at 29°C.
(a) To what temperature can the air stream cool a spray of
mh, + mh , - m.h, + m" h , water which enters at 38°C, with a flow of 34 kg/min of water? I
(,bb)))Iow many kg per hour of makeup water is needed to II
mh, - mh, = math, h.)
I co~ate for the water that is evaporated?
Ili l l I
I III
l
:1 jill
"
~
I
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''-'
lOMoARcPSD|12696415
SOLUTION Energy balance
rn.h; mh, = mil (h, h.)
ID:i = 34 kglmin. ,
38°C (34) (159.21) - 3.68h~ = (32.06) (95 - 72.5)
3
h , = 139.~ kJ/kg
~
2 2,9OC I••t;
rna
1
(9~2) Water enters a cooling tower at 52°C and leaves at
r
:rJOC 38°C. Air enters at 29°C and 5 0 ~ relative humidity and leaves
~= --- -=~
24°C in a saturated condition at 40°C. Determine (a) the mass and
___t:= = ="'1
- ,-- -,:-_---:..-...ij volume of air needed per kg of water entering, and (b) the
quantity of water that can be cooled by 1 cu m per second of air.
" ---t.&
~
Atmospheric pressure is 102 kPa.
SOLUTION
Point 1: At tdl = 32°C and t WI = 24°C
103
h. = 72.5 kJ/kg VI = 0.884 m 3/kg
m a =
VI 28.34 m
3/min
= 32.06 kg/min )
<>. \
VI 0.884 m Vkg / \
'Point 2: At t d 2 = 29°C and 0 1 = 100% RH
'11 /
/
\
\
/
h, = 95 kJ/kg W 2 = 0.0256 kg/kg ~. ;
rna 1
Point :5: h, = h, at 38°C = 159.21 kJ/kg -~ =-
m, = 34 kg/min 60
(a) Mass balance
m , m 4 = mil (W 2 WI) mol 3ErC
m:! - m .. = (32.06) (0.0256 - 0.0156)
:34 -- m .. = 0.3206 t
I.",
P01~ At t dl = 29°C and 0 1 = 50~ RH
l.
h , = 61 kJ/kg VI = 0.874 ml/kg
m 1 = :3:3.68 kg/min
W 1 = 0.0127 kg/kg
I
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'y )
Point 2: t rl 2 := 40°C, 0 2 = 100 % RH Volum e of ai r = rn"v I = (0 .5518 ) (0,874)
= 0.4 823 rn'' a ir/kg water
P.1 2 = saturation pressure at 40 °C = 7.378 kPa
(b) VI = 1 m:l/s of air
Ps2 = (0 2) (Pd2) = (1.00) (7.378) = 7.37 8 kPa
V 1 m:J/s
(O.622 )(PS2) CO.622X7.378) = 0.04 85 kg/kg n1 = _ 1 _ ;:- _
W 2 = p p :;2 ' = 1027 .378 " V I 0 .87 4 m 3lkg = 1.144 kg/ s
t
En ergy balance
h g 2 = h g at 4 0°C = 2574.4 kJlkg
m.h, - m .h , = rna (h , h I)
h, = (cp ) (t) + (W) (h g )
2 1:3.51m 3 159. 21014 = (1.144)(16 5.11 6 1)
= (1.0062 ) (40) + (0.0485) (2574.4) = 165 .11 kJlkg
2 13 .5 101 3- 159 .21m 4 = 119 .1 (3)
Point 3: h; = h , a t 52°C = 21 3.51 kJlkg
M as s balance
Point 4: h, = h , a t 38°C = 159 .21 kJlkg
m 3 01 4 = 01 " (W 2 W I)
( a) m 3 = 1 k g
rn 3 - 01 4 = (1. 144) (0.048 5 0 .01 27 )
Energy b alance
m.1 m 4 = 0.04096 ( 4)
m.h, mh . = rna (h , hI)
Solving equ a tions (3) and (4) simultaneou sl y,
21 3511 59 .21m 4 = rna (165 .1161 )
)
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lOMoARcPSD|12696415
ITI,
8
we rnh, - mh, = m" (h, - h.)
/
~
1
2 32°C ~ (3.122) (J 92.62) 3.036h 4 = (3.442) (111 32)
I
~
\ .. 100., RH
I
I \ ~1 h = 108.51 kJ/kg
I \
I \ t 4 = 25.9°C
I \
I \ ,
1/ Specific volume of water at 25.9 c,C = 0.0010031 mvkg
rna
Volume of water leaving = (3.036 kg/s) (0.0010031 m'Vkg)
6 l~{t -"""-'
= 0.003045 m3/s or 3.045 LIs
4 (b) t 4 = 2Fl.9"C
-~
t...
~
(94) Water at 55°C is cooled in a cooling tower which has
Point 1: At t d 1 = 16°C_and 01 = 55% RH an efficiency of 65o/c. The temperature of the surrounding air is
1 32°C dry bulb and 70% relative humidity. The heat dissipated
h.: = 32 kJ/kg v j = 0.828 m 3/kg
I-I from the condenser is 2,300,000 kJ/h. Find the capacity in liters
per second of the pump used in the cooling tower.
\V j = 0.0056 kg/kg
m = 2 = 2.85 m:l/s = 3.442 k /s SOLUTION
a V 1 0.828 m 3/kg g Q =2,300,000 kJ/h
'"/,,,
) 3
..
Point 3: h, = h, at 46°C = 192.62 kJ/kg fi50C
l
i/i
(50 gal/min) (3.7854 L/gaD 2
,li
(60 s/min) (0.0010103 m Vkg) (1000 L/m:3) ;,:
~
Cooling
1 tower
= 3.122 kg/s 'J
fj
32°C
(a) Mass balance
~ 70%RH
m3 - m 4 = rna (W 2 - Wl)
cooling tower efficiency = tt 3 ~ tt 4 3
3 wI
55 t 1 2
0.65
55 27.4 BOOKW
oC Cooling
t 4 = 37.l t~
Engine
Heat balance about condenser, 1
Git:oerator
.320C
(m w ) (c w ) (t, - t 4 ) = Q 70%RH
t 1 37.4
0.60
t, . 27.4
t l = 52.4°C
Brake power of engine = power input to generator
J
f 800 = 824.7 kW
1 = 0.97
1"
Air Conditioning 165
164 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
PROBLEMS
Assuming the following diesel engine heat balance:
(1) 1\ nucb anicaldraft cooling tower receives 115 m" per
Useful work == 30% second of atmospheric air at 103 kPa, 32°C dry bulb temperatnre,
55% RII and discharges the air saturated at 36°C. If the tower
Cooling loss = 25% receive» 200 kg/s of water at 40°C, what will be the exit
tempernturv of the cooled water?
· d . Q 824.7 kW
H eat supp1ie to engme, A = 0.30 = 2749
Ans. :31.2°C
'~
Heat absorbed by cooling water = (0.25) (2749) = 687.25 kW (2) I n a cooling tower water enters at 52°C and leaves at
J,, ,
27°C. Air at 29"C and 47% RH also enters the cooling tower and
leaves at 46"C fully saturated with moisture. It is desired to
(ro) (cJ (t, - t 4 ) = 687.25
" I determine (a) the volume and mass of air necessary to cool one
(m w ) (4.187) (52.4· 37.4) = 687.25 kg of water, and (b) the quantity of water that can be cooled
with 142 cu ill per minute at atmospheric air.
m; = 39,384 kg/h
Ans. (a) 0.5742 cu m, 0.66 kg; (b) 247.3 kg
specific volume of water at 37.4°e = 1.0069 L/kg
(3) A cooling tower receives 6 kg/s of water of 60°C. Air
Volume of cooling water = (39,384 kg/h) (1.0069 Lfkg) enters the tower at 32°C dry bulb and 27°C wet bulb
temperatures and leaves at 50°C and 90 per cent relative
= 39,656 Lih humidity. The cooling efficiency is 60.6 per cent. Determine
(a) the mass flow rate of air entering, and (b) the quantity of
makeup water required.
,
,
1
~,I
Ans. (a) 3.253 kg/s, (b) 0.1818 kg/s
~
I
.
'~
~
:1
,,1
"
,\
.
".
Drying 167
SOLUTION
Chapter 10 Gross weight = 10kg
Bdw = 8 .5 kg
After the material have been processed:
Drying iI weight of moisture = (r ega in) (Bdw) = (0.20) (8.5)
Hygroscopic materials are those substances which are
particularly variable in the moisture content which they can = 1.70 kg
possess at different times . Most of the organic materials, such
as wood , leather, foodstuffs , paper, tobacco, cloth, and hair are gross weight = Bdw + weight of moisture = 8.5 + 1.70
quite hygroscopic.
Bonedry weight Bdw or dry weight is the final constant = 10 .2 kg
weight reached by a hygroscopic substance after being dried out.
Regain is the hygroscopic moisture content of a substance 10.2
Weight of product per kg of original material = -
expressed as a percentage ofthe bonedry weight ofthe material. 10
. weight of moisture
Regaln = b one d ry weig
. ht = 1.02 kglkg
(l01) A 10kg sample from a batch of material under test is
found to have a bonedry weight of 8.5 kg. This material is
processed and is then found to have a regain of 20 per cent.
How much weight of product appears for each kilogram of original
material?
I,V
)
~ j •
.~
t
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;I~
168 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Drying 169
Table 101
(102) Raw cotton has been stored in a warehouse at 29°C
Moisture in Hygroscopic Materials and 50 per cent relative humidity. (a) The cotton goes through a
mill and passes through the weaving room kept at 31°C and 70
Moisture is expressed as regain, per cent of the dry weight of the per cent relative humidity. What is the moisture in 200 kg of
material cotton? (b) For 200 kg of cotton from the warehouse, how many
;I kilograms should appear in the woven cloth, neglecting lintage
----------------------- f,1 and thread losses?
~
Per Cent Relative Humidity J
SOLUTION
60 70 80 ;!
Material Description 40 50
Bread White 4.50 6.20 8.80 11.10 14.50 'i, (a) From Table 101, the regain of raw cotton at 50% relative
humidity is 6.6%.
Flour 6.50 8.00 9.90 12.40 15.40
= 12.4 kg
= 202.8 kg
,
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'41
lOMoARcPSD|12696415
(e) dew point of air leaving the dryer ,I
s W 3 = 0.08809 kg/kg
(f) percentage of saturation of air leaving the dryer
(g) number of cu m of air per second before dryer
j~]t (a) Mass of water in air before heating,
SOLUTION I m w = m WI = (800 kg/h) (0.0688 kglkg) = 55.04 kg/h
(b) Mass of water in air at discharge = mW 3
= (800 kg/h) (0.08809 kg/kg) = 70.47 kg/h
m =800 kWh x{ beater 1i
I
2 W2
·lO(f'C ,
Dryer
,
3 Wa
r-
6P
(c) Water evaporated from the material = m(W 3
= (800 kg/h) (0.08809 0.0688) kglkg
W 2 )
= 15.43 kg/h
WC
10 ~ RH
(d) Point 3:
\
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lOMoARcPSD|12696415
w = (0.622) (PS2)
2 Pt Ps2 1 :1 y
_ 4WC.60UH
~ ~ ~ ~
_ (W2) (Pt) _ (0.0688) (101.325) _ kP
Ps2 0.622 + W2
_ (R) (T2)
0.622 + 0.0688 10.091 a
_ (0.287) (106 + 273) _ 3 di
•
33"C 38°C'
...
~
3
•
W,
I " w~
v2 n n _ 101.325 _ 10.091 1.192 m /kg 60% aa 65% na Heating 93"coI l>r)w
Chamber f6 6
.~'
.;f Point 4: Pd4 = saturation pressure at 49°C = 11. 75 k Pa
.~
Ps4 = (0 4) (Pd4) = (0.60) (11.75) = 7.05 k Pa
"
W _ (0.622)(P S4) _ (0.622)(7.05)
4 P t - Ps4 101.325 _ 7.05 = 0.0465 kg/kg
' ''1''
Point 6 : W 6 = Bdw + (0 .02) (W 6 ) ( l Of» ) 1\ dri er is to b e d esi gned t o r edu ce the moi sture
content of cop r a from 1) 2 per ce n t t o 6 per cent. Atm ospheri c air
nC
Bdw = (0 .98) (W 6 ) = (100 ) (0 .98) = 980 kglh a t 3 1 d ry bu lb and 24 °C wet bulb temperatures , is h eated by
ste a m coi Is t o 8 8 °C before e n ter in g t h e dri er. Steam e n t e rs th e
Point 5 : W. = Bdw + (0 .20) (WJ
~ ~
r eh catur a t a pressure of 133 .9 kPa and 95 pe r cent quality. Th e
a i r l eav es th e drier a t 40 °C w ith a relativ e h umidity of 80 p e r
W _ Bdw 980 cent. Co p r a e n t e rs the dri er at th e rate of 1.30 k g/so D e t erm in e
.'i 0 .80 = 0 .80 =1225 k glh (a ) till' mass flow rate of air and (b ) the mas s flow rate of s t e a m .
(a) Mass balance about dryer
SOLUT ION
maW a + W.'i = m aW4 + W 6
Saturated liquid
Ws W6 (1l8lIU.IIIIld)
1225 1000
m a
W4 W ~ 0.0465 0 .0275
(190.3 6 kJ/s ) (36 00 s/h) = 163,672 kcallh
. ~
i
.',,,
Point 2: t d2 = 88 °C, W ~ = W I = 0 .016 k g/kg
,
.f
(d ) X+Y = 1 (1)
~
h 2 ': \ ~ t 2 + W2h g2
33 x+4 9y= 38 (2)
= ( 1\ 006 2 ) (88 ) + (0 .0 16) (2656. 9 )
Solving equ a t io ns (1 ) and (2) s im u ltaneous ly,
= 131.06 kJ/k g
x = O,6R7f) or 68 .75 c;( fr esh a ir
I
to
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Drying 177
176 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
( 106 \ The temperature of the air in a dryer is maintained
Point 3: t d3 = 40°C, 0 3 = 80% constant by the use of steam coils within the dryer. The product
enters the dryer at the rate of one metric ton per hour. The initial
P = saturation pressure at 40°C = 7.3'Z5 kPa moist.urr content is 3 kg moisture per kg of dry solid and will be
d3
dried to a moisture content of 0.10 kg moisture per kg of dry
P
S3
= (03) (Pd3) = (0.80) (7.375) = 5.900 kPa solid. Air .n ter s the dryer with a humidity ratio of 0.016 kg
moistu rt' per kg of dry air and leaves with a relative humidity of
_ (0.622) (P s3 ) _ (0.622) (5.900) Ik 100 f!r while the temperature remains constant at 60 aC. If the
W 3 Pt P 101.325 _ 5.900 0.0385 kg g total prrssu r« of the air is 101.3 k Pa, determine:
s3
(b) Energy balance about reheater
!~ W. Ws = 1000 kwh
mh, + ruh. = mh, + mh, Point 1: WI = 0.016 kg/kg
fi/h 6 h.) := fia (h z - h.) _ (0.622) (p,)
WI P t PsI
h, :::: h f6 + x 6 h fg6
h, :::: h., P sl = -
W IP t (0.016) 001.3) = 2.540 kPa
0.622 + WI 0.622 + 0.016
h, h, = hf6 + x 6h rg6 - hf6
:::: X (h h f6 ) .(0.287) (60 + 273)
6 g6
VI
= R a T l RaT]
:= (0.95) (2688.3 452.85) Pa P. PsI 101.3 2.540
ill" = 0.7862 kg/s
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lOMoARcPSD|12696415
"
Drying 179
178 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Pd2 = saturation pressure at 60°C = 19.94 kPa ( 1I Tuhacco in warehouse, held at 30°C and 40 per cent
relut iv.: h u m i di ty, is placed in a room at 32°C and 70 per cent
Ps2 = (0 2) (Pd2) = 19.94 kPa rclut iv. liu m id ity preparatory to being worked on. For each 50
kg (If I (IiI; II'CO moved from the warehouse, what is its bonedry
W = (0.622) (PS2) = (0.622) (19.94) = 0.1524 kg/kg weight" What is the actual weight of this quantity of tobacco
2 101.3 19.94 after ~I;,vlng in the working room?
P, Ps2
An s. 44.13 kg, 55.16 kg
Point 3: Bdw = 250 kg
. 0.10 (~) Air enters an adiabatic drier at 6 mls through a 2m
Point 4: MOIsture content = = 0.0909 or .9.09% diarmt rr d uct at 29°C dry bulb and 22°C wet bulb temperatures.
1.0 + 0.10
It is litat I,d to 80°C before reaching the material to be dried and
W4 = (0.0909) (W) + Bdw leaves t I}(' drier at 44°C and 80 per cent relative humidity. The
matrr i a l cn t.crs the drier with a moisture content of24 per cent
W = Bdw 250 and It'av('s with a moisture content of 8 per cent. Determine (a)
4 1 _ 0.0909 = A nAn = 275 kg/h the mass of water removed per kg of dry air, (b) the volume flow
rate of air o n tering the reheater, (c) the kg of water evaporated
per sr-ro nd , (d) the mass flow rate of material leaving the drier,
(a) Mass balance about dryer and (t') t.h« heat requirement of drier per kg of water evaporated.
(4) A dryer is to deliver 1000 kg/h of palay with final
moisture content of 10%. The initial moisture content in the feed
is 15% at atmospheric condition with 32°C dry bulb and 21°C
wet bulb. The dryer is maintained at 45° while the relative
humidity of the hot humid air from the dryer is 80%. If the steam
pressure supplied to the heater is 2 MPa, determine the following:
.".
Q = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3
where Q = product load, kJ
Q 1 = heat to cool from entering temperature to
freezing temperature, kJ
Q 2 = heat to freeze, kJ
Q 3 = heat to cool from freezing temperature to
final storage temperature, kJ
Q 1 = (rn) (c b ) (t e t r)
Q 2 = (rn) (h.)
Q 3 = (rn) (c) (t r - t s )
I'
~:l where m = mass of the product, kg
cb = specific heat above freezing, kJ/kg. Co
ca = specific heat below freezing, kJ/kg. Co
t e = entering temperature, °C
t, = freezing temperature, °C
t s = storage temperature, °C
h. = product latent heat, kJlkg
specific heat of ice 1.9387 kI/kg.C"
specific heat of vegetables 3.35 k.I/kg.C"
"
t, DC t,OC P, kPa hf h vf vg
P,kPa Itf hI vf v, x Sf Sg
If
" 30 9.24 174.25 373\1 0.90099 1.72074 0.62466 1581.77
21 886.57 298.527 1410.41 1.34452 5.3626 1.6426 144.578
22 915.03 303.300 1411.11 1.360S5 5.3512 140.214 25 12.15 178.53 37611 0.91824 1.71447 0.62894 1225.53
1.6466
23 944.18 308.081 1481.17 1.37654 20 15.78 182.81 37866 0.93517 1.70885 0.63331 960.954
5.33'9 1.6507 136.006
24 15 20.25 187.09 381.12 0.95179 1.70377 0.63777 761.949
974.03 312.870 1482.53 1.39250 5.3286 1.6541 131.950
25 1004.6 10 25.71 191.39 38371 0.96813 1.69922 0.64234 610.466
317.667 1483.18 1.40843 5.3175 1.6588 128.037
8 28.20 193.11 384.80 0.97459 1.69753 0.64419 560.196
26 1035.9 322.471 1483.81 1.42433 5.3063 1.6630 124.261
27 1068.0 327.284 1484.42 6 30.88 194.83 385.82 0.98100 1.69592 0.64606 514.840
1.44020 5.2953 1.66i2 120.619
1100.7 -4 33.76 196.55 386.84 0.98738 1.69438 0.64795 473.883
28 332.104 1485.01 1.45604 5.2843 1.6714 117.103
1134.3 2 36..86 198.27 387.86 0.9937.1 1.69291 0.64985 436.764
29 336.933 1485.59 1.47185 5.2733 1.6757 113.708
30 1168.6 341.169 1486.14 0 40.18 200.00 388.89 1.00000 1.69150 0.65178 403.130
1.48762 5.2624 1.6800 110.430
31 1203.7 346.614 1486.67 1 41.92 200.86 389.40 1.00313 1.69082 0.65275 387.493
1.50337 5.2516 1.6844 107.263
32 1239.6 351.466 1487.18 1.51908 5.2408 1.6888 104.205 2 43.73 201. 73 389.91 1.00625 1.69018 0.65372 372.593
33 1276.3 356.326 1487.66 1.53477 1.6932 101.248 3 45.60 202.59 390.42 1.00936 1.68951 0.65470 358.366
5.2300
34 1313.9 361.195 1488.13 1.55042 4 47.54 203.46 390.93 1.01246 1.68888 0.65568 344.792
5.2193 1.6977 98.3913
35 1352.2 366.072 1488.57 1.56605 5 49.53 204.32 391.44 1.01555 1.68826 0.65667 331.859
5.2086 1.7023 95.6290
36 1391.5 . 370.957 1488.99 6 51.60 205:19 391.95 1.01863 1.68766 0.65.7t>6 319.500
1.58165 5.1980 1.7069 92.9579
37 1431.5 375.851 1489.39 1;59722 7 53.73 206.05 392.46 1.02170 1.68707 0.65866 307.698
5.1874 1.7115 90.3743
38 ·1472.4 380.754 1489.76 1.61276 5.1768 8 55.93 206.92 392.97 1.02476 1.68650 0.65966 296.427
1.7162 87.8748
39 1514.3 385.666 1490.10 1.62828 9 58.21 207.79 393.47 1.02782 1.68594 0.66067 285.648
5.1663 1.7209 85.4561
40 1557.0 390.587 1490.42 10 60.55 208.65 393.98 1.03086 1.68539 0.66168 275.347
1.64317 5.1558 1.7257 83.1150
41 1600.6 395.519 1490.11 1.65924 5.1453 11 62.97 209.52 394.49 1.03389 1.68486 0.66270 265.483
1.7305 80.8484
42 1645.1 400.462 1490.98 1.67470 5.1349 12 65.4 7 210.39 395.00 1.03692 1.68434 0.66327 256.063
1.7354 78.6536
43 405.416 1491.21 13 68.04 211.26 395.51 1.03994 1.68383 0.66475 247.037
1690.6 1.69013 5.1244 1.7404 76.5276
44 1737.0 41fr.382 1491.41 14 70.70 212.13 396.02 1.04294 1.68333 0.66578 238.396
1.70554 5.1140 1.7454 74.4678
n5.362 15 73.43 213.00 396.52 1.04594 1.68285 0.66682 230.130
45 1784.3 1491.58 1.72095 5.1036 1.7504 72.4716
16 76.25 213.87 397.03 1.04893 1.68238 0.66786 222.205
46 1832.6 420.358 1491.72 1.73635 5.0932 1.7555 70.5365
17 79.15 214.74 397.54 1.05191 1.68193 0:66891 214.614
47 1881.9 425.369 1491.83 1.75174 5.0827 1.7607 68.6602
18 82.14 215.61 398.04 1.05488 1.68148 0.66997 207.332
48 1932.2 430.399 1491.88 1.76714 5.0723 1.7659 66.8403
19 85.21 216.48 398.55 1.05785 1.68105 0.67102 200.361
49 1983.5 435.450 1491.91 1.78255 5.0618 1.7712 65.0746
20 H8.38 217.35 399.05 1.06080 1.68062 0.67209 193.665
SO 2035.9 440.523 1491.89 1.79798 5.0514 1.7766 63.3608
187.245
21 91.64 218.22 399.56 1.06375 1.68021 0.67316
51 W89.2 445.623 1491.83 1.81343 5.0409 1.7820 61.6971
22 94.99 219.10 400.06 1.06669 1.67982 0.67424 181.089
52 2143.6 .50.751 1491. 73 1.82891 5.0303 1.7875 60.0813
! 23 n.44 219.97 400.57 1.06961 1.67942 0.67532 175.166
53 2199.1 455.913 1491.58 1.84445 5.0198 1.7931 58.5114
24 101.98 220.84 401.07 1.07254 1.67905 0.67641 169.485
54 2255.6 461.112 1491.38 1.86004 5.0092 1.7987 56.9855
25 105.62 221.72 401.57 1.07545 1.67868 0.67750 164.034
55 2313.2 466.353 1491.12 1.87571 4.9985 1.8044 55.5019
f 26
27
109.37
113.21
222.59
223.47
402.07
402.57
1.07838
1.08125
1.67832
1.67798
0.67860
0.67971
158.786
153.754
28' 117.16 224.34 403.08 1.08414 1.67764 0.68082 148.903
29 121.22 225.22 403.58 1.08702 1.67731 0:68194 144.246
30 125.38 226.10 404.08 1.08989 1.67699 0.68307 139.768
32 134.05 227.85 405.07 1.09561 1.67638 0.68533 131.305
~ 34 143.18 229.61 406.07 1.10130 1.67581 0.68763 123.462
36 152.78 231.37 407.06 1.10696 1.67527 0.68995 116.135
38 162.87 233.13 408.05 1.11259 1.67476 0.69230 109.430
40 173.46 234.90 409.04 1.11819 1.67429 Q.69468 103.151
'f' J
188 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning l 189
Table 2 (continued) , I
Table 3 Refrigeration 12: properties of liquid and saturated vapor
,I
Enthalpy, Entropy. Specific volume, Enthalpy, Entropy, Specific volume,
kJ/tg kJ/kg· K L/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg' K L/kg
,
10
219.12 190.822 347.134 0.96601 1.55997 0.70004 76.6464
227.04 9 19"1 :734 347.574 0.96945 1.55938 0.70157 74.1155
235.19 8 192.647 348.012 0.97287 1.55897 0.70310 71.6864
243.55 7 193.562 348.450 0.97629 1.55822 0.70465 69.3543
1,1 ~ 252.14 194.477 348.886 0.97971 1.55765 0.70622 67.1146
5 260.96 195.395 349.321 0.98311 1.55710 0.70780 64.9629
I 4 270.01 196.313 349.755 0.98650 1.55657 0.70939 62.8952
3 279.30 197.233 350.187 0.98989 1.55604 0.71099 60.9075
2 288.82 198.154 350.619 0.99327 1.55552 0'.71261 58.9963
1 298.59 199.076 351.049 0.99664 1.55502 0.71425 57.1579
0 308.61 200.000 351.477 1.00000 1.55452 0.71590 55.3892
1 318.88 200.925 351.905 1.00335 1.55404 0.71756 53.6869
2 329.40 201.852 352.331 1.00670 1.55356 0.71924 52.0481
3 340.19 202.780 352.755 1.01004 1.55310 0.72094 50.4700
4 351.24 203.710 353.179 1.01337 1.55264 0.72265 48.9499
5 363.55 204 ..6 42 353.600 1.01670 1.55220 0.72438 47.4853
6 374.14 205.575 354.020· 1.02001 . 1.55176 0.72612 . 46.0737
1 386.01 206.509 354.439 1.02333 1.55133 0.72788 44.7129
8 398.15 207.445 354.856 1.02663 1.55091 0.72966 43.4006
9 410.58 208.383 355.272 1.02993 1.55050 0.73146 42.1349
10 423.30 209.323 355.686 1.03322 1.55010 0.73326 40.9137
.11 436.31 210.264 356.098 1.03650 1.54970 0.73510 39.7352
12 449.62 211.207 356.509 1.03978 1.54931 (,.73695 38:5975
13 463.23 212.152 356.918 1.04305 1.54893 0.73882 37.4991
14 477.14 213.099 357.325 1.04632 1.54856 0.74071 36.4382
15 491.37 214.048 357.730 1.04958 1.54819 0.74262 35.4133
16 505.91 214.998 358.134 1.05284 1.54783 0.74455 34.4230
~1
17 520.76 215.951 358.535 1.05609 1.54748 0.74649 33.4658
18 535.94 216.906 358.935 1.05933 1.54713 0.74846 32.5405
19 551.45 217.863 359.333 1.06258 1.54679 0.75045 31.6457
20 567.29 218.821 359.729 1.06581 1.54645 0.75246 30.7802
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.Ja "\
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lOMoARcPSD|12696415
190 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
191
Table 3 (continued)
Table 4 Refrigeration 22: properties of liquid and saturated vapor
Enthalpy, Entropy, Specific volume,
Enthalpy, Entropy, Specific volume,
kJjkg kJjkg' K L/kg
kJ/kg kJ/kg • K L/kg
t,OC P,kPa hf hg sf Sg vf vg i.rc P, kPa hf hg
- '
sf 's vf vg
21 583.47 219.783 360.122 1.06904 1.54612 0.75449 29.9429 ~O 37.48 134.763 379.114 0.73254 1.87886 0.68208 537.152
22 599.98 220.746 360.514 1.07227 1.54579 0.75655 29.1327 55 49.47 139.830 381.529 0.75599 1.86389 0.68856 414.827
23 616.84 221.712 360.904 1.07549 1.54547 0.75863 28.3485 50 64.39 144.,959 383.921 0.77919 1.85000 0.69526 324.557
24 634.05 222.680 361.291 1.07871 1.54515 0.76073 27.5894 ~5 82.71 150.153 386.282 0.80216 \.83708 0.70219 256.990
25 651.62 223.650 361.676 1.08193 1.54484 0.76286 26.8542 40 104.95 155.414 388.609 0.82490 1.82504 0.70936 205.745
26 669.54 224.623 362.059 1.08514 1.54453 0.76501 26.1422 35 131.68 160.742 390.896 0.84743 1.81380 0.71680 166.400
27 687.82 225.598 362.439 1.08835 1.54423 0.76716 25.4524 30 163.48 166.140 393.r38 0.86976 1.80329 0.72452 135.844
28 706.47 226.576 362.817 1.09155 1.54393 0.76938 24.7840 28 177.76 168.318 394.021 0.87864 1.79927 0.72769· 125.563
29 725.50 221.557 363.193 1.09475 1.54363 0.77161 24.1362 26 192.99 170.507 394.896 0.88748 1.79535 0.73092 116.214
30 744.90 228.540 363.566 1.09195 1.54334 0.77386 23.5082 24 209.22 172.708 395.762 0.89630 1.79152 0.73420 107.701
31 764.68 229.526 363.937 1.10115 1.54305 0.77614 22.8993 22 226.48 174.919 396.619 0.90509 1.78779 0.73753 99.9362
32 784.85 230.515 36'4.305 1.10434 1.54276 0.77845 22.3088 20 244.83 177.142 397.467 0.91386 1.78415 0.74091 92.8432
33 805.41 23.1.506 364.670 1.10753 1.54247 0.78079 21.735'9
18 264.29 179.376 398.305 0.92459 1.78059 0.74436 86.3546
34 826.36 232.501 365.033 1.11072 1.54219 0.18316 21.1802 16 284.93 181.622 399.133 0.93129 1.77711 0.74786 80.4103
35 847.72 233.498 365.392 1.11391 1.54191 0.78556 20.6408 14 306.78 183.878 399.951 0.93997 1.77371 0.75143. 74.9572
36 869.48 234.499 365.749 1.11710 1.54163 0.78799 20.1173 12 329.89 186.147 400.759 0.94862 1.77039 0.15506 69.9478
j, 37 891.64 235.503 366.103 1.12028 1.54135 0.79045 19.6091
I'
10 354.30 188.426 401.555 0.95725 1.76713 0.75876 65.3399
11\
38 914.23 236.510 366.454 1.12347 1.54107 0.79294 19.1156 9 367.01 189.571 401.949
,J
j 39 937.23 237.521 366.802 1.12665 1.54079 0.79546 18.6362 f 8 380.06 190.718 402.341
0.96155
0.06585
1.76553
1.76394
0.76063
0.76253
63.1746
61.0958
~I:1
40
41
960.65
984.51
238.535
239.552
367.146
367.487
1.12984
1.13302
1.54051
1.54024
0.79802
0.80062
18.1706
17.7182
i"
7 393.47 191.868 402.729 0.97014 1.76237 0.76444 59.0996
~ 407.23 193.021 403.114 0.97442 1.76082 0.76636 57.1820
Ii 42 1008.8 " 240.574 367.825 1.13620 1.53996 0.80325 17.2785 5
~I 421.35 194.176 403.496 0.97870 1.75928 0.76831 55.3394
I, 43 1033.5 241.598 368.160 1.13938 1.53968 0.80592 16.8511 4 435.84 195.335 403.876 0.98297 1.75775 0.77028 53.5682
44 1058.7 242.627 368.491 1.14251 1.53941 0.80863 16.4356 3 450.70 196.497 404.252 0.98724 1.75624 0.77226 51.8653
45 1084.3 243.659 368.818 1.14575 1.53913 0.81137 16.0316 2 465.94 197.662 404.626 0.99150 1.75475 0.77427 50.2274
46 1110.4 244.696 369.141 1.14894 1.53885 0.81416 15.6386 1 481.57 198.828 404.994 0.99575 1.75326 0.77629 48.6517
47 1136.9 245.736 369.461 1.15213 1.5'3856 0.81698 15.2563 0 497.59 200.000 405.361 1.00000 1.75279 0.77834 47 .13~4
48 1163.9 246.781 369.777 1.15532 1.53828 0.81985 14.8844 1 514.01 201.174 405.724 1.00424 1.75034 0.78041 45.6757
49 1191.4 241.830 370.088 1.15851 1.53199 0.82277 14.5224 2 530.83 202.351 406.084 1.00848 1.74889 0.7824Q 44.2702
50 1219.3 248.884 370.396 1.16170 1.53770 0.82573 14.1 ?01 3 548.06 203.530 406.440 1.01271 1.74746 0.78460 42.9166
52 1276.6 251.004 370.997 1.16810 1.53712 0.83119 , 13.4931 4 565.71 204.713 406.793 1.01694 1.74604 0.78673 41.6124
54 1335.9 253.144 371.581 1.17451 1.536'51 0.83804 lZ.8509 5 5~n.78 205.899 407.143 1.02116 1.74463 0.78889 40.3556
56 1397.2 255.304 372.145 1.18093 1.53589 0.84451 12.2412 602.28 6 207.089 407.489 1.02537 1.74324 0.79107 39.1441
58 1460.5 257.486 372.688 1.18738 1.53524 0.85121 11.6620 7 621.22 208.281 407.831 1.02958 1.74185 0.79327 37.9759
60 1525.9 259;690 373.210 1.19384 1.53457 0.85814 11.1113 8 640.59 209.477 408.169 1.03379 1.74047 0.79549 36.8493
62 1593.5 261.918 373.707 1.20034 1.53387 0.86534 10.5872 9 660.42 210.675 408.504 1.03799 1.73911 0.79775 35.7624
64 1663.2 264.172 374.180 1.20686 1.53313 0.87282 10.0881 10 680.70 211.877 408.835 1.04218 1.73775 0.80002 34.7136
66 1735.1 i66.452 374.625 1.21342 1.53235 0.88059 9.61234 11 701.44 213.083 409.162 1.04637 1.73640 0.80232 33.7013
68 1809.3 268.762 375.042 1.22001 1.53153 0.88870 9.15844 12 722.65 214.291 409.485 1.05056 1.73506 0.80465 32.7239
70 1885.8 271.102 375.427 1.22665 1.53066 0.89716 8.72502 13 744.33 215.503 409.804 1.05474 1.73373 0.80701 31.7801
75 2087.5 277.100 376.234 1.24347 1.52821 0.92009 7.12258 14 766.50 216.719 410.119 1.05892 1.73241 0.80939 30.8683
80 2304.6 283.341 376.777 1.26069 1.52526 0.94612 6.82143 15 789.15 217.937 410.430 1.06309 1.73109 0.81180 29.9874
85 2538.0 289.879 376.985 1.27845 1.52164 0.97621 6.00494 3
16 812.29 219.160 410.736 1.06726 1.72978 0.81424 29.1361
90 2788.5 296.788 376.748 1.29691 1.51708 1.01190 5.25759 17 835.93 220.386 411.038 1.07142 1.72848 0.81671 28.3131
95 3056.9 304.181 375.887 1.31637 1.51113 1.05581 4.563~ 18 860.08 221.615 411.336 1.07559 1.72719 0.81922 27.5173
100 3344.1 312.261 374.070 1.33732 1.50296 1.11311 3.90280
-----_.-
_. .. .
19 884.75 222.848 411.629 1.07974 1.72590 0.82175 26.7477
---~.
\,
20 909.93 224.084 411.9J8 1.08390 1.72462 0.82431 26.0032
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~
lOMoARcPSD|12696415
",
192 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning I ~ I:I
Table 4 (continued)
'S){j [w '::lWnrOA :l!J!:l::ldS
Enthalpy, Entropy. Specific volume,
kJjkg kJjkg • K Ljkg o 0 ooog
o o
o o o 0 0 o o
o or. o o 0 0 00000 "'! o
C"! ~ ~ v: ~r-:. N o
t,OC P, kPa hg N-
"f Sf Sg Vf V
g
o
g~ j~
'<t
21 935.64 225.324 412.202 1.08805 1.72334 0.82691 25.2829 I'
~ ~
22 961.89 226.568 412.481 1.09220 1.72206 0.82954 24.5857 o
23 988.67 227.816 412.755 1.09634 1.72080 0.83221 23.9107 ~
24 1016.0 229.068 413.025 1.10048 1.71953 0.83491 23.2572 ~n 11 ~ 1 I'~ ,
25 1043.9 ~30. 24 413.289 1.10462 1.71827 0.83765 22.6242 -
26 1072.3 231.583 413.548 1.10876 1.71701 0.84043 22.0111
27 1101.4 23 .~47 413.802 1.11290 1.71576 0.84324 21.4169
L'"
28 1130.9 234.115 414.050 1.11703 1.71450 0.84610 20.8411
1\1 1\ I\'t It\ IV\
235.387 414.293
~[
1\
29 1161.1 1.12116 i.71325 0.84899 20.2829 _ V)
'-0
30 1191.9 236.664 414.530 19.7417 0
1.12530 1.71200 0.85193
31 1223.2 237.944 414.762 1.12943 1.71075 0.85491 19.2168 ~, vi ~1.0
32 1255.2 239.230 414.987 1.13355 1.70950 0.85793 18.7076
33 1287.8 240.520 415.207 1.13768 0.86101 o
1.70826 18.2135 ~
34 1321.0 241.814 415.420 1.14181 1.70701 0.86412 17.7341
35 1354.8 243.114 415.627 1.14594 1.70576 0.86729 17.2686 g~ .,;
1.0
36 1389.2 244.418 415.828 1.15007 1.70450 0.87051 16.8168 e
37 1424.3 245.727 416.021 1.15420 1.70325 0.87378 16.3779 o
001- ~
38 1460.1 247.041 416.208 1.15833 1.70199 0.87710 15.9517 V)
>
39 1496.5 248.361 416.388 1.16246 1.70073 0.88048 15.5375 o as
• pol
N~
o
VI
0C"!
V)
I
45 1729.0 256.396 417.308 1.18730 1.69305 0.90203 13.2841
8F-
~]~~~
46 1770.2 257.756 417.432 1.19145 1.69174 0.90586 12.9436 V"I
47 1812.1 259.123 417.548 1.19560 1.69043 0.90976 12.6122
°~ t
~·8
49
1854.8
1898.2
260.497
261.877
417.655
417.752
1.19977
1.20393
1.68911
1.68777
0.91374
0.91779
12.2895
11.9753
-°:j!o ~J.-
al
~ ~!
50 1942.3 263.264 417.838 1.20811 1.68643 0.92193 11.6693 e
52 2032.8 266.062 417.983 1.21648 1.68370 0.93047 11.0806 o
54
56
58
2126.5
2223.2
2323.2
268.891
271.754
274.654
277.594
418.083
418.137
418.141
418.089
1.22489
1.23'333
1.24183
1.68091
1.67805
1.67511
1.67208
0.93939
0.94872
0.95850
Q.96878
10.5214
9.98952
9.48319
9.00062
N
:
;a
60 2426.6 1.25038 ~
62 2533.3 280.577 41 '.978 1.25899 1.66895 0.97960 8.54016 ~
64
66
68
2643.5
2757.3
2874.7
283.607
286.690
289.832
417.802
417.553
417.226
1.26768
1.27647
1.2i535
1.66570
1.66231
1.65876
0.99104
1.00317
1.01608
8.10023
7.67934
7.27605
o
~I- i
:3
.sc:=
~~
~1-
"" I ..!l'
~
70 2995.9 293.038 416.809 1.29436 1.65504 1.02987 6.88899
75 3316.1 301.399 415.299 1.31758 1.64472 1.06916 5.98334
M
gl I I I I < E 'I'::s
80
85
3662.3
4036.8
310.424
320.505
412.898
409.101
1.34223
1.36936
1.63239
1.61673
1.11810
1.18328
5.14862
4.35815
M
~I-
M
I I I I ~
=
ct
90
95
4442.5
4883.5
332.616
351.767
402.653
38'6.708
1.40155
1.45222
1.59440
1.54712
1.28230
1.52064 2.55133\
3.56440
8
N
~§ § ~ ~ 8
M
8
(,"'l
8 0 0
0\001'
0 .-4
bil
r.d'! 'JlnSS;'Jd ~
Downloaded by Ice Scott (ice.scott30@gmail.com)
.~
~
340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460
I I I I I I I I I I I
Entropy, kJ/kg: . K 1.68 1.70 1.72 1.74 1.76 1.78 1.8C
240 ......
~"' /' \L-4-~ /' ~ 0.100 i..C
7 -v V ,/ \ ./\ ~
:00
f- ~-_+ -_ + - _ I _ ~-_ +_- +_- I_ +- _- _+ 40,.. ~I- ,\(J:r \ /\ ..A I V \ /
/\... I,'\,' \ / \ "/, \ ./1 .{" ::v
ro
0.150
~, - L~-UL Y X ,/ " /' 1 ~
crq'
f-+_I.30~J, ..
V-+!L~ = J. l\-_ , o<'. \ ~m_ + ,1 -1 V\ / A ro
O ~. '"""'\
/' -L. 7"~-<'\t>. -~ V/'// ~/ ~
100 cr-
1 1/ . L-~ ...1 ·~ -1 ./,/ / /
90 I___+/+++++lf..++_l_ 0 o'
::J
f-+_,Ic~A./T /' /' /' ,/ 0.300
80 ~
'\D /./,/ V ':.lJ ::J
/ / 'v:
, _--+-_-+----+_--+-_+----+_--+-_+----I-_---+-__I+/-~c=l. /: -"'.£=7- + ~_ +4-
70 r ~ 0...
10 / : ,/ / / 1/ /'
hO I+/+++++,f+_I_ 0.400 ~:;- >-
}1 t;r7 L ~;.- '\'b "" 7' ~ /' ./ V ::;.
.:\ / ./ ./ V :.;
~ 50 f-I+j.7/4~=v'"#;i!:LJ 0.500 n
:.; 0
!++++++cf++_ 0) L ~ ="7 / ! (J/ /' / /'
0.(,00
..::: ::J
~ 40 11 V / ..£ ~;: ;....,'D / / >
'J
0,700 ;~
e-:
ct-
#_+~.f-,L71c='/:H;Jb ./ V V/'/' ·G
0'
30 I-j+l~ '/ / L- '"T 7
",I ,,/ 0.800 :.; ::J
10 _. 1/ 7 / , 'b / V
-~ /' " 0.900 if]
crq
S'
L I..--+- 7 7 ~/ ,/ 1.000
/ / ~ / 'bt>." / /'
20
I- -+_ ~- +_- + _ _+-,~r"'.:=A '7" / . J ~,1'\ ./ ./ V / L -
1-----1_-1-_--+_-+-_-+-_+--_-"10 J --7' 7 ~ -/ ~ / / "" /' 1.500
-, -r="[7' / 7 / ~- 'bD / _~/' /
// ~ 1 - 7 ' ~ - / ,-~.'"/ / q~ [7/ ,/ -
2.000
~ lL ~
rr/ Z,-~r.- "" +'bcb / / '\,.J,.. C'\).." / /
10 30 ~:" '- :;Ii"= 7 ,-~r:'\ ./ ./ '\,. -b"~.:;4'rJ
l) ff++++ t r 7 / ~ f--7' 17 7 / /' ~ lt" '\, C\ /'
,IS 3.000
L".,L- ~ V / !' L,-. "L.'- "7~ /'\,J(~ / / ~ ~'b-=:t/
7
V / . / -'- ~r- 7 / II _JA--, 7 1/ / L ~ (J~
h 4.000
40 V- 17 V l.L-~ 7 ~/ 1/ / ~ " /' -bi ~5 -/ 'I
Temperature, 0(' 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 1 ~ 0
I " I I I I I r I
340 350 3CJO 370 380 390 400 41"0 420 430 440 450 4(10
lOMoARcPSD|12696415
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Figure 2 Pressureenthalpy diagram of superheated refrigerant 11 vapor.
::; .. -' _... _...... -"""" ....._............ __ ..........~ ........... ._~
_.- .... _-
300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430
. I r T I
v / ~
~40
~ iz,
~ 300 II u// V!..I1I
1L&oo'"7\ ....
, ~. I r III
... rr A Q:
"~ ~; v
., If Jt:7 \f \ ......~ ;......II 51 I 1./
I ~.-, 1 ., ~~ l _.. t:iZ:'Et1< 5 {
j 'J.
10! -yr ~ ~, . " 7~ .. ~ /
200 A_~'-·I f I ,V /
v O.ISO
,+-~A:±="'#;l[
JIt.:~=-7
_ • .....1......a 0.300
~,f-v=FV
An 60 80 100
o 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 ......
'C
EnUlalpy. kJ/k. ~'l
Entropy, k J /kg . K 1.70 1.72 '\ Ii-I 1.76 1.78 1.80 1.82
I I I~ X'(!z::t:SJl4=="'"K \ A ;.c
0;
::c
CD
::j>
iQ'
CD
~
1000 ~
900 0.040 o'
::l
800 cc OJ
O.OSO ~ ::l
700 P-
c,
'" 0.060 E
..><: 600 v ?
~
'lJ
0.070 E
::l ~
500 o
~ >
o.oso "0 ::l
"-' OJ
c: O.OllO c: e-:
c.
400
0.100 B
c, §
Vl
5'
(TQ
300
0.IS0
200
0.200
0.300
Temperature, "('
350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490
Enthalpy kJjkg
lOMoARcPSD|12696415
~