HAND OUT BIOLOGY CLASS XI SEMESTER II

DISEASES / DISEASES IN THE HUMAN EXCRETION SYSTEM

& EXCRETION SYSTEM IN ANIMALS

Date and time: February

Learning objectives : 1. Students are able to explain diseases/abnormalities in the excretory
system
man.
2. Students are able to identify the excretory system in several
animal.

Teaching Materials:

Diseases / Abnormalities in the Human Excretory System:

- Albuminaria :the presence of albumin and other proteins in the urine.
- Diabetes mellitus or diabetes:the presence of sugar (glucose) in the urine, which is caused by a
lack of the hormone insulin in the blood.
- Diabetes insipidus:Patients excrete too much urine due to a lack of the hormone ADH.
- Kidney stones :deposition of calcium salts in the renal cavity, renal tract, or bladder.
- Nephritis:damage to the glomerulus of the kidney due to bacterial infection, such as Streptococcus
bacteria.
Nephritis causes a person to suffer from uremia (urine that enters the blood) or edema (water
accumulation in the legs due to impaired water reabsorption).
- Hematuria:the presence of red blood cells in the urine.
- Ketosis:the presence of ketones in the blood.
- Polyuria:when the urine that comes out of the body is very large and dilute.
- Oliguria :when the urine that comes out of the body is very little, even no urine (anuria), due to
total kidney damage.

ANIMAL EXCRETION SYSTEM

1. In invertebrate animals:
- Protozoa :pulsating vacuole (contractile vacuole) through the cell membrane by diffusion
- Coelenterates:through the mouth (tentacles) by diffusion
- Porifera :through the osculum
- Echinoderms:anus
- Flatworms and tapeworms:selenocyte / protonefridium / flame cell/ flame cell
- Annelids (eg earthworms):metanephridium
- Insects :malpighian vessels
2. In vertebrates (PARAM):
- Fish :excretory tract associated with the reproductive tract (UROGENITALIA)
Has a pair of opistonephric kidneys. The mechanism: metabolic waste opistonephros vas deferens
unites with the genital tract cloaca (feces)
- Amphibians:have a pair of mesonephric kidneys. In male frogs, the kidneys are connected to the
reproductive tract (UROGENITALIA), while in female frogs they are separate. Amphibious kidneys
communicate with the ureters in the urinary bladder.
- Reptiles:has a pair of metanephric kidneys (which function after pronephros and mesonephros).
Mechanism: metabolic waste metanephros ureter bladder cloaca.
- Aves :has a metanephric kidney, but does not have a urinary bladder, so the products of excretion
are directly channeled into the cloaca. In seabirds, for example gulls, the metabolic wastes excreted
are uric acid and salt. The saline solution is excreted by the glands above the eyes (nares).

Urine TEST
 Normal urine content consists of: water, urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine, lactic acid, phosphoric acid,
sulfuric acid, chloride, NaCl, and excessive substances in the blood, such as vitamin C and drugs.
 The color of light yellow urine comes from the color of bile, namely bilirubin and biliverdin.
 Ammonia test: when the urine is put into a test tube, then heated, it will smell the vaporized ammonia
gas.
 Glucose test: If the urine of a diabetic patient is put into a test tube, then dripped with Benedict's solution
or a combination of Fehling's solution A and Fehling's solution B, then heated, a brick red/orange
precipitate will be found in the urine. As for normal people, there was no color change with the same
treatment.
 Protein test: If the urine of patients with albuminaria is put into a test tube, then dripped with Biuret
solution, the urine color changes, becoming violet or purple. As for normal people, there was no color
change with the same treatment.
Patients with diabetes and albuminaria show that there is damage to the kidneys, namely the nephron of
the kidney, specifically the glomerulus.

EVALUATION
1. A person who lacks the hormone ADH will experience the disease....
2. If the urine that comes out of the body is very large and watery.
3. The excretory organs of Porifera are...
4. Tapeworms have an excretory system in the form of...
5. Excretory organs in amphibians are...
6. The excretory organs in humans are...
7. Urogenitalia is...
8. Write 3 ingredients in urine
9. If a brick red precipitate is found in the urine with Benedict's solution, it is possible that a person is
suffering from...
10. Patients with albuminaria show damage to the ......kidneys