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What is Data Processing :

Types and Its Applications

The word data comes from the Latin language,

which means the collection of raw information.
The concept of data processing is all about
processing raw data using a computer to obtain
the desired meaningful output. The data can be
processed either manually or automatically. The
output data which is obtained after processing
raw data is represented in various forms like, it
can be either numeric form like 0-9, ., +, -, /, E, D,
or character form which can be either string
format like alphabetical format or alphanumeric
format or graphical form like diagrams, charts,
maps, which is based on the type of software
used or the procedure used for processing data.

What is Data Processing?

The process of converting raw data using a
medium like manual or automatic tools into
meaningful output information is called data
processing. The raw data like the number of
students in a class, examination results, address,
etc, which is given as input to the processor
which uses certain procedures to manipulate the
raw data and processes it to provide desired
meaningful output. For example, If we purchase
an item in a departmental store they provide us
bill after purchasing, where the bill contains all
the data items information like item details,
customer name, phone number, address, time,
bill amount, amount paid, tax, etc, all these put
together forms an information, where this
information is process form of data. The basic
function of this processing is validation, sorting,
summarization, aggregation, analysis, reporting,
classification.

data-processing

Different Types

There are three types of data processing, they

are

Manual Data Processing

The data which is processed manually by human

actions that are without using any tool is manual
processing. Like for example manually writing or
calculating a report manually and accurately is
manual processing, manually verifying marks
sheet, financial calculation, etc. The main
disadvantage is that manual processing requires
high labor costs, high time consumption, more
errors, etc. Hence with this disadvantage, more
advance tools have come where processing
work is done automatically.

Coursary
Electronic Data Processing (EDP)

It is also called as information services or

systems. It processes the raw data through
computers and programs using electronic
communication. The processing work is very fast.
The best example for electronic data processing
is an ATM card, which is embedded with an
electronic chip.

Real-Time Data Processing

It is a continuous process, which responds within

seconds when the data input is given it gets
processed and provides desired output data. For
example, a person wants to draw a certain
amount from his account using an ATM. As soon
as he inserts the card and enters balance, he
wants to draw along with ATM pin, the machine
processes the transaction and updated his bank
account balance online within a few seconds.
The main advantage is time consumption.

Data Processing Cycle

This processing cycle is common to both manual

and electronic processing. It is the series of
steps for extracting information from raw data.
There are 3 important stages in this processing
they are,

Input

The process through which data collected is

transformed into a form that the computer can
understand. It is the most important step
because the correct output results depend on
the given input data. The activities carried out in
data input are of four stages, they are

Data Collection
Data Encoding
Data Transmission
Data Communication

Data Collection

Data collection is a very important step in

processing where all raw facts are collected from
various environments which should be well
defined and accurate to processes it. Examples
of data collection are land surveys, election
polling.

Data Encoding

The process of converting raw facts into a form

that is easier to provide as an input to the
processing system is data encoding.

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curriculum that's fun.

Data Transmission

At this stage, the data is sent to the processor

and also to various components of the system

Data Communication

At this stage, the data is communicated between

various processing systems.

Process

This stage deals with manipulating raw data

using various tools or software techniques to
meaningful information. Many software tools are
available to process large volumes of data within
a short span of time. It can be explained in
simple form in the following example of an
automation data processing technique, the user
writes a program to perform addition of two
numbers, which contains set of instructions, this
program is processed to the central processing
unit which processes data based on the
instruction provided. Now the software
manipulates the data which provides instructions
to process data and give meaningful expected
information.

data-processing-example

There are three different types of data

manipulating techniques they are

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This spring, grow your child’s love
of learning with a full online
curriculum that's fun.

Classification: Data has segregated

accordingly into different groups and
subgroups at this stage so that it would be
easy to process.
Storing: At this stage, data is stored in a
proper sequence so that it can be easily
accessed when needed.
Calculation: At this stage, a number of
operations are performed on the data to
produce desired results.

Output

At this stage, the data output which is obtained

after processing is meaningful data, that is
required for end-users. Output can be obtained
in different forms like audio, video, report print,
etc. The following are the activities carried out in
out they are,

Decoding: The data which is encoded is

decoded into the understanding format.
Communication: The output which is
generated is distributed to various locations so
that any user can access it at any time.
Retrieval: The data that is distributed and
stored can be accessed by anyone at one’s
convictions.

Storage Stage

The processed information is stored in virtual

data memory for further use it is the important
stage of the cycle because we can retrieve the
data when required.

Data Processing in Research Area

The important steps mainly include in this

processing are as follows,

1. Questionnaire checking
2. Editing
3. Coding
4. Classification
5. Tabulation
6. Graphical Representation
7. Data Cleaning
8. Data Adjustment

QuestionnaireChecking Tabulation

Editing Graphical
Representation

Coding
DataCleaning
Classification

DataAdjustment

@Elprocus.com

data-processing-in-research-area

Questionnaire checking: The first step is to

check if there are any questionnaires or no.
Few of not acceptable questionnaires are
incomplete or partial data, inadequate
knowledge.
Editing data is identified if there are any errors
in raw data so that if they are errors they can
be edited and corrected.
Coding is the process of giving symbols so
that responses can be placed into their
respective groups.
Classification of data is based on classes like
class interval, frequency or attributes like the
city, the population is done for better
understanding.
After classifying we tabulate the entire process
in different relevant columns and rows.
Then represent them in graphical or statistical
bar chart format.
After that, we check the entire data once again
from first if there is any missing
data, we add it up for consistency.
An additional concept of data adjusting is
done as complementary to improve quality.

Advantages

The advantages of data processing are

Highly efficient
Time-saving
High speed
Reduces errors

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of data processing are

Large power consumption

Occupies large memory
The cost of installation is high
Wastage of memory.

Applications

The application of data processing is

In the banking sector, this processing is used

by the bank customers to verify there, bank
details, transaction and other details.
In educational departments like schools,
colleges, this processing is applicable in
finding student details like biodata, class, roll
number, marks obtained, etc.
In the transaction process, the application
updates the information when users request
their details.
In a logistic tracking area, this processing
helps in retrieving the required customer data
online.
In hospitals patients, details can be easily
searched.

This article describes the way raw data input

processed when given as input to a processor,
this raw data can be processed either using
software or any other tool to obtain meaningful
information. The important advantage of data
processing is, one can retrieve data easily within
a few seconds. Here in this article, we have seen
the data processing cycle, processing in the
research area, its advantages, disadvantages
and its applications. Here is the question “How
the data is processed in the e-commerce area?”.

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