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1. Basic Geometrical Ideas

4.Basic Geometrical Ideas (6th)
S.No TOPIC EXAMPLE PAGE NO:
1 Point, Line segement , line , ray , courve 48 48
2 ANGLE, TRIANGLE ,QUADRILATERAL 4.7 51
3 CIRCLE 56
4 chord, diameter. Sector, segment, semi circular region 56

2. Lines and Angles

5.Measures of Lines and Angles (6th )
1 MEASURE OF A LINE SEGMENT 5.2 60
2 Comparing by instruments 5.2.1 61

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3 MEASURE OF AN ANGLE 5.3 63
4 The Protractor 5.3.1 66
5 INTERSECTING LINE, PERPENDICULAR LINES AND PARALLEL LINES 5.4 69

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4.LINES AND ANGLES (7th)
1 Introduction 4 69
2 Learning about Pairs of Angles 4.1 70
3 Complementary Angles 4.1.1 70
4 Supplementary Angles 4.1.2 72
5 Adjacent Angles
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6 Linear Pair 4.1.3 74
7 Vertically Opposite Angles 4.1.4 75
8 Transversal 4.2 77
9 Angles made by a transversal 4.2.1 78
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10 Corresponding Angles, Interior and Exterior Alternate Angles 79
11 Interior Angles on the same side of the transversal 80
12 Transversal on parallel lines 4.2.2 81
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4.Lines and Angles(9th)

1 INTRODUCTION 4.1 71
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2 BASIC TERMS IN GEOMETRY 4.2 72
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3 Intersecting Lines and Non-intersecting Lines 4.2.1 73

4 Concurrent Lines 4.2.2 74
5 PAIRS OF ANGLES 4.3 75
6 Linear pair of angles axiom 4.3.1 78
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7 Angles in intersecting lines 4.3.2 79

8 LINES AND A TRANSVERSAL 4.4 85
9 Lines Parallel to the Same Line 4.4.1 90
10 ANGLE SUM PROPERTY OF A TRIANGLE 4.5 97
11 The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180º Theorem-4.6 98
If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the
12 two interior opposite angles. Theorem-4.7 98

3. Practical Geometry
13.Practical Geometry(6th)
1 A LINE SEGMENT 13.2 167
2 Construction of a Line Segment of a given Length , using ruler, using Compasses 13.2.1 167
3 Construction of a Circle
4 Construction of a Circle 13.3 169
5 PERPENDICULARS 13.4 170
6 Perpendicular through a Point on a given line 170
7 Constructing Perpendicular Bisector of the given Line Segment 170
8 Perpendicular to a Line, through a Point which is not on it 171
9 CONSTRUCTION OF ANGLES USING PROTRACTOR 13.5 172
10 CONSTRUCTING A COPY OF AN ANGLE OF UNKNOWN MEASURE 13.6 172
11 CONSTRUCTION TO BISECT A GIVEN ANGLE 13.7 173
12 CONSTRUCTING ANGLES OF SPECIAL MEASURES 60,30,120,90 13.8 174

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4. Triangles
5.TRIANGLE AND ITS PROPERTIES (7th)
1 Introduction 5 88
2 Classification of triangles - Based on sides - Based on angles 5.1 89
3 Relationship between the sides of a triangle 5.2 91
4 Sum of the lengths of two sides of a triangle 5.2.1 91
5 Difference between the lengths of two sides of a triangle 5.2.2 92
6 Altitudes of a triangle 5.3 93
7 Medians of a triangle 5.4 94
8 Properties of triangles 5.5 95
9 Angle-sum property of a triangle 5.5.1 95
10 Exterior angle of a triangle 5.5.2 102

8.CONGRUENCY OF TRIANGLES (7th)

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1 Introduction 8 163
2 Congruency of line segments 8.1 165

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3 Congruency of triangles 8.2 165
4 Criterion for congruency of triangles 8.3 167
5 Side-Side-Side congruency (SSS) 8.3.1 167
6 Side-Angle-Side Congruence 8.3.2 169
7 Angle-Side-Angle congruency (ASA) 8.3.3 173
8 Right-Angle Hypotenuse Side congruence 8.3.4 175

9.CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES (8th)

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1 Construction of a triangle when measurements of the three sides are given 9.1 182
2 Construction of a triangle with two given sides and the included angle 9.2 185
3 Construction of a triangle when two angles and the side between the angles is given 9.3 186
4 Construction of right-angled triangle when the hypotenuse and a side are given. 9.4 188
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5 Construction of triangle when two sides and the non-included angle are given 9.5 189

7.Triangles (9th)
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1 INTRODUCTION 7.1 148

2 CRITERIA FOR CONGRUENCE OF TRIANGLES 7.2 150
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3 CONGRUENCE OF TRIANGLES 7.3 152
Axiom (SAS congruence rule) 152
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ASA congruence rule Theorem 7.1 154

4 SOME PROPERTIES OF A TRIANGLE 7.4 158
5 Angles opposite to equal sides of an isosceles triangle are equal. Theorem-7.2 159
6 The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal. Theorem-7.3 160
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7 SOME MORE CRITERIA FOR CONGRUENCY OF TRIANGLES 7.5 163

8 SSS congruence rule Theorem 7.4 163
9 RHS congruence rule Theorem 7.5 165
10 INEQUALITIES IN A TRIANGLE 7.6 168
If two sides of a triangle are
unequal, the angle opposite to the longer side is
11 larger (or greater). Theorem-7.6 170
In any triangle, the side opposite to the larger (greater) angle is longer.
12 This theorem can be proved by the method of contradiction Theorem-7.7 171
The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than
13 the third side. Theorem-7.8 171

5. QUADRILATERALS
12.QUADRILATERALS (7th)
1 Quadrilateral 12 227
2 Interior-Exterior of a quadrilateral 12.1 228
3 Convex and Concave quadrilateral 12.2 228
4 Angle-sum property of a quadrilateral 12.3 229
5 Types of quadrilaterals 12.4 232
6 Trapezium 12.4.1 232
7 Kite 12.4.2 233
8 Parallelogram , Sides, Angles, Diagonals 12.4.3 234

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9 Rhombus 12.4.4 238

10 Rectangle 12.4.5 239
11 Square 12.4.6 240
12 Making figures with a tangram. 12.5 241

3. Construction of Quadrilaterals(8th)
1 Introduction 3 59
2 Quadrilaterals and their Properties 3.1 60
3 Types of Quadrilateral tree view 63
4 Constructing a Quadrilateral 3.2 65
5 Construction : When the lengths of four sides and one angle are given (S.S.S.S.A) 3.2.1 65
6 Construction : When the lengths of four sides and a diagonal is given (S.S.S.S.D) 3.2.2 68
7 Construction: When the lengths of three sides and two diagonals are given (S.S.S.D.D) 3.2.3 70
8 Construction : When the lengths of two adjacent sides and three angles are known (S.A.S.A.A) 3.2.4 72
9 Construction :When the lengths of three sides and two included angles are given (S.A.S.A.S) 3.2.5 76

8.Quadrilaterals(9th)

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1 INTRODUCTION 8.1 174
2 PROPERTIES OF A QUADRILATERAL 8.2 175

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3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS 8.3 175
4 PARALLELOGRAM AND THEIR PROPERTIES 8.4 179
5 A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles Theorem-8.1 179
6 In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal. Theorem-8.2 180
7 If each pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral is equal, then it is a parallelogram Theorem-8.3 180
8 In a quadrilateral, if each pair of opposite angles are equal then it is a parallelogram Theorem-8.4 181
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DIAGONALS OF A PARALLELOGRAM
More geometrical statemenets
8.5
8.5.1
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182
11 Show that each angle of a rectangle is a right angle Corollary-1 182
12 Show that the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other. Corollary-2 183
In a parallelogram ABCD, if the diagonal AC bisects the angle A, then ABCD is a
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13 rhombus. Corollary-3 183
14 Show that the diagonals of a rectangle are of equal length. Corollary-4 184
15 Show that the angle bisectors of a parallelogram form a rectangle Corollary-5 184
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16 THE MIDPOINT THEOREM OF TRIANGLE 8.6 188

The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
17 third side and also half of it. Theorem-8.7 188
The line drawn through the midpoint of one of the sides of a triangle and parallel
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18 to another side will bisect the third side Theorem-8.8 189
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6. Perimeter and Area

10.Perimeter and Area (6th)
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1 PERIMETER 10.2 130

2 Perimeter of a Rectangle 10.2.1 132
3 Perimeter of Regular shapes 10..2.2 134
4 AREA 10.3 137
5 Area of the rectangle 10.3.1 138
6 Area of the Square 10.3.2 139

13.AREA AND PERIMETER (7th)

1 Introduction 13 245
2 Area of a parallelogram 13.1 246
3 Area of triangle 13.2 250
4 Area of a rhombus 13.3 255
5 Circumference of a circle 13.4 257
6 Rectangular Paths 13.5 261

9.Area of Plane Figures(8th)

1 Introduction 9 199
2 Area of a Trapezium 9.1 201
3 Area of a Quadrilateral 9.2 208
4 Area of Rhombus 9.3 210
5 Surveying the field 9.4 211
6 Area of a Polygon 9.5 213

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7 Area of circle 9.6 220

8 Thread activity 221
9 Area of a Circular Path or Area of a ring 9.7 223
10 Length of the arc 9.8 225
11 Area of Sector 9.9 226

11.Areas(9th)
1 AREA OF PLANAR REGIONS 11.2 244
2 AREA OF RECTANGLE 11.3 247
3 FIGURES ON THE SAME BASE AND BETWEEN THE SAME PARALLELS 11.4 248
4 PARALLELOGRAMS ON THE SAME BASE AND BETWEEN THE SAME PARALLELS 11.5 250

5 Parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area. Theorem-11.1 250
6 TRIANGLES ON THE SAME BASE AND BETWEEN THE SAME PARALLELS 11.6 254
Show that the area of a triangle is half the product of its base (or any side) and the
7 corresponding attitude (height). Corollary-1 255
Two triangles having the same base (or equal bases) and equal areas will lie

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8 between the same parallels. Theorem-11.2 255

7. Exploring Geometrical Figures

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12.Symmetry(6th)
1 INTRODUCTION 12.1 157
2 LINE SYMMETRY 12.2 158
3 MULTIPLE LINES OF SYMMETRY 12.3 162
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HOW TO DRAW A SYMMETRIC FIGURE? 163

15.SYMMETRY(7th)
1 Line Symmetry 15.1 277
2 Lines of symmetry for regular polygons 15.1.1 279
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3 Rotational Symmetry 15.2 283
4 Angle of Rotational Symmetry 15.2.1 284
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5 Order of rotational symmetry 15.2.2 285

6 Line symmetry and rotational symmetry 15.3 287

8.Exploring Geometrical Figures(8th)

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1 Introduction 8 181
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2 Congruency 8.1 182

3 Congruency of shapes Flip,Rotation 8.1.1 182
4 Similar shapes 8.1.2 186
5 Where do we find the application of similarly 8.1.3 187
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6 Checking the similarity , Illustration 188

7 Dilations , Constructing a Dilation 8.2 191
8 Symmetry 8.3 193
9 Rotational symmetry 8.3.1 194
10 Point symmetry 8.3.2 195
11 Applications of symmetry 8.3.3 197

8. Understanding 3D and 2D Shapes

14.Understanding 3D and 2D Shapes(6th)
1 3D-SHAPES 14.2 177
2 Cuboid, Cube, Cylinder 178
3 Cone , Sphere 179
4 Prism, Pyramid 180
5 POLYGONS 14.3 181
6 Regular Polygon 14.3.1 183

14.Understanding 3D and 2D Shapes(7th)

1 Introduction 14 265
2 Nets of 3-D shapes 14.1 266
3 Drawing solids on a flat surface 14.2 269
4 Isometric Sketches 14.2.2 270

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5 Visualising solid objects 14.3 272

6 Viewing different sections of a solid 14.3.1 274
a) One way to view an object is by cutting or slicing the object b) Shadow Play 274

13.VISUALISING 3-D IN 2-D(8th)

1 3-D Objects made with cubes 13.1 282
2 Representation of 3-D figures on 2-D 13.2 283
3 Various Geometrical Solids 13.3 286
4 Faces, Edges and Vertices of 3D-Objects 13.4 287
5 Regular Polyhedron 13.5 288
6 Prism and Pyramid , Triangular Prism, Triangular Pyramid 13.4.1 289
7 Number of Edges , Faces and Vertices of polyhedrons 13.6 291
8 Net Diagrams 13.7 292

9. Geometrical Constructions
13.Practical Geometry(6th)

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1 A LINE SEGMENT 13.2 167

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2 Construction of a Line Segment of a given Length , using ruler, using Compasses 13.2.1 167
3 Construction of a Circle
4 Construction of a Circle 13.3 169
5 PERPENDICULARS 13.4 170
6 Perpendicular through a Point on a given line 170
7 Constructing Perpendicular Bisector of the given Line Segment 170
8 Perpendicular to a Line, through a Point which is not on it 171
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CONSTRUCTION OF ANGLES USING PROTRACTOR 13.5 172
10 CONSTRUCTING A COPY OF AN ANGLE OF UNKNOWN MEASURE 13.6 172
11 CONSTRUCTION TO BISECT A GIVEN ANGLE 13.7 173
12 CONSTRUCTING ANGLES OF SPECIAL MEASURES 60,30,120,90 13.8 174

9.CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES (7th)

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1 Construction of a triangle when measurements of the three sides are given 9.1 182
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2 Construction of a triangle with two given sides and the included angle 9.2 185
3 Construction of a triangle when two angles and the side between the angles is given 9.3 186
4 Construction of right-angled triangle when the hypotenuse and a side are given. 9.4 188
5 Construction of triangle when two sides and the non-included angle are given 9.5 189
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3. Construction of Quadrilaterals(8th)
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1 Introduction 3 59
2 Quadrilaterals and their Properties 3.1 60
3 Types of Quadrilateral tree view 63
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4 Constructing a Quadrilateral 3.2 65

5 Construction : When the lengths of four sides and one angle are given (S.S.S.S.A) 3.2.1 65
6 Construction : When the lengths of four sides and a diagonal is given (S.S.S.S.D) 3.2.2 68
7 Construction: When the lengths of three sides and two diagonals are given (S.S.S.D.D) 3.2.3 70
8 Construction : When the lengths of two adjacent sides and three angles are known (S.A.S.A.A) 3.2.4 72
9 Construction :When the lengths of three sides and two included angles are given (S.A.S.A.S) 3.2.5 76

13.Geometrical Constructions(9th)
1 BASIC CONSTRUCTIONS 13.2 280
2 To Construct the perpendicular bisector of a given line segment. 13.2.1 280
3 To construct the bisector of a given angle 13.2.2 282
4 To construct an angle of 60° at the initial point of a given ray. 13.2.3 283
5 CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES (SPECIAL CASES) 13.3 284

6 Construction : To construct a triangle,given its base, a base angle and sum of other two sides 13.3.1 284
Construction : To Construct a triangle given its base, a base angle and the difference of the
7 other two sides 13.3.2 286
8 Construction : To construct a triangle, given its perimeter and its two base angles. 13.3.3 288
9 Construction : To construct a circle segment given a chord and a given an angle. 13.3.4 289

10. Surface Areas and Volumes

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14.Surface Areas And Volume (Cube and Cuboid)(8th)

1 Cuboid 14.1 297
2 Lateral Surface Area 14.1.2 298
3 Cube 14.2 299
4 Volume of Cube and Cuboid 14.3 303
5 Volume of a Cuboid 14.3.1 304
6 Vollume of a Cube 14.3.2 305

10.Surface Areas and Volumes(9th)

1 SURFACE AREA OF CUBOID 10.2 214
2 Volume 10.2.1 216
3 Capacity of the container 10.2.2 216
4 RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER 10.3 220
5 Curved Surface area of a cylinder 10.3.1 221
6 Total Surface area of a Cylinder 10.3.2 221

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7 Volume of a cylinder 10.3.3 222
8 RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE 10.4 226
9 Slant Height of the Cone 10.4.1 227

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10 Curved Surface area of a cone 10.4.2 228
11 Total surface area of the cone 10.4.3 229
12 Volume of a right circular cone 10.4.4 229
13 SPHERE 10.5 234
14 Surface area of a sphere 10.5.1 235
15 Hemisphere 10.5.2 235
16 Volume of Sphere
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11. Co-Ordinate Geometry

3.The Elements of Geometry(9th)
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1 INTRODUCTION,HISTORY 3.1/2 59
2 EUCLID’S ELEMENTS 3.3 60
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3 Axioms and Postulates 3.3.1 62

4 Now let’s discuss Euclids five postulates 63
5 Equivalent version of fifth postulate or equivalents of fifth postulate 3.3.2 65
6 NON-EUCLIDIAN GEOMETRY 69
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5.Co-Ordinate Geometry(9th)
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1 INTRODUCTION 5.1 107

2 CARTESIAN SYSTEM 5.2 110
3 Locating a Point 5.2.1 111
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4 Origin 5.2.2 112

5 Coordinates of Origin 5.2.3 114

12. Circles
12.Circles(9th)
1 INTRODUCTION 12.1 260
2 chord. Arc, minor arc, major arc,semicircle,minor sector,major sector,Central Angle 261/2
3 ANGLE SUBTENDED BY A CHORD AT A POINT ON THE CIRCLE 12.2 264
4 Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre. Theorem-12.1 265
If the angle subtended by the chords of a circle at the centre are equal, then the chords are
5 equal. Theorem-12.2 266
6 PERPENDICULAR FROM THE CENTRE TO A CHORD 12.3 266
7 The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord. Theorem-12.3 266
8 The three points that describe a circle 12.3.1 267
9 Chords and their distance from the centre of the circle 12.3.2 268
10 ANGLE SUBTENDED BY AN ARC OF A CIRCLE 12.4 271
11 Angle subtended by an arc at a point on remaining part of circle 12.4.1 271
12 Angles in the same segment 12.4.2 273

If a line segment joining two points, subtends equal angles at two other points lying on the
13 same side of the line then these, the four points lie on a circle ( i.e. they are concyclic Theorem-12.4 274
14 CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL 12.5 275

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15 The pairs of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary Theorem-12.5 276
16 If the sum of any pair of opposite angles in a quadrilateral is 180o, then it is cyclic. Theorem-12.6 277

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