Acknowledgements

The co-operation of the following in providing data and illustrations for this
edition is gratefully acknowledged:

• BP Refining Process Safety Network

• Professor Trevor Kletz
• Chemical Engineering Progress, AIChE
• Fluid Power Safety Institute, FPSI
• Keith Wilson, IChemE Loss Prevention Panel member
ABS Consulting was the contractor appointed by BP for the preparation of the
initial version of this booklet.

iv
 HAZARDS OF TRAPPED PRESSURE AND VACUUM

Acronyms and
abbreviations

CDU Crude Distillation Unit

CO Carbon Monoxide
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
FCCU Fluid Catalytic Cracker Unit
GPM Gallon Per Minute
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane – Butane)
N2 Nitrogen
O2 Oxygen
SO2 Sulphur Dioxide
VDU Vacuum Distillation Unit

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