HAZARDS OF TRAPPED PRESSURE AND VACUUM

Atmospheric vent not big enough to

release air displaced by filling rate
of water

Operator had been here only sec-

onds before the roof was blown off.

Tank before roof blew off.

Note missing
platform and top
of ladder.

Tank after roof blew off.

Tank roof—clean
break. Note: Tank
roof seal welds are
designed to fail
before the bottom
floor seal (to protect
the tank and spillage
of contents).

The tank roof and its associated structure on the ground.

Lesson learned
• Filling something with water is a common activity we do at home and at work
all the time—do not be complacent, think through the potential hazards.
• Are our procedures for tank hydrotesting good enough to significantly
reduce the probability that an ‘uninformed individual’ might do something
like this to one of our tanks during hydrotesting?
• Twenty years ago, a vacuum truck driver was killed when he was standing
on top of a tank that blew its roof in a similar incident. Do you check whether
it is completely safe to go up on a tank that is being hydrotested? Does
everyone involved in tank hydrotesting know enough to ensure that venting
will be sufficient during emptying as well as filling?

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HAZARDS OF TRAPPED PRESSURE AND VACUUM

• Do you know what can happen when emptying water out of a vessel or tank
after hydrotesting? A vacuum can easily be generated and can easily
destroy a tank! Ensure vents are adequately sized and are fully open.
• Tank filling for hydrotesting takes a lot of time. This can give rise to an
urgency that might cause people to cut corners to speed up the test. Would
you recognize such a situation and make sure that the hydrotest was done
safely in spite of the urgency?
• Would you have thought that air would not get out of a tank as fast as water
can be pumped in?
• Tankroof weldsareonlydesignedforafewinchesof watergaugepressure.This
weak seam is intentionally designed to fail before other welds on the tank to
protectthestructuralintegrityof thetank.(RefertoAPIguidelines2000and650.)
• API 2000 Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
• API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

ACCIDENT Bottom weld rupture!

This slops tank ruptured at the bottom weld when it was overpressured by
nitrogen leaking from an attached pipeline that was being purged. Once
released, the product overtopped the bund wall.

ACCIDENT Water stronger than steel!

During summer, neighbours complained of bad smell vapours coming out of a
storage tank vent. This tank was within a steel bund with an annular space (open
at the top) between the tank and the bund wall (see simplified diagram below). To
limit vaporisation by cooling the tank, operators turned on the cooling water
deluge system which was fixed to the shell of the tank inside the annular space.

Continued

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