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Review on Non Invasive Glucose and Cholesterol Measurement System

To cite this article: V. Joseph Devakumar et al 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 590 012030

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International Conference on Frontiers in Materials and Smart System Technologies IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 590 (2019) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/590/1/012030

Review on Non Invasive Glucose and

Cholesterol Measurement System
V. Joseph Devakumar1
ME Embedded System,
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology,
Chennai.
josephdevsamue@gmail.com

T. Ravi3
Associate Professor,
School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology,
Chennai
ravivlsi123@gmail.com

S.Karthikeyan4
Associate Professor,
School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology,
Chennai
skarthi1879@gmail.com

Abstract- Diabetes and Cholesterol has become a common disease all over the world. Continuous monitoring of
the glucose and cholesterol levels is needed in case of physically disabled and unconscious people where it is
hectic to take measurements invasively or through blood samples. The proposed model brings out an idea of
measuring glucose and cholesterol levels without the need of blood samples or involving contact. This is done
with the help of simple IR sensors and Arduino UNO. The patient’s fingers are placed on the IR sensor and
power LED sockets with one involving in the measurement of cholesterol and other in measurement of glucose.
For the diabetic patients and pregnant ladies have to monitor the glucose and cholesterol level frequency. The
minimum level of cholesterol in blood is causes to the cardiovascular disease, that leads to stoke and heart
attack. Based on the reflection of power LED light through the blood cells, the values are fed to the Arduino
UNO. With the help of program dumped in the Arduino UNO, glucose and cholesterol values are calculated. In
addition to that Hemoglobin and also LDL and HDL values are also calculated which is a further advantage. The
proposed model costs less and saves more time. Further advancements can be done by employing this project by
using IoT which can feed the measured data online. Non invasive measurement methodology of measuring
glucose and cholesterol is not implemented anywhere which describes the uniqueness and innovation involved
in this method. The model is not affected by external interrupts such as external sources of light etc and works
efficiently under every conditions.

Keywords: Arduino Uno, LCD, Photo-diode, Power LED

1. INTRODUCTION
Diabetic is most killer disease in the world. It is also the most common disease nowadays, to finding
the blood glucose level by taking the blood sample for the person. While not drawing blood, puncturing the skin,
or inflicting pain or trauma. It is not possible to finding the level of glucose measurement. It is more irritating to

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International Conference on Frontiers in Materials and Smart System Technologies IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 590 (2019) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/590/1/012030

the patients ex-specially for children it gives more painful for them. For the diabetics and pregnant ladies has
frequently a change the blood glucose level. For that there have to puncturing the skin for every time. Then the
major disease next to glucose is cholesterol. For cholesterol also need the blood sample to measure the total
cholesterol and LDL, HDL cholesterol measurement. The minimum level of cholesterol in blood is causes to the
cardiovascular disease, that leads to stoke and heart attack. This project is solving the major glucose and
cholesterol measurement level by the non invasive method. This method requires the no need of blood sample
for measuring the level of glucose and cholesterol measurement. To finding the blood glucose and cholesterol
measurement by using the power LED and photodiode. This process the finger tip has to place over the sensor.
Power LED and photodiode sensor calculating the density and thickness of the blood by passing the light
spectrum to it. By passing the light to finger the small most of current will generate and they will capture by the
photodiode sensor. The current generate from the photodiode, to convert the current to voltage pass though the
sensor output. The outputs of the sensor are connected to the ardiuno uno. This method is continuous
measurement and pain free glucose and cholesterol measurement system.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Gilwon Yoon and Kye Jin Jeon (2012) described about the blood substances such as total hemoglobin, glucose,
protein, cholesterol was investigated based on optical spectroscopy. Measurement was made either non-
invasively or from blood or serum without using a test ship or wet chemistry. Non-invasive technique is
available for measuring blood flow, SpO, bilirubin, muscle composition. Hemoglobin measurement, we have
selected wavelengths between 500 and 1000nm.A custom made LED array composed of several wavelengths is
used. Wavelengths were selected so that totals hemoglobin, SpO, pulse rate could be measured at the same time.
Only pulsatile portion of detected signal was used to avoid other tissue effect as used in the case of pulse
oximetry. For non-invasive determination of hemoglobin, a LED array of 569, 660, 805, 940, 975nm were used.
Light was irradiated into a finger nail and transmitted light was measured. Digital filtering and outlier detection
algorithm were applied to reduce the noise induced by the electronic circuit and unwanted effect generated by
body movement. Prediction accuracy with serum is higher in case of the FIR band measurement except for
cholesterol. For hemoglobin related measurement such as total hemoglobin, non-invasive measurement is
possible. Reagent less determination with blood or serum appears to be feasible in terms of glucose, cholesterol,
albumin and globulin. [7]

Mohd Norzaliman and Mohd Zain (2014) proposed really sensitive optical polarimetry measuring
technique victimization ratio-metric gauge boson enumeration detection has been introduced and tested for a
variety of best-known aldohexose concentrations that mimic the amount of aldohexose in human blood. A
785nm diode optical device that emits weak coherent optical signal onto aldohexose concentration samples in
binary compound. The result shows a linear proportional of different glucose concentration and successfully
detected 10 mg/dl to 260 mg/dl glucose samples. This indicates a potential improvement method for non-
invasive glucose measurement by a sensitive polarimetry based optical sensor in single photon level for
biomedical applications. Non-invasive measurement of glucose concentration based on photon counting
polarimetry measurement. Low limit of measured detection obtained at 10 mg/dl with interval of 20 mg/dl until
260 mg/dl. This indicates the setup is highly sensitive and able to detect very low concentration of glucose.
Therefore, this photon counting polarimetry technique will make a very sensitive and a good optical glucose
sensor. [1,6]

Brince Paul and Melvin P Manuel (2016) proposed the invasive methods cause pain, time
consumption, high cost and potential risk of spreading infection diseases. Therefore there is a great demand to
have reliable cost effective and comfortable non invasive system for the detection of blood glucose level
continuously. The planned methodology is predicated on the direct impact of aldohexose on the scattering
properties of the organ are shown in figure 2.1. Aldohexose decreases the mate in index of refraction between
scatterers and their close media, resulting in a smaller scattering constant and, consequently, a shorter optical

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International Conference on Frontiers in Materials and Smart System Technologies IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 590 (2019) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/590/1/012030

path. The reduction in scattering is due to an increase in glucose concentration. As a result, with the growing
concentration of glucose, fewer photons are absorbed and the light intensity increases. In the present work, we
have used PPG technique [8]. An algorithm was developed from the PPG data for monitoring blood glucose are
shown in the figure 2.1. It can be observed that the output from the glucometer shows an increase in glucose
concentrations from both Glucocard and the developed setup. It is possible in future to improve the performance
of a specially designed non invasive glucometer by including different IR wavelengths ranging from 700nm to
2500nm. [5]

R Periyasamy and Sneh Anand (2016) focused on the continuous blood glucose monitoring can help
and prevent hyperglycemia level in diabetic patients. In the present study we aimed to estimate the blood
glucose concentration using cost effective non-invasive forearm capacitance measurement technique. In this
technique is based on the fact that glucose level affects the dielectric properties of blood and underlying tissue
using a designed parallel plate capacitor circuit. Forearm part act as a dielectric medium of parallel plate
capacitor and 555 timer circuits is used to produce pulse waveform based on measured capacitance. In first
phase, capacitance was measured after consumption of sucrose (table sugar). In second phase, capacitance was
measured after consumption of artificial sweetener. The trend of measured capacitance obtained after sucrose
consumption is similar to the trend which was already established in oral glucose tolerance (OGT) test [6]. The
potential of this technique in predicting invasive blood glucose concentration. An attempt has been made to non
invasively measure blood glucose level using capacitance measurement in forearm. Capacitance measurement is
a direct measure of blood glucose. It is well known that skin parameters. The fat thickness at forearm varies for
different people, so individual calibration may require for this method. Finally, a deeper study of stability is still
required, which should be done in parallel with improving sensitivity of the technique. The process was future
work to connect the LCD display via microcontroller for direct display of capacitance value. [14]

V.Ashok and A.Nirmalkumar (2011) proposed a method and equipment for non invasive measuring of
blood sugar concentration supported transilluminated irradiation to the finger has been reported during this
paper. This methodology depends on atomic gas (He-Ne) optical device operational at 632.8nm wavelength.
Throughout measuring, the finger is inserted into the aldohexose sensing unit, the transilluminated optical signal
into electrical signal, compared with the reference electrical signal, and therefore the obtained distinction signal
is processed by signal process unit that presents the ends up in the shape of blood sugar concentration. The
maximum scattered signal at 290 & 3370 and transilluminated signal at 1670 was obtained according to
anisotropy factor that was selected for further study [10]. The transillumination and blood glucose concentration
at fasting and post Parandial conditions of individual subjects are compared and found that transillumination is
inversely proportional to the concentration of blood glucose. The difference in glucose concentration between
fasting and post Parandial is correlated with transillumination. [4]

Megha C. Pande (2015) analyze the non-invasive blood sugar measuring exploitation the infrared
region that is that the most fitted region for blood sugar measuring. During this technique that is analogous to
pulse oximetry supported close to infrared spectrum analysis. AN infrared emission of specific wavelength is
passed through tip containing an blood vessel pulse element. AN optical sensing element is developed for blood
sugar exploitation wavelength of 940nm and 1450nm.Output is obtained on scope correlation is established
between actual blood glucose concentration and measured output voltage. The resultant wavelengths are used
for non-invasive measure since its linear relationship with aldose concentration provided various error inflicting
elements unit of measurement reduced. A sensing element developed with terribly high signal to noise
quantitative relation will be designed. [9]

Praful P. Pai (2016) purposed a photo acoustic (PA) measurements were made on glucose solutions at
multiple NIR excitation wavelengths. A variety of time and frequency domain features, including amplitude and
area based features, were extracted from the PA measurements. These features were observed to be proportional
to the glucose concentration of the sample. PA measurements from samples of whole blood at different glucose

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International Conference on Frontiers in Materials and Smart System Technologies IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 590 (2019) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/590/1/012030

concentrations showed similar results. The results were compared to reference glucose concentrations made
using a regular blood glucose meter. A comparison of 196 measurement pairs of predicted and reference glucose
concentrations using a Clarke Error Grid gave a point distribution of 87.24% and 12.76% over zones A and B of
the grid, with no measurement pairs falling in unacceptable zones C-E of the error grid. The predicted
measurements had a mean absolute difference (MAD) and a mean absolute relative difference (MARD) The use
of NIR PAS for continuous non-invasive glucose monitoring was demonstrated on glucose solutions and whole
blood. An apparatus for making PA measurements was constructed, and time and frequency domain features of
PA measurements at different glucose concentrations were examined for calibration. The features were found to
increase smoothly with the glucose concentration and saturated at high concentration values. In PA
measurements were performed on individuals and a quadratic fit was used for calibration. The calibration
accuracy obtained was superior to earlier studies using PAS. [15]

Roopa.G and K.Rajanna (2011) focused on metabolic process disorders like respiratory disease by
analyzing the recorded respiratory pattern. though there square measure devices like measuring device to
diagnose respiratory illness, they measure terribly inconvenient for patient’s use as a result of patients are
created to exhale air through mouth forcefully. Presently developed sensor will overcome this limitation and is
helpful in the diagnosis of respiratory related abnormalities. In the figure 2.3 are shown the Polyvinylidene
fluoride (PVDF) film in cantilever configuration is used as a sensing element to form the breath sensor. Two
identical sensors area unit mounted on a spectacle frame, such the stream of indrawn and exhale air can collide
with sensing element, for sensing the respiration patterns. These patterns area unit recorded, filtered, analyzed
and displayed victimisation CRO. Further the sensor is calibrated using a U-tube water manometer. The added
advantage of piezoelectric type sensing element is that it is self powered without the need of any external power
source.

The PVDF sensing element used in the present work is coated with gold at top and bottom
surfaces for electrode lead attachment. Double enameled copper wire (0.07mm diameter) is attached to the top
and bottom surfaces of PVDF sensing element. Two similar PVDF sensing elements are mounted on a spectacle
frame. The spectacle frame was worn by the themes and their several respiration patterns square measure
recorded. The recorded signals square measure filtered victimization low pass filter with a cut-off frequency five
cycles/second. The respiration rate of asthmatic patient is higher compared to normal person. Though there are
devices like spirometer to diagnose asthma, it basically measures the lung capacity. And they are very
inconvenient for the patient to use because patients are made to exhale air through mouth forcefully. The
presently developed sensor overcomes this limitation, as the patient is made to inhale and exhale air through
nose in a normal way. [16]

Satoshi Shimawaki (2014) proposed a non-invasive cholesterol level measurement using near-infrared
light. 6-week-old male rats were fed either control diet alone or control diet for 8 weeks [19, 20]. A cuff was
subsequently placed on the proximal part of the tail, the tail distal to the compression site was exposed to near-
infrared light (wavelength, 850 nm), and transmitted light was photographed. Near-infrared transmission
pictures were no inheritable before and once cuff inflation and hemoprotein and haematocrit levels in veins
distal to the compression web site were determined. Accrued dietary cholesterin levels resulted in accrued total
body fluid cholesterin levels. Before cuff inflation, rats that was fed the two. 0% cholesterin diet had
considerably lower hemoprotein levels than people who fed the management diet. There have been no important
variations in hemoprotein and haematocrit levels at five min when cuff inflation. From the association between
total humour cholesterin levels and variations in hemoprotein levels, the variations in hemoprotein levels were
nearly constant once total humour cholesterin levels hyperbolic to close a hundred and fifty mg/dL. The
correlation between total cholesterin levels and relative changes in near-infrared lightweight transmission
considerably adhered thereto between total serum cholesterin levels and variations in hemoprotein levels. Few
changes within the variations in hemoprotein levels were ascertained at total humour cholesterin levels 150
mg/dL, the variations in rumpled with a rise in total humour cholesterin levels. Changes in NIR light

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 International Conference on Frontiers in Materials and Smart System Technologies IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 590 (2019) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/590/1/012030

transmission depended on the differences in hemoglobin levels, namely, the non-invasive technique of blood
vessel visualization was considered to enable the determination of serum cholesterol levels. The findings of this
study indicate that the use of NIR light transmission could be highly beneficial for simple, non-invasive
diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia, thereby reducing the incidence of atherosclerosis. [17]

I.M.M.Yusoff (2015) proposed a methods for non-invasive blood analysis were disclosed during which
blood was light at variety of separate wavelengths elite from the NIR spectrum, supported the acquisition of data
from the analysis of skin parts by employing a easy take a look at intensity of mirrored or transmitted light-
weight at such wavelengths were measured, and a comparison between non-invasive sterol meter and invasive
sterol meter was performed. Infrared transmitted the signal, to the patient skin, absorb to the blood stream,
calculate by software package (Arduino), and result show on the liquid crystal display monitor. Experiment was
conducted to match the information from invasive sterol meter with the non-invasive sterol meter that has been
created. The information from invasive sterol meter is that the most correct because it is taken directly from the
blood; meantime the information from the non-invasive sterol meter depends on the reading through NIR crystal
rectifier. 5 samples are taken to prove the thought. it's clearly ascertained that the information variations
between the 2 instrumentality ar tiny and also the tolerance is 0 to 0.3. [13]

3. CONCLUSION

The non invasive glucose and cholesterol measurement are using power LED sensor has more efficient
than the invasive method. Power LED sensor has low cost, highly sensitive and able to detect very low
concentration of glucose and cholesterol measurement. This non-invasive method, measure the parameters
without blood samples. This method is more comfortable for continuous monitoring of glucose for the diabetic
patient and children admitted in ICU and this system is more comfortable for cholesterol measurement than
invasive method. Using this system public can measure glucose and cholesterol by their own without ant
hospital or testing lab support without any discomfort. This system has less expensive than the existing invasive
methods.

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 International Conference on Frontiers in Materials and Smart System Technologies IOP Publishing
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