Human Genetic

Lab-3- Mendelian Genetics

Assist.lect. Dhoha Farhan

 Genotype and Phenotype Definition

• The genotype:- Refers to genetic makeup of an

organism
• While the phenotype:- Refers to the
appearance of the organism
Note:- Phenotypes are based on the genotype
but can be influenced by environmental factors
and the behavior of the organism.
terminology for genetic crosses
1. P generation (or P1) = parental generation
2. F1 generation = first generation offspring (from filial)
3. F2 generation = second generation offspring
4. phenotype = appearance or characteristic of an organism
5. genotype =genetic makeup of an organism, determines phenotype
6. gene = unit of heredity; controls a trait that determines a phenotype
7. locus = the location of a particular gene on a chromosome
8. alleles = alternative versions of a gene
9. dominant = allele that dominates over others in determining
phenotype
10. recessive =allele whose phenotypic expression is “hidden” when a
dominant allele is present
11. hybrid =offspring from a cross between two “pure” lines of
different, competing phenotypes
• Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants,
discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance.
• He deduced that genes come in pairs and are
inherited as distinct units, one from each parent.
• Mendel tracked the segregation of parental
genes and their appearance in the offspring as
dominant or recessive traits.
• He recognized the mathematical patterns of
inheritance from one generation to the next.
Mendel's Laws of Heredity are usually
stated as:
1) The Law of Segregation:
Each inherited trait is defined by a gene pair.
Parental genes are randomly separated to the
sex cells so that sex cells contain only one
gene of the pair. Offspring therefore inherit
one genetic allele from each parent when sex
cells unite in fertilization.
 2)- The Law of Independent
Assortment:

• Genes for different traits are sorted separately

from one another so that the inheritance of
one trait is not dependent on the inheritance
of another.
 3)- The Law of Dominance:
• An organism with alternate forms of a gene
will express the form that is dominant
Monohybrid Crosses and Mendel’ ’s Principle
of Segregation
• By convention, letters may be used to designate alleles,
-with the dominant a capital letter ( S )
-and the recessive in lowercase ( s)
• Individuals with identical alleles are said to be homozygous
for that gene homozygous
– (e.g., genotypes (S S and and s s )
– because all their gametes will have the same allele for this
trait.
Individuals with different alleles are heterozygous
– (e.g., S s )
– because 1/2 of their gametes will contain one allele, and
1/2 the other
 Punnett Squares
• A Punnett square :- is a grid that enables one to predict the
outcome of simple genetic crosses
• 1. Write down the genotypes of both parents
• –Male parent= Tt
• – Female parent =Tt
• 2. Write down the possible gametes each parent can make.
• –Male gametes: T or t
• –Female gametes: T or t
Determine the relative proportions of
genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring

• Genotypic ratio
TT : Tt : tt
1:2 :1
• Phenotypic ratio =
Tall : dwarf
3:1
Q/ If Mendel had a homozygous tall plant what
would the genotype look like from this?
individual?

• 1) tall
• 2) short
• 3) TT
• 4) Tt
Q/ If Mendel had a homozygote recessive plant for
height what would the phenotype look like from this
individual?

• 1) tall
• 2) short
• 3) TT
• 4) Tt
Q/ If homozygous recessive for plant height
what would gametes look like?

• 1) all TT
• 2) all tt
• 3) half T and half t
• 4) all t
• 5) all T