Electromechanical Energy Conversion Syllabus , Energy in magnetic system - Field energy and coenergy-force and torque equations - Singly and multiply excited magnetic field systems. ea Contents 5.1 Introduction. .......+ ene 5o? 5.2 Energy Balance «.... 5-2 5.3 Laws of Electromagnetism ......-...++. 5-3 5.4 Energy Flow in Electromechanical Energy Conversion Device se eeen een eee 5h 5.5 Types of Magnetic System ..... 1557 5.6 Singly Excited Magnetic System...... 5-6 ETS (ORC Ree reer 5.7 Multiple Excited Magnetic System........5- 20 CATE ea ace ae aes 5.8 Energy Conversion Via Electric Field ......5-30 COTE 5.9 Advantages of Field Energy Method.......5-33 ‘Two Marks Questions with Answers ...........5-36 University Questions with Answers. ...........5+36 (Long Answered Questions) ‘Scanned with CamScanneretal Machines “1 [521] introduction «Tt is known that electrical energy is rarely available naturally and it is required to produce it, The generator is a well known device which converts mechanical energy into an electrical energy. Thus there involves a process of energy conversion. Similarly in many devices it is necessary to convert electrical energy into some other form of energy such as mechanical, sound, light etc. TAU : Dec.-05, 06, Hay-05.17 Key Point : Thus the electromechanical energy [conversion process involves the transfer of energy Ibetween electrical and mechanical systems, via the electric field or magnetic field. # The process of electromechanical energy conversion is basically reversible in nature, apart from the losses taking place in the device. The energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transformed from one form to other. Hence practically electromechanical energy conversion devices are very important. In practice, three types of electromechanical energy conversion devices are in use. 1. The various transducers such as microphones, loudspeakers, strain gauge, thermocouples etc. ‘These devices handle low energy signals. These. devices mostly operate on vibrating motion. 2 The devices which produce the mechanical force or torque based on translatory motion such as electromagnets, relays, solenoids, actuators etc. These devices handle large energy signals than the transducers. 3. The devices used for continuous energy conversion using rotational motion such as generators, motors etc. These devices handle very large energy signals. Key Point : Though energy conversion cant take place via electric or magnetic field, the magnetic field is practically used as is most suited for| [practical devices and the energy storing capacity of| agratic field 1s much higher than that of electrical| “The fields involved in such electromechanical must be slow varying due to inertia a : ‘associated with the mechanical parts. Such fields are called quasistatic fields. «The Fig. 5.11 (a) shows the representation of an clectromechanical energy conversion device which converts mechanical energy to electrical. It is a generator. While the Fig.5.J.1(b) shows the representation of an clectromagnetical energy conversion device which converts electrical energy into mechanical. It is a motor. Mechanical Etectteat system [input device] Input device ‘Coupling medium | megnetc Feld Electrical system (2) Generating device Fig. 5.1.1 Representation of electromechanical energy ‘conversion device This chapter explains the principles of such electromechanical energy conversion. Review Question 1. Explain the concept of electromechanical energy 5.2 | Energy Balance «According to the principle of conservation of energy, the energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transformed from one form to another. ‘The process of energy transformation is reversible but there are certain losses due to practical devices. Hence in energy conversion process the entire energy cannot be transformed from one form to another. The loss in the process is called energy Joss. In addition to the loss, some part of energy gets stored in the medium like magnetic field. This is called energy stored. There exists a perfect energy balance in the process of electromechanical ~ energy conversion. Thus the input energy has three parts, transformed energy, energy loss and stored ‘energy. The energy loss gets converted to heat ‘An tat Aron ‘Scanned with ComScannerenergy in the electromechanical devices. Thus the energy balance equation for generating and motoring actions can be writen as, ‘ [ lectrical energy) [Mechanical] [Change] [Total energy loss . ] input from =| transformed |+| energy |+ | i.e. energy dissipated ++ For motor ...(5:21) | Jelectricalsystem | [outputenergy| [stored | in the form of heat | | | [Mechanical energy] Electrical ‘Change in}] [Total energy loss | | put from =|transformed |+Jenergy | +] i.e. energy | | mechanicalsystem | [energy output [stored dissipated . For generator 1522)| ‘sn these energy balance equations, the transformed energy terms are always positive but change in energy stored may be positive or negative. If energy stored increases, it is positive while if it decreases it is negative. The energy dissipated in the form of heat can be because of copper loss PR) due to current flowing in winding, eddy current loss, hysteresis loss, mechanical friction etc. The energy balance equation can also be expressed interms of differential energy terms as, AW, = dW,, + AW, + dW | ++ 623) and aW,, = aW, + dW, + dW, (624) where dW, = Differential electrical energy dW, = Differential mechanical energy ‘dWiggs * Differential energy loss or energy dissipated dW; = Differential stored energy in magnetic field «The analysis of the electromechanical device can be done using such energy balance equation. This is ‘called energy method of analysis based on conservation of energy. 7 Review Question 1. Write a note om energy balance equation. 5.3 | Laws of Electromagnetism «The laws of electromagnetism electromechanical energy conversion devices. These laws are stated ‘Ampere. The laws are, 1. Whenever the number of magnetic lines of force (flux) em. gets induced in that coil or circuit. 2. The magnitude of the induced em4. is directly proportional to the rate of change of fx linkages i.e. flux x tums of coil. ‘1 = Flux linkages = Flux x Turns = N » * oo a | w+ (63.1) play an important role in the understanding of the various by the scientist Faraday and linking with a coil or circuit changes, an T esac PUBUCATIONS: A i io ‘Scanned with ComScannerthe cause, producing it. This is called statically induced ems. 43, «lf there is a relative motion between a conductor ‘and the flux, emf. gets induced in the ‘conductor. This relative motion is due to physical movement of conductor or magnetic field. Such an induced emf. is called dynamically induced emf. 4. If the conductor is moving with a velocity v m/s, * at an angle © measured with plane of the flux then the induced emf. in the conductor is given by, Bivsind V/ B = Flux density in Wb/m? 1 = Active length of conductor in m If plane of rotation of conductor is perpendicular to the plane of flux, 0 = 90° and e = BI v volts. ‘The direction of such an induced emf. is given by Flemings right hand rule. 5, If a current carrying conductor is placed in the lines of magnetic field (flux), then it experiences a force. 6. ‘The magnitude of the force experienced by the conductor carrying current I, placed in magnetic field of flux density B is given by, 7 1 = Current in amperes 1 = Active length of conductor in m where” where Mechanical Not mechanical Gross mechanical ‘input available inp Ft |Todt izeeigvab Heat due to losses coupling field losses losses (copper and iron) « The direction of this force is given by Fleming's left hand rule. «These laws form a base of electromechanical energy conversion process. : Review Question 1. State the laws of electromagnetisin. [4] energy Flow in Electromechanical Energy Conversion Device DED «For any elactromechanical energy conversion, there are two systems, electrical system and mechanical system. These systems are coupled through a coupling field which is mostly a magnetic one. “Now for a generator, input is mechanical energy put entire input cannot reach to the coupling field for the conversion. Part of it gets lost in the form of friction and windage losses. The available mechanical input is converted to electrical by the device via coupling field. But net output cannot be equal to converted electrical energy as some part of it gets lost in the form of electrical losses such as copper (IR) losses and core or iron losses. The Fig. 541 shows the energy flow diagram of electromechanical energy conversion device working as a generator. Key Point : The heat loss due to coupling field is| practically’ neglected and conversion process is assumed to be ideal. «The conversion process is reversible. For an electromechanical energy conversion device working as a motor, the net input is electrical energy. But Electrical Gross electrical Net eloctrical ‘output available ‘output Seidt Svtat > Fig. 54.1 Energy flow In electromechanical energy conversion device as a generator TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. An up tt for krowiedy® ‘Scanned with ComScannerpart of this gets lost in electrical lossés such as copper and iron losses. The remaining part is available to the coupling field for the conversion called net electrical input. The coupling field converts this to gross mechanical output. But entire gross mechanical output cannot be available to the Toad due to mechanical losses like friction and windage. Thus net mechanical output is less than the gross mechanical output. Practically conversion process is not ideal as there are coupling field losses. But from analysis point of view these losses are neglected as small and the conversion process is assumed to be ideal. The Fig. 542 shows the energy flow diagram of electromechanical energy conversion device working as a motor. ‘This energy flow is according to the energy balance equation. Review Questions 1. Give a brief note on flow of energy in electromechanical devices. OETA 2. Draw and explain the general block diagram of an electromechanical energy conversion device URSA 3. Represent pictorially the flow of energy in electromechanical devices for both generating and ‘motoring action. EAISECRCR TADS OMIT 4. Explain the methods of energy conversion via electric field, with examples of electrical machines. RESETS [Es] types of Magnetic System In a magnetic system, a coil is wound over a magnetic material. By exciting this coil with a fe Electial losses TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS”. Aa up tt or knowlede suitable electrical source, the energy can be stored or retrieved ftom a magnetic system. Depending on the number of excitations used, the magnetic * systems are classified as, 1. Single excited systems. 2, Multiple excited systems. In singly excited system, a single exciting coil is used to produce the magnetic field. The various examples of such a system are, electromagnetic relay, reluctance motor, toroid coil, hysteresis motor, solencid coil eté. The Fig. 55.1 shows attracted armature type relays which is an example of single excited system. Electrical ‘source Fig. 6.5.1 Singly excited system ‘In special devices more than one excitation coils are necessary. Such systems are called multiple excited systems. Very commonly used multiple excited systems “use two excitation coils and are called doubly excited systems. The examples are synchronous motors, alternators, d.c. shunt ‘imachines, loudspeakers etc. in which separate excitation coils are provided on stator and rotor. — Coupling eld Mechanical losses losses Net mechanical output JF vat [Todt Gross mechanical ‘output available SF vat, [Twat ‘Scanned with ComScanner"The Fig. 55.2 shows one such type of doubly excited magnetic system. Let us study the details of these two types of magnetic systems. Review Question 1. State the types of magnetic systems alongwith #10 examples of each. [Es] singly excited Magnetic System «The analysis of singly excited magnetic system includes the derivations of expressions of electrical input energy, magnetically stored field energy and the mechanical force. Consider attracted type electromechanical armature relay as a singly excited magnetic system. It is shown in the Fig. 5.6.1. Fixe Fig. 5.6.1 Singly excited attracted armature relay «The following assumptions are made while performing the analysis of singly excited magnetic system, : —_—— 1. The resistance of the exciting coil is assumed to be present in lumped form, outside the coil Thus coil is lossless and ideal. 2. The leakage flux does not take part in energy conversion process so it is neglected as practically it is small. Hence all the flux is confined to the iron core and links all the N turns of coil. ‘Thus if total flux is @and turns of coil N then, ‘= Flux linkages = No Wb-tuns—_... (56.1) 3, The leakage inductance is negligible. ‘There is no energy loss in the magnetic core. ‘The reluctance of the iron path is neglected as negligible. Electric Energy Input «Due to the flux linkages 2, the reaction emf. e éxists, whose direction is so as to oppose the cause producing it ie. voltage v according to Lenz's law as shown in the Fig. 5.6.1 This em. is given by, e-f (5.62) + Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the coil circuit, veirte » (663) ech vn ire D (6.64) Multiplying’both sides by i, ie Prati vir Pre 7. ‘Stator Rotor Source 2 Second coil = __Fig. 6.5.2 Multiple excited system rT TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS™- An up tt for knowiedge ‘Scanned with CamScannervidt = Prdt+ida (-in)idt = idk but v-irse According to equation (5.6.3) [merarerraa| Now input electric energy to the lossless coil due to ‘current i in time dt is given by, - (665) dW, = ei dt = ida (5.66) From equation (5.6.1), 4= No hence 667) where Thus the magnetic system extracts the electric energy from the supply. 5.6.2 | Magnetic Field Energy Stored ‘+ Consider that the armature is held fixed at position x. As armature is not moving, the mechanical work done is zero, Hence according to energy balance equation, the entire electric energy input gets stored in the magnetic field. dw, - dW, | F = Ni=MME of coil |Key Point : This indicates that when moving part of] lany physical system is held fixed, then the entire electrical energy input gets stored in the magnetic| field. dW, = eidt=idA=F do .+(6.6.8) «The relationship i - A or F - ¢ is basically nonlinear for a magnetic circuit, similar to the BH relationship. It shows hysteresis effect. + From equation (5.68), the energy absorbed for a finite change in flux linkage can be obtained as, % AW, = Fan an fs ap iy 4 (5.6.9) where i(@) is a function of A and F (9) is a function of 7 ‘Hectromechankcal Energy Conversion «If the initial flux and flux linkages are zero Le. ¢, = = 0 then the energy stored in the magnetic field to establish the flux ¢ is given by, i We Fiera. fr a0 ae «This is the energy stored in the magnetic field when the flux 6 is established in it. (6.6.10) Key Point : Whena magnetic circuit undergoes | eyde $, > 6, 7 y it undergoes a cycle of magnetization and demagnetization, The hysteresis Jand eddy current effects are dominant under such| condition. Thus there is an irrecoverable energy! due to hysteresis and eddy currents. In our analysis it is assumed that these losses are separated out and supplied by the électric source used. Hence the coil is ideal lossless coil. Such a ‘magnetic system is called conservative system. +i 2Relationship : The i - 4 relationship is similar to the magnetization curve for a magnetic material for various values of x, the relationship is shown in the Fig. 5.6.2. a % % % Fig. 5.6.2 | - 4 relationship + Practically 4 may vary according to i or i may vary according to 2. So mathematically this relationship is expressed as, i= iQ,» d= A,X) -+ i Independent variable «Depending upon the independent variable the stored field energy is also the function of i x or 2, x ws A @ Independent variable W, = Wy(4,x) or We (x) ...(6.6.11) TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS™- An up thst fer knowlege ‘Scanned with ComScanner[Key Point : If x is changed then energy interchange takes place in magnetic coupling field and mechanical system. If x is held constant then energy interchange takes place between electric system and Imagnetic coupling field. Concept of co-energy : When armature is held open then almost entire mmf. is required to drive the flux through air gap and-hence magnetic saturation may not occur. So i - 2 or F - @ relationship is linear in nature as shown in the Fig. 5.63. a Linear i. curve Area of Tectangle (12) Fig. 5.6.3 Concept of co-energy As per the equation (5.6.10), a W, = [ifd)dA= Area OABO = Field energy 0 a While Area OACO = [ Adi ° This area OACO is complementary area of the i - 2 rectangle and is defined as co-energy denoted as W;. r = 1 +. | We = Jadi= Area OACO = Co-energy |. 6612) Key Point : The co-.crgy has no phj significance but it is important in obtaining magnetic forces. ‘+For a linear relationship between i and 2 without ‘magnetic saturation, . ‘Area OABO = Area OACO W,+ Wy ~ Area OABO + Area OACO =i, 6639 Foe bse. 61 where se $= Reluctance of magnetic circuit ‘The self inductance L of the coil is defined as magnetic flux linkages per ampere. ‘The co-energy can be expressed for linear case as, poe" 5 257 joules)... 66x where P= $- Permeance of magnetic circuit ‘« From equation (5.6.16) it can be observed that field energy W, is function of two independent variables Rand x. where L(x) = Inductance as a function of x + From equation (6.6.17) it can be observed that co-energy W; is function of two independent variables i and x. Wiad Lo ® | ‘+The equations (6.6.18) and (5.6.19) are expressions for energy and co-energy. -- (6619) + Magnetic stored energy density : The energy density is the magnetic stored energy unit volume. It is denoted as wy ‘Scanned with CamScannerNow While = Magnetic flux density = B in Wb/m? or tesla ... Stored field energy density... (5.6.20) For a magnetic circuit, B = 1H where + (6.6.21) -- (66.22) Key Point : The energy density expressions are important from the design point of view. The density value indicates. capability of material to store energy. Thus proper dimensions 50 as to fully utilize the material, can be designed from energy density values, Magnetic stored energy Interms of B and H It is known that magnetic stored energy is given by, a Wy = [ida where 2 increases from 0 to 4 ° ‘The magnetic system has two parts, i) The iron path having length |, and magnetic field intensity H,. ii) The air gap having length J, and magnetic field intensity H,. ‘The total ampere turns supplied to establish the flux through iron path and air gap is Ni. Ni = Ampere tums for iron path + Ampere tums for air gap Ni = Hil, +Hgly (6.6.23) A. = No= Total flux linkages ry TEC PUERTO” A ron ‘Scanned with ComScanner———— = aa ho We ian finaes .»-Changing limits to 0 to B ° Bo Using equation (5.6.23), Wy = { [Hil +Hy/, AGB o 2 5 W, = [HiAdB + [HglpA dB (5.6.27) ° ° Now flux density remains same everywhere and can be expressed as, B = io Hy = Uniform flux density Note : The u, for air gap is unity. 3 oAA wy = frinaans (24 pap Tie But J,A = Volume of the iron core IgA = Volume of the air gap 2 Vol 8 w+ [fs Volume of | 12 ap e"lumeot } iron core *|}itg air gap ~ a Vol 2 } 5 [fs} lumeof |B? Volume of 0 ironcore * 245% air gap | w ©.628) This is magnetic stored energy. 5.6.3 | Mechanical Force *Consider that the magnetic field produces a mechanical force F, as shown in the relay, This force drives the mechanical system consisting active and passive mechanical elements, + Let the armature moves a distance dx in positive direction ie. in the direction of force. The mechanical work done by the magnetic field then can be obtained as, Wm = Redx (6628) * As per the energy balance equation for electrical input, Electrical (Change in Mechanical ay) «| energy, o| -|stored aw, energy output | energy TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS". Anup Bator kowge cee : 1 ‘Scanned with CamScannerIn such electromechanical systems the independent variables can be (i, x) ot (R, x). Case 1: The independent variables are (j, x) Le. current constant ‘Thus A changes as i and x hence, A= 2Gx) da = Rain Bae (5.6.31) While W, = W, (i x) ... From equation (5.6.11) dW, = he ate 2M te (5.6.32) Using equations (5.6.31), (5.6.32) in equation (5.6.30) Phaies Bax -2%e ai OM dx igpditig, dx-—pr di-— dx * Combining terms of dx and di, F,dx = [i foe A] i ses (6.6.33) + As there is no term of di on left hand side of the equation, it should be zero on the right hand side as well. ‘@Mi,x) _ AW,» | are | ‘This is the expression for the mechanical force developed by the magnetic coupling field. « Rearranging the terms, the equation can be written as, AGN-W |... 6.6.35) + Now id is total area of i - 4 relationship while W, is the energy stored in the field, as shown in the Key Point : This is the expression for system in lwhich i is independent variable. This means input Jcurrent constant. Such a system is current excited| system. Case 2 : The independent variables are (2, x) ie. Ais constant. Thus i changes as i, and x hence, i=iQ,» While W, = W; x) aw, = OM ans OM ae (6.6.38) Using equation (5.6.38) in the equation (5.6.30), ay -2We ae Fy dx = ida - pf an- 58 dx (6.6.39) + There are no terms of di on the left hand side of the equation, the corresponding term on the right hand side must be zero. We i-Sfeo By Fig. 56.4. awe . + W; = iA-W, io +++ (6.6.40) Thus for i, x as independent variables, a Wie) = iA Ge X-WeX) 6.6.36) [» = s+» (5.6.41) rr TECWCAL PUBLICATIONS". Ap Brit noe ‘Scanned with ComScannerKey Point : This is the expression for system in which 2. is independent variable ie. flux producing voltage is constant. Such a system is voltage) controlled system. ‘Thus use-equation (5.6.37) for current excited system while equation (5.6.40) for voltage controlled system to find the mechanical force developed. Rotational system : In rotational system, force is replaced by torque while linear displacement dx is replaced by angular displacement d0. \ 7, = Ea) = 23W0.8) Tawi) . (5.6.42) (5.643) + These are the expressions for the torque produced in rotational systems. ‘+ Direction of mechanical force : Let us find out the direction of the mechanical force developed. It is known that, aw; x) ny Pte WAX) *, ae + Thus F; is positive if is negative. This indicates that the stored energy W, must reduce with increase in x so as obtain negative (@W,/ax) ‘when 2. is held constant. Key Point : Thus direction of the mechanical force| developed is always so as to reduce the stored field| energy ie. to increase the co-energy. ©The moving part of the system tries to attain a position of minimum field energy or maximum co-energy under the force developed and moves accordingly. 5.6.4 | Determining Mechanical Force Let us determine the mechanical force for non-linear and linear systems. Case 1: Non-linear Jn non-linear case, the derivatives must be obtained numerically or graphically by assuming small increment Ax in x. + Hence force can be expressed as, r Case 2 : Linear From equation (5.6.19) it is known that, Wide = ZL? = Me -3 LOX ?| : IL [= 2] ‘The direction of force is so as to increase x. This reduces the reluctance of the magnetic circuit. The inductance depends on reluctance given by, { N2 iL > where S = Reluctance So as reluctance decreases, inductance increases. [Key Point : Thus force F; acts in the direction so as to increase inductance of the Similarly from equation (5.6.18) it is known that, 132 We Q, x) = z 5 wx) afa 211. af 4 | ox a ld Sith | adsl From equation aon (5615) it is known that, We (bx) = F s(x 9? ‘Scanned with CamScanner+ (6.6.48) From equation (5.6.15) it is known that, W049) = Eric) = (6.6.49) «These are the various expressions for the mechanical force developed in singly excited system. * Thus following observation can be made about direction of mechanical force or torque developed in any physical system = The direction is so as, 1. Decrease the magnetic stored energy at constant ).. 2. Increase the stored energy and co-energy at constant i. 3. Decrease the reluctance. 4. Increase the inductance. 5.6.5 | Mechanical Energy Consider that the armature of the system has changed its position from x, to x2 as shown in the Fig. 5.65. Position 2 Fig. 5.6.5 Case 1: Coil current constant ‘The current in the coil is constant say ig ‘The flux linking changes from > to $2 hence the flux linkages change from 2 and 2, ‘Then the mechanical energy output is given by, OW, = fra 4 It is known that, f= aw) a a (6.6.50) 2 Integrating, fF, = AW; =A We= Increase in coenesy | +» 6.651) +For non-linear case, the corresponding i - A relationship is as shown in the Fig. 5.6.6 (a). + For the linear case, i - 2 relationship is shown in the Fig. 5.66 (b). From this it can be written that, bo Wp * AW} Constant (0) Non-tinear cae Wy AM (6) Linear case Fig, 8.8.6 Mechanical energy for constant | TT TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS": An up that fr knowledge ‘Scanned with CamScannerCo-energy for position 1= }ig 4, Co-energy for position 2 = 3 ig My ‘AW; = Increase in co-energy 7 a) = Fo -ayedaw | +» (66.52) This shows that half of the input electrical energy stored in the field while half is converted to mechanical output energy. Key Point : Note that for this operation, the lmovement of armature from x, to x, must be very slow to keep coil current iy constant. Case 2 : The flux linkages constant The flux linkages with the coil are constant say 2p. ‘The current changes from i, to iy. It is known that for 4 to be independent variable, Ais constant hence = Wend) | 7 | x vos (6.6.53) | = Decrease in field energy ‘The negative sign indicates that there is decrease in the stored field energy. For non-linear case, the corresponding i - 2 relationship is shown in the Fig. 567 (a). For the linear case, i - 2 relationship is shown in the Fig. 5.67 (b). From this it can be written that, 7 1 Energy stored for position 1 = > i bo (b) Linear case Fig. §.8.7 Mechanical energy for constant 4 Energy stored for postion 2= 3 i 2g ~ >i) + (5.6.54) sn both the near and nonlinear case, when 2 is constant, the change in input electrical energy is zero as the voltage is maintained constant. ++ (6.6.55) + As input energy is zero, the part of field energy stored is used to do the mechanical work. And thus stored energy decreases by same amount as equal to change in mechanical energy output. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS". Anup thst or knowedge ‘Scanned with CamScannerPractical case : Practically armature cannot move infinitely slow or it, cannot move very fast instantaneously. So neither current can remain constant nor A remains constant practically when armature moves from x, to x,, the current decreases from i, to i; while flux linkages 2 increases from }, 102, ‘The i - 4 relationship for non-linear case is shown in the Fig. 5.6.8 (a) while for linear case it is shown in the Fig. 5.68 (b). Decreases —— (b) Linear case . Fig. 5.6.8 Mechanical energy for practical caso From the Fig. 5.68, it can be written that, AW, = Area (cabd) AW, = Area (obd) 4 Area (oac) From energy balance equation, AW, = AW, ~ AW; = Area (cabd) - Area (obd) + Area (oac) = Area (oab) ‘Mechanical energy output = Shaded region in the Fig. 5.6.8. ractically this area must be calculated| or graphically. Key Point numer Ex 561 The magnetic flux density on the surface of on iron face is 1.8 T which is a typical saturation level value ‘for ferromagnetic material. Find the force density on the iron face Sol. : B= 1.8 T on surface of iron ‘The stored energy density is given by, W, = w;,x Volume ‘A = Area of iron face in m’, x = Distance between surfaces Now let Volume = Ax 1B Wen ZAP AX -aW; Fe tee Negative sign shows that force direction is so as to reduce x as it is force of attraction. 7 1B ++ Force density = F, per unit area = = 3 ‘Magnitude of = as? force density 4px107 = 1.2891 x 10° Nim? “B= Ex, 5.62 The A-i characteristics of singly excited electromagnet is given by i=121%?x? for 0 Wb = hn x2x 0) : . B - 2. 25026410" «0.03 Win? Re 1B x(a1491) 9 x2x5x107 0 Fw LBRA 1, (0.03)? x25%10 = - 125.9573 N 2p "2% apa? Ex.5.6.3 In a rectangular electromagnetic relay, the exciting coil has 1500 turns of resistance 1. The cross-sectional area of the core A= 5 cm * 5 cm, Neglect | Ex, 564 For the elecromechanical system shown in the reluctance of magnetic circuit and fringing effects. If Fig. 5.6.9. The air-gap flux density under steady operating the coil is excited with an a.c. voltage of 50 Hz frequency, | condition is Bt)= Bmsinwt. Find : having peak to peak value of 100 V and the armature is | 1) The coil voltage held at a fired distance of 1 em, find the average force on | 2) The force of field origin as a function of time the armature, 3) The motion of armature as a function of time. Sol: The reluctance of magnetic circuit is to be RE neglected, rT ~ TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS". An Brit now ‘Scanned with ComScanner‘Sol. : The total air gap is 2x (D-x). Let the inductance of an electromechanical device be 1). a : vei «= butR=0Q2, A=L(Qx)i : vw AU yf ~() Self induced voltage aL) dx 15Ge SF = Voltage induced due to the speed 1 Coil voltage = -NSE Bx A =B,, Asinot a # BA sinot] o- 2: Coil voltage = -N = -NB,Awcosat 2 Wi») = FLO? Now Le) = where 1 i, | UF = gy ABh sin?@t As a function of time 3) The motion equations are, di. dL(x) dx v2 en gi GP SE NiuA di |, N?HoA dx Y" 70-x) a 2G oy? & = @) ‘And the force is consumed against mass M, spring K and friction B hence, 2% 2. EN HA Ly Dee Kx: Re 1 40-%? ~@) Note that force required against mass M, is (Mass x Acceleration) ie. M2 . at? ‘The frictional force is proportional to velocity ax ie BSE ‘And spring force is proportional to displacement ie, Kx. ‘Scanned with ComScannerEx. 565 The relay show in Fig. 5.6.10 is made from infinitely permeable magnetic material with a movable plunger also of infinitely permeable material. The height of the plunger is much greater than the air gap length (1 >> 8). Calculate the magnetic energy stored as a function of plunger position (0 Br Bx Lit Ly -y Ly ly -4, nly -, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS"- Anup tut or knowiedye T ‘Scanned with CamScannerBecta Machioes-T se il 1)(1y, Luly -(2rx\+a) et 1 2 wala) "tet gr grt 1 4 ert gD) axe Bry PR =" Sn x Atx=05,81= 3 Bn 2 Bn =e Atx= 1 By =} Bra “Ba =p Ay(at x = 05) = 50, Ay (at x= 1) = 45 Aglat x= 05) = 0, Ag (atx = 1) =- Wey Aa 8) = FB Baa Bae +3 Ban 7% wyatx= 08) = be2xG0? +(-s]enorxgxo = 500 5 Wy(at x=) = pxfuas? «(-7]enco+p(7] C9" 2475) Wels — Weheens = 475 ~ 500 = = 28 J 25 J, AW; =- 253 -50J= AW, Ex 5.74 In the rectangular elecromagnetic relay, there are two cols. by = Si bag = AE and Lag = 7S shee the sir gap at each end of he amature, hich i feat bth the nds Find the expression for the force on the armature if, i, = Iy sin oyt and iy = Ip sin ug. Write an expression forthe average force. For what relationship Behacen oo and i the average force i) Maximurt and i) Minimum? Sol. : The stored energy is given by, 1K 2 ,1Ks 2 jk aap i 1 . Welln ty %) = lan if ty ban + in in Lae pei tak te We 1K 21 Ks jo_iniaKe 1 Ky of -cos20y me 2 1K, uf ~c0s20 ] Jt =cos(wyy +0 *] TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS™- Anup fst fr Knowbeye ‘Scanned with ComScanner‘Bectrcal Machines -1 us) Review Question 1. State advantages of field energy method. ‘Two Marks Questions with Answers Q1 Why the | - 2 relationship of a magnetic circuit s almost linear ? Ga ‘Ans. : As i is similar to H while 2 ie. Nois similar to flux density B hence i - 2 relationship is BH relationship which is linear till saturation. Q2 Explain how flow of energy takes place in electromechanical device. [Refer section 5.1) Q3 Mark the co-energy region in the I- A graph. [Refer section 5.6.2] a) Q4 What is « multply excited magnetic field system ? lo ‘Ans. : A magnetic field system in which more that one windings are excited by an extemal source to Produce magnetic fields is called multiply excited magnetic field system. QS Give any four examples for singly excited magnetic systems. Ans. : The examples for singly excited magnetic systems are electromagnetic relays, reluctance motor, hysteresis motors, solenoidal coil, toroid coil etc. 6 How energy Is stored in a magnetic system ? [Refer section 5.6.2] J av : mays] 7 Draw the diagram of a magnetic fleld system with two electrical excitations. WRefer section 5.5] fan Q8 What are the causes for Irecoverable energy loss when the flux In the magnetic circut undergoes a cycle ? ag Meee ea Tact ert capi when te emaie & move fom one patent wath with constant coll curent. [Refer section 5.6.5] 1.10 Whe the energy balance equation of a machine. ‘Ana. + The energy balance equation for generating and motoring actions can be writen as, Electrical energy] [Mechanical ] [Change] [Total energy loss input from =| transformed |+ energy |+] i.e. energy dissipated clectricalsystem | loutputenergy| [stored } [in the form of heat .» For motor (1) Mechanical energy] [Electrical ‘Change in ‘(ee energy loss’ input from =| wansformed | + energy ive. energy mechanicatsystem | [energy output [stored ta For generator Qu Give examples for muliply exted magnet field systems ond explain the term mutipy excted stems ‘Ans. : A magnetic field system in which more that one windings are excited by an extemal source t0 Produce magnetic fields is called multiply excited magnetic field system. The examples are alternator synchronous motors, d.c. shunt motors etc. "> . _ a = TECHOUCAL PUBLICATIONS”. Anup ov br inwidpe ‘Scanned with ComSeannerElectrical Machines -I owe Flectromechanical Energy Conversion 0.12 What isthe significance of co-energy ? IRefer section 5.6.2] DE 13 Why do all practical energy conversion devices moke use of the magnetic field as a coupling ‘medium rather than an electric field ? i) The magnetic field is most suited for practical devices. ii) The energy storing capacity of, magnetic field is much higher than that of electrical field. iif) The force density on the surface of magnetic field is more than that on electric field. Ans. : 14 Give on example for each of single and multiple excited system, ‘Ans.: Singly excited systems are used in electromagnetic relays, reluctance motor, hysteresis motors, solenoidal coil, toroid coil etc. While alternators, synchronous motors, d.c.__ shunt machines and loudspeakers are the examples of doubly excited systems. Q.15 State the principle of electromechanical energy conversion. ‘Ans.: The process which involves the transfer of energy between electrical and mechanical systems, via the electric field or magnetic field is called electromechanical energy conversion. Q16 In a linear system prove that field energy and coenergy are equel Refer section 5.61 @17 Write an expression for the stored energy in the magnetic field DEE Volume of air gap 18 Draw the power flow diagram for motor and ‘generator operation. {Refer section 5.4] Fav :vec.10 | Be nh Volume of | iron'core * 2g 19 In a magnetic circuit with a small air gap, in which Part the maximum energy (s stored and why ? RET AU : Dec-06, 07, May-09 I | OR — Predominant energy storage occurs in the air gop of en electromechanical energy conversion device. Is this statement correct ? ‘Ans. : Ina magnetic circuit with a small air gap, the maximum energy is stored in the air gap. The reluctance of the air gap is much larger than the other parts hence the major part of mmf. required to overcome the air gap reluctance due to | Which most of the magnetic energy is stored in the | air gap. 20 What ore the three basic principles for the electromechanical energy conversion ? DE Ans. 4) The use of small energy signals for converting] electrical energy to mechanical or vice versa. This| principle uses vibrational’ motion for the energy conversion, Such devices are transducers, loud) speakers, telephone receivers, microphones etc. ii) The principle of producing the mechanical force| or torque based on the translatory motion. Such] devices are electromagnets, solenoids, relays etc. iii) The principle which uses rotational motion for the continuous energy conversion. Such devices include generators and motors which handle| large energy signals. Q.21 - Define field energy and coenergy [Refer section 5.6.2] CEE Q.22 What is Magnetic saturation ? ‘Ans.: When a magnetic material is magnetised, the flux density increases as magnetic field intensity applied increases, upto certain point. After a certain value reached by flux density, there an not be any change in its value though applied magnetic field intensity is increased. This condition is called magnetic saturation. 0.23. Draw the i characterises of a nonlinear ‘magnetic circult when the armature is moved from x {0 xp. [Refer section 5.6.5] Q.24 Write the principle of energy conservation ‘Ans.: According to the principle of conservation of energy, the energy cannot be created oy TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS". An up ths! orAnowicpe — uA E SLSTNT mma ‘Scanned with CamSeanneri { Electrical Machines 1 destroyed but it can be transformed from one form to another. 25 | Where the ocantges of fil energy method ? | [Refer section 5.10] | 226 Drow the general block diagram of electromechanical energy conversion device. | [Refer Fig. 5.1.1] oa | 9.27 What do you mean by coenergy ? CE Ans.: The field energy is a function of two variables 2 and x, given by Wy = Wy(ix) = Wy (ix) The field energy is the area between the ieaxis and i-7. curve as shown in the Fig. 5.1. Then | the complementary area of the i-? rectangle is called co-energy given by, | | W/(LX) = 12= Wy (yx) | It is also shown in the Fig. 5.1. | dewris ore w= Field for fixed x | energy | Fig. 5.1 | 28 Draw the diagram indleating the flow of energy in electromechanical energy conversion via coupling | medium. (Refer Fig. 5.4.1 and 5.4.2] | 1H ‘AU + Dec. | University Questions with Answers | (Long Answered Questions) a4 az a4 as a6 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS". Anup ths for knowledge Electromechanical Energy (Regulation 2013) Explain the methods of energy conversion clectric field, with examples of electri machines. (Refer section 5.4] ie Wit neat sketch explain the multiple ect magnetic feld system in eletromechanical ener Conversion systems. Also obtain the expression for field energy in the system. (Refer section 5.7] 1g) 1 Dec-15 Show ihat the torque developed in a excited magnetic system is equal to the rate of Increase of field energy with respect | displacement at constant current. (Refer section 5.7) m1 | May-16 Obtain the expression for energy in a ottaced armature relay magnetic system. (Refer section 5.6) 09) With an example explain the Multiple - excted mognetle field system. (Refer sectton 5.7) [1] Dec.-16 Obtain the expression for field energy’ ond. ‘mechanical force. (Refer sections 5.6.2 and 5.6.3) i) | May-17 Explain the concept of electromechanical energy conversion with neat diagram. (Refer section 5.1) Dec-17 Discuss in detail the production of mechanical force for an attracted armature relay excited by an electric source. (Refer section 5.6.4) 13) ‘Scanned with CamSeanner