MINIMUM LEARNING MATERIALS (MLM)

MA 8353 - TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

UNIT-I
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
PART-A
1. Form the PDE by eliminating the constants a and b from .
1 x+ y
e
2

2. Form the PDE by eliminating a and b from .

Given z=( x ²+a) (y²+b) ……..(1)
Here, we have two arbitrary constants ‘a ’and ‘b’
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t ‘ x ’ and ‘y’ we get,

∂z
= p =2 x (y²+b) ……..(2)
∂x
∂z
= q = 2y ( x ²+a) …… …(3)
∂y
p
From (2) we get , = y² + b ………..(4)
2x
q
From (3) we get, = x ²+a ………...(5)
2y
Substituting (4) and (5) in (1) we get,
p q
z= .
2x 2 y
pq = 4 x yz
This gives the required partial differential equation.

3. Eliminate the arbitrary function f from and form a PDE?

4. Form the PDE by eliminating from

5. Eliminate the function from .

6. Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function .

2 x
Givenφ ( z −xy , )=0…(1)
z
x
Let u= z 2−xy and v=
z
Then the given equation is of the form φ ( u , v ) =0 …..(2)
The elimination of the form equation (2), we get,
 | |
∂u ∂v
∂x ∂x
=0
∂u ∂v
∂y ∂y

| |
z− px
2 zp− y 2
z
¿>¿ =0
−xq
2 zq−x
z2
x 2 p−q ( xy−2 z 2 )=z x .

7. Find the complete integral of .

Given: P2+q2=4
This is of the type F (p,q)=0 ……. …(1)
Let us assume the solution to be z=a x +by+c=0 ….(2)
Partially differentiating (2) w.r.t ‘ x ’ and’y’,we get,
∂z ∂z
=a , =b
∂x ∂y
¿>¿ p=a and q=b ………….(3)
substituting (3) in (1).we get, a2+b2=4
hence z=a x +by +c is the solution of (1) ….…(4)
To get complete integral we have to eliminate any one of the arbitrary constants from
(2). (therefore for complete integral we should have equal number of arbitrary constants
and independent variables).
From (4) we get b=±√ 4−a2 ………….(5)
Substituting (5)in(2) we get, z=a x ±y√ 4−a2 +c which contains only two constants
(equal to the number of independent variables) therefore it gives the complete integral.
To find singular integral:
The complete integral is
z=a x ±√ 4−a2y +c …(6)
Differentiating (6) partially w.r.t, a and c equating to zero,
We get
∂z 1
=x± 2 (-2a)=0 …(7)
∂a 2 √ 4−a
∂z
and =1=0. Here 1=0 is not possible.
∂c
Hence there is no singular integral.

8. Find the singular integral of the partial differential equation

This is of the type z = p x + qy + f (p,q)
The complete integral is z = a x + by - a2 – b2

9. Write the solution of (class work)

10. Solve
This is of the type z = p x + qy + f (p,q)
The complete integral is z = a x + by + a2 b2
11. Obtain the complete solution of the equation
This is of type (2), z = p x + q y +f (p,q)
Let z = a x + by -2√ ab …..(1) be the complete solution of the given
Equation.

12. Solve
3
The auxiliary equation is m −3 m+2=0
m =0,2 ,2
The solution of C.F is z= f1(y+0x) + f2(y+2x)+x f3(y+2 x ).

13. Solve .
The auxiliary equation is m4 −1=0
(m2 +1)(m 2−1)=0
m =± 1;m =± i
The solution of C.F is z= f1(y+ x )+f2(y- x )+ f3(y-i x ) f4(y-i x ).

14. Solve .
3
The auxiliary equation is m −3 m+2=0
m =1,6
The solution of C.F is z= f1(y+1x) + f2(y+6x).

15. Find the P.I of

3
The auxiliary equation is m −3 m+2=0
m =0,-1
The solution of C.F is z= f1(y+0x) + f2(y-1x).

P.I=
[Replace D by 1 and D' by 0]
1 x+ y 1 x+ y
e e
= 1−5+6 =2 .
The complete solution is z=C.F+P.I
1 x+ y
This implies that z= f1(y+0x) + f2(y-1x)+ e .
2

PART-B
**LAGRANGE’S METHOD
1. Solve:

2. Solve:

3. Solve:

4. Solve:
 5. Solve:

6. Solve:

7. Solve:

8. Solve:

9. Solve:

10. Solve:

*SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1. Solve:
2. Solve:
3. Solve:
4. Solve:
5. Solve:

6. Solve:

7. Solve:

8. Solve:
9. Solve:
10.Solve:
11. Solve:

12. Solve:
13. Solve:
14. Solve:
15. Solve:

**NON HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATION

1. Solve:
 2. Solve:

3. Solve:

**CLAIRAUT’S FORM:

1. Solve
2. Solve
3. Solve
4. Solve

5. Solve:
6. Solve:

** SOME MORE TYPES:

7. Solve: (Page.no.1.74)
8. Solve: (Page.no.1.93)
9. Solve: (Page.no.1.98)
10. Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary functions ‘f’ and ‘ ’ from the realtion

(Page.no.1.35)

UNIT – II
FOURIER SERIES

FOURIER SERIES FORMULA:

* ,

where ,
 * limits then (Even functions)

Where ,

* limits then (odd function)

Where ,

Half range cosine series:

Where , and
Half range sine series:

, Where

Limits

PART – A

1. State the sufficient condition for Fourier series.

Solution:
a0 ∞ ∞
f (x )= + ∑ an cos nx+ ∑ b n sin nx
If 2 n =0 n =0 provided
(i) f (x ) is periodic
 (ii) f (x ) and f ' ( x ) are piece wise continuous
(iii) f (x ) has finite number of maxima and minima.
2. Determine the value of an in the Fourier series expansion of .
Solution:
f (x )=x 3
put x = -x
f (−x)=(−x)3
=−x 3
f (−x) =f (x ) ∴ f(x) is an odd function ⇒ an =0
3. Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to expressed in
the interval
Solution:
Given f (x )= cos 2 x
1+cos2 x
=
2
1 1
= + cos 2 x
2 2
1
∴ constant term = 2
4. Expand f(x) = 1 in a sine series in 0 < x <
Solution:
Given f(x) = 1

[ ]
π π π π
2 2 2 2 −cos nx
bn = ∫ f (x ) sin nx dx= ∫ (1 ) sin nx dx= ∫ sin nx dx=
π 0 π 0 π 0 π n 0

[ ] [ ]
n
−2 cosnπ cos 0 −2 (−1) 1 −2
= − = − = [(−1)n −1 ]
π n n π n n nπ
5. What is mean by Harmonic Analysis? (Or) Define Harmonic analysis.
Solution:
The process of finding Euler constant for a tabular function is known as harmonic analysis.

and

6. Define the root – mean square value of a function .

Solution:

7. Find the constant term in the Fourier series corresponding to

Solution:
 put x = – x

8. Find the half range cosine series of

Solution:

[ ]
π π π
2 2 2 x2
a0 = ∫ f (x ) dx=a0 = ∫ x dx= =π
π 0 π 0 π 2 0

9. Find the RMS value of

Solution:

10. Determine the value of in the Fourier series expansion of in (−π , π ).

Solution:

2
11. Find the RMS value of f (x )= x in (0 ,l )
Solution:
(a , b)= (0 , l)
b l l
1 1 1
y= 2
∫
b−a a
( f ( x ))2 dx= ∫
l−0 0
(x 2 )2 dx = ∫ x 4 dx
l 0

[] []
l
1 x5 1 l5 l4
¿ = =
l 5 0 l 5 5

y= =
5 √5 √
l 4 l2

12. State Parseval’s identity in Fourier series.

Solution:

PART-B
** PERIOD

1. Express as a Fourier series in .

Hence deduce that

2. Express as a Fourier series in .

Hence deduce that

3. Determine the Fourier series for the function in the interval

4. Deter mine the following Fourier series for the function in the interval

5. Find the Fourier series of period for the function

and hence prove that

6. Express as a Fourier series in

**PERIOD
1. Obtain the Fourier series of in
2. Find the Fourier series for in
3. Find the Fourier series for

4. Obtain the Fourier series of and hence deduce that

5. Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function and deduce that

Find the Fourier series for

6.
7. Determine the Fourier series for the function

8. Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function

HALF RANGE SERIES PERIOD

COSINE SERIES:
1. Find the half range cosine series for
2. Find the half range cosine series for in (0,1)

3. Find the half range cosine series of the function in the interval

Hence deduce that .

SINE SERIES:

Find the half range sine series for in .Prove that

1.

PARSEVAL’S IDENTITY:

1. Find the Fourier series in .use Parseval’s identity to Prove

**HARMONIC ANALYSIS
1. Compute the first two harmonics of the Fourier series of given the following data.
:

: 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0

2. Obtain a Fourier series upto the second harmonic from the data.
:

Y: 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.1 0.8

3. Compute the first two harmonics of the Fourier series of given the following data.
 :

y: 2.3 3.0 3.6 4.1 3.69 2.2 0.8 0.51 0.88 1.09 1.19 1.64
4 1 9 5 0 3

4.The values of x and corresponding values of over a period T are given below show

that

: T/2 T
T/6 T/3 2T/3 5T/6

: 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25 1.98

5.Compute the first two harmonics of the Fourier series of given the following data.
: 1 2 3 4 5

Y: 4 8 15 7 6 2

6.Compute the first two harmonics of the Fourier series of given the following data.
: 60 120 180 240 300

Y: 4 8 15 7 -0.88 -0.25

UNIT-III
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
PART-A

1. State the suitable solution of the one dimensional wave equation.

∂2 u 2
2∂ u
=c
∂2 t ∂2 x
2 T
Where c =
M
2 Tension
c=
Mass per unit lengt h
2. Write all variable separable solution of the one dimensional wave equation.

The three possible solution of one dimensional wave equation is

u ( x , t )=( c1 e +c 2 e )( c 3 e +c 4 e )
px − px pat − pat
i)
( 5 )( 7
ii)u ( x , t )= c cospx +c sinpx c cospat+ c sinpat
6 8 )
u ( x , t )=( c 9 x+ c 10 x ) ( c 11 t + c 12)
iii)

3. What is the best solution of one dimensional wave equation?

u ( x , t )=( c 1 cospx+c 2 sinpx ) ( c3 cospat +c 4 sinpat )
4. Write all variable separable solution of the one dimensional heat equation

u ( x , t )=( c1 e +c 2 e ) e tp ∝
2 2
i) px − px

2 2
ii)
u ( x , t )=( c 5 cospx+c 6 sinpx ) e−tp ∝
Iii) u ( x , t )=( c 1 x+ c2 )
5. State the suitable solution of one dimensional heat equation
2 2
−tp ∝
u ( x , t )=( c 1 cospx +c 2 sinpx ) e
6. Temperature gradient:

Consider a bar of uniform cross section of length ‘x’ cm. Let the two ends of the rod are
u −u
maintained at temperature u1and u2 where u1 >u2. The quantity 1 2 represents the rate of
x
change of temperature with respect to distance is called the temperature gradient is denoted by
∂u
∂x
7. Steady state temperature distribution
The temperature within the solid does not vary with time but vary with positions (i.e.) time derivative of temperature vanishes.
8. Define steady state and write the one dimensional heat equation in steady state.

If the temperature will not change when time varies is called steady state temperature
distribution. In steady state, the temperature depends only on distance x and one dimensional
2
∂ y
heat equation becomes 2 =0
∂ x
9. The ends A and B of a rod 30cm long have their temperature kept at 20o c and 80 o c . Until
steady state condition prevails. Find the initial temperature distribution for the subsequent
motion.
Solution: The Steady state equation is ,

u(x) = ax +b (1)

Put x=0, u=20

20=0 +b b=20

Put x=30, u=80

80 =30a+ 20 30a=60 a= 2

Substitute ‘a’ and ‘b’ values in (1) we get, u(x)= 2x+20

∂u 2 ∂2 u
10. How many conditions are required to solve
=c 2
∂t ∂ x
Solution:
Two boundary conditions and one initial condition,

i) u(0,t)=0,

ii) u(l, t) =0 for all

t≥0
iii) u(x,0)=f(x)

2 2
11. Classify the following partial differential equations
u xx +u yy =( u x ) + ( u y )
Solution:

A=1, B=0 ,C=1

2
B −4 AC=0−4 ( 1 ) (1)
2
B −4 Ac=−4
2
B −4 Ac <0
u xx +u yy =( u x )2 + ( u y )2 is Elliptic
12. Classify the following partial differential equations 2 2
y u xx −2 xyu xy + x u yy +2u x −3 u=0
Solution:

2
A= y ,
B=−2 xy ,
2
C=x
B −4 Ac=4 x y −4 ( y ) (x )
2 2 2 2 2

2
B −4 Ac=0
2 2
y u xx −2 xyu xy + x u yy +2u x −3 u=0 is parabolic.
13. Classify the following partial differential equations
y 2 u xx +u yy+ ux 2 +u y 2 +7=0
Solution:

2
A= y ,
B=0
C¿ 1
B −4 Ac=0−4 ( y ) (1)
2 2

B2−4 Ac=−4 ( y 2 )
2
B −4 Ac <0
y 2 u xx +u yy + ux 2 +u y 2 +7=0 is elliptic.
14. The ends A and B of a rod of length 10 cm long have their temperature kept at20o c and
o
70 c Find the steady
state temperature distribution on the rod.
Solution:

Steady state equation is u(x) = ax +b (1)

Put x=0, u=20

20=0 +b b=20

Put x=10, u=70

70 =10a+ 20

10a=50 a=5 Substitute ‘a’ and ‘b’ values in (1) we get, u(x)= 5x+20

15. Write the classification of second order quasi linear partial differential equation.

Solution:

Let a second order partial differential equation in the function u of the two independent variable x y be of the form.

( )
2 2
∂ u + B ∂2u + c ∂ u + ∂ u ∂ u =0
A
f x , y ,u, , (1)
∂x
2
∂x ∂ y ∂ y2
∂x ∂y
A, B, C …. may be constants also. Consider ∆=b 2−4 ac
Equation (1) is classified as elliptic, parabolic, or hyperbolic at the points of a given region R depending on whether

ELLIPTIC PARABOLIC HYPERBOLIC

b 2−4 ac< 0 b 2−4 ac=0 b 2−4 ac> 0

LAPLACE POISSON ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT FLOW ONE DIMENSIONAL WAVE EQUATION

∂ 2 u + ∂2 u ∂ 2 u + ∂2 u ∂u 2
2∂ u ∂2 u 2
2 ∂ u
=0 =f(x,y)
=∝ 2 =a
∂ 2 x ∂2 y ∂ 2 x ∂2 y ∂t ∂ x ∂ t2 ∂2 x
 2 k T 2
∝= a=
cρ M
k = Thermal conductivity 2 Tension
a=
Mass per unit lengt h
c = Specific Heat

ρ=¿Density
16. Derive one dimensional wave equation.

Consider a tightly stretched elastic string of length l with its end points fixed. Let the string be released from rest and allowed to vibrate. The problem is

to determine the deflection y(x,t) any point x and at any time t>0.

17. What are the possible solution for Laplace equation ∂ 2 u + ∂2 u =0 by method of separation of variable.
∂2 x ∂2 y
Solution:

u ( x , y )= ( c 1 e + c 1 e ) ( c 3 cospy + c 4 sinpy )
px − px
i)
py − py
ii) u ( x , y )=( c 1 cospx + c2 sinpx ) (c ¿¿ 3 e +c 14 e )¿
iii) u ( x , y )=( c 1 x +c 2 )( c 3 t +c 4 )
18. In steady state conditions derive the solution of one dimensional heat flow equation.
Solution: When steady state conditions exist the heat flow equation is independent of time t.
2
∂u ∂ u
=0 The heat flow equation becomes
=0
∂t 2
∂ x
19. State Fourier law of heat conduction.
Solution:

The rate at which heat flow across an area A at a distance x from one end of a bar is given by Q=-KA
( ∂∂ut ) x
K is thermal conductivity and

( )
∂u
∂t x
is the temperature gradient at x .

20. What is the basic difference between the solutions of one dimensional heat equation?
Solution:
Solution of the one dimensional wave equation is of Periodic in Nature.
But the solution of the one dimensional Heat Equation is not of Periodic in Nature.

PART-B
One dimension wave equations

VIBRATING STRING WITH ZERO VELOCITY:

1. A string is stretched and fastened to points apart. Motion is started by displacing the
string into the form from which it is released at time t=0 .Find the
displacement of the string at a distance of ‘x’ from one end at time ‘t’
2. A string is stretched and fastened to points apart. Motion is started by displacing the

string into the form from which it is released at time t=0 .Find the
displacement of the string at a distance of ‘x’ from one end at time ‘t’
3. A string is stretched and fastened to points apart. Motion is started by displaced in a
sinusoidal arc of length and then released from rest. Find the displacement y at any

s distance of ‘x’ from one end at time ‘t’. [ ]

4. A tightly stretched string of length is fastened at both ends. The midpoint of the
string is displayed by a distance ‘b’ transversely and the string is released from rest in this
position. Find an expression for the transverse displacement of the string at any time
during the subsequent motion .
5. A tightly stretched string of length is fastened at x=0 and x= . The midpoint of the
string is then taken to a height h and released from rest in that position.. Find an
expression for the transverse displacement of the string at any time during the subsequent
motion .

VIBRATING STRING WITH NON- ZERO VELOCITY:

1. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x=0,and x=l is initially at rest in its
equilibrium position. If it is vibrating giving each point a Velocity

Then show that

2. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x=0,and x=l is initially at rest in its
equilibrium position. If it is vibrating giving each point a Velocity

. Find the displacement function

3. A tightly stretched string of length is initially at rest in its equilibrium position. If it is

vibrating giving each point a Velocity Find the displacement function

HEAT EQUATIONS:

1. The ends A and B of a rod 30cm long have the temperature at 20o c and 80 o c until steady
state prevail. The temperature at the end B is then suddenly reduced to 60o c and that of
A is raised to40 o c and maintained so. Find the temperature distribution.

UNIT –IV
FOURIER TRANSFORM

PART – A
1. State Fourier integral theorem
If f(x) is piece-wise continuously differentiable and absolutely integrable in then

This is known as Fourier integral theorem.

2. Define Fourier Transform pair.
The complex (or finite) Fourier Transform of f(x) is given by

……… (1)
Then the function f(x) is the inverse Fourier Transform of F(s) and is given by

…...…. (2)
The above (1) & (2) are jointly called Fourier transform pair.

3. Prove that

WKT

4. Find the Fourier transform of

WKT

5. State Convolution Theorem for Fourier transforms.

If F(s) and G(s) are the Fourier transform of f(x) and g(x) respectively. Then the Fourier
transform of the convolution of f(x) and g(x) is the product of their Fourier transforms.
 and
6. State Parseval’s identity for Fourier transform.

If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x). Then

7. Write down the Fourier cosine transform pair of formulae.
The infinite Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is defined by

The inverse Fourier cosine transform is defined by

8. Write down the Fourier sine transform pair of formulae.

The infinite Fourier sine transform of f(x) is defined by

The inverse Fourier sine transform is defined by

9. Find the Fourier cosine transform of

We know that

We know that
10. Find the Fourier sine transform of

We know that

We know that

11. Find the Fourier sine transform of

We know that
 Let

12. Find the Fourier sine transform of

We know that

We know that
13. State the Fourier transform of the derivatives under Fourier sine and cosine
transforms.

(ii)
(i)

PART-B
FOURIER TRANSFORM:

1. Find the Fourier Transform of if Hence prove that

2. Show that the Fourier Transform of is

.Hence Deduce that

(ii)

3. Find the Fourier Transform of hence find the value of

(i) , (ii) and

 4. Find the Fourier Transform of Hence show that

and

5. Find the Fourier Transform of if and deduce that

(i) (ii)
FOURIER SINE AND COSINE TRANSFORM

1. Show that is a self reciprocal with respect to Fourier transform is

2. Find the Fourier transform of
3. Find the Fourier cosine Transform of

4. Find the Fourier cosine Transform of

5. Find the Fourier cosine Transform of

6. Find the Fourier sine Transform of

7. State and prove the convolution theorem.

PROBLEMS:

1. Evaluate using Fourier cosine transform

2. Evaluate using Fourier transforms method

3. Using Parseval’s identity method show that

4. Using Parseval’s identity method show that

5. Evaluate using Fourier transforms

UNIT – V
 Z-TRANSFORM

PART – A
Z-Transform:

Defn:

1. Prove that Z [1] = .

We know that Z{x (n)} =

]=
n
if
2. Prove that Z[a

We know that

3. Prove that

We know that Z{x (n)} =

4. Prove that .

We know that Z{x (n)} =

5. Prove that

We know that
6. Prove that

We know that

7. Find

8. Find the Z-transform of (n + 2)

9. Find and

We know that

Put We know that , , ,

 .

and .

10. Find

We know that .

11. Find . We know that .

15. State and prove Second Shifting theorem.

Proof:

Statement:

16. State initial and final value theorem.

Initial value theorem:

If , then
Final value theorem:

If , then
18. State convolution theorem on Z – transform.
(i) If and then
(ii) If and then
19. State convolution theorem on inverse Z – transform.

20. Derive the difference equation from

Given

Eliminating A and B we get

PART-B
INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM:[PARTIAL FRACTION METHOD]

1. Find inverse z-transform of

2. Find inverse z-transform of

3. Find inverse z-transform of

4. Find inverse z-transform of

\

RESIDUE METHOD
 1. Find inverse z-transform of using residue theorem

2. Find inverse z-transform of using residue theorem.

CONVOLUTION THEOREM

1. Find inverse z-transform of using convolution theorem.

2. Find inverse z-transform of using convolution theorem.

3. Find inverse z-transform of using convolution theorem.

4. Find inverse z-transform of using convolution theorem.

5. Find inverse z-transform of using convolution theorem

6. Find inverse z-transform of using convolution theorem

SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1. Solve: with
with and using z-transform
2. Solve:
3. Solve : with and using z-transform
4. Solve: with ,
5. Solve: with
6. Solve : with
7. Solve with and using z-transform
8. Solve: with
9. Form the difference equation of second order by eliminating the arbitrary constants from