Ma6351-Tpde - Anna University Important Two Marks

AGNI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Chennai – 600 130

Department of Mathematics
Third Semester – Common to all Branches
MA6351-TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
ANNA UNIVERSITY IMPORTANT TWO MARKS

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
UNIT – 1 PART – A QUESTIONS

Form the pde by eliminating the arbitrary function from z2 – xy = f  
x
1.
z
Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. x and y
 x   z − xp 
2zp − y = f ′    2  ………(1)
 z  z 
 x  −qx 
2zq − x = f ′   2  ………...(2)
 z  z 
Dividing (1) by (2), we get
2 zp − y z − xp
=
2 zq − x − qx
2
2z q = x ( qy + z )
2. Find the particular integral of ( D2 − 2 D D ′ + D ′ 2 ) z = e (x − y)

The auxiliary equation is m2 – 2m + 1 = 0 i.e. m = 1, 1
∴ the complementary function is f1(y+x) + x f2(y+x)
1
Particular Integral = e x− y
D − DD′ + D′
2 2
1
= e x− y { put D = 1 , D′ = −1 }
1+ 2 +1
1
∴ the solution is z = f1(y+x) + x f2(y+x) + e x − y
4
3. Form the pde by eliminating an arbitrary function from z = f(x2+y2)

Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. x and y, we get
p = f′ (x2+y2) (2x) and q = f′ (x2+y2) (2y)
p x
Dividing, =
q y
4. Solve p+ q=
4
Let z = ax + by+ c be the solution where a+ b=
4
1
Prepared by Department of Mathematics,
Agni College of Technology, Cehnnai - 130
Chennai – 600 130
(4 − a )
2
b=
( ) y + c is the complete solution

2
∴ z = ax + 4 − a
5. Form the pde from (x−a)2 + (y−b)2 + z2 = r2 by eliminating the arbitrary
constants a and b.
Differentiate the given equation w.r.t x and y, we get
2(x−a) + 2zp = 0 ⇒ (x−a) = − zp
2(y−b) + 2zq = 0 ⇒ (y−b) = − zq
substituting this in the given equation, we get
(zp)2 + (zq)2 + z2 = r2
6. Form the pde by eliminating the constants a and b from z = (x2 + a2)
(y2+b2)
p
p = 2x ( y2 + b2 ) ⇒ ( y2 + b2 ) =
2x
q
q = 2y ( x2 + a2 ) ⇒ ( x2 + a2 ) =
2y
using this in the given equation, we get pq = 4xyz
7. Solve the partial differential equation pq = x.

Let q = a. Then p.a = x
x
i.e. p =
a
But dz = p dx + q dy
x
dz = dx + a dy
a
x2
Integrating, z = + ay + c is the complete solution
2a
8. Form the pde by eliminating the arbitrary function from z = xy + f(x2 + y2

)
p = y + f′ (x2+y2) (2x) and q = x + f′ (x2+y2) (2y)
p− y x
=
q−x y
py − qx = y − x2
2
9. Eliminate the arbitrary function from the pde z = f(x2 + y2 )

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p = f ′ (x +y ) (2x)
2 2
and q = f ′ (x2+y2) (2y)
p x
=
q y
py = qx
10. Solve p + 2q = 4
Let z = ax + by+ c be the solution where a + 2b = 4
a = 4 − 2b
∴ z = (4−2b)x + by + c is the complete solution
11. Form the pde of all planes cutting equal intercepts from the x and y axes.
x y z
The equation of plane is + + = 1
a a b
Differentiate this w.r.t. x and y, we get
1 1 1 q
+ = 0 and + = 0
a b a b
1 1 1 q
= − and = −
a b a b
p q
∴ equating, we get − =−
b b
p = q
12. Solve ( D3 − 2D2 D′ )z = 0.

The auxiliary equation is m3 − 2m2 = 0
m2 ( m − 2 ) = 0
m = 0, 0, 2
∴ the solution is z = f1(y) + x f2(y) + f3(y+2x)
13. By eliminating the arbitrary constants, form the partial differential

equation from z = (x2 + a) (y2+b)
p
p = 2x ( y2 + b ) ⇒ ( y2 + b ) =
2x
q
q = 2y ( x2 + a ) ⇒ ( x2 + a ) =
2y
using this in the given equation, we get pq = 4xyz
14. Find the particular integral of ( D 2 + 3 D D ′ + 2D ′ 2 ) z = (x + y)
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1
Particular Integral = ( x + y)
D + 3DD′ + 2 D′2
2
1
= ( x + y)
2  3 D 2 D′2 
D 1 + + 2 
 D′ D 
−1
1   3 D′ 2 D′ 2  
= 1 +  + 2  ( x + y)
D2   D D 
1   3 D′ 2 D′ 2  
= 2 
1−  + 2  + ........ ( x + y )
D   D D  
1  3 D′ 
= 2 
1−  ( x + y)
D  D 
1 3D′
= 2
( x + y) − 3 ( x + y)
D D
2 3
yx x
= −
2 3
15. Solve ( D − 2D′ ) ( D − 2D′ +1 ) z = 0.

Comparing this with ( D − m1 D′ −c1 ) (D − m2 D′ −c2 ) = 0, we get
c1 = 0, c2 = −1, m1 = 2, m2 = 2
∴ the solution is z = e f1 ( y + m1 x ) + e f 2 ( y +
c1 x c2 x
m2 x)
z = e o x f1 ( y + 2x ) + e − x f2 ( y + 2x )
16. Form the pde by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b from
(x−a)2 + (y−b)2 = z2 cot2α
Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. x and y
2(x−a) = 2zp cot2α ⇒ (x−a) = zp cot2α
2(y−b) = 2zq cot2α ⇒ (y−b) = zq cot2α
using this in the given equation, we get

( zp cot2α ) 2 + ( zq cot2α ) 2 = z2 cot2α
p2 + q2 = tan2α
17. Form the pde by eliminating f from the relation z = x + y + f(x2 + y2 )

p = 1 + f′ (x2+y2) (2x) and q = 1 + f′ (x2+y2) (2y)
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p −1 x
=
q −1 y
py − qx = y − x
18. Form the pde by eliminating arbitrary functions from z = f(x) g(y)
Differentiate w.r.t x and y twice, we get
p = f ′ (x) g(y) q = f (x) g ′ (y) s = f ′ (x) g ′ (y)
pq = f ′ (x) g(y) f (x) g ′ (y)

pq = zs
19. Solve ( 4D 2 − 4D D ′ + D ′ 2 ) z = 0
1 1
The auxiliary equation is 4m2 – 4m + 1 = 0 i.e. m= ,
2 2
 1   1 
∴ the solution is z = f1  y + x  + xf 2  y + x 
 2   2 
20. Form the pde by eliminating the arbitrary constants from z = a2 x + a y2 +

b
p = a2 …….(1)
q q2
q = 2ay ⇒ a= ⇒ a 2 = 2 ……..(2)
2y 4y
q2
equating (1) and (2) we get p=
4 y2
21. Find the complete integral of p − q = 0.
Let the solution is z = ax + by + c where a − b = 0

b=a
∴ z = ax + ay + c is the complete solution
22. Form the pde from z = x+ y + f(xy) by eliminating the arbitrary function
f.
Differentiate w.r.t x & y, we get
p = 1 + y f ′ (xy) and q = 1 + x f ′ (xy)
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p −1 y
=
q −1 x
23. Solve ( D − D′ ) ( D +2D′+1 )z = 0

Comparing the given pde with ( D − m1 D′ −c1 ) (D − m2 D′ −c2 ) = 0, we get
Here c1 = 0, c2 = 1 and m1 = −1 , m2 = −2
∴ the solution is z = e f1 ( y + m1 x ) + e f 2 ( y +
c1 x c2 x
m2 x)
z = e 0 x f1 ( y −x ) + e x f2 ( y − 2x )
24. Form the pde by eliminating a and b from z = ( x + a ) 2 + ( y + b ) 2.

p = 2(x+a) and q = 2(y+b)
using this in the given equation, we get
2 2
 p q
z =   + 
 2  2
25. Solve ( D 2 − 2DD′ + D′2)z = 0
The auxiliary equation is m2 – 2m + 1 = 0 i.e. m = 1, 1

∴ the complementary function is f1(y+x) + x f2(y+x)
26. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary

constants from ( x − a ) 2 + ( y − b ) 2 + z2 = 1
2(x−a) + 2zp = 0 ⇒ (x−a) = − zp
2(y−b) + 2zq = 0 ⇒ (y−b) = − zq
substituting this in the given equation, we get (zp)2 + (zq)2 + z2 = 1
∂2 z
27. Solve 2 = xy
∂x
∂z x2
Integrating w.r.t. x twice, we get = y + f ( y)
∂x 2
x3
z = y + xf ( y ) + g ( y )
6
28. Find the complete solution of the pde p2 + q2 – 4 pq = 0.

2 2
Let z = ax + by+ c be the solution where a + b – 4 ab = 0
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4b ± 16b 2 − 4b 2
a=
2
=a b(2 ± 3)
∴ z = b ( 2 ± √3 ) x + by + c is the complete solution
∂2 z
29. Find the general solution of =0
∂x 2
∂z
Integrating w.r.t. x twice, we get = f ( y)
∂x
=z xf ( y ) + g ( y )
30. Form the pde by eliminating the arbitrary constants a & b from
z = a(x+y)+b
p=a and q=a
Equating, we get p=q
∂2 z
31. Solve = sin y
∂x 2
∂z
Integrating w.r.t. x twice, we get = x sin y + f ( y )
∂x
2
x
z= sin y + xf ( y ) + g ( y )
2
z x y
32. Find the complete integral of = + + pq
pq q p
Given equation is z = px + qy + ( pq ) 3/2
This is clairaut’s equation. ∴ the complete solution is z = ax + by + ( ab ) 3/2
Differentiate w.r.t a and b, we get
1
3 1
3
0= x + ( ab ) 2 b and 0= y + ( ab ) 2 a
2 2
1 1
3 3
x = − ( ab ) 2 b and y = − ( ab ) 2 a
2 2
x b x
Dividing, = i.e. b = a
y a y
9
Multiplying, xy = ( ab )
2
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9 2  a2 x2 
xy = a  2 
4  y 
1
4 4 y3  4 y3  4
a = i.e. a=  
9x  9x 
1
 4 y3  4 x
∴ b =  
 9x  y
1
 4 x3  4
=  
 9y 
1 1 3
 4 y3  4  4 x3  4  4 y 3 4 x3  8
z=x   + y   +  . 
 9x   9y   9x 9 y 
3
 4 xy  4
= 4 
 9 
33. Obtain the p.d.e. by eliminating f and g from z = f( x + i t ) + g ( x − i t )

Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. x and t
p = f′(x+it)+g′(x−it) q = if′(x+it) − ig′(x−it)
r = f ′′ ( x + i t ) + g ′′ ( x − i t ) t = − f ′′ ( x + i t ) − g ′′ ( x − i t )
t = − [ f ′′ ( x + i t ) + g ′′ ( x − i t ) ]
∂2 z ∂2 z
t = −r i.e t+r = 0 i.e. + =
0
∂x 2 ∂t 2
∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
34. Solve 4 − 12 + 9 =
0
∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
3 3
The auxiliary equation is 4m2 – 12m + 9 = 0 i.e. m= ,
2 2
 3   3 
∴ the solution is z = f1  y + x  + xf 2  y + x 
 2   2 
35. Form the p.d.e. of all spheres whose radius is r and centres lie on the z-
axis.
The equation of the sphere is x2 + y2 + (z−a)2 = r2
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Differentiate w.r.t. x and y, we get
2x + 2(z−a)p = 0 and 2y + 2(z−a)q = 0
x y
z−a = − and z−a = −
p q
x y
Equating, we get − = −
p q
qx = py
36. Find the complete integral of (1−x) p + (2−y) q = 3−z
dx dy dz
The auxiliary equation is = =
1− x 2− y 3− z
dx dy
Consider =
1− x 2− y
Integrating, − log (1−x) = − log (2−y) + log C1
 2− y 
log   = log C1
 1− x 
2− y
= C1
1− x
3− z
similarly equating last two, we get = C2
2− y
∴ the solution is φ ( C1, C 2 ) = 0
37. Find the complete integral of p − y 2 = q + x 2

Given p − x2 = q + y2 = k
i.e. p − x2 = k and q + y2 = k
i.e. p = x2 + k and q = k − y2
We know that z = ∫ p dx + ∫ q dy
z = ∫ x2 + k dx + ∫ k − y2 dy
x3 y3
z = kx + + ky − +c
3 3
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38.Find the pde by eliminating the arbitrary function from φ [z2 − xy, x/z ] = 0
x
Let u = z 2 − xy and v=
z
∂u ∂v
∂x ∂x
∴ φ ( u , v ) = 0 and the pde is given by =0
∂u ∂v
∂y ∂y
z − xp
2 zp − y
z2 = 0
xq
2 zq − x − 2
z
qy + z − p2 = 0
39. Find the singular sol. of z = px + qy + p 2 − q 2
This is clairaut’s form. ∴The complete solution is z = ax + by + a2 − b2

Differentiate this w.r.t a and b, we get
x
0 = x + 2a ⇒ a = −
2
y
0 = y − 2b ⇒ b =
2
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
∴ z =− + + − is the singular solution
2 2 4 4
40. Find the p.d.e. by eliminating the arbitrary function from z = f(xy).
p = f ′ (xy) y and q = f ′ (xy) x
p q
= f ′ (xy) and = f ′ (xy)
y x
p q
Equating, we get =
y x
41. Write down the complete solution of z = px + qy + c √ ( 1 + p 2 +q 2 )
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Consider z = ax + by + c 1 + a 2 + b 2
Differentiate w.r.t a and b, we get
1 1
0 = x + c (1 + a 2 + b 2 ) 2 a 0 = y + c (1 + a 2 + b 2 ) 2 b
− −
and
1 1
x = − c (1 + a 2 + b 2 ) 2 a y = − c (1 + a 2 + b 2 ) 2 b
− −
and
x a ay
= i.e. b =
y b x
2
ay  ay 
∴ the complete solution is z = ax + y + c 1 + a2 +  
x  x 
42. Find the solution of p x 2 + q y 2 = z 2

dx dy dz
This is lagrange’s equation. ∴ the auxiliary equation is = =
x2 y 2 z 2
dx dy
Consider 2
= 2
x y
1 1 1 1
Integrating, = + C1 i.e. − = C1
x y x y
dy dz
Similarly, consider 2
= 2
y z
1 1 1 1
Integrating, = + C2 i.e. − = C2
y z y z
∴ the solution is φ ( c1, c 2 ) = 0
43. Find the p.d.e. of all planes passing through the origin.
The equation of plane passing through the origin is z = ax + by
Differentiate w.r.t. x and y, we get p = a and q=b
∴ the pde is z = px + qy
44. Find the particular integral of ( D3 − 3D2 D ′ − 4DD′ 2 + 12 D′ 3 )z =
sin(x+2y)
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1
Particular Integral = sin( x + 2 y )
D − 3D D′ − 4 DD′2 + 12 D′3
3 2
1
= sin( x + 2 y ) { put D2 = −1, D′2 = −4, DD′ = −2 }
− D + 3D′ + 16 D − 48 D′
1
= sin( x + 2 y )
15 D − 45 D′
15 D + 45 D′
= sin( x + 2 y )
225 D 2 − 2025 D′2
15cos( x + 2 y ) + 90 cos( x + 2 y )
=
225 + 8100
45. Form the PDE by eliminating the constants a & b from z = ax n + by n .

Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. a and b, we get
p = na x n − 1 and q = nb y n−1
p q
a = and b =
nx n −1 ny n −1
p q
using this in the given equation, we get z= x + y
n n
46. Solve ( D 3 + D 2 D ′ − D D ′ 2 − D ′ 3 ) z = 0
The auxiliary equation is m3 + m2 − m −1 = 0
(m−1)(m+1)(m+1)=0
m = 1, −1, −1
∴ the solution is z = f1 ( y + x ) + f2 ( y − x ) + x f3 ( y − x )
47. Solve ( D 2 − DD‘ + D‘ −1)z = 0

Given equation can be written as ( D − 1 ) ( D − D′ + 1 ) z = 0
Comparing this with ( D − m1 D′ −c1 ) (D − m2 D′ −c2 ) = 0, we get
Here c1 = −1, c2 = 1 and m1 = 0 , m2 = −1
∴ the solution is z = e f1 ( y + m1 x ) + e f 2 ( y
c1 x c2 x
+ m2 x)
z = e − x f1 ( y ) + e x f2 ( y − x )
Eliminate the arbitrary function f from z = f  
xy
48. and form the
 z 
PDE
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 xy   zy − xyp   xy   zx − xyq 
p = f ′    and q = f ′   
 z  z  z  z 
2 2
p zy − xyp
Dividing, we get =
q zx − xyq
px = qy
49. Find the complete integral of p + q = p q

Let z = ax + by+ c be the solution where a + b = ab
a=b(a−1)
a
b =
a −1
a
∴ z = ax + y + c is the complete solution
a −1
50. Solve ( D 3 – 3 D D ′ 2 + 2 D′ 3 ) z = 0
The auxiliary equation is m3 − 3m +2 = 0
(m−1)(m−1)(m+2)=0
m = 1, 1, −2
∴ the solution is z = f1 ( y + x ) + x f2 ( y + x ) + f3 ( y − 2x )
51. Find the PDE of the spheres having their centers on the line x = y = z
The equation of the sphere is ( x − a )2 + ( y − a )2 + ( z − a )2 = r2
2( x − a ) + 2( z − a ) p = 0 and 2( y − a ) + 2( z − a )q = 0
(x−a) = −(z−a)p and ( y − a ) = − ( z − a )q
x + zp = a ( 1 + p ) and y + zq = a ( 1 + q )
x + zp y + zq
a = and a =
1+ p 1+ q
x + zp y + zq
Equating, we get =
1+ p 1+ q
52. (D3 − 2D2D′ − 4DD′2 + 8D′3)z = 0

The auxiliary equation is m3 − 2m2 −4m +8 = 0
(m−2)(m−2)(m+2)=0
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m = 2, 2, −2
∴ the solution is z = f1 ( y + 2x ) + x f2 ( y + 2x ) + f3 ( y − 2x )
UNIT – 2 PART A QUESTIONS

1. Write the conditions for a function f(x) to satisfy for the existence of a
Fourier series.
i. f(x) is single valued and finite in ( c , c+2l )

ii. f(x) is continuous or piecewise continuous with finite number of finite discontinuities
in ( c , c+2l )
iii. f(x) has no or finite number of maxima or minima in ( c , c+2l )
This is known as Drichlet’s conditions
( −1)
n
π2 ∞
1 1 1 π2
2. If x=2
+ 4∑ cos nx, deduce that + + + ... =
3 n =1 n2 12 22 32 6
Putting x = π, we get
π2 1 1 1 
π =2
+ 4  2 + 2 + 2 + .....
3 1 2 3 
1 1 1 π 2
2
+ 2 + 2 + ... =
1 2 3 6
∞
a
3. If 0 + ∑ ( an cos nx + bn sin nx ) is the fourier series of f(x) = x in (−1,1), find
2 n =1
a3 + b32 .
2
Since the given f(x) is odd function, a3 = 0.

1
1
b3 = ∫ f ( x) sin 3π x dx
1 −1
1
= 2 ∫ x sin 3π x dx
0
1
  cos3π x   sin 3π x  
= 2 ( x )  −  − (1)  − 
  3π   9π 2  0
2
=
3π
4
Therefore a32 + b32 = 2
9π
∞
a
4. If f(x) = 0 + ∑ ( an cos nx ) is the Fourier cosine series of f(x) in 0 < x < π,
2 n =1
state the corresponding Parseval’s identity.
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π
a 1 ∞  2
∫ [ f ( x)] (π 0 )  + ∑ an2 
dx =−
2 0
0 4 2 1 
5. Find bn in the expansion of f(x) = x2 as a fourier series in (−π, π)
π
1
bn =
π ∫
−π
f ( x)sin nx dx
π
1
bn = ∫π x
2
sin nx dx
π−
= 0 { since x2 sinnx is odd }
6. Find the constant term in the expansion of cos2x as a fourier series in (−

π,π)
1 cos 2 x
cos 2 x = +
2 2
1
∴ the constant term is
2
7. Find the root mean square value of f(x) = x2 in ( 0, l )
l
∫ [ f ( x)]
2
dx
1
l
π4
∫ x dx
0 4
RMS value = = =
l −0 l 0
5
8. Find the Fourier sine series of f(x) = 1, 0 < x < π

π
2
bn =
π ∫ f ( x)sin nx dx
0
π
2
=
π ∫ sin nx dx
0
2 
1 − ( −1) 
n
=
nπ  
9. Write the Parseval’s identity for the half range sine series of f(x) defined
in ( 0, l )
1 ∞

l
∫ [ f ( x)] dx= ( l − 0 )  ∑ ( bn2 ) 

2
0  2 1 
1 + cos x
,0 < x < π
10. Let f(x) be defined in (o,2π) by f ( x) = π − x and f(x+2π) = f(x).
cos x, π < x < 2π
Find the value of f(π).
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f (π − ) + f (π + )
Since x = π is a point of discontinuity, the fourier series converges to
2
1 + cos x
f (π − ) =Lt
x →π − π −x
− sin x
= Lt by L’Hospital rule
x →π − −1
= 0
f (π − ) =Lt cos x
x →π +
= −1
1
∴ f(π) = −
2
11. State Drichlet’s conditions for the convergence of the Fourier series of f(x)
in (0,2π) with period 2π.
i. f(x) is bounded function of period 2π
ii. f(x) has finite number of maxima or minima
iii. f(x) has finite number of points of discontinuity
then the Fourier series of f(x) converges to f(x) at all points where f(x) is continuous.
Also, it converges to the average value of the right and left hand limits of f(x) at each point
where f(x) is discontinuous.
12. State Euler’s formula for the fourier constants of a function defined in(c,
c+2l)
c + 2l
nπ nπ
l l
1 1 1
a0 =
l ∫
c
f ( x)dx an = ∫
l −l
f ( x) cos x dx
l
bn = ∫
l −l
f ( x)sin x dx
l
13. Find the half range cosine series of f(x) = cosx, 0 < x < π
The cosine series is f(x) = cosx { since a0 = 0, an = 0, n >1 and a1 = 1 }
14. Obtain the first term of the fourier series for the function f(x) = x2, −π <x<
π
The first term is a0
π
1
a0 = ∫ f ( x) dx
π −π
π
2
= ∫ x dx
2
π 0
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2π 2
=
3
15. To which value, the sine series of f(x) = x2 in ( 0, 5 ) converges at x = 5.
Consider F(x) = f(x) in 0 < x < 5
= − f(−x) in −5 < x < 0
F(x) = −x2 in −5 < x < 0
= x2 in 0 < x < 5
Now x = 5 is an end point.
f (−5) + f (5) 25 − 25
∴ the Fourier series converges to = = 0
2 2
16. State the parseval’s formula for f(x) defined in ( −l, l ).

 a2 1 ∞  l
2l  0 + ∑ ( an2 + bn2 )  = ∫ [ f ( x)]
2
dx
4 2 1  −l
17. If f(x) = sin x, −π < x <π find an.

π
1
π −∫π
an = f ( x) cos nx dx
= 0, { since f(x) cosnx is odd function }
18. What is the value of an in the fourier series expansion of f(x) = x 3, −π <x<
π
π
1
π −∫π
an = f ( x) cos nx dx
= 0 , since f(x) cosnx is odd function
19. Find the rms value of of f(x) = x 2 in (0, π)

π
∫ [ f ( x)]
2
dx π
1 π4
∫ x dx
0 4
RMS value = = =
π −0 π 0
5
20. State the half range cosine series for the function f(x) in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2l
a0 ∞ nπ
2l
1
f ( x=
) + ∑ an cos x where a0 = ∫ f ( x)dx
2 1 2l 2l 0
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nπ
2l
1
an =
2l ∫ f ( x)
0
cos
2l
xdx
21. If f(x) = 2x in (0,4), then find the value of a2 in the Fourier series
expansion.
Here 2l = 4 and hence l = 2
4
1
4
2π
4
  sin π x   cos π x  
a2 = ∫ f ( x) cos x dx =
20 2 ∫0 x cos π x dx = ( x )  π  − (1)  − π 2 0 = 0
∞
sin nx
22. The Fourier series expansion of f(x) in (0,2π) is f(x) = ∑
n =1 n
. Find the
root mean square value of f(x) in the interval (0,2π).

By Parseval’s theorem,
2π
 a2 1 
∫ [ f ( x)] dx =( 2π − 0 )  0 + ( an2 + bn2 ) 
2
0 4 2 
2π
a2 1 ∞
dx =0 + ∑ ( an2 + bn2 )
1
∫ [ f ( x)]
2
2π 0
4 2 1
1 ∞ 1
∑
1
RMS value = { given a0 = an = 0 and bn = }
2 1 n2 n
23. Define root mean square value of a function f(x) in ( 0,2l )
2l
∫ [ f ( x)]
2
dx
0
RMS value =
2l − 0
24. Determine bn in the fourier series expansion of f(x) = ½ ( π − x ) in (0,2π)

2π
1
bn =
π ∫
0
f ( x) sin nx dx
2π
1
=
2π ∫ (π − x ) sin nx dx
0
2π
1   cos nx   sin nx   1
= (π − x )  −  − ( −1)  − 2   =
2π   n   n  0 n
25. Define r.m.s. value of f(x) in a < x < b.
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b
∫ [ f ( x)]
2
dx
a
RMS value =
b−a
26. If f(x) is discontinuous at x = a, what value does its fourier series

represent at that point.
The value of the fourier series at a point of discontinuity is the average of left and right
limits of the function
cos x, 0 < x < π

27. If f ( x) = and f(x) = f(x+2π) for all x, find the sum of the
50, π < x < 2π
fourier series of f(x) at x = π.

f (π − ) + f (π + )
Here x = π is a point of discontinuity. ∴ sum of the series =
2
−1 + 50 49
= =
2 2
28. Find the coefficient b5 of cos5x in the fourier cosine series of the function
f(x) = sin 5x in the interval (0,2π).
b0 ∞
The fourier cosine series is f(x) = + ∑ bn cos nx
2 1
2π
2
bn =
2π ∫0
f ( x) cos nxdx
2π
2
b5 =
2π ∫ sin 5 x cos 5 xdx
0
= 0
∞
a
29. If cos3 x =
0
+ ∑ ( an cos nx + bn sin nx ) in 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π, find the sum of the series
2 n =1
∞
a02 1
4 2
+ ∑(a
1
2
n + bn2 )
By Parseval’s theorem, we have

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2π
 a02 1 ∞ 2 
 + ∑ ( an + bn )  =
1
∫ [ f ( x) ]
2 2
dx
4 2 1  2π 0
2π
1
∫ cos
6
= x dx
2π 0
π /2
4
∫ cos
6
= xdx
2π 0
5
=
16
30. The fourier series of x 2 in (0,2) and that of (x+2)2 in (−2,0) are identical
or not. Give reasons.
Here both the curves are periodic in the interval (0,2) and are identical. ∴ their
Fourier series are identical.
31. Find an in expanding e − x as fourier series in (−π , π )

π
1
an =
π ∫π f ( x) cos nx dx
−
π
1
=
π −
∫π e − x cos nx dx
π
1  e− x 
2 [
=  − cos nx + n sin nx ]
π 1 + n −π
( −1)
n
= eπ − e −π 
π (1 + n ) 2
32. State Parseval’s Identity of Fourier series.

c + 2π
 a02 1 ∞ 
[ f ( x)] dx =  + ∑ ( an2 + bn2 )
1
∫
2
2π c 4 2 1 
33. Find the fourier constant bn for x sin x in (−π , π )

π
1
bn =
π ∫
−π
f ( x)sin nx dx = 0 { since f(x) sin nx is odd function }
34. State Parseval’s identity for the half range cosine expansion of f(x) in
( 0, l )
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l
 a02 1 ∞ 
1
l ∫0
[ f ( x ) ]
2
dx =  + ∑ an
2
 ( )
4 2 1 
35. If f(x) is discontinuous at x = a, what does its fourier series represent at

x=a.
The value of the fourier series at a point of discontinuity is the average of left and right
limits of the function
36. Find an in the cosine series expansion of f(x) = K in ( 0, 10 )
nπ nπ
10 10
2 k
an = ∫
10 0
f ( x) cos
10
xdx =
50∫ cos
10
xdx = 0
37. Find the r.m.s. value of the function f(x) = x in ( 0, l )

l
∫ [ f ( x)]
2
dx l
1 2 l2
l ∫0
0
RMS value = = x dx =
l −0 3
38. What do you mean by harmonic analysis?

The method of finding fourier series of f(x) which is given by numerical values is called
harmonic analysis.
2
1+ x, −π < x < 0
39. In the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = f ( x) = π
2
1− x, 0 < x < π
π
find the value of bn.
π
1
bn =
π ∫π f ( x)sin nx dx =
−
0 { since f(x) sin nx is odd function }
40. Does f(x) = tanx possess a fourier expansion?

It has no fourier expansion. Because it is discontinuous at infinity only.
41. Find bn in the expansion of x 2 as a fourier series in ( −π , π )
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π
1
bn =
π ∫π f ( x)sin nx dx =
−
0 { since f(x) sin nx is odd function }
42. If f(x) is an odd function in ( − l, l ), what are the values of a0 & an ?

a0 = 0 & an = 0
43. Find the Fourier sine series for the function f(x) = 1 ; 0 < x < π
π
2
bn =
π ∫ f ( x)sin nx dx
0
π
2
=
π ∫ sin nx dx
0
π
2  cos nx 
= −
π  n  0
2
= 1 − (−1) n 
nπ
0, 0 < x < π
44. If the fourier series for the function f ( x) = is
sin x, π < x < 2π
1 2  cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x  1
f ( x) =− +  + + + ... + sin x , duduce that
π π  1.3 3.5 5.7  2
1 1 1 π −2
− + − ..... =
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
π π
Put x = in the series. Since x = is a point of discontinuity, fourier series converges
2 2
π 
to f   = 0
2
1 2 1 1 1  1
0= − + − + − + ... +
π π  1.3 3.5 5.7  2
1 1 1 π −2
− + − ..... =
1.3 3.5 5.7 4
45. Find a0 , an in the fourier series expansion of f(x) = x − x3 in ( −π , π )

Given f(x) is odd function. ∴ a0 = 0 & an = 0.
46. State Parseval’s Identity for f(x) as fourier series in ( 0 , 2l )
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2l
a 1 ∞
2

1
∫ [ f ( x)]
2
dx =  + ∑ an2 + bn2 
0
( )
2l 0 4 2 1 
47. If the fourier series corresponding to f(x) = x in the interval (0,2π) is

a0 ∞
+ ∑ ( an cos nx + bn sin nx ) , without finding the values of a0 , an , bn find the
2 n =1
 a02 ∞ 
 + ∑ ( an + bn ) 
2 2
value of
2 1 
By Parseval’s theorem, we have
2π
 a2 1 ∞ 
2π  0 + ∑ ( an2 + bn2 )  = ∫ [ f ( x)]
2
dx
4 2 1  0
a 2 ∞  2π
π  0 + ∑ ( an2 + bn2 )  = ∫x
2
dx
2 1  0
a 2 ∞  8π 2
 + ∑ ( an + bn ) 
0 2 2
=
2 1  3
48. If f(x) = x + x 2 is expressed as a fourier series in ( −2 , 2 ) to which

value this series converges at x = 2.
f (2) + f (−2)
Since x = 2 is an end point, the Fourier series converges to =4
2
49. If the Fourier series of the function f(x) = x + x 2 in − π < x < π is
π2 ∞
n  4 2 
+ ∑ ( −1)  2 cos nx − sin nx  , then find the value of the series
3 n =1 n n 
1 1 1
+ + + ....
12 22 32
put x = π in the given Fourier series. Since x = π is an end point, the Fourier series
f (π ) + f (−π )
converges to = π2
2
π2 4 4 4 
π2 = +  2 + 2 + 2 + .......
3 1 2 3 
π 2
1 1 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ....
6 1 2 3
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50. To which value the half range sine series corresponding to f(x) = x 2 in
the interval ( 0 , 2 ) converges at x = 2.
Consider F(x) = f(x) in 0 < x < 2
= − f(−x) in −2 < x < 0
F(x) = −x2 in −2 < x < 0
= x2 in 0 < x < 2
f (2) + f (−2)
Now x = 2 is an end point. ∴the fourier series converges to =0
2
4 ( −1)
n
π2 ∞ ∞
1
51. If x=
2
+∑ cos nx in ( −π, π ) find ∑n
3 1 n2 1
4
2π 2 4(−1) n
Given f(x) = x2 , a0 = , an = and bn = 0
3 n2
By Parseval’s Identity, we have
π
 a02 1 ∞ 2 
2π  + ∑ ( an
2
+ bn )  = ∫ [ f ( x ) ] dx
2
4 2 1  −π
 a0 1
2 ∞  π
 + ∑ ( a 2
)
n  =
2
π ∫ x 4 dx
 4 2 1  2 0
π4 ∞
1 π4
+ 8∑ =
9 1 n4 5
∞
1 π4
∑1 n4 =
90
52. What is the period of the function cos 3x?

2π
The period is
3
53. If f(x) is an odd function in ( −π, π ) then the graph of f(x) is symmetric
about --------
The graph is symmetric about origin.
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1
54. Examine whether the function f(x) = can be expanded in a Fourier
1− x
series in any interval including x = 1.
At x = 1, f(x) is discontinuous at infinity. ∴ it cannot be expanded as a fourier series.
55. Without evaluating any integral, write the half range series with sine
terms for f(x) = sin3x in (o,π)
f(x) = sin3x
3 1
= sin x − sin 3 x
4 4

1. Write down the three possible solutions of one dimensional heat equation.
u= ( Ae λx
+ Be − λ x ) Ceα λ 2t
2
( x, t )
= ( A cos λ x + B sin λ x ) Ce−α λ t
2 2
u ( x, t )
u ( x=
, t ) ( Ax + B )C
2. Give three possible solutions of two dimensional steady state heat flow
equation.
u ( x, y ) = ( )
Aeλ x + Be − λ x ( C cos λ y + D sin λ y )
( A cos λ x + B sin λ x ) ( Ceλ y + De−λ y )
u ( x, y ) =
u ( x, y ) =( Ax + B)(Cy + D)
3. Write all possible solutions of the one dimentional wave equation utt = a2
uxx
( Aeλ x Be−λ x )( Ceλat + De−λat )
y ( x, t ) =+
( A cos λ x B sin λ x )( C cos λ at + D sin λ at )
y ( x, t ) =+
y ( x, t ) =( Ax + B)(Cx + D)
4. Find steady state solution, if the right and left ends of an insulated rod of
length 20 cm is kept at 20° C and 80° C respectively.
The solution of heat equation in steady state is u = ax + b
Here u = 20 when x = 0 and u = 80 when x = 20
Using this, we get b = 20 and a = 3
∴ the solution is u = 3x + 20
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5. A taut string of length 20 cm fastened at both ends, is disturbed from its
position of equilibrium by imparting to each of its points an initial velocity
of magnitude kx(20−x) for 0<x<20. Formulate the problem
mathematically.
y(0,t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0 y(20,t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0
y(x,0) = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 20 yt (x,0) = kx (20−x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 20
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂u ∂u
6. Clasify the following II orde pde 4 2 + 8 +4 2 −6 −8 − 16u =
0
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
Here A = 4, B = 8, C = 4
∆ = B2 − 4AC = 64 − 64 = 0.
∴ the pde is parabolic
7. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0, x = l is initially in a

π
position given by y ( x, 0) = y0 sin 3  x  . If it is released from rest in this
l  
position, write the boundary conditions.
y(0, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0 y(l, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0
π 
yt (x, 0) = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ l y ( x, 0) = y0 sin 3  x  for 0 ≤ x ≤ l
l 
8. Write down the one dimensional heat equation.
∂u ∂ 2u
=α2
∂t ∂x 2
9. If the ends of the string of length l are fixed and the mid point of the
string is drawn aside through a height b and the string is released from
rest. Write the boundary and initial conditions.
y(0, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0 y(l, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0 yt (x, 0) = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ l
2b  l 
x,  0, 
l  2
y ( x, 0) =
2b l 
(l − x),  , l 
l 2 
10. Find the boundary and initial conditions of a rod of length l cm with
insulated surface is initially at temperature 100°C and at both ends are kept at
0°C.
u(0, t) = 0 for t ≥ 0 u(l, t) = 0 for t ≥ 0 u(x, 0) = 100 for 0 ≤ x ≤ l
11. Classify the partial differential equation 4uxx = ut.

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Here A = 4, B = 0, C = 0
∆ = B2 − 4 A C = 0
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
12. Classify the pde 2 + 2 = 0
∂x ∂y
Here A = 1, B = 0, C = 1
∆ = B2 − 4 A C = −4
∴ the pde is elliptic
13. What is meant by steady state condition in one dimensional heat flow?
A state in which temperature is constant with respect to time is called steady state
14. A taut string of length 50 cm fastened at both ends, is disturbed from its
of magnitude kx for 0<x<50. Formulate the problem mathematically.
y(0, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0 y(50, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0
y(x, 0) = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 50 yt (x, 0) = kx for 0 ≤ x ≤ 50
15. Classify the pde: (x+1)zxx + √2 (x+y+1) zxy + (y+1)zyy + yzx − xzy +2sin x =
0.
Here A = x+1, B = 2 ( x+y+1), C = y+1
∆ = B2 − 4 A C
= 2(x+y+1)2 − 4 (x+1) (y+1)
= 2 ( x2 + y2 − 1 )
For all x and y such that x2 + y2 = 1, ∆ = 0. Then the pde is parabolic
For all x and y such that x2 + y2 < 1, ∆ < 0. Then the pde is elliptic
For all x and y such that x2 + y2 > 1, ∆ > 0. Then the pde is hyperbolic
16. Verify that y = cosh λx cosh (−λat ) is a solution of ytt = a2 yxx

yt = λa cosh λx sinh λat
ytt = λ2 a2 cosh λx cosh λat
yx = λ sinh λx cosh λat
yxx = λ2 cosh λx cosh λat
Here ytt = a2 yxx . ∴ y is a solution
17. If an insulated rod of length 50 cm has its ends A and B are maintained at
0°C and 100° C respectively, find steady state solution
∴ the solution is u = 2x
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∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂u ∂u
18. Classify the pde: +4 + 4 2 − 12 + + 7u = x 2 + y
∂x 2
∂x∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
Here A = 1, B = 4, C = 4
∆ = B2 − 4 A C = 16 − 16 = 0
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂u ∂u
19. Classify the pde: 3 2 + 4 +6 2 −2 + −u =0
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
Here A = 3, B = 4, C = 6
∆ = B2 − 4 A C = 16 − 72 < 0
20. A rod of length 50 cm long with insulated sides has its ends A and B kept
at 20° C and 70° C respectively. Find steady state temperature
distribution of the rod.
∴ the solution is u = x + 20
21. A taut string of length L cm fastened at both ends, is disturbed from its
of magnitude kx(L−x) for 0<x<L. Formulate the problem mathematically.
y(0, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0 y(L, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0
y(x, 0) = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ L yt (x, 0) = kx(L−x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ L
22. Classify the pde 3uxx + 4 uxy + 3uy − 2ux = 0

Here A = 3, B = 4, C = 0
∆ = B2 − 4 A C = 16 > 0
∴ the pde is hyperbolic
23. The ends A and B of a rod of length 10 cm long have their temperature
kept at 20° C and 70° C respectively. Find steady state temperature
distribution of the rod.
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24. Write the laplace equation in polar coordinates.
r 2urr + rur + uθθ =
0
25. Solve the equation 3 ux + 2 uy = 0, given that u(x,0) = 4 e−x by the method
of separation of variables.
Let u = XY be the solution where X = X(x) and Y = Y(y)
Then ux = X ′ Y and uy = XY ′
∴ 3 X ′ Y + 2 XY ′ = 0
3 X ′ Y = − 2 XY ′
X′ Y′
3 =
−2 = k
X Y
X′ k Y′ k
= and = −
X 3 Y 2
Integrating, we get
k k
log X = x + logA and logY = − y + logB
3 2
k k
x − y
X = A e3 and Y = Be 2
k k
x − y
∴ u = AB e 3
e 2
--------(1)
But given that u = 4 e−x when y = 0

k
x
−x
∴ 4e = AB e 3
---------(2)
comparing (1) and (2), we get AB = 4 and k = −3
3
− x+ y
∴ u= 4 e 2
26. Write the one dimensional wave equation with initial and boundary
conditions in which the initial position of the string is f(x) and the initial
velocity imparted at each point x is g(x).
The one dimentional wave equation ytt = a2 yxx
y(0, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0 y(l, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0
y(x,0) = f(x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ l yt (x,0) = g(x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ l
27. State any two assumptions involved in deriving one dimensional wave
equation.
The string is perfectly flexible. It can transmit only tension but not bending or shearing
forces.
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The effect of friction is negligible. The motion takes place entirely in one plane say xy
plane.
∂u 2 ∂ u
2
28. How many conditions are required to solve =α
∂t ∂x 2
Three conditions are required
29. Write down the governing equation of two dimensional steady state heat
conduction.
uxx + uyy = 0
30. Classify the p.d.e. u x x = ( 1/α 2 ) u t

Here A = 1, B = 0, C = 0
∆ = B2 − 4 A C = 0
31. Write the initial conditions of the wave equation if the string has an initial
displacement but no initial velocity.
y(x,0) = f(x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ l yt (x,0) = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ l
32. Write the p.d.e. governing one dimensional heat equation.

ut = α 2u xx
33. State one dimensional heat equation with initial and boundary conditions.
The one dimensional heat eqhation is ut = α 2u xx
u(0, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0 u(l, t) = 0 for all t ≥ 0 u(x, 0) = f(x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ l
34. State any two solutions of the laplace equation by the method of variable
separable.
( Aeλ x + Be− λ x ) ( C cos λ y + D sin λ y )
u ( x, y ) =
( A cos λ x + B sin λ x ) ( Ceλ y + De− λ y )
u ( x, y ) =
u ( x, y ) =( Ax + B)(Cy + D)
35. In steady state conditions derive the solution of one dimensional heat flow
equation.
The one dimensional heat eqhation is ut = α 2u xx
In steady state the temperature is constant w.r.t time t. ∴ ut = 0
d 2u
∴ The heat equation becomes uxx = 0. i.e. =0
dx 2
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Integrating w.r.t. x two times, we have u = ax + b
36. A string of length of length 2l is fastened at both ends. The mid point of
the string is displaced to a distance ‘b’ and released from rest in this posision.
Write the initial conditions.
yt (x, 0) = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2l
b
x, ( 0, l )
l
y ( x,0) =
b
(2l − x), ( l , 2l )
l
37. In the one dimentional heat equation u t = α 2 u xx what does α 2 stand

for ?
k
α2= , diffusivity of the substance
ρc
38. What is the basic difference between the solutions of one dimentional wave
equation and one dimentional heat equation.
The solution of one dimensional wave equation is periodic in nature but the solution of one
dimensional heat equation is not periodic.
39. Write the steady state heat flow equation in two dimension in Cartesian
and polar form.
uxx + uyy = 0 is in Cartesian form and r 2urr + rur + uθθ =

0 in polar form
40. In the diffusion equation u t = α 2 u xx what does α 2 stand for ?
Refer Q. No.2 of May 2006 − MA 231
41. State fourier law of heat conduction.

The rate at which heat flows through an area is proportional to the area and to the
temperature
gradient normal to the area. This constant proportionality is known as the thermal
conductivity
(k) of the material
∂2 y 2 ∂ y
2
42. In the wave equation = c what does c2 stands for?
∂t 2
∂x 2
Tension
c2 =
mass
43. State any two laws which are assumed to derive one dimensional heat
equation.
Heat flows from a higher temperature to lower temperature
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The amount of heat required to produce a given temperature change in a body is
proportional to the Mass of the body and the temperature change.
44. Classify : u x x + x u y y = 0
Here A = 1, B = 0, C = x
∆ = B2 − 4 A C = −4x
When x = 0, ∆ = 0 and hence the pde is parabolic
When x < 0, ∆ > 0 and hence the pde is hyperbolic
When x > 0, ∆ < 0 and hence the pde is elliptic
45. A rod 30 cm long has its ends A and B kept at 20° C and 80° C
respectively until steady state conditions prevail. Find the steady state
temperature in the rod.
46. Classify the following partial differential equations :

i. y 2 u x x − 2 x y u x y + x 2 u y y + 2 u x − 3 u = 0
ii. y 2 u x x + u y y + ( u x ) 2 + ( u y ) 2 + 7 = 0
(i) Here A = y2 , B = −2xy , C = x 2
∆ = B − 4 A C = 4x2 y2 − 4x2 y2 = 0
2

(ii) Here A = y2 , B = 0, C = 1
∆ = B2 − 4 A C = −4y2
When y = 0, ∆ = 0 and hence the pde is parabolic
When y < 0, ∆ < 0 and hence the pde is elliptic
When y > 0, ∆ < 0 and hence the pde is elliptic
47. An insulated rod of length 60 cm has its ends at A and B is maintained

at 20° C and 80° C respectively. Find the steady state solution of the rod.
∴ the solution is u = x + 20
48. Classify the following equations:

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i. 4 u x x + 4 u x y + u y y − 6 u x − 8 u y − 16 u = 0
ii. u x x + u y y = ( u x ) 2 + ( u y ) 2
(i) Here A = 4 , B = 4 , C = 1
∆ = B − 4 A C = 16 − 16 = 0
2

(ii) Here A = 1, B = 0 , C = 1
∆=B −4AC = −4
2
49. Write any two solutions of the laplace equation obtained by the method of
separation of variables.
( Aeλ x + Be− λ x ) ( C cos λ y + D sin λ y )
u ( x, y ) =
( A cos λ x + B sin λ x ) ( Ceλ y + De− λ y )
u ( x, y ) =
u ( x, y ) =( Ax + B)(Cy + D)
50. Classify the PDE : (i) u x x = u y y (ii) u x y = u x u y + x y

(i) Here A = 1 , B = 0 , C = −1
∆ = B2 − 4 A C = 4
(ii) Here A = 0 , B = 1 , C=0

∆=B −4AC = 1
2
1. Write the Fourier transform pair

∞
1
F [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x)eisx dx and
2π −∞
∞
1
∫ F ( s )e
− isx
f ( x) = ds
2π −∞
2. Find the Fourier sine transform of f(x) = e −ax, a>0

∞
2
FS [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x) sin sxdx
π 0
∞
2
π∫
− ax
= e sin sxdx
0
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∞
2  e − ax 
2 (
=  −a sin sx − s cos sx ) 
π a + s
2
0
2 s
=
π s + a22
3. If F(s) is the FT of f(x), then show that F [ f(x−a) ] = e i a s F(s)

∞
1
F [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x)eisx dx
2π −∞
∞
1
F [ f (=
x − a)] ∫ f ( x − a )eisx dx
2π −∞
∞
1
f (t ) e(
t + a )is
=
2π ∫
−∞
dt { put x − a = t and dx = dt }
∞
1
=e ∫ f (t ) eist dt
ias
2π −∞
ias
= e F (s)
4. State the Fourier sine integral theorem

∞ ∞
2
f ( x) =
π ∫ sin λ x ∫ f (t ) sin λt dt d λ
0 0
k ,| x |< a
5. Find the Fourier transform of f(x), defined as f ( x) =
0,| x |> a
∞
1
F [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x)eisx dx
2π −∞
a
1
=
2π
∫k
−a
eisx dx
a
k  eisx 
=  
2π  is − a
k
= {2 sin sa}
s 2π
6. Find the Fourier cosine transform of f(x) = e −ax, x>0

∞
2
FC [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x)cos sxdx
π 0
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∞
2
π∫
− ax
= e cos sxdx
0
∞
2  e − ax 
2 (
=  2 −a cos sx + s sin sx ) 
π a + s 0
2 a
=
π s + a2 2
7. State the inversion formula for a Fourier transform

∞
1
∫ F ( s )e
− isx
f ( x) = ds
2π −∞
8. State the convolution theorem of Fourier transform

The Fourier transform of the convolution of f(x) and g(x) is the product of their Fourier
transforms. F[ f(x) * g(x) ] = F[ f(x) ] . F[ g(x) ]
9. If F{ f(x) } = F(s), then prove that F{ f(x)cosax } = ½ [ F(s−a) + F(s+a) ]
∞
1
F [ f ( x ) cos ax ] = ∫ f ( x ) cos ax eisx dx
2π −∞
∞
1  eiax + e − iax  isx
=
2π ∫
−∞
f ( x) 
 2
 e dx

1 1 
∞ ∞
1
= 
2  2π −∞∫ f ( x)e( s + a )ix dx +
2π ∫
−∞
f ( x)e( s − a )ix dx 

= ½ [ F(s−a) + F(s+a) ]
10. If F{ f(x) } = F(s), then prove that F{ f(x+a) } = e− i a a F(s)

∞
1
F [ f ( x=
+ a)] ∫ f ( x + a)eisx dx
2π −∞
∞
1
f (t ) e(
t − a ) is
=
2π ∫
−∞
dt { put x + a = t and dx = dt }
∞
= e−ias 1
∫ f (t ) eist dt
2π −∞
− ias
= e F (s)
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eikx , a < x < b
11. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x) =
0, x < a and x > b
∞
1
F [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x)eisx dx
2π −∞
b
1
∫e
ikx
= eisx dx
2π a
b
1
∫e
i( s+k ) x
= dx
2π a
b
1  ei ( s + k ) x 
=  
2π  i ( s + k ) a
1  ei ( s + k ) b ei ( s + k ) a 
=  − 
2π  i ( s + k ) i(s + k ) 
1
12. Find the Fourier sine transform of
x
∞
2
FS [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x) sin sxdx
π 0
∞
2 1
=
π ∫
0 x
sin sx dx
2 π
= ×
π 2
13. State Parseval’s identity in Fourier transforms
∞ ∞
∫ f ( x) dx = ∫
2 2
F ( s ) ds
−∞ −∞
1,| x |< a
14. Find the Fourier transform of f(x), defined as f ( x) =
0,| x |> a
∞
1
F [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x)eisx dx
2π −∞
a
1
2π −∫a
= 1 eisx dx
a
1  eisx 
=  
2π  is − a
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 eisa − e − isa 
1
=  
2π  is 
1
= {2sin sa}
s 2π
15. State Fourier integral theorem

If f(x) is piecewise continusouly differentiable and absolutely integrable in ( −∝ , ∝ ),
then
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
1
∫∫
f ( x) = f (t ) ei ( x −t ) s dt ds= 1
2π −∞ −∞
(OR) f ( x) ∫ ∫ f (t ) cos λ ( t − x ) dt d λ
π 0 −∞
16. If Fs(s) is the Fourier Sine Transform of f(x), show that

Fs{ f(x) cos ax } = ½ { Fs(s+a) + Fs(s−a) }
∞
2
FS [ f ( x) cos ax ] = ∫ f ( x ) cos ax sin sxdx
π 0
∞
1 2
=
2 π ∫ f ( x) ( sin(s + a) x + sin(s − a) x )
0
dx
∞
1 2
=
2 π ∫ f ( x) ( sin(s + a) x )
0
dx +
∞
1 2
∫ f ( x) ( sin( s − a ) x ) dx
2 π 0
= ½ { Fs(s+a) + Fs(s−a) }
 iba x  x  
17. If F(s) is the FT of f(x), show that F e f =    aF ( as + b ) , a>0
  a 
∞
1
F [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x)eisx dx
2π −∞
 ib
x  x  1
∞
x x
ib
F e a
f   =
 a 
∫
2π −∞
e a f   eisx dx
a

∞
1
∫e
ibt
= f (t ) eiats a dt
2π −∞
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∞
1
f (t ) e(
as + b ) it
= a
2π −∞
∫ dt
= a F(as+b)
18. If Fc(s) is the Fourier Cosine Transform of f(x),

show that Fc{ f(x) cos ax } = ½ { Fc(s+a) + Fc(s−a) }
∞
2
FC [ f ( x) cos ax ] = ∫ f ( x ) cos ax cos sxdx
π 0
∞
1 2
=
2 π ∫ f ( x) ( cos(s + a) x + cos(s − a) x )
0
dx
∞
1 2
=
2 π ∫ f ( x) ( cos(s + a) x )
0
dx +
∞
1 2
2 π ∫ f ( x) ( cos(s − a) x )
0
dx
= ½ { FC(s+a) + FC(s−a) }
19. Write the Fourier transform pair

∞ ∞
1 1
F [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x )e
isx
dx and f ( x) = ∫ F ( s )e
− isx
ds
2π −∞ 2π −∞
20. State the shifting properties on Fourier transform

If F{ f(x) } = F(s), then F{ f(x+a) } = e− i a a F(s)
If F{ f(x) } = F(s), then F{ f(x−a) } = e i a a F(s)
21. Write down the Fourier Cosine transform pair of formulae

∞ ∞
2 2
FC [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x) cos sx dx and f ( x) = ∫F ( s ) cos sx ds
π π
C
0 0
22. Prove that F [ e i a x f(x) ] = F(s+a), where F[ f(x) ] = F(s)

∞
1
F [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x)eisx dx
2π −∞
∞
1
F  eiax f ( x)  = ∫e
iax
f ( x)eisx dx
2π −∞
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∞
1
=
2π −∞∫ f ( x )ei ( s + a ) x dx
= F(s+a)
23. Find the Fourier cosine transform of f(x) = x for 0 < x < 1
= 2−x for 1 < x < 2
= 0 for x > 2
∞
2
FC [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x) cos sxdx
π 0
1 2
2 2
=
π ∫ x cos sxdx +
0
π ∫ (2 − x)
1
cos sxdx
1 2
2   sin sx   cos sx   2  sin sx   cos sx  
= ( x )   − (1)  − 2   + ( 2 − x )   − ( −1)  − 2  
π   s   s  0 π  s   s  1
2  2 cos s − cos 2 s − 1 
=
π  s2 
24. Find the Fourier sine transform of f(x) = 1 in ( 0 , l )

sπ
l
FS [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x)sin x dx
0 l
sπ
l
= ∫1 sin x dx
0 l
sπ
l
 
 cos l x
= − 
 sπ 
 l 0
sπ 
l
 l
= − cos x
 sπ l 0
l
= [1 − cos sπ ]
sπ
1 s
25. Prove that F [ f(ax) ] = F   , a>0
a a
∞
1
F [ f (ax) ] = ∫ f (ax) eisx dx
2π −∞
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∞ s
1 1 i  t 1
= ∫
a 2π −∞
f (t ) e a
dt { put ax = t and dx =
a
dt }
1 s
= F 
a a
26. State the Fourier transform of the derivatives of a function.

d 
F  f ( x)  = −is F [ f ( x) ]
 dx 
27. Find the Fourier transform of e − a | x |
∞
1
F [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x)eisx dx
2π −∞
∞
1
∫e
− a | x|
= eisx dx
2π −∞
∞
1
= ∫e
− a | x|
( cos sx + i sin sx ) dx
2π −∞
∞ ∞
1 1
= ∫ e − a | x| ( cos sx ) dx + ∫e
− a| x|
( i sin sx ) dx
2π −∞ 2π −∞
∞
2
= ∫e
− ax
( cos sx ) dx
2π 0
∞
2  e − ax 
=  2 2 ( −a cos sx + s sin sx ) 
2π  a + s 0
2 a
=
π s + a2
2
n  dn 
28. Find (a). F { x f(x) } (b). F  n f ( x)  in terms of F.T. of f(x)
 dx 
∞
1
(a) F [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x)eisx dx
2π −∞
∞
d 1 ∂ isx
F [ f ( x)] = ∫ f ( x) e dx
ds 2π −∞ ∂s
∞
1
= ∫ f ( x) ( ix ) eisx dx
2π −∞
2 ∞
d 1
= ∫ ( ix )
2
F [ f ( x)] f ( x) eisx dx
ds 2 2π −∞
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n ∞
d 1
= ∫ ( ix )
n
F [ f ( x)] f ( x) eisx dx
ds n 2π −∞
∞
= (i )
n 1
∫ f ( x) (x )en isx
dx
2π −∞
(i ) F  x f ( x) 
n n
=
1 dn
 n

F  x f ( x)  = F [ f ( x) ]
(i ) n ds n
∞
d  1
(b) F  f ( x)  =
 dx  2π −∞
∫ f ′( x )eisx dx
∞
1
= ∫ eisx d [ f ( x) ]
2π −∞
1  isx 
∞
( e f ( x ) )−∞ − ∫ f ( x ) (is ) e dx 
∞ isx
=
2π  −∞ 
is  
∞
= −  ∫ f ( x ) e dx 
isx
2π  −∞ 
similarly,
∞
 d2  1
F  2 f ( x)  =
 dx  2π ∫
−∞
f ′′( x) eisx dx
∞
1
= ∫e
isx
d [ f ′( x ) ]
2π −∞
 isx ∞

( e f ′( x ) )−∞ − ∫ f ′( x ) (is ) e dx 
1 ∞ isx
=
2π  −∞ 
is  
∞
= −  ∫ e d [ f ( x ) ]
isx
2π  −∞ 
is   
∞
is 
− −   ∫ f ( x ) e dx 
isx
=
2π  2π   −∞ 
is   
2
 d2   ∞
F  2 f ( x)  =  −   ∫ f ( x ) e dx 
isx
 dx   2π   −∞ 
is   
n
 dn   ∞
∴ F  n f ( x)  =  −   ∫ f ( x) e dx 
isx
 dx   2π   −∞ 
∝
29. Solve the integral equation ∫ f(x) cos λx dx = e − λ
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0
2
Multiply the given equation by
π
∞
2 2
π ∫ f ( x)
0
cos λ x dx =
π
e−λ
2
FC[ f(x) ] = e−λ
π
 2 −λ 
 
f(x) = FC−1  e 
 π
 

∞
2
π∫
−λ
= e cos λ x d λ
0
∞
2  e−λ 
2 (
=  − cos λ x + x sin λ x ) 
π 1 + x 0
2 1
=
π 1 + x2
30. If FC(s) is the Fourier cosine transform of f(x), prove that the Fourier
1 s
cosine transform of f( a x ) is FC  
a a
∞
2
FC [ f ( x) ] = ∫ f ( x)cos sxdx
π 0
∞
2
FC [ f (ax) ] = ∫ f (ax)cos sxdx
π 0
∞
1 2 s
=
a π0 ∫ f (t ) cos   t dt
a
1 s
= FC  
a a

1. Define the unit step sequence. Write its Z transform.
0, t < 0
The unit step function is defined as u ( n) =
1, t ≥ 0
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∞ n
1
Z [ u(n) ] = ∑ u (n)  
n =0 z
2
1 1
= 1 +   +   + .....
z z
−1
 1
= 1 − 
 z
z
=
z −1
2. Form a difference equation by eliminating the constant A from yn = A.3n
Given yn = A.3n
yn+1 = A 3 . 3n
= 3 yn
yn+1 − 3 yn = 0
3. State the convolution theorem for Z transforms

If W(n) is the convolution of two sequences x(n) and y(n), then
Z [ W(n) ] = Z [ x(n) ] . Z [ y(n) ]
4. Find the Z transform of the sequence nan

z
We know that Z [ n ] =
( z − 1)
2
Z [ n an ] = { Z[ n] } z→
z
a
 z 
=  2
 ( z − 1)  z → z
a
az
=
( z − a)
2
nπ
5. Find the Z transform of sin
2
z sin θ
We know that Z[ sin nθ ] = 2
z − 2 z cos θ + 1
 π  z
Z  sin n  = 2
 2  z +1
6. Find the difference equation generated by yn = a + b.2n
Given yn = a + b.2n
yn+1 = a + 2 b.2n
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n
yn+2 = a + 4 b.2
yn 1 1
Eliminating a and b, we get yn +1 1 2 = 0
yn + 2 1 4
yn+2 − 3yn+1 + 2yn = 0
an
for n ≥ 0
7. Find the Z transform of x(n) = n !
0 otherwise
 an 
Z [ x(n) ] = Z  
 n! 
 an   1 
∞ n
= ∑    
n =0  n !   z 
∞
( az )−1 n
= ∑
n =0 n!
= 1+
( az ) + ( az )
−1 −1 2
+ ......
1! 2!
a
z
= e
z2
8. If F ( z ) = , find f(0)
 1  1  3
 z −  z −  z − 
 2  4  4
By Initial value theorem, we know that f(0) = Lt F ( z )
z →∞
1
f (0) = Lt  1  1  3 
z →∞
z 1 −  1 −  1 − 
 2z   4z   4z 
= 0
n
9. Find the Z transform of 3
∞ n
1
n
Z [3 ] = ∑
n =0
n
3  
z
∞ n
3
= ∑n =0
 
z
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Chennai – 600 130
2
3 3
= 1 +   +   + .....
z z
−1
 3
= 1 − 
 z
z
=
z −3
10. Does the Z transform of n! exist? Justify your answer.

f (n + 1)
Z transform of a sequence f(n) exist if < |z| as n → ∝
f ( n)
f (n + 1) (n + 1)!
=
f ( n) n!
= n+1 → ∝ as n → ∝
∴ Z transform of n! does notexist
11. Find Z [ f(n) ], where f(n) = n for n = 0, 1, 2, …..

∞ n
1
Z [ f(n) ] = ∑
n =0
f ( n)  
z
∞ n
1
= ∑
n =0
n  
z
2
1  2   3 
=   +  2  +  3  + .....
z z  z 
1  
2
1 1
= 1 + 2   + 3   + ....
z  z z 
−2
1  1
= 1 − 
z  z
z
=
( z − 1)
2
12. State the initial value theorem in Z transforms.

Initial Value Theorem in Z transform is f(0) = Lt F ( z )
z →∞
where Z [ f(n) ] = F(z)
13. Define Z transform of the sequence { f(n) }

The Z transform of the sequence { f(n) } , n = 0, 1, 2, …. is defined as
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Chennai – 600 130
∞ n
1
Z [ f(n) ] = ∑
n =0
f (n)   = F(z), where z is an arbitrary complex number
z
14. Form a difference equation by eliminating arbitrary constants from
un = a 2n+1
Given un = a 2n+1
un+1 = a 2 . 2n+1
un+1 = 2 u n
un+1 − 2 un = 0
15. Express Z [ f(n+1) ] in terms of f ( z )

Z [ f(n+1) ] = z { F(z) − f(0) }
1
16. Find Z  
n
∞ n
1 1 1
Z   =
n
∑  
n =0 n  z 
2 3
1 11 11
=   +   +   + .......
 z  2 z  3 z 
 1
= − log 1 − 
 z
z
= log
z −1
z
17. Find the inverse Z transform of ------------------------
( z 2 + 7 z + 10 )
z
Given F(z) =
( z + 2 )( z + 5)
( −2 )
n
zn
Res { z n−1
F(z) ; z = −2 } = Lt (z+2) =
z →−2
( z + 2)( z + 5) 3
( −5)
n
zn
Res { z n−1
F(z) ; z = −5 } = Lt (z+5) =
z → −5
( z + 2)( z + 5) −3
( −2 ) ( −5)
n n
f(n) = sum of residues = −

3 3
18. Find the Z transform of ( n + 2 )

Z[n+2] = Z[n] + Z[2]
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Chennai – 600 130
z z
= + 2
( z − 1) z −1
2
19. State the final value theorem in Z transform
The final value theorem in Z transform is Lt f(n) = Lt ( z − 1 ) F(z)

n →∞ z →1
20. State and prove initial value theorem in Z -transform

By definition of Z transform
∞ n
1
Z [ f(n) ] = ∑
n =0
f ( n)  
z
f (1) f (2)
F(z) = f (0) + + 2 + ......
z z
Taking limit z → ∝ on both sides, we get
Lt F(z) = f(0)
z →∞
21. Find the Z -transform of (n+1)(n+2)

Z [ (n+1) (n+2) ] = Z [ n2 + 3n + 2 ]
= Z [ n2 ] + Z [ n ] + Z [ 2 ]
z2 + z z z
= +3 +2
( z − 1) ( z − 1) z −1
3 2
22. Find Z [ e − i a t ]
We know that Z [ e − i a t f(t) ] = Z[ f (t )]z → zeaT
Z [ e − i a t ] = Z[1] i a T
z → ze
z
=
z −1 z → ze
i a T
z ei a T
=
zei a T − 1
Show that Z [ an f(n) ] = F  

z
23.
a
∞ n
1
Z [ f(n) ] = ∑
n =0
f (n)   = F(z)
z
∞ n
1
Z [ a f(n) ] = ∑ a f (n)  
n n
n =0 z
47
Chennai – 600 130
∞ n
a
= ∑
n =0
f ( n)  
z
n
 
∞ 1
= ∑ f ( n)  
n =0  z 
a
z
= F 
a
d
24. Show that Z [ n f(n) ] = − z ----- F(z) where F(z) = Z [ f(n) ]
dz
∞
We know that F(z) = ∑ f ( n)
n =0
z −n
∞
d
F ( z) = −∑ n f (n) z − n −1
dz n =0
∞
1
= −
z
∑ nf (n)
n =0
z −n
d
−z F ( z ) = Z [ n f(n) ]
dz
If Z [ f(n) ] = F(z), then show that Z [ f( −n ) ] = F  

1
25.
z
∞
We know that, by definition, Z [ f(−n) ] = ∑
n = −∞
f ( − n) z − n
∞
= ∑
m = −∞
f ( m) z m { put −n = m }
∞ m
1
= ∑
m = −∞
f ( m)  
z
1
= F 
z
26. Find the Z transform of n 2
48
Chennai – 600 130
Z [ n2 ] = Z [ n . n ]
d
= −z Z [n]
dz
d  z 
= −z  
dz  ( z − 1)2 
z2 + z
=
( z − 1)
3
49

Ma6351-Tpde - Anna University Important Two Marks

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Ma6351-Tpde - Anna University Important Two Marks

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AGNI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Chennai – 600 130

ANNA UNIVERSITY IMPORTANT TWO MARKS

UNIT – 1 PART – A QUESTIONS

2. Find the particular integral of ( D2 − 2 D D ′ + D ′ 2 ) z = e (x − y)

3. Form the pde by eliminating an arbitrary function from z = f(x2+y2)

( ) y + c is the complete solution

7. Solve the partial differential equation pq = x.

8. Form the pde by eliminating the arbitrary function from z = xy + f(x2 + y2

9. Eliminate the arbitrary function from the pde z = f(x2 + y2 )

12. Solve ( D3 − 2D2 D′ )z = 0.

13. By eliminating the arbitrary constants, form the partial differential

14. Find the particular integral of ( D 2 + 3 D D ′ + 2D ′ 2 ) z = (x + y)

15. Solve ( D − 2D′ ) ( D − 2D′ +1 ) z = 0.

using this in the given equation, we get

17. Form the pde by eliminating f from the relation z = x + y + f(x2 + y2 )

pq = f ′ (x) g(y) f (x) g ′ (y)

20. Form the pde by eliminating the arbitrary constants from z = a2 x + a y2 +

21. Find the complete integral of p − q = 0.

Let the solution is z = ax + by + c where a − b = 0

23. Solve ( D − D′ ) ( D +2D′+1 )z = 0

24. Form the pde by eliminating a and b from z = ( x + a ) 2 + ( y + b ) 2.

The auxiliary equation is m2 – 2m + 1 = 0 i.e. m = 1, 1

26. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary

28. Find the complete solution of the pde p2 + q2 – 4 pq = 0.

33. Obtain the p.d.e. by eliminating f and g from z = f( x + i t ) + g ( x − i t )

Integrating, − log (1−x) = − log (2−y) + log C1

∴ the solution is φ ( C1, C 2 ) = 0

37. Find the complete integral of p − y 2 = q + x 2

39. Find the singular sol. of z = px + qy + p 2 − q 2

This is clairaut’s form. ∴The complete solution is z = ax + by + a2 − b2

41. Write down the complete solution of z = px + qy + c √ ( 1 + p 2 +q 2 )

42. Find the solution of p x 2 + q y 2 = z 2

∴ the solution is φ ( c1, c 2 ) = 0

45. Form the PDE by eliminating the constants a & b from z = ax n + by n .

47. Solve ( D 2 − DD‘ + D‘ −1)z = 0

49. Find the complete integral of p + q = p q

52. (D3 − 2D2D′ − 4DD′2 + 8D′3)z = 0

UNIT – 2 PART A QUESTIONS

i. f(x) is single valued and finite in ( c , c+2l )

Since the given f(x) is odd function, a3 = 0.

6. Find the constant term in the expansion of cos2x as a fourier series in (−

8. Find the Fourier sine series of f(x) = 1, 0 < x < π

∫ [ f ( x)] dx= ( l − 0 )  ∑ ( bn2 ) 

16. State the parseval’s formula for f(x) defined in ( −l, l ).

17. If f(x) = sin x, −π < x <π find an.

= 0, { since f(x) cosnx is odd function }

= 0 , since f(x) cosnx is odd function

19. Find the rms value of of f(x) = x 2 in (0, π)

root mean square value of f(x) in the interval (0,2π).

24. Determine bn in the fourier series expansion of f(x) = ½ ( π − x ) in (0,2π)

25. Define r.m.s. value of f(x) in a < x < b.

26. If f(x) is discontinuous at x = a, what value does its fourier series

cos x, 0 < x < π

fourier series of f(x) at x = π.

By Parseval’s theorem, we have

31. Find an in expanding e − x as fourier series in (−π , π )

32. State Parseval’s Identity of Fourier series.

33. Find the fourier constant bn for x sin x in (−π , π )

35. If f(x) is discontinuous at x = a, what does its fourier series represent at

37. Find the r.m.s. value of the function f(x) = x in ( 0, l )

38. What do you mean by harmonic analysis?