EE8402 KSN Full Notes - by WWW - Easyengineering.net 2

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Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Unit 1 - Pg No: 01
Unit 2 - Pg No: 68
Unit 3 - Pg No: 137
UNIT 1 Unit 4 - Pg No: 174
Unit 5 - Pg No: 202
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UNIT 2
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**Note: Other Websites/Blogs Owners Please do not Copy (or) Republish

this Materials, Students & Graduates if You Find the Same Materials with
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UNIT III
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UNIT IV
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Electric System Components

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w.E
Generation asy
Transmission Network
En
Substations
gin
Distribution Network
Substations / Transformers eer
Homes / Industry ing
.ne
t
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w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
i ng.
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
net
Transforming energy to electricity

w w
Power Plant
w.E
Transforms some type of energy to electric energy
asy
• Circular motion from direct force (hydro, wind, waves)
• Circulation motion from direct steam using heating (thermal, nuclear)
• Photovoltaic panel
En
Generators gin
Transforms circular motion of the rotor into electricity
eer
ing
.ne
t
Electricity Generation
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w.E
asy
En
USA (>2000) gin
eer France (>2000)
ing
.ne
t
Portugal (2006)
Thermal Power Plants

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Power: 200 to 500 MW
Efficiency: 33% to 48% w.E
Fuel: coal, natural gas, nuclear, oil, solar
asy
En Sines (1,2GW)
gin
eer
ing
.ne
Taichung (4,7GW)
t
Thermal Power Plant diagram

Geothermal Power Plant

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Ribeira Grande power: 14 MW
Efficiency: <80% w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
Ribeira Grande
(14MW)
ing
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Geothermal Diagram

Geothermal Power Plant

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Ribeira Grande power: 14 MW
Efficiency: <40% w.E
asy
En
gin Ribeira Grande
eer (14MW)
ing
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Geothermal Diagram

Hydro Power Plants

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Power: 100 MW to 14GW
Efficiency: 90% w.E
asy
En Castelo Bode Alqueva
gin (140MW) (240MW)
eer
ing
.ne
Alto Lindoso
(632MW)
t Itaipu
(14GW)
Hydro Plant diagram
Wind Power Plant

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Wind turbine power: 1 - 5MW
MagLev: 1GW(?)
Wind farm power: 10 – 300MW
w.E Copenhagen
Betz efficiency: 59.6% asy (40MW)
Pampilhosa
Wind turbine efficiency: 30%
En (81MW)
Capacity factor: 20 - 40%
Area: 5MW /hectare gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
Wind Turbine Diagram
Wind Potential Europe
Wave Generator
Turbine ww
w.E
Using air flow created by waves to move a turbine
Using wave to push water upwards and using a normal hydro power plant
Hydraulic motor
Transforming linear to circular motion asy
En
gin
eer Pico,
ing Açores
.ne
t
Archimedes
(AWS)
Pelamis Generator
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Linear motion into circular motion
w.E
Cylinders (linear) and hydraulic motor( circular)
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
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Wave Power Plant

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Pelamis power: 0.75 MW
Wave farm power: 2 – 20MW w.E
Efficiency: 25-40%
asy
Area: 30kW/ hectare
En
gin
eer
ing
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t
Wave world potential PovoaVarzim
(2,25MW)
Photovoltaic Power Plant

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PV panel power: 150 W/m2
PV plant power: 10 – 60MW w.E
Moura (62MW)
PV panel efficiency: 20% asy
Insolation: 4-7 kW/m2/day En Serpa (11MW) Moura (62MW)
Area: 1MW/hectare gin

eer
ing
.ne
t
Plant diagram
Insolation year
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w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
i ng.
ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
net
First commercial electric system (US)

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First distribution systems were DC (Thomas
Edison)
w.E
Electric load was essentially incandescent lamps
(100V DC)
asy
• Other systems (motors) required other voltages
DC could be used wit storage batteries (used as
backup) En
DC generators (110V) could be used in parallel to
increase production capacity gin
• DC generators had to be within 2.4km (1.5mile)
from users eer
Thomas Edison
• Different voltages required different generators

Edison had invented an electric meter (DC) ing
.ne
t
First light bulb
Tesla invents the AC electric system

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AC shows up on 1880 (George Westinghouse)
w.E
AC could be generated with higher efficiencies
AC could be transmitted over larger distances asy
• It was easier to increase and decrease
voltages (transformation) En
Risks were similar
gin
eer
Nikola Tesla
ing
.ne
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George Westinghouse
War of currents
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Edison makes a negative campaign
AC was more danger w.E
Harold P. Brown, Edison’s employee, developed the first electric chair (AC)
asy
Niagara Falls Commission contract (1893)
En
Edison + General Electric lost against George Westinghouse + Tesla
1896 generation started to Buffalo industries
gin
AC became the standard on 1900 eer
Helsinki had a DC system until 1940
Boston, Massachusetts had DC systems until 1960 ing
1998, Consolidated Edison (New York) started eliminating remaining systems (2007).ne
DC is still used for transmission (HVDC) t
Transmission
ww
Between Power Plant and Substation
High way of electricity w.E
Long distance connections
Usually takes place above 110kV asy
En
Overhead lines or underground lines
gin
Underground lines costs are 10 to 20 times
higher eer
Maintenance in underground lines is much
more expensive ing
Difficulties in voltage management due to .ne
reactive power
Magnetic field range is smaller t
Losses
ww
w.E
Losses are due to Joule heating
Electric energy transformed into thermal
energy (incandescent lamps)
These losses are proportional to current
asy
and wire resistance
En
For the same power, higher voltages
means less current gin
eer
Transporting energy in higher voltage
decreases losses
ing
They usually represent between 5 to 10%
of transmitted power .ne
t
Power Station
ww
Decrease very high voltage to
high voltage (60kV, 30KV)w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
Transformers
ww
Two coils with different number of
spirals w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
HVDC systems
ww
High Voltage Direct Current
w.E
Develop din Sweden in 1930’s
Less infrastructure costs
Less transmission losses asy
Used for very long distances
Inga-Kolwesi connecting Inga-Dam and En
cooper mining in Katanga (1700km)
Used to connect different AC systems
gin
Brazil (60Hz) and Paraguay(50Hz) electricity eer
produced at ITAIPU
Undersea cables ing
Interconnection between Philippines
between islands produced by geothermic .ne
Inga-Kolwesi
t
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
i ng.
ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION
net
Distribution
ww
Between power stations and homes
w.E
Reduce 60kV/30KV to 15, 10, 5KV
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
Distribution pole
t
High Voltage (60kV) Grid - Lisbon
Load Curve
ww
Amount of electricity requested by customers
w.E
The amount of produced electricity has to be equal to the demand
Hard to obtain when the production is variable (renewables)
asy
A typical evolution day from 2007 to 2013
100000
En
90000
80000
gin
70000
60000 eer Fuel
ing
kW
50000 Geothermal
40000 Hydro
30000
.ne
Consumption
t
20000
10000
0
1…
1…
1…
1…
1…
1…
1…
7
7
13
19
13
19
13
19
13
19
13
19
13
19
13
19
São Miguel load curve
Residential Consumption Portugal (DGEG -2004)

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
Family with four persons

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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