Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Individual work format

Group
Identification Number:

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)

1. What do you understand by transmission line?

Transmission lines confine electromagnetic energy to a region of space limited by

the physical medium that constitutes the line itself, unlike waves that propagate in
the air, with no other barrier than the obstacles in its path

2. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.

The input impedance of an electrical network is the equivalent impedance "seen" by a

power source connected to such a network. If the source delivers a known voltage or
current value, such impedance can be calculated using Ohm's law. The input
impedance is the Thévenin equivalent circuit of an electrical network, modeled by a
combination of RL (resistance-inductance) or RC (resistance-capacitance), with
equivalent values that would result in the same response as that of the network. It is
also called Z11 in terms of Z-parameters. Roughly speaking, the exact definition
depends on the particular field of study.

b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

For a radio (transmitter or receiver) to deliver power to an antenna, the impedance of

the radio and transmission line must be well matched to the antenna`s impedance The
parameter VSWR is a measure that numerically describes how well the antenna is
impedance matched to the radio or transmission line it is connected to.
VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, and is also referred to as Standing
Wave Ratio (SWR). VSWR is a function of the reflection coefficient, which describes the
power reflected from the antenna. If the reflection coefficient is given by , then
the VSWR is defined by the following formula:

The reflection coefficient is also known as s11 or return loss. See the VSWR table below
to see a numerical mapping between reflected power, s11 and VSWR. If you don't want
to go through complicated equations to understand the relationship between VSWR,
mismatch loss, s11/gamma and would like a calculator to do it for you, check out our
VSWR calculator page and we'll do the VSWR conversion for you.

The VSWR is always a real and positive number for antennas. The smaller the VSWR is,
the better the antenna is matched to the transmission line and the more power is
delivered to the antenna. The minimum VSWR is 1.0. In this case, no power is reflected
from the antenna, which is ideal.

Often antennas must satisfy a bandwidth requirement that is given in terms of VSWR.
For instance, an antenna might claim to operate from 100-200 MHz with VSWR<3. This
implies that the VSWR is less than 3.0 over the specified frequency range. This VSWR
specifications also implies that the reflection coefficient is less than 0.5 (i.e., <0.5)
over the quoted frequency range.

c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.

The electrical length of an antenna element is, in general, different from its physical length For
example, increasing the diameter of the conductor, or the presence of nearby metal objects, will
decrease the velocity of the waves in the element, increasing the electrical length.

3. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of waves?

The Smith chart is a graphical tool used to relate a complex reflection coefficient to a
complex impedance. It can be used for a variety of purposes, including impedance
determination, impedance matching, noise optimization, stability, and others.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 (64) corresponds to
the group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 (239) to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:
Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.1𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 10𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (64 + 10)𝜇𝑚

Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 4.3𝑥106 𝑆𝑚/𝑚

Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−10 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 2.3 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 239 𝐾𝐻𝑧
a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .

First we look for penetration depth:

1 1
𝛿𝑝 = =𝑅=
√π ∗ f ∗ σc ∗ μ0 √π∗239𝑥103 𝐻𝑧∗4,3𝑥106 𝑠𝑚/𝑚 ∗ 4π x10−7 𝐻/𝑚

𝛿𝑝 =0.000496
Now we find:
a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

𝛿𝑝 =0.000496
𝛿𝑝 >𝑎

0.000496 > 0.0001

Resistance:
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑅= (𝑎2 + ) 𝑅= 𝑠𝑚 ((0.0001𝑚)2 + )
π σc 2∗𝑏∗𝑡 𝜋∗43𝑥106 2∗0.01𝑚∗ 0.000074𝑚
𝑚

Ω
𝑅 = 7.452572
m
Conductance:
2∗𝜋∗𝜎𝑑 2∗𝜋∗1𝑥10−10 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
𝐺= 𝑏 →𝐺= 0.01 𝑚 → 𝐺 = 0.0000000001364
𝐼𝑛 ( ) 𝐼𝑛( )
𝑎 0.0001 𝑚
Inductance:
μ0 𝑏
𝐿= [1 + ln (𝑎)]
2𝜋

μ0 0.01 𝑚 𝐻
𝐿= [1 + ln (0.0001 𝑚)] = 0.000001121
2𝜋 𝑚

Capacitance:
2𝜋𝜀
𝑐=
𝑏
ln(𝑎)
 𝐹
𝑐 = 0.0000000000278
𝑚

B. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .

r = ±√(R + jωL)(G + jωC) → r = 0.0111507710091 + 0.0139505065552i

𝛼 = 0.0111507710091
𝛽 = 0.0139505065552
 (𝑅+𝑗𝜔𝐿)
Z0 = √ =
(𝐺+𝑗 𝜔𝐶)

𝑍𝑜 = 334.1708370277987 − 267.1041014649235𝑖

c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the

attenuation 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for 𝑉𝑝 , 𝜆 and 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .

𝜔
Vp = 𝛽 = Vp = 107643495.41568905115 𝑚𝑠

2π
λ= β
= λ = 450.39119 𝑚
 α dB/m = −8.68 ∗ α = −0.0967 dB/m

EXERCISES TESTER:
2. A 𝑍𝑜 = 75Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 35 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 64 𝑚 long and
the wavelength is 239 𝑚𝑚, Calculate:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

First we have to calculate L

𝑙
L=
λ
64 𝑚
𝐿= 0.239 𝑚
= 𝐿 = 267.7824267782427

𝑍𝐿+𝐽𝑍𝑜 tan(2𝜋𝐿)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝑜 ∗ 𝑍0+𝐽𝑍𝐿 tan(2𝜋𝐿)
 Rectangular coordinates:
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 43.0738137222083 + 88.7264586378359 𝑖

Polar coordinates:
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 98.6292952980356 + 64.1049329476939 °

b. Reflection coefficient 𝛤 (magnitude and phase).

𝑍𝐿−𝑍𝑜
𝑟= 𝑍𝐿+𝑍𝑜

Rectangular coordinates:
𝛤=0.0691114 Ω−0.6346967𝑖 Ω

Polar coordinates:
𝛤=0.638448401−83.785609958°
 c. VSWR.

1+|Γ|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = = 4.53171388 Ohm
1−|Γ|

Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

Exercise tester:

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for 𝑍𝑖𝑛 , Γ and VSWR.
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the
transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software to check the results obtained
in point 2.
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ.
c. VSWR.

Test in Smith Chart.

Line impedance Configuration in Smith V4.1 software at 75 ohm.

Now we insert our ZL values in smith V4.1 software

And show the values given in Geogebra calculator.

Now we agregate our transmission line.

According to the ROE table According to the result, our circuit is not efficient since it produces losses.
 Application example

Example: The coaxial, coaxial, coaxcable or coaxial cable, 1 is a cable used to

transport high frequency electrical signals that has two concentric conductors, a
central one, called the core, in charge of carrying information, and an outer one,
with a tubular appearance, called mesh, shield or braid, which serves as ground
reference and return currents. Between them there is a dielectric insulating layer, on
whose characteristics the quality of the cable will mainly depend. The whole
assembly is usually protected by an insulating cover (also called an outer jacket).

Coaxial cable was used in the first transatlantic telegraph cables from 1858, but its
theory was not described until 1880 by the English electrical engineer and
mathematician Oliver Heaviside, who patented his design that same year.

Coaxial cable parts.

Video link

URL: lkjgbftrscewa
 References

Reference 1:

https://neo.lcc.uma.es/evirtual/cdd/tutorial/fisico/Mtransm.html

https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/coaxial-cable-
illustrated

https://www.antenna-theory.com/m/definitions/vswr.php

https://slidetodoc.com/the-smith-chart-developed-in-1939-by-p/