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An Integrated Approach To Intermediate Japanese
An Integrated Approach To Intermediate Japanese
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Copyright @ 2008 by Akira Miwa and Naomi Hanaoka McGloin
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sto¡ed in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Recordings: Kazusa Amagai, Takaomi Ashizawa, Takeshi Maruyama and Kiyoko Nagaki
Illustrations: Seiji Okada and Shizuo Okuda
Layout and Cover art: Hiroshi Ueda+Z'ebra
Tlpesetting: Soju Co., Ltd.
ISBN978-4-7890-1307 -9
Printed in Japan
AÉ¿*. 7994+l-HH[ð i-ul¿ FAn Integrated Approac]t to Intermediate Japanese ( F
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B. ffiltl)HB+T 4 | þ=Ê9.1j -c - z øffiffiþffi.-c1#.L â L-c'np.t:-)L->#M+.Éffi.kææ3. â
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. co jp/ )
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1. Culture Notes
Culture Notesù*. &#t-xa Ì:Y/¿'c-(ffi*'ì¡l*á ( " 4Øfræt:)t'{ÙÌ. #ã
fHFå U"cWffiÊ.þ I t v ? I â å Ì t'"
,^.4
fSEE
Hffi#.þtfr..'(fH L{ : ðÈâ
" 2, ^ît!ÊãñðÈ. Éffi?ilEEt. Fñä¿: l'>-c
Æffiþffi#,T â " ffiffi L t- 1 2 -, i v 2 o)ñäHFå I:Æ ì-ð ì¡ 6
"
4. Bffi
Hffi*¿:ù*. ã-H#¿:À b È¡'/¡¿ìrùt i-b(, - 7 2+v | öñL Abâ¿r. âffiçffiå
talt=i*affi¡:- 4 .tt:H{ ( åËffiØ#ËffiH3ðì}{*á ( å } t..
5. {Æ+V t
^
lÉ (ø þH,26Ë+l ¿i. 2 - ? i.v ? aÊ+i - ¡-rÉ ( fiFH3ðl} å" lffie)d'Lùå-'
1.r,.ÌË?l ¿*. 4ØAØffib. ffiÐ â J i I-r¡i'u¿J'l !'o ã( ÌË+ò. ffi¿îË+ò. #ÉF
ttffiEl7 7 v/t ù-l"kffi:z-cffi*l¡ä¿rÈ. ÉffiØËffiøftÊþlt.ù.6. ffiFfiø-#
TFEb _ i*?rz|þTâ0)ùtÌru.o /:rìu1à t {"¿t. ,fEil.rØË+¿ìÊùTr¿bffiu)I¿D
lâa ¿/ìù1?#il^ì{ò. ó* bÉffir)ì/¡¡.o w+12 l.ØFåffi¿*. lË+ØÉrqlùì/ùù'->
-c r,. å ¿. Ð i à.¿ffi^ìáF"Iffi¿: j-^ìÈ 1bâ. fiJå¿f. lx+o)ft,+_Øù 7.r x ùtooä
B ¡{-ä-Èfucfr5r"
IIA
B
c
IT URE No o
o
c
o
a
hen you meet someone in Japan for the first time, you bow as you say either ft UtD
t U( or ¿)ê &Zt (, or both. You also exchang" ä#|J (cards) if you have them. tn
Japan, everyone other than children, students or full-time housewives is expected to carry
them. Sometimes even university students choose to carry them for prestige.
How low you should bow depends on who you are as well as whom you meet. ln general,
women tend to bow lower than men, and if you meet a person whose status is higher than
yours on the Japanese social scale, you should bow lower than the other person, e.g., your
teacher, a friend's parent, etc.
elf-introductions occur quite frequently in Japan. At a reception for new students, for
Q
J example, you may be asked to introduce yourself in Japanese. State your name, the
name of your home institution, your majoç and end it all with ¿iä&ôt-,( and a bow.
When you introduce two people to each other, the rule of thumb is to introduce the
person of lower status to the person of higher status. lt would be nice to also add a
comment or two about each person, as lkeda does in âãÉ 2 of this lesson.
lTt he most common way to address an adult is "last name plus ûfu," but don't overuse û
I Ívl To address people who have titles such .r #H (section chief), $bH {aepartment
chief), iiH f.o*puny president), etc., use the titles instead of ðfu. To address teachers,
always use#Eä. Above all, avoid usingõt*lc. lt could be quite insulting. The use of first
names is limited in Japan: they are used within a family, by higher-status members ad-
dressing lower-status members (e.9., parents addressing children, or older siblings talking
to younger siblings), or they are sometimes used among close friends.
o
o
o
o
a
îF + v
2t
(ffia¡h,TcttìR0)^_ yt ¿ õ D ã f "
)
I
*l 'l *,,,,,
* L/;"
E ¡I1 : .4 ) îTù." è4ø-.4ø¡ I 7.å=Wftä(" Tdâ.
*I utv l*[._ 4)1T"
E ¡I¡: _Þ_Q, 7 z.tJffiffi¡;?su,îT j " àr'{,ùS ot ( t'ð !..
2
*rutv ùÌ,r.. 7)ì¿,¿sb *T"
*l 1*,,,,,
l}l ð Èt ->l¿l-.
t& El Èà. à 1r, vË¿*. EÆx.l?¡--tu.{ öfi=;ftËËr¡Á,È.
t À lË t i Àl .'C.ltrlî'lù'"
È ¿i
fi,¿:Ã b * L/¿.
Èi E: flrà¡u'6Fåù:. -Ëi Ë,-Ëc)ì¿:ì..6 ot-+ l..*ÈÂ,à." ffiHØffiîTùt Ð
*l 'l *""'
, e/\tr-+^E(^)
È¡i ;'î u+rt)
+EØ+îAZqffirôFlE&ffir. +EØ+îhEqffiré I ØffiJù:Ërì.l;. BAà. t+W.
ffiffiþ,2),:ÈØù:- HA¿ r ) , rta>lã':¿tÊ?+äÉffiå r. ) öØåìó â0)t.lEDH
ØldDffiFåùr/Ì.-t(L*:È.
u *Ë¿: ùå. Friends of InternationaT Students å t. i l,¡v-/øS y Å-0)¡v-fi
¿Yr'
7ð À, å u. i rtÀ ù:Xt < {L'(, !.1¿o 7zr- ¡ ¿ìf;,?å. å * f". .¡v-h 7ð À,0)
¿ ^¿1.
x.I:tfrÐ"C ö 6 i-i_-¿--ç--/cÊ"_l_¿_" tv-h Ãð¿,Ì1. ã+lþ 7 7 - 7 l' jò -À r"ry¿,r" ö
6
å r. /¿ u. å Ë i tI {L à" {¡ . --f ð +-tØ^ä Ø(". ¿ i ð I l. Àl ¿ ù*[rót'ù:__-(__r._.
8
e/\tr=+tÊ(Ê)
\.\ I
Ìpi-ì¿i. ffiË'rìTî¡. ( HRfr¿Z¡ù'-tI¿o È I i trt- tv-h zðÅ,àrH('7us- l.ð
2 qò\ 1r(
årLù:iÉl"r{!.:'c. ({vl¿" *rvÅ77ht< ù:¿1. ä( lu.¡'/rf- }.às/¡ ( (. ffiË.
'f"
.ràCr tly¡ ¡i
à ¿F r. ( - +â C å r. Øffi ù: rËY/¡ ø k F,2 ùl /¿ Æ ffi El ¿: ã I 'r ÐT_:__å__t;_Þ_/_ç_.
"
^?¿"
e/\tr=+/\E(t)
hc'L 2
âHfr¿Ì. ¡v-)t 7ã À,Øfl)r.øXørs-7 ¿ -¿:ìBd'¿(ì..r( ò à=/;o Ël..I¿ùT
{-:'¡:r- ¡rZ ¡) Sl, I . iî----
fËu-E,Efiåsff Lå.ùl{ È t. 1,") 7 ¿ + t * T. +ËFØ=FH"e- S¿tt*BÄffit'
î" t^ ) ê- i. ôt- < ) /¡ å å. ¿ { {> {u.dar,./rHAffi{". ^s7^s: H¿#}ii¿'r".
12 f3 14
Ørt¡vîr-Y=y2l¿-:È.
^l
,,-acce\Y
L rli ¡,r' L(.*áfrFt.L*3.literalþ
ffilt introduction means'I request.'l
Ètu. .-t;
IilJøT for the frrst time 7 W,Lâ to teach
i.
r v/¿[Ì'¿. b have just done- I -ÎtsHur. b
[>>>E;*u-l-'r]
slnce - years ago
l! ,,r'i¡,<
otL+ * lt w+tâ to study abroad
z ãtll tfamiþ namel ertl,
uä¿t
(,but ...)
17 =H lfamiiy name]
3 Excuse me L qr( Èl'
^TLttÈì ls ffiffi homework
a [honorifrc form of
-fL.E-L +-{'-Tl ,1,-
or lower in status.l
È{.¿r (ìr'¡,
3 f+w graduate school $áÆl.L*T Please.
rã å :.i¿r(
Êfr,Í+ electrical engineering L'¿ ô"e by the way
..-. +f¿; i-.......
i(*þ)$&:l gí
-
*'f¿* /¿tî
,
o?; ¡
t ñTrffi airplane to be born hn/at -)
{t lu.i.l
(- ù: ) EE å to sit (inlon -) ¿ttt
U¡tu'
f.t+ I woman
ffirÐ,ËÆJ togrowup (in-) [u.i.]
È?¡ tt -i il l:r¡ c'C.\,â Ithasbeen
ffi\,¡.ù
Þ
a to talk to
a;rangedtlnal-
,1,
2 'Jñâ to go home [>>>E;Êz- ¡e]
¿F: * ¡¡t¿-ì¡¿
3 mEl lfamily name] 15
-vh one night
¿'
5 ä)'È [female given name] tL lÉ* 6 to stay (over night) [u.i.l
+- rutfc
6ftH last month ¿k r, very (much)
atrç* att L
o ËilJ lfamily name] 2 ÞÌEl Narita (International
õav Airport)
ã/' lmale given r'a'n'ef - a-l
r:t * FT town; city
EÉ=É diary 's
(-t:)Ë ( to arrive (at -)
^l
¿¡t ;.
vstitr tj ¡'t"
+ ffiffirñ ten plus a few hours
tz ïl.tffit to move to a new place
of residence
n'¡tl a it takes [with respect to
time or moneyJ [u.l.J - ¿E ì:î â to decide to -
tì'ðt, ^¡, [>>>giÊ./- F9]
ET-}Æ Effi International Date Line ¿- ru¡l ru
*oF¡
14 +W tonight
IEI l-) same È't:¡,
(.r-t;,_ - fr^ acquainlance
4# airport
VÈ6 when V [>>>gËz-t.ro]
tt5.
tWLa to welcome; to meet; to ¿51
grcet
15 Ët" young
tå.r,.
¿'
W,;i,tþ.úfrü: rt HÍ+ man;male
stay (over
i¡.ia,,.12¡¡ polite
{ãÐ 6 to have - -ì- ns7
night) [u.r.] .s7 fluentþ
u t L¡-i¿'n
- ¿ i] t: /J = /¡ it has been decided/ ÉÉ ñËt /Þ selÊintroduction
arcanged that - 17 ô'! il¡-a to be surprised
[>>>*;t.u - le] å :rl¡,1
,. f-,
- a-f
n ú< to walk to differ; to be different
¡¡le ¿ ¡ TI
iìË4 (¡¡) appropriate; suitabie ¿ -6 Lt' it seems that -;
-a evidently [>>>g;É.2- t' t¡]
flcIT 6 to find - lu.t.l
n rt'¡v1 < -Y J v, culture shock
* I 1 *,,,,,
ú
at!
¿5Ë
r)lÁ,
þ
{ ,-m
-aTi \- \E
This radical comes from Å and is used for characters representing human
conditions, activities, etc.
Both ô o) and 4 0) canbe used with the meaning 'that -' when an item you are referring to
is not in sight. ó Ø is used when both the speaker and the hearer are (oi are assumed to be)
:*iftupeiro¡'or',ihittÉ- - - tinl"ftËh, y trp o¡_$e'fr9"g,3f.¡s.¡4¡Il4iar,,
,.,:,f
,:"Wmun.j'.'l. 4, 2,ø.sttòùta 'usea.,ln,tllis,:passage, theuse oi,t ttø inAicat"q,¡f¡-a,ttop,A,úftì:
!L and * r u ù are familiar with the class.
B ?OtrJù* Ð.å,/¡ffiJÍ"Tå."
(What kind of town is that?)
È I lÂ.1
b)A ÈØ i. *+BAffiØ2 iziJ!.r¿) 4 )vã À,1:àt.* Ll¿À.
(Yesterday, I met Lyle-san, who was in our Japanese class last year.)
,,
.,.
s a ch3r-rge ,which has ¡akei ÈJgÞ,9,þ.i..wrill place.
fusr as -{je.èii¡rtr
r,.
13
*l 1 *,,,,,
a) Woftt¿t>"
(I don't know what to do!)
b) -Êr7 Y rtnTr->1,ô.r¿!-/Jó.
(I wish I could go to Africa once!)
c) ôð LJì b Tìt¿õ"
(Long time no see!)
d) ÈÈfl ( Sc/¿/¿ó"
(You did WELL!)
,-,tlv-(p.l
iåÌrneañs,
preqehÐ È som .l,-,trit:. : i rr. r':., :: , ):. , ...::l l:,- :lil.r:..',:1.:rili ,i :
: :. :. -: :. ), :;: .: :., :):,:.:a. ! .:.::r t:il::a _ rJ'r.r: ì.::ii,ti : :. 1,
.
.
c) z{ttt,6Ê,\ã ¿zôît.
(I am about to eat.)
ë,:.È.1:-r*.ã4tå,/;¿:tÈtl.li¡ì,;,:.,¡,i
this ex¡iession réQuües ttræ you are in !t is, appropriátej,, theiefore,, to,
say a)-B in a Japanese restaurant.
::..t --..
,tt,.THs,
cannot be said" however,,when yó¡ aró diq sing.I¿þ.ansse,food'in.a..þsroqr¡ 'In.thæ
:1.,.::: -:. ì: : .,.1,,. t,:, .,:,,i,,:',:,:,-.'lr :.il
:::case, you,shoùld,say b-).8. - -r'r:¡Í.:1 : - :1.::. a: r'.:1.:t ::.:., .:....
:- ,r:,
B !.!-å_ ôú)*Ëlv"
(No, I haven't.)
8'* v(stem) E<t,r l#a*vt > t e >>> I l-.1¡l ¿ t*Frftc < ur]
b) ffiLu.ËF¿å. E+ãE(t,t"
(Difflcult ka4ji are hard to write.)
_i r.:i : :j:)
' [V{stem)t-f l.] means that somethihÈ i¡ easy to V. :r:: ::;- .i. t
,,,,
',: t
....i ], ' .. . . '.: .
l:
c ) È ff¿u. r¡#l*_ 56¡¡pf tr-CT.
(Nice handwriting is easy to read.)
b) æE CD þrÃ< ¿ ¿ l: l'*1.,f¿"
(I have decidedto listen to cD's every day.)
>>>>>ffi^ I
10 *'Sr/cå. Sz='when sr, 5r' læaø > t,t a *n r*,u nzo >>ËÉuzr,rrra]
ùatt1'rysSes,an.lg
,tsé¿o¡¿ìse-¡ten¿
t or stare you did
-*t "@..tt:,tr,.'.rr
fr
¿ l, ¡ù'lù
a) È Ø i ElÉßH^lip t¿à- 184.ì:âür* L/¡"
(Yesterday, when I went to the library, I saw my teacher.)
ù, ë<
b) E#ØXffi,.-î)xô^+tlþHct¿ò. lvtade in Japanl ¿ Êt,\( t>cl¿,
(I bought a present for my Japanese famþ, and I found that it was made in Japan [, and I was
surprisedJ.)
This should be distinguished from the case of V l¿ È followed by the present tense form, as
in Eä^frc t;
'. å. i.
Eäffiål#rù â ¡, ) lJrà 6'e L ¡ Ttris is thc casã of sà-called "condi-
.tió ?u.sç o{'ltË;,and it méanp',if tor gq.f-,qil. ,,oi,'
,','.'.,..,,,.' r
lqÞ{,..|.!,
17
'l **-'
b) RË¿r. +rJ{ffiùtä (
À2 ,'
(. {Ìar: ( t. å Lür"
(It seems that Tbkyo is a difficult place to live in because eve4rthing is expensive.)
a) T) y nrÉt'<WbrØrtv|\-va v /l¿'a/¡.
(It was my first culture shock after arriving in America.)
ttu
b) +&Èìlå * c T ãl d¡T o ¿2 :-'v 2 t'. ft4ËS ¿* à' ø+4 ù: *a Èrl'ì,'â z /¡ "
(1 met many teachers and students at the first picnic of the semester.)
18
,,,,,#r
^l
I,Àã DLì
a) "'ffifÌ >>>>>lâãtl
ét) 4
Br+ ¿ZôT.3, I À ,)r ElAffi ù: @4 3 ffi: /¿ Ø t*. 3: L ¿ ôî is used to change the
topic of a conversation.
ù.rtTà.o
l.À Eu n. ++ØF Eã,ø7 = ) årffiÈ {", À ( F, 4: Ë¿t is used to bring up an impor-
tant point or information.
{ L. /; À"11"
Er+ bb. zft(. s Eaffi þfutÃLl¿r. å E i Ì I ¿: 5 : Try to use connectives such as å
i¿f" and t-à'6 to get more in-
/¡ -¡ l¿ À,tl tJ"
formation from a conversation
l.À i- L, Z ) t¿ tvTt " É&(.'ødÊ L {. *+H& paÍner and in general to have a
smooth conversation.
\Diùt
g+ð L* L/:"
<
| "' åå#d?i:
U: L: ir'l' 2l Í;ì
e 2 1 70)/\I:ÊÉfiË^L/J ð !'o Él Éft,Hjrrttt.. Z L þFr,,tt,t¡l. i t o
^o)
a) hHIJ
b) ++
19
*l 1*,,,,,
Èhz i
d) €rt
e) ffift
f ) f€È?bøÊ#
lrt ,t( J:
tøl ¡;') 7¿+L*f" Y#ø:+äf"T"
|-Ðiùt
Ea^-ùt* fìTt.c/¿: à r)ró b *È¿,¿r. * 16 À,ùt
+-w+ L /¿ r,. å Ea
¿â t)t
l.ôL ( *ámt.L*T.
/rrrdVv-,
a) *7 t:Ì¡.->-c- *uär,.ù: ¿ i L.(n+¿:Hfrafs:I i ':r¡oI¿ù.þffiÈ/Jë !'o
b) ffit.l: :- Lþ ), lo))vr¿¿ 0.ffi4 (toreport) L/Jð r,'"
J "' trt-lV7'V(
Ê ,{ 7 ù: t¡ b /¡Ë !." -Äù* EAffiØ+ä. ö i -^Ìl BÄffiØftäî. X#ø's-î ,t
{,,,4V7-2
) L:6 4t:
a) ,{71: tà ->'c., 4.*. (tI¿Ffr- È'tl¿ffit:'c t '(H È ä è !'o
b) Ht,./; a Lþ2 7
^ot)vl¿Ë¿:#åLlJðt'"
$ r" dVv-,
L e)r.
e ¿aû:bâo)IJ,-{ &flJø*f v7"tvtt" :-ØAfr\þ ( d'¿l¿z\¿i. ÐÅ,r¡Ät"LJ iå'.
L.Llu ¿È
.(7 i: tÃ.>'C., R.øHIã¡-Æå /J È t.o
a) ¿ ø )',ø&ffiùl'fEl-c'1à."
L ;¡
=EErÊFi*a\âìl
È**t3gliÉ b) :ø)'.øitãÌt ¿"Å,/JffH{'L r i à."
ð& ,k-Ë13
c ) .Ø^Øà+!ùt Ð: ó b *'îà."
t/ú h tiLc,
ù:
d) z ø )uøÉ,#ÉãùÌ{4É{.'Tà..
r 108-0023 Rñä3)åtråH 4-r Ê 5# 4+
TEL: (03)4567-8910 FAX: (03\4567-7777
E-mail hayashi@mitamachi.co.jp ÊF (Lrrtj) *'\âil (r..ì:Lt¿{\'LìP)
Ë**ls (à r ,{ r ì ,ìì) *l¡É (.ì:4 r ì )
,rrrrffi" i
$,,, fF*
e â/ùþfrãî.-f âffX.þæâ /J ð !.o Fð ÌtÉ+ (" ò r,..
X a) :Ø^¿it+ffiä{"T.
K b) Eä|#ZH-W.L{r.*T,
E c) EIA^îÎ:/¿:åÈrób*T"
K d) É&Øtå. Eäü:BYL*L/¿.
X e) ;tY¿:Ã: AzJ,e>. EA¿:Effiþffi.Ì i ù:/¡ b * L/¿.
@ f ) +XL/¿ à EIA^lr( l"Lr i,
g g) RIR
( åã1,
(name ofa Japanese film director) øU4É¿ff¿
àr. ,r
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Greetings
ever assume that Japanese greetings and their English "equivalents" correspond
exactly to each other. For example, although ôjltÀf ðdtìtl means "Good morn-
ing!," the two expressions are different in that ôlát5 ðdt\tl is not normally used in the
late morning. ölåA) ðdtìtl also has an informal equivalent ¿JltAf , which can be used
when you are talking to children or close friends, but never to u åi (= higher status)
person. Another good example would be ðA())ä5. ðA(f )f4õ indeed means "Good-byl"
but it is never used to people one is living with; also it is a rather informal expression and is
thereforeincompatiblewith keigo(=politespeech).WhenpartingwithaEl-tperson,itis
safeç and less juvenile-sounding, to sayt?LUtf. The best strategy for Japanese greetings
would be to observe how native speakers use them amongst themselves and emulate
them.
Another thing students of Japanese should bear in mind is the fact that once a relation-
ship has been established between two people in Japan, such as teacher-student, it does
not break down. ln America, you might call your professor "Professor so-and-so" in the be-
ginning, but as the relationship grows closer, you might start using his/her first name.
That is notthe case in Japan, however. Yourteacheç even afteryou graduate, remainsftä,
i.e., a Elt person, and your speech must continue to reflect that. ln other words, you
cannot all of a sudden switch from ôlåAf ðdtìtlto ölt&f !
n school, classmates may call each other by last name *dfu l<fu,last name by itself,
J
I first name *5t¡ lu lt lv I ( fu, first name by itself, etc. Oftentimes, moreover, they call
each other by various nicknames or by shortened versíons of their names such as f ) (for
*ål in â-ãÉ3.
c
ô
o
c
o
j
rttrt6tìË?=F
€ *vtrJL . ÊE#r¡yltxEElã#ú)=Eftät¿âã"
^-z]-,
*rutu: *á¿åJ i ¿"ð"t.*T"
= E: *ôù*Ì i ðð"r.*T"
* r u.tv I !r!rttxfr,-6"Tfl.
--- El : 4){-rf;'à"
= El : f4 Éb:¡-t..{"âffflTf¿lÌ'r,. r.l.'L } i.
{>
là L+ ( j :l Ð ) u. iËffi'cïà..
1
** u¡v
25
-lz#>,,,,
DìãÉUfiìltã.
r9 bi tá¿ÌÌ i"
*tutv GE4 i r¡F{.) táùå, & i.
w ,: HE¿ i Ldâ.
*ru¡v i À,- ù9 i ^ì-ffi+* ("fr¿rÊ u'cfcù. È>.
w b: ð : å F ( Ëd'tl$_t_l-!-t-?-l-;-.
*rutv B
2
*rutv FÑZ
26
>>>>> õLìË?Ei*
e Ä . ) = ü y,
h. E+fr0)ËE-HtJt.+ r, 7/ tzctâ) " -Ê[Jtt l-. ¿\ärË+lE+{v- E6g+ t,
lcEtOldffiä"
ey !
^
Bß ð. Ì,/^ !
Bß üiÂ, å ù:.
t. A t-'>*I¿0)"
Bß frìEüËu.tùSå.b"
t À 4 ) zJ'" e ylrtR.6; ¿ ù1. tù À,t¿ Ì:Ëf,r.tf[ o"CI¿ ùl å'- !:?_*aþ:Èþ:
10 Èt/¡ ( -C"
Éß :'п,. l--)v7 r^ vzàlâå. å z¡ ( t_ , -)vl[ÈtÃzl.cI¿À,1ì"
^0)./
Þ à !.[.]- L.L.}" {.'. Ð:¡,:lÈA"tâø"
Bß /uzC-=l[.iff"
I' À bb- 2uzC-lJt*Eo{ó" ëùt7.,3- l. l:{¡¿1"5"
15 Ë[ A ) À," u.:à.ËtñÌ:ft/¡ ¡. 2
t /^ ilù" T-^4t#=-Câ?
HI ) À," L- L. 6ä¿x 723-345-2433"
t à lxør -, 4 o)æEtt 555-347-4167"
Ë[ D ç. âE€ffLt"
27
-12#>>>>>
:,:2:f i4n¡Jili:}'i1.i1jwlsgffi
ü:ìi:izi';rti¡¡1?5r:r?¡5ràv.3i*tr{:?
|.! ?:;.1:1 |.. :.|: ;:' :: :.: :. : ;: ;| :::.'1. :: j.. :..j : ::. : :|.!:|
r:,'L-L{O Ü't6')åÜr-
e-l-È fi ,t ¿o1. f r:r"
32
,,,,, õrìÈ2=* |
There are three different types of predicate endings-tT. * j--forms, lì-forms and t ù¡ 6 -
forms. So, the idea that Tanaka is a Japanese can be expressed as HFð /L¿t EA^f.¿, B1+
ð /t Ìt BA^/a' or EIF Ë ¿,li Hä^-e ð å. The styles which use f.T.* T-endings, lì-
endings, and f ã> â -endings are called f T. * T{õ, lì{6, and {" ó å {ô, respectively. While -c''
b 6l# is mainly used in writing, both 'C1. * T{f and È{6 are used both in speaking and
writing. In speaking, ('.T' * T{ô is used in formal situations such as any formal meetings or
in addressing strangers, acquaintances or people to whom you feel respect is due. Ìì{6, on the
other hand, is generally used in informal situations, such as when you are talking with your
close friends or family members. È6 can also be used toward someone for whom you feel
respect is not due (e.9., children, one's subordinate, etc.) In writing, lì{ð is normally used in
newspapers, novels, scholarly articles and essays. Letters and memos are usually written in (.'
T' * T6. îb â{16 is very formal, so it is generally used for formal writings such as public
documents and scholarly articles.
,,a.:f ..$',f ff ,(pôlite;form) Ì;--6 (plain forúr), {.þ,6 ffi ' (exnosiøqy,form)
EIAAT.l E^^/.' n#/\'e b â
Ea^{$H}a I *nia Bä^{E'å}n... BA,,\(.t*r¡u'
Íffif1-T¿ fdK/i: /¡ Í.{"dl.lù> ->t¿
Traditionally, the Japanese language is known for having a distinctive difference between men's
speech and women's speech. This distinction, which is mainly observed in casual conversation
style, is seen in uses of pronouns (e.g, boku vs. watashi), some nouns (e.g., meshi vs. gohan,
.lz#,,,,,
hara vs. onaka) and particularly in sentence endings. For example, sentence-final particles
such as zo and ze afe typically masculine while a sentence-final particle wa is genenlly
considered to be feminine. Uses of these masculine and feminine senstence-final forms have
been undergoing changes, and thus, it is best to classify them into four types, as below.
Uses of both strongly masculine and strongly feminine sentence-flnal particles have been on
the decline. In fact, younger men and women hardly ever use these strongly masculine and
strongly feminine endings anymore. Women these days generally use moderately masculine
endings in casual conversations, and thus there is not much gender difference in the use of
sentence endings. Older women, however, do still use strongly feminine sentence endings.
Furthermore, in comics and anime, these strongly feminine and masculine endings are used to
create certain character identity, and hence it is good to be able to recognize gender character-
istics of these particles.
,,,,,6rìË2=* |
. V lr t-Í", gne éf the negatiu" a-¡9rms of a verb, is .oftén fðllowed by another velb: *d
Lr( t, ltu
a) Eärtr. {EI ö Éþfrt,rêFàrâÐ 6Ø¿tft+Lt¿"
(7n Japan, it is bad manners to begin amea\ without saying anything.)
,, V',/J 1,. {: often c-arries ,a conno-tation,.that one didn,lt do Whatone- w4s,expæçted, fo .do. $o, fo ,
b), one is expected to do homework before coming to school bw helshe did nol
,:
ihislexpression,rsusually used to suggest the opþo.sþof.whæ, hÈ,oüeiipç ìslg¡qg or
h
a) ù -r åF( Ëftlt'trl,rc)[;.
(You should go to bed earlier.)
Ì)
b) tllr.t, /Ju. å ¿ ôt|ftæ.t:ËI[tlt'trt\ø)Í:"
(You should ask your teacher about things that you don't understand. lSaid to someone who is
hesitant about asking the teacher some questions.l )
b) A: +H¿*ñfiàräå a i t¿ia"
(You don't look well today.)
B :i
ô':l
À,- EÈìtË (
t.È
(. zirE#tò
h2
Ë ¡ a Lb6 À,î"
(Yes, I have aheadache, and I also have a slight fever.)
A: D+. + 1,ffi-tcffiÀ,ÈlÈ¡U-U.ca"
(In that case, you should go home earþ and rest.)
35
.lz*>>>>>
In c), both 4 ùLlt, ì, and 4 l-î arcfine. Howev er, 4 lt'ìt à emphasizes the fact that it was
after the shopping that the speaker went to the party. In some cases, therefore, 4 trù, Ù and
4 l,'C. arenot interchangeable.
ù,tvu åtd ;*
a) Ë?¿rr¿Ðâ,h'Ha-ànl¿( (- W-t.C L'*T.
(Ifs terrible because it takes a long time for me to memorízekanji.)
F'orembedding.awh-question!nanothersentence,simplych4n.gè'.fiè.,.eldjnÌg.:Ófitie.èm-
U9é ¿ qu.estion into the plain fonn. The copula ld'is optional::Bê, tòt!(.e-.êþ.,tha'qú¿q{gf
partidle à. at the end of the clause.
36
,,,,, õrìÈ2=*l
Also note that a yes-no question can be embedded in another sentence by putting the
,,,p¡9{þate.intotheplainfqqn,and,byadding,àr,È",iÐì,.,,1 ,,::', 1.r:-,,:, ,r.i ,
Là'always occurs with a negative. The implied meaning is that the amounlitem mentioned
is not,enóugh or, less,than eXpected.
37
-lz#>,>,>
| >r> C*,U ='in other words; that is; namely; in short' læaryz>¿.¿l
a) A A :. 7 È /4,11BA¿:*S ö {ÌÂ,tt,'l¡Â,(.'T i.
(Miss Smith has lived in Japan for as long as ten years.)
B -
/ià. 6 Eläffiår-s r.< 7 r¡t>ll TT tt"
(Thafs why she speaks fluent Japanese, right?)
B j(-eÈ6þtt<'ltr"
(No wonder he is good.)
:
c) A * Ø i v ù ìnT]..l¿ Â,îTÈs- L t" w i tLfu.ct"l- Xþ= ffiÙ:frÌ¿rì,tT¿ì. Ë
!'l¿Ø¿ttHîót Ll¿"
(We went to Chicago yesterday. Tlaffic was so heavy on the way that, although we left home at
three, we didn t get there until around seven.)
38
I
I
I
I
>>>>> õLìÈ?ÉlÊ I
i,i
$ t't NEå:T='depending on' [æary)r>r.7>>*ñtr&:<] l
i"--
ì
t'
(What greeting you use may vary depending on the weather of the day.)
b) å cTë ì-ùtÉ!'* T.
(Opinions vary from person to person.)
^E +r.+å V Ùh È
c ) =-zØÞÌffiùi. ilffiØÞÌffir:*c(l** b *î.
(A course grade depends on the exam grades.)
10 *t ruf&/cã=,correspond to -, lffiaa>¿.e>>>?fit¡*r¿õeêâÌl
41" t)
39
-lz#>>>>>
* <v tv : i A'- lp i -ì--Ë+* f'ø! U"C.T:.ìr' Ù " should have done something.
1 ,r" E!-lVJVl
à ^.7 . -ÄlÌ BA#Ø+4.. ð i -^¿l EÆ#Øft+J: t¡ b /J ð l,'o +IJ.++0)
ù: r¡
- b
f ,,, EI-IVJV<
e ":7ù:r¡ b. -ÂütEAffiØ+ä- ò i-^ùÌEã/\øts.Ét:t¡ b /J ð !'o Q t-a- L
Ø1 LlEltiâff?. ( Ètll:EAffi (informalJapanese) t.L/Jðt'.
3,'* trL.-rVJVl
e ,{7¿:r¡\Ì¡ð!.. tÂt*Ë7g.c"j-. */\ùtfiax-,ùl/Jð¿ it¡ø'c- ò i-^r)ì¿.i L
{à,HÈ/¡a \-o 4l-'c., 71."rì4 Ã þUr¡ðì,.. [-¿¡ì,.t.Øl:) þtfr.o'c._ ( /¿'ùl/¿
EA#f#L/JèI.O
ttrt' õtìÊ?=g€ I
{rr,dVv-,
e "{7¿: t¡b, T-t 4 i:rt.'C.0)f 4 7ùy/ =yþt,t¡ð,,.. fiø ¡ir^EffiZtâ L
l. L.o
!,,, fFI
'Éma¿: r l. {Élî++
e (' à t,. ØlFxþE* /J ð !.o *É*a 4) l- ôù.->l¿: ¿ /¿" ùlËùï
It"Ì t""
räir lfr ØHl arJ
frtÀùrE;ffir>i:-ift!ffi=-z-á -)"'TtÈ * L/¡o : z--a-rî¿*. Èiü:{È¿,-cì,./¿ a ¿
Ø Þ â a B v ¿ 7x+ùt ( nrf-tr 4*. L t:. tytÌÈi ¿ lEl D j i r" L/¿¿ì. t+Ø ¿ ¿f
øË¿*. ai.t¡Éirå¿: rÃoÍ!./¿ø)t-'. cÀc ( b L* L/¿" -ìEFÆ@E. Ë)s Lt.ôt-ô
t¡FfrþF,I¿ b - vz | 7 vîiôu,t-u-PVlþÈ^l/¿ b -6'È{. ¿ { ò }å.c/¿îf"
*t p/v' ^ì-r-àì.
€ Èt' * Ërt
*r v ^ A:cÊtlJftä¿:âr,.* L/¿. cD zEf,r. r- jÃ.øxn;
E L ttÌ'rùr-'o. FÆË." { r.trL¿å-'x ?Ãful¡ u." ð
Õ b) * t rr,,yt*.
E:IJJt+.å IEI Ciéiü^ft < À,1 t- ¡ i "
X c) âEûtËl-t-4 )î'1.
ùa õ2
@ d) ò tED+/¡ù.d)ù1. */ìãr.6 Lr.("-f.
K e) ÈØ i ò *á ¿ ¿ r,. ò, iÉt-zï.-cf¿ ù U!.Í.--fo
41
-lz#>>>>>
lt) w
I
t¡'
za¿-a-2 Ëfå. t'- Hlfrat-tÃ.'tI¿Ù=--
ù:lÈ{-r+¡7 ¿*. EÆØÊ.Løð
e-7^-ffô-ù:fiått't u'I J-tvþ ö à:t" ðËf¿Ì7, y ùþ*'t'F,l¿
: å¿¡/¡1. i" +litrt=z-3-r+^*.þ. = z-a-rãt'tÃ0)î- i¿-
È, ì..
a -2 0) a L r¡ 6Í¡!'eö j ( îno|-L.6o ð Èf¿¡= t--a-V "'ftï: t'. EH
t¡ffiþuìéuì 6F,Èr óül'J ) L7"1vþ(FoI¿"
+T, It - ð ËÍàìË u,IciÃ.øEØÉE+ ( È. à - ? v,' v I v þÆl]L{Ët'l¡.
*f p v 2 7 -7 -'+v l -- , 4 ¿^À'7r Ù -7 - rYÅy' 7'71- l" C,'v
t¡EþF,'C. {¡ 6cl¿" 4{t'þ,à. 2001 +9H 11 BØtrl-C.+È'þ'f¿Z-¡vi'^'l'
r,,- 1.".+vl -åìlE:f !.tDtr'-ìBfutu'( å. ðËfÌÌz,&'U7€ )l¡ffikF'ÈI¿.
Èfàr-#F=7'f¿Ø¿t, 'L v | 7 )v't*-rî, zþF'f¿ffiÈ:t. lbb,
ð
7):þ¡.¡'J LÉo'C.- y 7Ø4^ÊþÈ ( ð À'L l il DÐl¿. 4l-r lRËc¿*- ¿
z L ò = l-ù.F,È, {t t¡!.à. à : * å /¡ t,..l ffi oI:"
¡{t¡
t)
I
Z squirrel :
/"h L t,. sad
¿t¿atl. ¡E¿'
#;ñ-f a to show someone ÉS to show joY
around
È'
¿.þ¡J¡. cute
Êc1.\- â to be standing t-
4H
+rv À,
pictuer;photogfagh
D d) ðËÍ¿f. +v | 7 )v'tï-/lrt.-&Ã,t:),.o1¿"
K e) RË¿: {¡ '/ x ¿s/; ( ð ¿,1,'å "
Ëü {(oË
¡1jii
!11:
ilirl
lrili
1,1¡ì
tilt)
rl
rìi¡r
lìljii
iliilt
ilittr
iitli,t
!,1
tlllrirI
l
Ft¡
f¿ø)
. €,5-?Ðffi_LlÞ_løãfo:
ã :il
. ËiøElrÉlfêtf?ttfclÊ
TL\tttutiÀå
r iÉ'#itt erì ( r r tefÉ If r{ r q. " "" """"""'>Ê#2
:.::"""" """" " " """""""'>Ê# 3
. Ð5:(ËE(
URE No a
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Asking Favors
(e.9., Would
T ust as you would try to speak very politely when you ask a favor inpolite English
when asking a
J yo, ... please?, Would you mind ...?, etc.), one should be extra
favor in Japanese. Japanese speakers often deliberately start out hesitantly by saying Ë *:
¿tiffitìi5ìõ âfu7c| û ¿....'- (tit.,l have a small request but ...) instead of a more direct 5*:
¿öffit\7:TõDt3-.
Negative forms such as ttfclÊlJtttfuD and U\lclilJtdUìC U t f 75\ also occur frequently. ln
more informal speech (e.g., when asking a favor of a family membeL a friend, etc.), one
would say Ð òì-fåV\?, <Í'ItdU\?, etc., instead. Another formula one should remember is
&ô1.<ômtl l,t?-, used as you part with the addressee, of whom you have just asked
a favor. lt literally means "l ask for your good favor," and is a standard ending to a request-
making situation. (Remember this same expression was also used in Lesson 1 at the end of
a self-introduction.)
T;.t or American students who have taken only one or two years of Japanese, it is virtually
I impossible to attend lectures for native speakers and expect to understand the
content. Much as one might wish to experience authentic college life in Japan, that would
most likely be beyond one's reach. lt would be more reasonable, therefore, to attend a
university that has an international division geared to foreign students. Toward the end of
the year there, when one's proficiency in the language has improved considerably, one can
perhaps receive permission to visit classes for Japanese students a few times to "get the
general idea" about Japanese college courses.
c
c
o
o
o
I
I
I
I
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trrtt Eäro)El# I
€ *vn lL . EÄ#ø=frft#ØffinEÈa.ll("
^-¡-.
*r uP -ffift+., L¡-> ¿sáD+*L*T"
= El: ùå t .. fn¡a"-¡¿..
45
.l¡ #o,,,,
EilJ ì_2"
l.À
E.ilJ tlþ'b * L/¿. ffiÐtl b ùÌu':1"1à'"
l.À b0) ). -l o'Cfúî1- i. i tt'"
lffie)ú/l b
46
ttt t Eä^øg+l
Ëß {4.
l'¿
^.yËtrrÈs:l¿"
s _ Ë[ D +. L À,ü'>[frÌ- ¿Ì ?
l.À ì- l"e¡:c ð ËùrË r ." È ô/a'" -aÊ.t-'c ( Ù¿l¡ r,. ?
BI l.-U.Jo
l'¿ brùtL)"
*r uP +E öfg#fFò
ît^. i ¿,8:(.
w b: *Èffið âØ?
*r uP ) À"" 4 {Lt:BÂð rÉt' L"
w b2 4)"Iìt,D¡)À?
*t utv i À,.----." gir,. ül å. -:fF¿{'ð L.!. ?
t9 b: /J ó Ù:.
t0 *r vtv +EØ+'&.- =Wft+å' 6 BÄ#Øffiffit> t c( È { ( f¿l¡ t,' ?
lrp \: [.[.} " -mft+ØffiÉot ¿¿ tt:bâo)"
4rutv .,,t) A. rt-tv1)523"
19 b: /¡
523
=ffirå D + r. ¿ ätrrä ì.. ùÌ Ð.
tJ"
*+utv =ffi¿*t, s. ) ¿^ft+.ø* 7 4 77 7 -lìh'6- l¿'u. D * ) Jl.
r9 b: D+. l> È'-c-C < âtJ"
*+utv brù:Li"
.13 #>>>>>
h' ¿i fL f À II t ò È, / -(' 7c I¿
f ¿ ä â" Èq i: {L+ ä /ì + rl fu,Ø t,' Irl ¿
+ À, W E + üSio¿: W !r +. I ãÊ tä , o)
b Ð /
t¡FJ rr
Èì
j Utt Å / /¿
-) r1 !r Èr 7 îâ 't 4 À:
¿!. æa â þ ô
tù ö I ( {.P¿*i 1l
lÉ+ ¿:ffiffi. !rf T
{LVJ, i D = I ¿ X ) ->./
¿ Ði Ë
ùÌ tT L.
r¡'c ffi
Ê' <NiD/is
+ É ìE ¿ì û: Ø Ë'c. D ¿* l1 !r rt
Ì¡ {L øi EffiùS ìæ+È, lÂîTlâo)
É! rE {L ¿Ì +. {L * b ./, Ffr È
/¡
!ro X Ø ë â fiË {L Èì -C 2 â, z)ì t¡
L. + ùi ¿ o) É! â Tt ( f " rt ^
þ tt
w È: ¿-: -) H äì ¿: o) < /¡
+È,W â !r,"8 o) ñu ì.. +^
â+ tÆ.t
år +l- Èæ ffiËås
bÈìt-LffiLb'ä+-r
( Eùå
tr&^
b l;
UTt ür-'U
-c /¡' L.
b
L\ FtlW i: â A
. +
F !t
) 7 L È fÅ Ø ù: B
r\ {L â F þt o) ./ üå-' {L ) åì W
'cU!ä â6 l- f åìy âo) +a)^
'lñ
EI
ì^-â
b ¿å +.'äì^ð9rt B+'c6U t
+. Fl ffi {-î u E o) Æ^' Æ t¿ +
u ù* ¿ìffi/ +L\È"to)Ø7 ^ ñlJ!r t
1ât @ f rl+.ù.ô +tW., /¡'¿ä
þt ËF + ft 'l'41 I Èì Ìl\ )o ìtÈ, + ¿l y ô,K-t7ffi
È, É 7)ì ð ffi i & å. fi )
Èi L\ H ¿ È fi lÉ + Ð{
z)ì È, D I¿ ö
"c"o) F¿ì âo À
lg ÐJ+^{LØ{LHW.ti
¿* {" -C: ("
/¡ fu, å + {4 þ lfrTa ^X â + Ø {L B
* 7+. f:t
o)
/¡ 7 ü* +¡o)
å.i '+ - 7c
"+^ Hüå-'A
o ,+ EÊ â
Lr
luþt 4
â bi U
t.þt Æ:
ùå li
'àìtX a)
t t' 'h þ B lÈìlr. l, Ê.-C"B ò+#
^ z)ì - 7T A, tì È, 7€þÉ ¿å^ b ¿'C
^
16 â l. d'L{" )v r\o B Ø i- äR -)
ijs Ê i)r tr 7
7 ü*' ùt, ù:
/¡i8Ã 7
B t
!\ rÊ
' a t+ 6 rB
ö
'í e Í ì B ât {L ,li a # ¿i L t¿
-c r,.l /¡
rr ,) Æ -ìi ùf I + i frgl 0) H
í- + ^ , lâüffi
'; ¿ì ù: I Ø (i E y +_ , '. Få H bi {L þ ùt ii ù lt
,'_ r¡ Ø X,h A (" ù: (:)W.t,-
Â_ f;þ¿s + tùi ùÌ É
ï H 6 Æ I ö â[\ +. {"1 /¡ h\
,1 H " ^/¿ þ 7 a + !r H /J" É
^ rr /: â ¿" e f{o'r¡l r¡
EIJ$'{,t å a)
:' lÌ H Ë + +
! ++ + å ¿. I L u tl + o) L\ þt r.i !\ +
ï ¿: ñ H È' 4 E- 'fL+. r åì EX o U ^{"
_¿{È*Æ aF,þ -f )€Ë¿l'ù* I ffi --#,
T +, # # â û: # /:"
,-1,. S Ø {" : ,ti'¡¡ f" +f !r ål Ø #
7 4 + ù,i6ø
{L 'fË tr É=É ¿ åi ft ò I t Ë ii i: ît 'C.
L.i ð
â,^ùt t: 1 åì È" 6 !r , !\ ffi þt Ãr. òi t,
-ìi'H ¿å ; {" o o [r )v W (" B {L lE !r
:..
I
t2
I
HIJ #""'
50
,tttt Eô^.øg#l
¿-(
2sV¿¿Èìt"È6 canV 32 ffil: particularly
È [r, upriÈ( uru¡i
3t ñ9. wish;hope {l äìF tË
, a,f
housing conditions
È [*'i Lç þ6
ñg# one who wishes to do - Ht' bad
l:ftÆ.î â/\l
ttto-
32 # person l:Âl
.l¡ #>>>,>
.*
.E
¿* þ
a:..
du'dÂL'iì iôt ( åe kìL
.t.ffiÆE z.Hl*ffiffi ryffiffi)t 4.
dù,
# s.Ìfl#E
o.ñfi
tÍ)
,.h*h,, e.ËT
'bç'
o#t
tìì')rì
to.ã 6
L"*ì :ì 0'L tf u,, fitf'
n. FW w^w
**
Lot'
ß.rãã
tr 1e 'ü¿-: i
r+.ffiHffJ ts.W.
t_*.. S4
i. SË rz.ìEÀ ra.#ÆìEã rq.HË zo.ifi#F
ôâ üL f: Lt' ètV
zt.tIffi ,r.F=HË 22.ffift z+.H.ffi zs.ffiùt 6
:ã Lr.ì N'? à\ l( t.\ r.tut t"t\
26.'ÈIry
.{tt t"
zt.EtJl{ za.Elffi#tr 29. ÆÊ ¡0.ffiffi
utãJrr Ð\rÐi {r\
'þt Lr,
sr.DIlÊ zz.ffi#, es.lÉ91 æÆ zs.ñÆ#
¡0.{läs,H-F
C¡ì L( c' ì:'Èå
This radical stands for water and is basically used for characters repre-
senting water-related conditions, activities, etc.
>>r>r EôrOEl# I
a ) ÈiØ B ¿=#r#¿Élf ð rf (
ür/¡ Ë tt /c rru. t, ¿ tt," )
(Would you please let me take the exam one day earþ?)
zÀ'À:¿'
b) ft+.ØffiX.þffñ* Ëf ür/: Ë tf /J trr U * Ò tt, "
( lspeaking to a professor] Would you mind letting me read your paper?)
53
.l¡ ËÊ,""
; by the end of
4rr, -t{-l*Ë='The more/less -, th€ more/less -' lffiuv¿ > ¿. t t >>> ãttnHårìE¿]
il,rg,sn:
+.V..é,i,6l"
dl.tg4
HAffi¿å. ffi#t
nl;{tuffiï ¿ *á 6 l' ô ( tÌ â L.BL- *
6lf f.
(I think that the more you study Japanese the more interesting you will find it.)
Lr tfür
5 "o Nl;JrþA,/t)lft fi='other than -; besides -' lffiaø > ¿.t s >>>ffial =¿'l.Y*ø]
Ittc ã ttu È¡i å¡ Ll tr ártt
a ) #ffiøUlø t*. äñ+Ët:tflE ôu- u' ôHi
"
l> Øtrtb â
(at ttre beginning of the semester, there are so many things to buy besides textbooks.)
ù¿t, À à' ,r( L¡i L¡iåt( å¿,
b) ÍtrÊt+€r\r+oæ+#ö ó b * T"
(There are otlter scholarships than that from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Tbchnology.)
_ ütå
$ "' ülVþ-El,tÖ*ltl?f*t¡t,t='it doest. not necessarily mean that...'
lffiañ¡ s >>> ütt €EuäøH{ütlr€52ã¿uìãþlttËãtr] > t
54
,,,,, Eä^øE#l
:., '[,X.l$¿¡lb æl expless"s the,idea that there are so muctr'X that¡ráþþ'eæi:a¡ ii ànill x
"*iuÀ,
a) 1 w èØ= z- 7llt.f/¡ =z-Zlt'rt'úJ1*- t..ç t'at¡.â "
(TV news is nothing but bad news, and it's terrible.)
9 -' (plain)
V
^(ä ='shoutd; ought to'>
lffiatvl ¿. ze >>> iF- Lzi- 1 èr
^&
Ë t. 3 3 >>>Ën õ xËe *r¿ur]
f
55
.l¡=#,,,,,
1¿O
c) "'ËiËEffiü >>>>>[âffi+]
56
1 ,> El-rv7"v1
A ,{7r: r¡ b _ -Ä¿lBa#Øftä. ù i-^¿åEa¿:g+L/¿ r,.y+.t: t¡ b t¡ ð r.. #ä
-
trTÌ. ct;\tÌ. 4.ø ¿ ¿ ? BA#Í-Ëi!. /J ð r,.o
a) lå D e) ØÉ#"
b) You are applying to the Rotary Club for a scholarshíp.
c) You ask that the professor write a letter of recommendation for you.
d) The deadline is January 15.
e) You brought a stamp and you have also written the address on a sheet of paper.
f ) fi$irþØÉ#.
4 lLtrtKb o l¿ t - ++.þ þ = f¿ )tttfi¡ä.ù: /J b . ft,+.þ +c /¿Ått#äit /J : {.
, -ÆffiH L /J è !..
f,,,1-wJV(
e ,{7ù:ä b. -^¿i. BA¿:BYT â. LtrrÌÌ..c/¿#ä. ò i-^ùÌ. Eaffiøft4¿:
t¡ b /¡ ð r.. Y4.t!., a L þ BAffif Éì,./J ð !.o
^0)
a) Ìt D e) ØÊR"
b) You are going to the University of Tbkyo on a Monbukagakusho Scholarship.
c) You ask that the professor write a Ietter of introduction to Prof. Yoshioka of the
University of Tbkyo, afuiend of his/hers.
d) w¡'', ØÉ#.
4 {LìrtKf'' -> t e'. +ä 3 ç -> f¿ )r,Itlt¡Æ.¿: /J b, ft,+k +,c Tc ),,tt#+.it /J a {. ò
, -ÆffiH L /r ð r,'"
3,,, trt-rVJvl
e ,{7¿:ä r_ -^trEä.#þffitfrLf !. â7 / y ùL++., ù i-^¿ÌEa^Ø+äù:t
b /Jè ù.o _^¿*lElDEäXíV7)2I7ù:Hf !.*_l-" 7 y r^ll. #ä¿:Ëu./¿ffi_
èri ,' L¡ '
ffif+ã (textbook) þt.,,{¿T¿: ¿ i:fràì? È (to notice). Wt:p.Î. t, â EIA^ØË)É¿:
Æþ HÈ -c ð à -t ( /ì äffi
r,. /¿ r,. È'ÃÊa *.
" ¿l /¿ E (informal Japanese) Í. ffiî ¿ L " z
57
.l¡ #>>>>,
J,.,
=<ffiË jj t"Èq) L?
e BaffiØrt+-øm'Æat:x* L T¿ù¡, !tî-ìtìt'* t. À'" ft+-¡¿ ¡ +þã
Tù,l¿.,1,U tr
tÈrÉ'¡xvxaa¿:
å* L ¡i" J +¿:ã( ¿ ¿¿i. 1 ¿lElDù:L/Jðl'o
a) : Ø+41È.
( dlv .li ù' Jtt<L¡i
) xtrf++€ ØFYê¿: Fl-¿.ô-f¿ l' È ,Ho { [' * T"
(,/ ) u-iy-r7ì
ç,/¡ ffiffi{
b) ¿ Ø+4.ùr. ftÆl: ( ) fiH^)tr ?ër.{ü åt.t!.Ø-CT.
(()-+rå EA^1ÎÈ /¿ t' å Écl !'* 1o
c) :Ø+4¿*. ( )-++
(,/ ) )1,H+EE
d) ffie>blll' tt
( ) fE:+ãE l rru r.u" I
e) ftä¿ìÉt./¿ ò Ø¿Ì-
( )+ä àsHT(" l- ¡ i.
(,/ ) %,+.
58
l;:i,
l^>), W
tlã'l
6Á, À à'àr( L¡)
I a -tü*- xffñ++å'ØilffiùI,,s¡ ¿"- Elal:-4w+î â:- Lttrri.-t
/¡" EYårltr* : tffi, ttffi kp.ti å Èi¿-ffiËjJt? *aÆr.- ur¿ãüttr#^ù:. T
CffàÈt:Tto|¿" ft+.tr*7cØa ¿ ?Ëf,( ¿. lÌà.:/¿îTda. trÐ{"¿ iJ
å : /;. 4 Ø'Iþ1, ft+.ttg+ù:, !.'c Ø 7 þ"u ì 4 z þ t'- ô t'- ô l-"c
dzl¡ås. 4 0>4t: l,'y rt IþlrJ&ù,Ël¿Tü:fS:I!-: tÌi ) Èì1.!.'Cj-
( ^ÉeNÈ'
Àl å u. j Z 1.",ì 4 lùtã>->T¿" I ¿ i L({"Tà.. fÁ¿lÈffii ¿ v / -þLfr.
t,.*Tüf àl È)=-tåìË) L- tr+.åK,o'C- l4)Df /Jt.'À,11 i."
Eä'c"¿*,.)r#ø14 vùtùt---,,{-ìùtv ö 1.."7 4<- ò/Ju.ØàìËE/ià.
6. #ktft,oI¿?þ'e - tr/ù1ù;Ì¡t'¿ El âà"îT t) LÈLf¿"
9 -)¿*BA^Ttol- Elllft+.øZ l."rs4 x¿ìIEt-ù"ol: ¿ å lrtT,)lÐT
=
fu'ù,oÌ¿. 7 t y h'c¿*.,bfrø | 4 vcòt#ø | 4 vcð. /'1 r" Z ¿ <-
È.-(-zt- ÅÃ tvù;-c !.-C [. âù'b - 7c {Lkt\,HTfruùf t. u." l-h'l- HAf"¿*.
+Ëf ¡FltvØl4 vz¡ à t" r 4 < -f-{.-,,r-À ùtvùtrt..{!.( ò. t+
â l4 : t.' { !' /J t' Ø ÈìÉËl¿'. +ä ¿t #þffi: /¿ ó å -C". I - v 1{"À t,'
e' È¡
¿-t¡,-l ¿ ¿ [tE
fÉ¿Jr great joy ¿' f. without fail
hti ¡ 5'r. ¿'
Ël'¿.l l: :Ëtrrä t,.{- tffiffi,4v rnecltanization
.F. *tr*
2t trt: t
: (t
5àr
o ;RØEãffi,tuE. iE U ltflldo. F€Ë rl'l.ld x ä^nfdêuì.
E d) y'
-y'tÌ, EA¿:Ët.t.
= ãlJJft+.Øã o r- L¿ìÈË, f l' l¿ å,8,: /¿"
l¿
K e) y'
= -9tt. EAØ*EØ Þ 4 vî*arÈù¡Hl¡ r,-ø¿ÌflËàrä r. a ¿ L'¿,H
'>1.1'- 6 o
#fiä,trÒ2
ÉrD
IJRE No c
o
o
a
c
Homestays
>>>>>
hen you are doing a homestay, ask questions whenever you don't understand
something, e.g., how to use the toilet, the bath, the washing machine, etc. Japanese
people love electric appliances, many of which are quite different from, and frequently
more complicated than, their American counterparts. The bath water might scald you
unless you know how to regulate its temperature. Modern toilets, so-called "wash-lets,"
might completely puzzle you.
Also, never assume it is all right to do something without asking permission. Eating
things in the refrigerato4 bringing a friend home, coming home late, etc., might all upset
the family's plans. The safest thing would be to ask permission. More will be said on this
topic in Lesson 1 1.
hen you are writing e-mails and letters, first write about the recenVcurrent weatheL
inquire about the addressee's health, and touch upon your own health. Then pro-
ceed to the main body of the text. lf you are making a request, explain the nature of the
request here. lf the purpose of the e-mail or letter is merely to talk about your current
activities, describe them here. Lastly, in the concluding portion, write Clt. ¿iZ &ô L < ôßH
U\Utl if it is an e-mail/letter of request. O,therwise, just write so-and-so f-&ã tJ<, ¿)Uô
7lÃac, etc. Remember that, in Japan, even in a business-type letter, such as a letter of
request, one should take time first to talk about the weatheç health, etc., and should not
rush into the business at hand. lf it is a formal e-mail or letteç you begin your e-mail or
ItLìltL\ lJLr <
letter by FÉ (a formal salutation) and you close it by ffiF. lf you are writing to a friend,
howeveL you normally leave out allthese formal salutations.
a
o
a
o
o
>>>>>'¡F- l:771
È&È.1,: 7c
" 4 {L'f- : d'tåìtárilð ¿, ¿ffið A,tJ" þnð.t,ò X 4,t
)
!'-4 Y v Z i-- nttlËJ b -?t.l¿"È. à. ü , X++#{*îùl ¿"
*a&ð Å, : ffið Â,¿Ì ?
ù-4Yv ffi¿rëJ b =:Tr. ãffi.ØW+4r"î.
*aEð Â, : *áËð A't:lÞ)Î6 *t"
lz4/Y 7c )'CllJ."
JáËË
'{,
: L o'C ö È.d2 !'L.o
63
ev lu h L&#frl-+ìv. fr- /J,77 1 ftøô1Îë tv¿ËÉ UCLìã "
*ó1ð Â, 7-Tvù;ä*dr./¿ØùlÐ:.
7-ìv 4.*ù¿l¡Øüi,: z-3-21ìoI¿À,î-f tl Ð. âf^H,Lt r.*ì+.å,"
idlð l', åi L{.
z-+lv =:Øffiù:, 4øù ¿ zr v v v tt-tloø^l,Ë ç : T¿A""fT
"
JdlÈ.1 bbTc i" +lÈ.A,îr.åEtrÌÌ. <1¿ y vtr.:tu!_Ìf_{_.
7-+)ìv ZL. ù ¿ zsvvvØ,Itläßî'î"
*á1È ¿l, ,r\n¿X ÐØ (' å t...
7.-4lv I_¿_-._ù'__220 + f å t. È ¿,Hu. * T.
3
ÌdÎð ¿, 1220+) alFI" 22nØ. L ?
64
>>>>> ¡F- L7- .(
z-qìv 4 {Lù.6......o
SáËå rt, {4"
z-+)ìv 7 r ùØx+ØËì€-e. âHHît€#þw.ì-(r.6^ù:. *0)i{Effiâ,
'
I¿ À,1T" [.?È. r r. ,:ìEdz{ È /¿ t. Â,-cf üt ¿". [. Ì,.'c- L ] ) È..
rá&ð ¿, !. [.{"1}. {4{ L. i Ä"
to X-clv - ì Ì/ -'c"Cu, ) À,f,'1. BAÂøKl:-pl>Tr-cl¿: å àì/Jt.'r¡À,-Cã-t
-C
* L/¡.
táËä À, Dtó. ù>l,I¿9È.ù:*{ò 6:/¿à Ð )" ù:Tåf Èl;l=zÀ i ¿
=frîà+.
ò t+E ø*.t:z¡ b * Lt¿È;. RH¿**ÈFF¿. <1. W4H-Ø__å_i__ù_;_ãu.Elðåó b
66
>>>>> jß-L771
îiI.
trJ
Êf permission *ár¿È rL (someone else's)
. Èå older brother
7
'fi- ^7î 4 ft :g+4¿ì,ñ -^77 4 r[i¿
þ l-Lt- 6æ. ffiã À, (someone else's)
L +'L lu younger sister
4H picture; photograph
¡
¡[. ôt,.
n (one's own) older
Wfr wallet
ù' brother
Je!
one's height t:-
EI
t tL 23 (- ù: ) FÀl t' 6 to resemble (-)
7'yùF. American history
¿.þ¡J¡. cute; lovely
n'ru t- r,
16 +æt lawyer
18 f[f;-/¡¡.
^ta
not particularly
[>>>EiÊl- F.1]
ttlt, -
b |.u' TATE
{¿;e¡, üt
: fft-/¡ ¡. not at all ßm+
L:
governor
{f¡a
o -lt'X I wonder lgenerally 21 ltr lake
used by male speakersl ¡.,p.
& winter
[>>>*Ë,¡- ¡.2] ¡l¿
t- v1i spring
¿
æ
? ,rÍl ffi state capital ,ì,
s
v'/u ti
population f fall
g ^t]
l¿-luì1, if I remember correctly
,, T'lr-'à L,-r,- wonderful; terrific
út
[>>>*;tz- t.¡] 24 Êã À, al1of you
tȿ?
*
tr fñËà 6 to make a mist¿ke
¡: [r¿ ó' 16r'
t3 -æEl¿: (tÈ l') second (largest)
a
t+'x./ Really?; Gee!;You're
kidding.
,9ti ó ¡
rc frft(t¡) famous [>>>*Ë./-t'4]
*14u,.,,.
b¿
t *o6 to request; to ask for rz (-¡11¡ 6 to decide (on -);to
have/take (-)
.ì,
EF train station
.f [>>>*iÉl- l''s]
l8l' far ¡:V/¡L¿ôÈ have just done
Y7¡,v+
z Éffi4 bicycle something
Ét/o L i
ù,f
î'ìt
3^ end u u-Zo) S¿: ¿. before I knew it.
ôht ' [>>>g;t,/- l-.8]
E àttn' pieasantly warm [with
reference to weather] a lic (time) passes
t¡D ã-
t'
*o-1, L
o)'
21
-ft - each [>>>g;Êz-¡l:]
14 (-t:)*6 to ride (in/on -)
t't" ¿l¡
per occasion
ia1.LL
22
-E]
#1,ù'¿: intently; eagerþ ç', ¿ lar -er;by far
)-t
lIc to type (messages)
-TSa to do something too
Ètf '
15 Ws¡t'â to be saved; (something) much; too -
helps [u.i.l [>>>*;É,2- l-.1¿]
t tli
76 f[
tt
69
*14n,.,,,
h'
r.ÉîEI z.Mñ ^ FI
J.
Jtl q.fr#I s.Þl-t'
o.âf¿\ z.'Illffi s. f;flS s.Eã À, ro. *u) 6
rr.{Ef* t2.lFÈ" [' re. ñ'IF r¿. ffiÊ t,. rs.ffiffi
ro.lË{r t2.ffiffi re.Hl,ù'ù: tg.tlc zo.#lÊfl
zt.WJ zz.lEÊ zs.Æ.b â zq.E,L â
This radical comes from ñ and is generally used for characters represent-
ing kinds of trees. wood products, etc.
70
>>>>> ìF-/Å7- 1
| "' Êili t^,r¡ül) ='not particularly' lã#t > t t e >>> ÊtJI¿ u <õo *uri,]
l7' v: !-t-¿. ^?
;IJE,ÍEI-Cöóú)*.Ëlv"
(No, there is nothing particulariy wrong.)
1rùvi)iÀ'.El¡;.
(Not particularly.)
vluí i
a) Àn¿*, ¿Ø c 6 t.å¡lj"
(What is the population, I wonder.)
t{À, lt¡t
b) âB¿Ì[fir€Er:,f¡f¿;g-6 I âh't¿"
(I wonder what will be served for dinner today.)
.
r,,,+-lÐi:tj,jsjóftèn.,usê.djjn å.8,.í...cÒn'sfilcti.ónr¿sär,thê.:fé11ô.W.í¡E.èxample.
:::
c ) ? 1,t y v1 å.4,r¡ff21. f¿ EE c( !.t¿ À,1T
"
(I have been wondering what kind of town Madison is.)
71
*14*,,,,,
b) 7 t, rt.-æ^E ø&r,iÍlia- t
ï¿l,tt'ìt t) 7 tv=7/¿¿,H,r.*T.
(If I am correct, the most populous st¿te in the U.S. is California.)
. Ycan be,a ûoun or a noun pfuase (i. e., a sen1ery'.-i. o.'/., t)': 1;, i,
a) i vù * -*'-f*. ¿- ¡vt'Eätt"
(Milwaukee is famous for its beer.)
-c e,
a) fÄùi. 1ÈçÈl;L:fr.
(I will have sukiyaki.)
72
>>>>> if\- L7=.1
a) A : ¿ ØÉr.Øùr,lElf.- LI j È..
(What's this white thing?)
¡) H-àt,u\El(*T.
(It's a very summery day.)
73
*l,4u,,,,,
n) ¿ Øñfrffi¿rffil,z a t¿"
(This test looks difficult.)
p) 7:.7ðÂ,ÌrffifrË2411"
(I hear that Smith-san is sick.)
q) 7--7-ð¿,¿tffifråLt\f*T.
(It seems that Smith-san is sick.)
-èreisa¡defi nitè.sourc-e.,ôf.,infpmiátionlif$i
,.],.,,.ð.å
mostno.rmallv,follgws a no¡rn (or a s-.énjence+.,-,.è 9' g on the most unusuar,,or
least expected Case.
1(
a) Eiløñffië ã-#Û/¡l'Åù*¡þt¡ l.t Lå i.
(There probably are very few people who cant even write their own names.)
74
>>>>> iß- L7i1
a) l¿t.JìBAØ4ÊIÉE/J nT ä *.1't¿"
(I have gotten accustomed to the Japanese way of lífe quite a bit.)
75
*14*,,,,,
11 *, -þtl?l*/J!l='¡1does not mean that ...i it does not foilow that ...'
lffiaÑl >l.l O >>>y
='tthtt¿h\2i?lrtfeeøa*Uru]
-*rùf f lÈ/¡ù- negates what ohe would generally conclude from previor.rs statements or
situations.
In a) above, if someone does not speak nnglish, we generalþ conclude that he/stre does not
know English; this conclusion is negated.
12*,V/¡t,rjfi6
V, !n .:,:(ne€alive
doilÈ,V,':'''ì'r:'::l
î'c is used after a number (usualty, number + coutter) or limited q"*tity (e.g., ùL) and
indicatesthataquantityisdistributedequa1lyamongtwoormòreobjects,time,erc.
.-- - -.-J -
t¿lùYti 6 õà,
a) áØ ) ttts;Ê7)ffi+.E tì: l¿Ø(.'- ff!..,ì i L¿v2 0).,t, þìs4.Tcó ù1"* Lt¿.
(Yesterday was my friend's bitthday, so I gave (him/her) red roses and pink roses, six each.)
qi.dl-Ètl ll
b) flæE-e9J+ L#êþfrffi,f'zHr. * L /¿.
')rÈ
c ) fÁùÌ68Ë+þfr-tTcH,Zâ. å l: L{L-*1"
(As a rule, I memorize five kanji every day.)
76
>>>>> iF-L771
a) Ê^Täã ¿. *r/JÈì¿ìtË( r¡ b *f l.
(If you eat too much, you will get a stomachache.)
b) ù .t z3 yvvu!.t'EFt.l¿ì. ä¿tHtå":rl.
(Wisconsin is a great place, but winter it too long.)
a 7 t t) ù LW++.tÌ.
) (American BAt'¿ÌìE¿: =ffiFñt)t LæffiþW.Z/¿ ¡.;þ¿ì¡' ¡..
students should not teach English more than three hours a week in Japan.)
77
*14*,,,,,
a) "'d+îIã#,b6 >>>>>[âff¡]
1 ,r, El-llsJVl
LPLh
e X7J. ì'æffi.ØEHkf#-c"c. å /¡ ð !.o,.s 7 ù- tÃ. t . -^¿l BA"c,l1 - À 7 7 4 þ l-'c. t -
âw++^ ð , -^ùl'h-À 77 4 frØ*á1ð À,,/t6&ã À,t:t¡. * T" H++.1!, E
'
E ?8,ì¡ /¡ ås 6 ffiffi.þ ffiHÃ L /¡ è r,. (ØJ : I : t} ù*1'(.' i-. I ¿iâll :gJ Ð L r,. * î I ).
¿
,Ì-À 714 ftØì6'Lã À,,/ìô&ã A,tt, ( /¿"tlÌ¿ BAffi?&!./J ð t. (ffi|: l{4 t r,. j
Affiî-tù,1 ("lt/¡ ( {. lffiru. iñffi] ¿Éi).
tr- HYä.þ I,Tc)r,ù:la'yìã À,,/16&ð ¿,ù: ä b. *r1ð l',/*6Ëð À,þ U
Wb->I¿
/¿Ååsg+äit /J : t. ò' -ÆffiË L /J ð r,..
>>>> 7F- l¿77 -(
/rrr4V2-,
e,{7 ü: r¡->f., fEf (partner) Ø)vå ÉtâøFl¿:rì,'-C#L'ât' /J ð !' (å. : t: ù: â¡t'-
l:lù¿) |giôr'
ÐØ (" à !.à., Hîã&ù'rà E)"
^uùi
lHYñþ-'>lF\ t¡ð !'o f-'1 {¡ !'!'{..Tà'l f-{ ò å'* !'*'t}Â,¿'.J f-l¿!' À'îT
¿ì. ['!.{'l- x i ù,) þ-É-f^c (once each) ffit./¡ð t.. HFåàs("å /: 6l ,70)L
tt2úr)
f¿t' t:## (to present) L /J ð !'o
{",, rD-J2-?
e Hä-cfr -^714 þ L/¿ ¿ t Øbâ)r.þ-)yf't/"tv-7't:^{L'C, 40)/\t:'Jr-ÀÃ
7 4 I:-tì,'{ù' ztr"' ôHÈ r¡ ð t' (fiJ : I À't¡*ffi1" Ll¡å'l ¡êS¿X Ð i 1.' L/¿å'l)"
¿*
$,,, ? rv_Jz_?
e BA^ff=/¿ ¿ [ 0)bâ++^þ*LT'clv-/t:)vl¿-c, EÆnT¡or¿W7)ù tvlr'
/=y2tr='tt.{Ef,åäðì,.o
$,,, Ë<ffiE
e BA¿- t^ â EÆ/...o)ËË (if you don't have one, use animag¡nary one) ù:. Éã++ ('
b t. o) ô-Dù"t,, - y þ#È z¡ è !.o (First, write about the season, then about your
recent activities, and end with an apptopiate conciuding remark.)
4***,
oþ-c ùt /J ð !."
( ) {FJ¿:¡¡ $þJ}þt*ìt.1.
b
c) )t4/vttt.- ( ) 6 tN+þ+#L* L/:.
( ) f-#:t¿:t¡â-c ù rr'T.
80
>>>>> jl\- L771
IEäA w
tJ v/Tl
-\t4 -¿*. BA-e¿.-L714þ LÈffi. 7t) yÅl)[fiç,fiìt:rÃ,{Lå*(,.. T
u.s,å,ffiFå7)ìþrf:2 I¿. år. grur'fuÎAslu.{.--tålå å. ;.t) yr*
Xn,lñ.:(
àsÈ ( ð¿,Ëiu.'có b. 40)*Æ.þt*<
" Là.L_ 4øz '/ y,sùÌEBTåÌFFËø¡;
Ð/¿'ülT. ElaFå¿-¡r6 ffi¿: ù*Blåì/J ù1fr¿tsr¡ à /J ì..o llløø ¿ å ¿t_ ! ( z') v
rsØ * * ËØ#Et:),.-t ( L * \, _ ffiffi.øÂl¿ Ë i:lÈËå fruÈ"
û¡.¡'a ¿t^,
ËFð front hallway ffiãll special
oã¿< T.
2d ir'
: (ttftld x ä^Tlfr Ë tl.
tEtË
tr
i
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I
c I
rÞi_:?HÞl_þ_KÞ_!l_t)f_l_br"...,,.,1.r,,,,
.
-.....:. .'.i|¡aa:t, : .
.',,:..:. :,,.rlÍ:lijï'.
,. 1f:¡:f!îrf']ir.:ji1:.11..::l;:]iìä;r'',:: :
Vlst\1Zãifi,b$it| .
1z.ã-
6ît
v .
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Advisors
Extra-curricular Activities
apanese colleges/uníversities have all kinds of clubs for extra-curricular activities. Some
are sports clubs, 7-7Ëß, etc., whose members play against teams from
".9.,#ifr$i3,
other colleges/universities. These varsity players engage in their sports throughout the year.
Baseball players, for example, practice all year round. Their practice sessions are often
Spartan, and those who miss them for no apparent reason are likely to be severely
criticized. The language used within these sports clubs is often very restrictive in that
koohai (younger members) must use keigo toward senpai (older members). Students who
hate this regimentation yet love a particular sport often belong to a less restrictive group
usually referred to ur Ëiiä, i.e., a group of people sharing the same interest. There are
fJ' ¡li f ël¿iDLr
also all kinds of non-sports clubs ranging from E55 (English Speaking Society) to trffiHlEtrâ
(kabuki club). There are many students who seem to spend more hours on extra-curricular
activities than on course work. This situation, which most Americans find hard to
understand, is possible, of course, because Japanese professors are generally far from
demanding.
o
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a
rrrrt t+E
s.ffiF-: lå l,'o
z-iìv T e *.ì¡ ¿,. fi¿_,_"_È * g 4,1ì_þ_I_ç_" ñr$ ù" t 208 ãär.j. h"
I
#ffi*: 4 i1T"
z-+lv 7€ {Llr' È,
- ö i -*:HH L{ ð l,.L.Í"TÈ.o
#ffiã: !. l,.("T j o
85
-l s #>>>>,
t A7-Ü2. Eâ#o)lËffiftiÈØffifr4r1î("
z-cìv îà+-- L ¡= ¿ rfH#L/¿u.: å¿sð âÀ'cTùt. âJ ôt-u-'At- t iù'"
ffi ffi: iL L- t^ i 7c--" {trJ{" t ¡ i lt'"
Z_c)ìv
Ì: å u,-ìzvÈìËTÈ'6 ¿,8,i A,î1" ö )-:Tø r 7 \tr:&cftäåìt.
l{.å. t,E, i Â,{"j-àì"
ffi. ffi: i.4,. 'c'ò. 1-+vðÁ,1Ì. Ë?¿* 6 )-Bt !.:l; å : 6î1trt, lv
4 z¡ v lTzløffi,ffi.òffi( z¡ù'-tl¿ L. xiåò È+ À'LUr ì.'óå.à.
àì¿,ùx'trr¿x-'/¿'r. D * ) Jìl¿' å ,8 u. * T À. 9-z-?_:__(__EA^Xt.{,t'à" 6. '}',
2
1,ffi1,\,, / 7 Ktt:I r v y, U'C. &âfrùì\',[. å Eu. * f ùt åde.
z-+fv 4 )ît{r. {'-ò - ù¡ø,. fËçffiË¿: öØT¿( ffiFå¿s¿'¿':{o tià'
86
O !-1Y 7. *f U t\ÊE ã18Ð#,+ ØE AÅ#Ël'c 5 ¿+ 1, v t \x e=É U c Ul õ"
ô,ÞÍ^ù:dfi ¿å/"LbâWwL
ffik ðt¡Inr#r¡âo)
)t¡ *-tr¿tç ffiÌtL årÉÈ
o L. (A I _ ffi l" ( l¿ l- /ì [r b fr rr, ¿Ì H
"+-LonlrHrooùlör¡!r&
ffikv;ffi rrrr-îi E Í-.U<ô+.
88
I
-l 5 #>>>>>
l::it :i:1¡1.r;:.-jj:;::i,-..:t
-ö-:i;'i
-x ['¿ f
+ìr. ¿
11 the following year
+æ. student; pupil ^.Ø+
lrt. ¿ r
r trl fFra tendency
(-àì)tËå 6 to increase [u.1.] ¡[.*¿
ËìE recentþ
tEa¡" of course -l'
tÍ"
20 ffi< to like [u.¡.] É mark; score; grade;
b'þi point
27 [flÉ ïeason vsr) ¡ i
L ¡'
,, ¡t'iÜ +lv decrease in the number
!É 4(¡¡ important
i.'L.¡¿
of children due to 1ow -ffi,- - first
birth rate [>>>g;Éz- ¡s] ial¡,na
| "t (-ll)ñå¡2l< ='to notice -' lã#l > t. t t >>> ñ,$2ËttttuE Ltc]
b) Ëclt'( Ëa/¿Ë#¿ÌËl'u/J!' J i ù: L* L ¡ i.
(Please try not to forget kanji, which you have spent considerable time and energy to learn.)
...tiæ@Seú¡è'óf
93
.l 5 #>>,>>
d) ð L /¡ afiffiåt õ> â tt -
6 +vnfuffi L /J r r þ tt t: tf u r ä *. Ë lu
"
(Since I have an exam tomorrow, I cannot help but study tonight.)
e) {É r
L ( ù Ë/J rrþtil:
får,r ä *, Ë tv"
(Even though I am busy, I don't have any other choice but to sleep.)
This phrase is used to quality the preceding statement. It is often followed by -Èr lt l: lt ì.. à.
/J t., -fi ùtt ¿ltJ t., etc.
b) A: FØê=Ft**îr'daå"
(Dormitory food is bad!)
$ "' V(plain) l¿Ü)JZ='an order to' l#aM > ¿. t >>> *#trÃõ fcrD tc]
94
rtrtt t+E
[ViAdj ( ( -form) + {, ] means 'even when -' or 'even if - .' With the sense of 'even whe¡/
:.,,,'i .,the.main',senteuçe:is,".ouUyìo,,tnJ@pal!' Ñoú ana,t¡.à¿jectives can take the forrn-
..'l:51;;:,a:6,5.t:$(àg.¡, L'î¿tr*ó.;r,,¡r.,,,,$æ b;; t,þ11,q ar.g,uqq4lly to' '
..;.:c-,,,,'Lf,ì!.f.,ò,,#S3*.Þ)..... t-...... ..¡..rt¡riaria".'i,-a*.,r:l:
"onq4qtqd
y 1.,$-zvlå. grìEã?(t,çâ4itt"
r9å
b) 7)yrtv7
(I hear that they play football even when it snows.)
À¿
c ) BAF*Êflùi. /¿ ( Ë ¿,Ê^f úzt 6 /J t. ? i îî.
(I hear that with Japanese food, even if one eats a lot, one does not gain weight.)
ç ÈÐi
d) HH þ"-À7)ìð â ù. t. ñø ErûÐffi¿rf* å * T"
(Because they have Tbkyo Dome, they can play baseball even on rainy days.)
7 "'vT
I rri
a) XftÍ# (weatherforecast) Ei6 ¿- +Hùf+æñ¿ìK6 4 )fì"
(According to the weather forecast, it will rain this afternoon.)
95
-ls#>>,>>
this suffix utt""n"r mainly to kanji compounds and expresses the idea of *t: /j a or -l:T â .
rÌ¿1, J ltürJà
a ) Hlæ BA¿åf r. Ji,'LË¡i+{Yl-
l¿
"
(Since the wa4 Japan has become quite westernized.)
irr ,¡r Ll i+?
b) [*E{Lã {t I¿tJtffitt&t-"
(There are rrraîy novels which have been made into movies.)
96
a) ,* ftËJzZ hf/ff lã*,bâ,/Vl:tflzã
vr t'àÖ >>>>>[*#z]
1 ,', E-rVJVl
e,{7ù:r¡ b. -À¿åg+ä. ò i-^ù*E+0)x+0)gffiHt:r¡., /Jè ì,.o H#*.t-t¡
: /¿ÄùÌ. Eø z ¿ ? EA#t.'=iru.ä ð t'"
97
.l s #,,,,,
-21- U t-FffiHL/Jð!.o
f ,,, trl-rVJyl
e,<7¿:r¡ b_ -Ât*g+ä. ò i-^ùrEÆ#o)ftHt:l¡ b /Jð !.o E++.å4Ø. L
? EÄffif"É1. /J ð !.o
J',, E-lVJVl
e 's7 tl=Ì¡ b r¡ ð !.o -Ä¿åff L r'.8#ä(.. t+{.'fi|ù.Øt- 2 .tvI-\ b /¿ t. å,Bz (
r,.*T (xX-yfË#¡¡ å'Ør,. ô\.4Ì¡t-)tv0)it'ù, å. mÉ4 it¡ø?ìE¿tl¡¡
ð !.)o ò i -^¿l- 4 Ø+T- 2 tvØffi; (older member) ¿: /J b *-1, B+4.ti. frË
t:7c 0)+T- 2 )vtt:ti.{Ef, È. ù'7.-ù /¡ ¡.¿. ?lFÐ * T"
^å
lF*:/¿ à. H++.þf :/:,,\ÐsftË¿:t¡ b. ft#þf :/¡ÀàsB#ä¿:ÌÃc'c., Ù i
-Æñ-FBL/Jðt.o
98
,,,,,**.1
Q,,,,7V->7 þ-172t
e EA^fTc{. 7) t) lt îtX t:2t,.LAnBÅUt¡trld'utx'z¡ 6Ì¡ìt ->l¿ t. ¿.t Ì¡ : L þ
I i ù'"
Ê-cÌc 6 !.!.-c'L d¡ã\.^lù-7'þ(F-c1T 4 î¡ 7 3HL-âr.. y Z lþlF
b /Jèr,.o yz þål{"È/¿6. ,7 ;.o)l :I¿t"Ù-'##L/Jð!.o
5 -'fFT
A Êrrl7))\+t:rr,.tãHEÆT âlFXþãå ä ð l... Fð Ì*tr^E++ (. 6 t."
-
99
.l s #,>,,, (+#ñlåõ þ tutu. fl SldtìHñ¡5rõ : ztr.
fcu\ËHðtââ\õltÉe?-D 5. ffi/võA< < fËütl.
Ëuì
)
lFõt¿få t,läl
wð
'Jrx l. 7 r
) -4 y y¿sElaù:Ër.r¿8.0)8. :. y -Øsó&ð A,ùt- wØlÊ.
) Lel:¡\, ë!'
ffi¿ ¡,øX^- þ ç. ð : ¿:iÉù¿{ r,. -r î ( þ,1¿" ffiø ¿.È,,\¿*Zq+ffi f à t,' Ø
¿
n a) ì¿ø{äffiðÀ,t*_ÆI+.îb6"
-4 / vI*, ), )l("{Ëffið À,cà'>l¿r. trtbâ L!'o
7 å 6
. &!4^ë&.
. = h = - o)tÉ tìø ä < t¿Ëi9ràr.l
..
= -:.-::.::!/:1];.]'.''
: :. ..a:::,a.a:.:::::l:a.:i4
o ¿¿of*.
.1,...,,..,......,..........,....>âFf; 3
LT IJRE No a
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Restaurants
D eople in Japan love to eat out. Basically, there are three types of food: Japanese,
I Chinese, and Western. ln big cities like Tokyo, howevel there are all kinds of ethnic
restaurants, such as Thai, Korean, and lndian. ln Japan, there are probably more specialized
restaurants than in the United States. For example, sushi restaurants serve only sushi,
tempura restaurants only tempura, eel restaurants only eel, etc. Although there are lots of
restaurants that serve all these items, such restaurants are usually not considered first-rate.
This is perhaps due to the faith in specialized professionalism that is shared by most Japa-
nese, r.e., they believe that no one can surpass the quality of food prepared by specialists,
e.g., sushi made by chefs who have prepared nothing but sushi alltheir lives.
Besides eating out, Japanese often have food delivered, too. ln America, very few places
other than pizzerias and Chinese restaurants deliver food to homes, but in Japan, in
addition to those, sushi restaurants and noodle restaurants regularly offer delivery service,
and you don't even have to tip the delivery person!
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>>>>> v7tsate
11.rì-y *aL.Ll.-c.L¡.ilt"
H ffi: L ¡ o ¿Ét.ùl å'. tau. Lt._¿__¿_l_+_*ál.ì Lì.\ å Lt.{"î1.
Ezì-Y (./ = t_ - k F,t¡ns 6 ) ft. Jì¿, ¡ r | ! r ô t¡ ë¡ 0) lr; b â À,1 T h"
É ffi: LL. v¿¿å-l¿'ùlD+/¡ ( r- i E^À,rrbâ L. +öØòô þ *Tdâ.
rl,2ì-y l#ò ØJ c:clnJ:cîù'.
É ffi: :ÉEØ-h¿:{4ù.Øc-ct', â Øàl#î1J. XJ{ ùùrØ:{ ì..þü*' l-XÐ,.f,.]
.cr.i L. LÀ,rtyùrØ:{r.frtj'lhyÐA,) lr.i À,'e-r" È¿ùl'çi
¿¿,} b. +l)ØØfrùtg6l¡¿r¿i¡.:ùf[.û:/J b *T].
retf-Y 4 iî-lù.. D{a . âEùj,$á/Jå.ÈìTL.(!. âzJ,È>. +ò ØEU Ì ) à./J"
É ffi: fÁò só/Jå.ÈìT!.( å ù, t, m+#¿: L J i ¿,8:{ â À,.c-r "
¡r,rl-y l#f+l o'c. ?
H ffi: FW¡:XÌ¿ 6T f âå. þ *TÌ. a aØùå. *á!. Lt..:{t.. i#.C"T}.
t5 rr.rì-y 7c ilTù'" {"ò1XùlXÐ.t ¿: I,li6 * *T.
***
Ë E: fFJ¿: ¡¡ ð [. * Tà."
tÉ¡ ffi: fl,ùÌHf$áffiu.L*f.
Ir,2ì-Y fl'¿*X ¿Å,.
Ë þ: lÌt.. Hf ¿Xп,-¡"-¡da"
***
É þ: ffiT LX t"¿,. +"f#t¡Ì L * L l¿.
Hffi,/U, ì-Y: bblrtLi"
É ffi: : tr¿¿¡#,f{"T .k " ffiL u. i 0)¿*7+ vt _ lå u. ) O)ttt[tà À,tt "
El2l-Y /à 6 tå t" ,êÈìtF34.{.f å. 6. Ér)ì#,(". tFÈìÍtrr { t,. I btTic lù'" ffi
É t.îTÈr. D s b. +ÊÈ.-ì{A* f "
103
, e :'ç#0) ftE- uErEtÊt¡ :r= < " 9#ttñ+{t0)*,1Ë, {Ëffi l*^+ltú)E{s.
,ÉE
^ïtr
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E# (Wþt¡Il /¡à¡-6) o Z i rLÀ,î* Tdâ"
trT
+r+ ì:2, ¿ ¿ ¿ltár. L r,. å Êbil,'c ì..6 ØT.. r.:*{ ò¿¿,t'â À,11 k"
s ffi ffi 4 iîTtr." *n, *ìlÂ,"C L/¿.
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trffi 4 i 1 I tJ" fÅ ò Jáî l' þ ffi='C â Ø þ R'Ì¡ ¡; 6 ê'ì å Ø ÈìfF È Í" de"
âJ#ält:(( õ"
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10 lÊ # îl^tr*ffi.þ-'c"
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¡åE ùû-:. L t' l,*c11+1"
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ffi.ffi è-tv åãr,.1¿1. å aôTÌI' Ð. âBùt J-ltù,6ffiXÈ¿.àf e) ¿ È *T"
o-+tj'É' Êdßþa("""
ffiffi taL. Lå.: /¿{t-Tda"
+# 4 ifTtr. Dr. 4ô7cô^b * Lr )ù'" frLò-ffiå'È,t9.XùtbâØ1.
104
>>>>>v7n=r.l
o I t 1 y !. Ë^ú)ttlJfiÊ-¿t+ú)ì7r D äÐutcu\õ.
Ì -4 y v : *á/JårrìTu./¿ /J ó"
Æ -: 4)IìtJ" ËòF^:(Èl;Ì"
ì-4/v: <y2t¿xô)ù."
æ - : !'L'Jo
e rËlr^õ"
(5.Êffii9*vtFtll,l.(#))
Ë þ: !.å:Lçtn.*¡ù" ffi¿:/Jðt..*Tà..
9-4yv: À.-L- Cy ì<y, L,Ë1 l. M+¡4
Ë þ: ùÌ!.. èvì-<v2 L l. M+T4
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Ë fl : ùÌr.. âËFr.'880 Flù: /¡ b * T.
æ -: 1ffiåf b{c È <y 2.;-rt"-L74 7=-B-ØS +14
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- v É {L ÊË I I {:i þ 7" ¿f ø 7
/¡ L H./
ffi *t¡ 7 ù: ù* t: Y 1r^ 1
E ¡rEË l. â r;" iÉ / v 7 {L ffi È' Y
ç 7 * rur * 0) 7"- ^'lH
+ " a) v {L /¿ {L H v ù þ L\ v b k
æ, T ç l. t.\ ùS'[H ¿ ÈriL fr o | âffi.
W, t_ )l^+ tr ffi +Ì àì [r I {ú Èì þ' +1
{" v E4 â iÉ r/r i r,
^ û IKFtJU
ù I 4'EØ +^+Ðrr j v l{ 4 b z'c
{" Ø 7 Ø ) | f ( ¿: 6 ù$ffi
1ù:
v *¿å-ò
"c..
ù:þr{L
7" 'c.. E lÉ É +F+("
.¿{ þ iL
7c {úi'elì I t E
ry â Ë[Èii''1Þll
ù:i Æ. Ì¡"
ùr D h
v Ì =-t I
t È' Ø Ël É l. 4 (" ìE Ë
n * ¿
L\ ò {.' ù. Æ
t, Y {L ,fr òi Ð v }." ffi ffi e' D
/¡ 1v 7l- +T
i
ù: H l. 6 ffi 1v t( 7 t: +rJ +, 6
L\ 7" iy u ü: ¿itH ¿: ö þ ¿: , ¿
' ¿* /¡ I /J lft å: {.. 7" {L I I ìE I y ¿
1vbtL c (
* ¿*i b þ {L Y Y ("/
À' Y -cI o)
Ð7"c) mâ HXùlf /
7" Ì¡ /¡ Ft ò "C. È, " È, ò þ,1r -)
6ÈLrvT¡{Lt¡þ
) àl !\ 7 â'c 7 Ð +
¿ Øi8 l' /
¿ l. -c'i ¿ ã
Ë 1Ë, â l,ù'¿{
E v Z v ¿*i Ø ù Ht
ð f 6 f /Ã: ("'¿Ì/¡v
I
U+
{LØ"ffi[.i
t ËHEà.i B ^v "c. (
Ø t
t
ò HA
L\ 0)Ø+f
A ù:i7
{" 7 !\ L¡
fnr /¡ +rJ I ,ù\ I l. ì.. j
c ÉÉ v I o) ii
I
Øitr,.
-c'i ¿ fffi
åì 7 ü:7 v ¿* å.i
iti tHr*/¡þf
/¡i ¿t,!\ - â fÁffiüi-
L.i ,Ëi10; 7 þt b E À, +
r¿"i ,liL ¡ ð t¡ {''t,{
ôtù:i ¿tyuL\1)l v
ii*n 7 rt {L L ù: +
å.i er/å/¡+f7"by
"{Lrtrlnrlþbl'
lrt-ìz)ìC{fLåìû:i
L\("'C -7if¿
t¡ Li
ò {.rieB åì o) [r ll
f.r ã l-t H i: " ii.
" ñ ôiØ ^ ( {Hn ¿.i
t' g-i l, lu like fried pork cutlet or
lÈ
f-_
116 to order (something) fried shrimp, etc.l
I B/,
9lBj- 6 to quote a ðâE cooked rice
Eribri
IEI ffi colleague; co-worker s L'À,rty pork cutlet
t''h u
vtc¡:c
Ëffi lfamily namef u æqÐ actual thing
da lfemale given namel 16
ÍrÀ,t,
IEE
¿u
clerk; shop-employee
rr t
¡"ts
ä t$E noodle shop 22 #, patent
at+. *F¡l-.
Ë shop; store
egg
l
)=z' menu ã 'FI
ä6¿t¿ I see.
¿tt
EÀ. [type of noodle] Ë.
.õ9 chicken llit.,birdl
i'
òØ lname of dish;bowl of ätf to lay (egg); to givebirth
rice topped with things to lu.t.l
108
h
This radical comes from the left half of lT and is often used for characters
representing kinds of roads or types of walking.
l'rjll'till'É)te¿
109
rt,tu¡ i :.
ffiæffi (t[r*bl" rot'n)
'I 10
>>>>> vTntr.l
#ffi# (respect form) is used when you are talking about an action or state of someone to
whom you have to show respect. So, when you talk about the action of your teacher, for
example, you use ëötffi.
IJ LYI1 T
ffiæffi (humble form) is used when you are talking about your own or your family member's
action. There are two types of ffi#ffi-l and fI. Type I is used when you (or your family
member's) action directly involves the other to whom you want to show respect (e.g., visiting
a superior's house or helping your superior with his/trer luggage, etc.) By humbling your own
action, you are in effect showing respect to your superior. Type II, which is called iH#
(courteous form) is generally used when you want to talk about your own action or state in a
humble manner just to be polite to the addressee. TEÉffi is used when your action does not
directþ involve your superior, but most likely the person you are talking to is your superior or
someone to whom you want to be very polite. So, if you are going to your superior's house
(or officeJ,, you use ñ i . If you ¿ue reporting to your superior that you went somewhere, then
you use * â (see illustrations in (1)). Similarly, if you are asking your superior to let you
look at his/her or" HHf å. If you are telling you superior that you went to see a
91gF, Voo
movie, you say 4E?8,* Ll¿ (see illustrations in (2)).
(1)
(2)
.16#>>>>>
ff there are no special respect forms, use [*aV(stem) l: r¡ b * T] . If there are no special hum-
ble forms, use [*a V (stem) ¿ gç /u,lc L * T] .
1*
ÉÉ9 táffLù:/Àå Iôffi\-T6 ffL*T
*rffL¿:/J b *T #ffL L*T
táffiLr.l¿L*'f
Ê,ffiþlr,tl6 ffi#þt6ìr,IJtt¡,6 Êffiþt6ùùTâ Ëffi?à.ùl*T
Ê,#þf6ù'tÌt:/¡ b *T trúþt6l¡Iì1,*1
Ê,#Zt6ù,1,J\'.1¿L*f
lFa iõlF b ì--tà â i6(ÊrT â lF, *.1
ta(çb¿t¡b *.7 L*.1
t6{Ft¡
sdfFb r-/¿L*1
112
>>>>> v¡n=r.l
a)
(I hear winter in Tbkyo is not too cold, lis that dght?] )
I.-adjective : æt-¿¿1*ær,'-07
Veib : ê'¡a ¿¿Ëê'\*'f
Ùlù ¿t' ,t
a) lfiU ¿ r- i H*Ett*EÎËr,.¿ ¿ ttÉÉ!-åf. Ë ¡ a åËf å-å.
(The movie cal7ed"Røn" ls interesting, but ifs a little too long.)
a)
(Ifs not necessarily the case that all Japanese high school students do nothing but study.)
t:
1',.,,1¡¡!iexpi$iq.q.istgft enusedrwith.;an¡adv.e4b-'d_'.f.:L.t,, :;ì; :. :ì l'l::i.ii.t.
-* counter {¡ *
negative 'not even one'
tf¿1,t( u LÌ
c) ffiil?T6^li. ñ+É¿fir+ffiúffiu Íl'6 4 iÍcî"
(I hear people who translate have dozens ofdictionaries.)
$',',-OzcJ*t¿(,tt l, * ölI
o@!Í*t¡[rl¿âÖltr I ='l think it might be the case that-,
1
lffiarø>t.zz, zef
'"'@!tfl¿t't7)t )
jË-,ð...t¡,ü,,,1.r,,..\.t',@1.i1,e,Ìå,:].å.!$è
¡1,,
¿lz'"¿il¡1.'Èå å l¡¡ ìc rrcaÁ hcra lrc¡
(I wonder if ifs all right [I think it's all right] not to leave a tip when service is bad.)
115
.16#,,,o,
116
>>>>> vTntr.l
a) *'ZIfiEl" >>>>>[â#r.âeÉz]
ft+.t: +E|ttl\o)åÐrJ Tïìr. à. fÅEüAþü( <Ë person, you can say f/¡¿:flrb¡¡
( Èè t., fÁØ*rð
"C b "f T, etc.
ðLr2" However, it is better not to use
the word ì6 c â,/ tô c b to your
tE*.2: !.!.à- !.?{¡ft4.1:*al':f !./¡È( ¿t.i superior.
t>Il I: l* t. å * ìi¿,¿. ì' - +E ùlfy''¿s.
3: This expression is used to accept
tÊÆ.t: 4 i 1Tù," t; p, ÐË ? ) t=/¿U *t 3" an offer.
1 "" E-JlrJVl
e =Å1: ¿: /J b . -^ürg+4. -^¿r/ÉE t:/¡. b /J ð !.o EA'cg+4'rÅàsv 2 1."
tqi $ Á,
ð t."
È..:4/l ffi.r)+rJ
tt/tì-/j--
1- d^- ù"- --V-
èvl<v2 1¡v2
74v.ù.74Y/t- àvyì)z-Z
117
-l6sF,>>>>
f ,,,iii¡tv-Jz-,
a) -f UÊnTr-c /¿ffiØffiffi¿: r,. -cffi Lâr,'/J'ð !'" ft-cI¿ a L 0) /¡ r,.Yä¿t. ft-cT¿ ¿
=
L Ø ô 6 #Æ.t:!r ô !r ôH\ãL /J ð !.o
b) : Ø;'ô7./ y h1ðTL3ê-ì aLt¡& ( r¡ b * L/:às. 4{Ltt/Jù'È.&ffLâr,./¡
ð t - o I ù- ¡øìàlÉ, (opinion) þ, rth.t, 7 7 ø )vr¿t, t:##.L /J Ë !."
3 ,r,4V2-,
e ,{Z ù: r¡ b. -Å¿lËìÍffi¿,/a b Hr. T¿ \ LI¿= --;.tr:?1. {. I,c-C. J þ{fr.of åigi
(to report) L. ð i *^¿Ì Z n¿ÈZ/J ð ù.o
I trt
IfiIl] A ¿t ð Xft,Í#ffir,. È À,f l tJ ¿^
"
B LLo
{>,>dvV-,
e -s7ù:t b. ( Èül/¡É#þífr.o'C - tØ3 ¿ lElL:À ) z¡âff? L/Jð r..
B: ilv"
A : È o) i 3 I ¡ t v øffiilr¿å¿i i ù;),,-ct¿ À,Ii c1 "
B : ì--c I u'f /ì/¡ó"
5',, **.
e âtìØtr* ÌÃv 7 | 7 vt:r!.(- =H+(. 6 r,.ØffXþE*/Jð !.o
118
>>>>> v7n=r.l
119
.16#>>>>> (+#tftõ þ ät¿tu. fl 5rÁrì+#¡ïõ : zÐ. liur
fcLìffi ffi ¡t6¡t6lå3'eÉD õ. ffi tutAt< < l¿ðtì. )
I liì Y?J
Wrî
7 y rt Ø,!+îffi1fr|.{ L. å é.èfØDf^. El^È. à&¿¡ãüdat ¡;. È
'
&årËr-I¿EØW. åðf ùåËþãñt¡v-7 - t"ø v7 | 1v^yÈ.¿:rgfi.
'C!.:/¿. -ÂÈìlÈXtñ{*r 6 L- þlÐtr:Åv L+T7lù:T¿ ( ðÅ,H{Èl¿"
7c{LkÈ.':Ì¡ù:Èr1#->(!.6 i Ë ¿:- 'Hrt 4 v=-ÃÈìH(È/¿" ËùÌ [f
u. ÀÅ, È ( ð l',del L Ê orA-.ffi ø /¿ å¡. T C tá /J þ:þìçr : ùf L' ù- /J : f -
-Cå{L*:l¿.
t¿t¿
oz g¿. cã
##nL, #Oñ
Aã,=JÊÖ
ðz
þ tÞi
. (Efr*o) #ÊrEr¡l]<eçg!19.
arh'f8Tl=t&Ëtui)r" ..'..."..'...'.>ÊãÉ 1
o
LI' L¡
=ffi1¿liÞll4-til-?
' "' ""::'::':::'::;':ì:":"""""">â#3
ôEtElf¿5t.
AEãFþNâ
r-¿__:ffi_ë99_çi'Ëë_r_!" ................>âffi 1
àð'
.'-7.. ËË=tuE"
.{1 :
IJRB No c
c
c
a
o
T apanese people are known for being indirect and vague about declining invitations.
J Wh"n they cannot accept an invitation, they, as a rule, do not say LìUìU, because they
feel that it would be too curt. They prefer expressions such as Z1)EIi5à,2¿""", meaning
"That day is a bit. . . ." Since the word lor inconveníentis often left out, one is expected to
guess what is implied. Guessing, howevel is not as difficult as it might sound, fo1 after all,
Xlt5* 2X......is not only a standard expression, but is always accompanied by a reluctant
tone of voice as well as a facial and bodily expression of regret.
Akihabara
kihabara (sometimes shortened to Akiba) is located less than 5 minutes by train from
Tokyo Station. lt is well-known for its hundreds of electronic shops, and you can get
good deals on anything from a TV, camera, computeç to electronic parts and software. In
recent years, moreover, it has become famous worldwide as a mecca of pop culture,
including games, manga and anime. Akihabara has also become strongly associated with
the so-called otaku culture. Otaku refers to people who have obsessive ¡nterest in one
particular thing, notably manga and anime.ln Akihabara, you can see new types of cafés
which cater to Otaku, such as ll NRä, where waitresses dressed in western-style maid
uniforms serve food. There are also v>fiW#., where customers can read manga and watch
DVD's, etc., but this does not seem to be limited only to Akihabara anymore.
c
o
o
o
o
,rr>vrt)--y=>l
123
-û#"">
_ffit-Ë¡ftäfËUì<Uìõ.
,T.74 \ a0) z ¿-rt -, ì..!.ËL *1dâ" t^ ¿ ø ¡ -rt --cTù."
ilJ EI: *ù*- f/'Èì(F Ì"
-> I¿,4,f T
,fV4l Lo- rÉâ("? Ta't.{"Tfii.
üJ EI: [.f L.S- tL/¿: t äu.{"TJ.
#y4 b (F a øü:ffiFåà.å.: È{' t, ¡ ) tt"
124
>>>>> V2t)r-!=!
Æ -: ) À'. 7c ).
qlù ?)'rf ù L+
ù-4/v RiÃøF4Ez¡ à. lÉLl LrJ" lMfr,äJ å ¿..ì' -. =#7 / rt {"F,/: ùl Ð.
Æ *:
L¡i$ l"
'
4 À,/¡À,Dpä ( {. ò : åÉr.Ølj,? lffiäFTl ¿ ù' ll,&o)l#l t¡ ¡4,ù."
Ðt4YY âf,*Ëf,t .1¿ ¿ å /J t.. /J ó"
æ -: 4 À,r¡ 6 !tt''> l;. EEIEØW- * y t vÆî t-h^Øffii þtr â È. à, _F,
ì,:fta i !."
С.41Y {4ffi.
Æ -: /\ffir. 6 /dùl ¿. ) -rt y þ È"å. 6. ftSi? â Øt*+-F$#:'ôEr¡ 6 È. ò
Lù¿lJ !."
С.4fY El= È /¡ ó"
æ -: ¿" i L{" ê¿s/¡ t,0)?
9-4/Y 4 i Dsä ( {-
ffiFåÈr/Jr,.Å,È. óð ""(ØËA*ffiFåEl¿: HA-#Øilffi
ùr ü; âÈ. à. ry E Øfrfr]!fuãfi L À ) å,8,c { /¡ Â,/¿' J.
f+ ìE ¿: þ þ Í"è.
Ù: ER. + H ffi ^
+ T EåE
ffiX ¿: ÐfÉØ â å å.
À"f:/¡TT^oL'Èt
(" Èr â â â åìF r lR
6^ä¿"7cÍryf
A 2 ò !r ry fu EI ¡* tþ,
"o /¡ Þ t ffi þ {.'tÐ tul
z.r¡:kF,0)ù:0)
+, ,ì.-" ( t -C.
'r; U r¡ x Æisf
I /J ùå åì â *: ìE
: ("Y !r t !\ Èt ¿Ì bi (*
/# "Æ.â â æ
;¿* & HÉñT
';Y, W ä&h'
T¡ +^ /¿ âìEu
Èì FÆ
? Ffi : 7
¿:i8Ë (' l¿I
l. Ø L Ltø v t' I
ii
?èå.{i {" '>i. c !r
R
lr ù: f{"0)i)ì ^
+ üftis l.
tv
7 y xFÐH4r
'&
o) ði f
tF o
i
1þ. + Æ
tfl/^lvo) i: H l tLi.l
lËMÊEl.FmËn<tìõ. Eåffiffi øfi Zr- r1 ù R
(5ÊæH: (EZ)Ð}rftÊtgØÊE)
y ¿ì rlâ-, B l.F )
#+â t 6Ørt
þöfHfEEoElt
-h&#Wffi, AØv
( -c" È" Élie ft
+
ù:/¡bôt¡ #.
+l
tr.âiz
ìùít0.tr1Èì
I
â * ËX
Ø'c )EñEv
I 0) ¿ rþ
*
üt !r .c" æ (-' tr 2
ffi âo+ùr ¿* Fä"c
r\: v / É
Ë ilùr
â È,
; ) I r: -^
è. !. )v')J0) ^
ò
Èì
"c" ) b B F"^
b,T- R*â AÈì
âEei:o)+H
'^llùå0)*
øËt\tffi l# tçeæe, +EìËl=tl)
)J tr ) H -)
^ft v 'c fdit
+ zs iù'' l¿
Èr å:
ÞÉ Hb11 Ëi þ o
'H{L.i F-9'
e) Y
Ho)'c'ci'cù
A)J!röiL\l
126
,rr>v2ur--r=>l
þtlo)rLA.)r,,
ffit^
Ð . åì tlr+ /r Ð
È ffif C 4+ t: "m
¿t !r + )v 0) ry À"
127
tl*
wl t)a-!aY
I
recreation 5 ffi seat
¡? l't" U ¡
#i to invite (someone to do 7
-ffi
¡l;r
together
something with the
speaker)
9 ÊÀ,c gladly; with pleasure
: [*+u
lfamily name)
ì'a team
',Jr fA
ftå"i dyl*- pitcher
ÐÞ* baseball
tó,' n T':1r..
L Greatl
ilâ game èl'
f.[ì
Æs ercand; things to do
11 +l:x{L6 to obtain t
JR
--¿ it-r,
Japan Railways
ôt* ¡I ¡rg
1' f,k#lR [place name] *t t)
ffiÈâirrl to arcange to meet
t¿
-ì-- L cA f61 _; fs _ ct( B
,|¡, Lì
ffin exit
ls rúLÊ->A t undeniably; no doubt;
r,J ( :¿. afew
by any account llit., no
Èp'i*i¿.¡ãzr(È
matter what others may + *üffLE central ticket gate
savl [>>>*,Ë/-t.t]
128
**, vtua-y=yl
f 'l¿ro 1
26
-J.)l:-lâ to try to -; to make an za (-zg¡ry¿flttal-(t. * T to be looking
effort to - [>>>Ètå,/- t.3] forward (to -)
.r ..
? H4E movle - ¿ ùl ÌÌ' lcontraction of -{ *¿ ùl
t tl,ì, ¿tl
2 EÃE tomorrow rt.(
<ta¡¡
4 RIR lfamily name]
Ëli= ( I, also [:Ë ö]
¡!¡,t
5ffiË
<
-/JÈç/¡fl¡¡. haveto-
movie director
En ¿l-rt t¡ uo E1,l¡t,¡, fÈ'r:¿ ¡[Eo lcontraction of -Ì¡ Il lt,
, frL- Wfr,#. ffi ä F5- ü^Øl# ¿f-'ä È ä r.l
¿r, rr rt *i
[movie names:E4EØåÈi] ,r 13 - h repo rt; paper
¡ttr E l. <7+
affi samurai 'fffiw. staying up all night
N/JÂ,È' :N/J å ù)ol¿flæl¡¡r rarely
10 tt)tvÆ [name of a movie 26 *'. ¿ for sure; surely
theaterl t¡'¡t
al lûS to stand in line [u.1.]
ß )-ùyl uncut
¿5' tl¿uç
t Æ.À,(t¡) thriving 76 ìE+ player selected for a
r:ãÈ I
team [usually athleticJ
2 /.';Rùtb â popular ttt -
t ¡it¡ b fairly
#øa to gather lu.t.l
tl¿, t
rtu . n fnJffi-15 no matter how many
g V(stem)rãþ) â tobeginV-ing times - [>>>*;Ez- ¡o]
[>>>EÈl- t'4] ttt¿'
rì
tz 4 ølú
È
and others
18 w,) to flght; to compete
¿ã+¡ ÊTT 6 to lose (a game) lu.i.)
ß tãîÉl â to visit a far-away place ¡t¡tr E
e'-o- hero
#*. a to gather [u.i.J
130
>>>>> ViUa-!=!
This radical comes from E and is used for characters representing times of
day, degrees of lightness, etc.
131
-llËF>>'>>
,nl,.;r,ll¡, A¡Èâ:ii:¡þ:ìlïj,:i,:Í
:',"ffifi
,iËfi.Ìn'ìÈ .: .L' lJ;.Ìi.e',Ii ffifi, "'Lit¡:r..ùl
.,j'l ,¡r,,,, r,... .,iEi¿;';::,ü i,lr,
'fto,,|.c,a-.,trI, ,::,,',-,4i *.,þÈ.a..,ù¡,t
lr.,.,..r.',t .;.¿:iÈ l *,fi:,¡jj, j|¡j, -:À,:,Ê l¿e:trj '.
::al::l:a
a) *+ØH-ðEä'ct¿ctt't"
(I seem to remember that it was also hot last summer. Am I right?)
c) ì '
ffiffiøÈi¿:¿' y y v 7 v F' ù¡ q L t¿ c tr'l " *
(Is there a service station in front of the hospital? I don't recall [seeing it].)
b) : y
^7can't -Ìt.
ffi,rr#bã ¿ çe) t,lL*.ÈÀ""
(You stop reading a mystery novel once you start reading [itJ.)
: I
[V(stem) Wb
.
â] indicates 'finish V-ing.'
,'.: .:;:..;
. i +m=m,-;;
(i finalþ
¿?åi.và,*,wii,,i ,r."
writing
finished apaper at 3 a.m.)
(They formed aleam by gathering good players andplayedgames with the American team.)
¿i L itú
b) & I øt -ÀÈìF+Etr:*Ë fJ. :ìEHØ F -)- t y | þT â"
(A number of teams gather together at Koshien for a two-week tournament.)
133
-û#>>o"
,.',,.'--i':r
'...æ,.'..S:OhraSè..inÈ,ó. ,ótliouÈ "¡mÞtê,;ãs'io,,tlt
,
c ) RA¿*ËtFÉf |;ãñämË(.. ó 6.
(Kurosawa is a world-famous movie director.)
a) "'7ñö,/7ßþ,nþ >>>>>[âffi2]
ËZ ¿¿t)
b) ,,, #ö/ffiâ >>>>>[âfft]
135
-û#"o"
1 ,r, Êl-lbJvl
à "<7
- t,- - -,,\¿ÌB+ä. ö i *^ùÌ E##øfeE-tt-t¡., /J ð L'o B#äl*. ãilø
r¡ b
7,3- l. r',{- I ¡ -þ-l â Ø:c- ft+.þiä?$ tr" invite) L * T. 'ËÉ¿*åH {u, uoo
like)" ¿ØÌ i/Ã)f-1 ¿ -ù.t¿- Éâfl*Ð/Jð!.o g+ä¿*ätrþffi.) ¿L" ftä-
tJ.+gÂ+VWfr b * T (to decline) å¡. /¡ìù'l-rùl /J i.¿.?tf ¿:#,H l-r¡u trLùl't. ùt * ì¡.t"
-¿D
f ,,, n-lVJVl
e ,{7ù:/J b.-^ilH++^ ò i-^ùlEAø'hz l'7 7:.1) -Ø*áËj A,t:/Ì. b /Jðt'"
*áËð /,"å. +WX'ÍR-cz zì l-vzl1v"-Tr(Øt.. H++.ò#t.*T" g++
¿t¿iæZ<òÌr,."
J,', trt-wJVl
e 47 t:z¡ b. -Äùtg+ä. ò i -^ùi 4 ØË&ØEA^+ä¿: äð BA^+ ä' l'"
4üt. H++-þHtlo)æffit:e,rÊlf L /¡ t,. Øf.-. ãtll)X.'rê¿:fäl$ L * i-" EYä¿*
HÆLØX.t:fr->T¿¿ ¿ ¿ì/¡!.Ør'H¿t*T" åÈi. Hffi¿*Ét""=Ä¿ Ü ( Èlll¿É
#îff L /¡ ð r.. (ftäÌl- ERà. È, E^L++.øX.* {" ØffiHäi&Wþ ff b . Yä/; È à¡
4 {t þtfr.-t 1f,ffiÈrîÈ 6 J i t:L-c ( ÈË !.o)
{,,,A-lVJVl
e,{ 7 i: z¡ b . -Å¿*t+ä. 4 øEÊt,-/¡ b Ì¡ð ì,'" t++.ùå. Ë,€àìË¿}ì
òi -^lt
ü:*l: Ø'c. A¡r'øWtHh^ t,o show himlher around) L l¡ t' È ,H: { t,' * T. å ¿
7).lTå /¿ r,. å :- ôþ:R.Ð1, ÊÉþ#ì.. /J ð t.o Ð ¿ 1â i ¿. ù Ë,ÍL.ât. /J ð 1..
$ "' dV2-,
a) 47t:tìù,{L. Ðôt¡2,f,-)ÈsffÈà.- ¿t L{ffiÈ7)r. !r'tlt bF'c'C. ['åà.. t
+¿.¿ ilt,/t å. /¡å-r ( /¿ ( ð¿,HFñl--c.æZ?Ff,È - ,rþ'e 2,r¿##L/Jðù'o
b)
ÀL'ùt
ËìEE,/¿WEù:, !. { *dEr.l:HFñ L. Ëf,1. ïcÆÀ:þ'É.12 7I:##L r¡'ð \'" n0)
H#*ØHffiþ{F.'c({¡Å!'" '
>>>>> ltit)Í-!=2
'h 7 -[4É
horror film du plot of a fitm
-t7 -7
S F science fiction
6'o fF*
e lft^L vÐ r--/ a y) ¿ t. iË{"- =E+øffX?ËÈ/Jðù.o
6¡ ) L
iJ-
l¿¿
i"
ã,lrrJ i
L
I
w I
f.
jLì -ü*. 7 lrØN+Øx+ffi-c.#ãtfrþH-W.L(u. âtrt, ++¿xElA
y y
'
ù:g+ L -C r,. a " H#Iil*RHØ Kt+'C. H&t¡ Y #ffi.Øë ì ù:^d'rr ö
bor¿" -r"ì ¿t 10^('àu.Øl¡v-/î, 7, y rtP4 4,) zø;ÊX?Êffi
t'ffi¿,-c'. 4{vt:--tt-'c14 z)t v ! ayþîâ" -ffiIstUl*F#Èà.6FñËr¡
!.år. 1¿ z)ty!=vlJBA#r¡Ø{". sì r-¿Ì. EÄffiØHffiäl¿ ( ð
I/H,Lä ùlfrr¿å-'ä È,Ì¡ ('CX:ÆIì"
¿ : ¿¡ffi *. o'C - n E'tþ.t:- t" : ø#4È È às Y &ffi.þ+81+l--CÈRbàþ
î a ¿ å i: /¡ oÌ¿ " ffi.ô.âf"¿*,. #Ef¿t,n:-l#ù:ffi.À,È rê-r/; b l-Ì¡¡: È,
ffitg.t:¡.!¡. ô#þffi< zc i ("_ --. ì y -t:tt+lJÐîØffiWîbâ" äFfrtiS
å u. I 1È ç åE¿:lF* ->T¿o r-: I -ÌÌ't" ì ønX:È¡d¡e¿fu,üvÈ.r,.{ {¡
t ->I¿¿¡. ËÌ:rf i t E â LF"crF ( HÈ.ùt'c.ft-c /¿Ø{'. r¿-þJ b ò+ (
Ëu.{L*:l¿.
ffi.1}ãØffi,81:56 ð fi.6 å . ftlãÈ: l¿" /\80)#E¿: ùl- fÉr,. I - 1 ¡v
åì!. ( .rl.Èn.fu. Æs L À,ù¡I¿ < ã À,ffiù'tl{[.]:o - ì ¡/ -ìJffi,þtrJì..{"
_¡àì: ¡ås_ Ð J. ù:Æ-¡ /¿ à r,. t-Øù,fllt'ùt¡,ù.oI¿" Là. L. &lì-#Wt:
Æa ø 7)ì¡. ¡. r¿ ô i È E,: (. ffiøFñøÈiùtÆ: t. frh''¡At:frffiËùtY ffi.
tYLH,{vI¿"Y#W.tt if-i t)-ùìÆo'c.t-âØþHâL- L¡c åô': ( b
Ll¿Ì ir¡ffiþ L(. ËffiË¿:f4¿.=ol¿" TâLfrffiËüÌjLì'/-¿:. [jL
ì y-. T*r¡u.ùÌÐ. ò: å iÈøfr,,-¡Æ-'-c) åË:/¿. ?l-r. ,'ì I-
ØÆ->( r.t¿- ffiøFåøÈiØffiù:- Y wt?.þÆà-rÌl¿"
ffi.^àåF-|,ù.->l¿åì- rì y
-ùt,/Jìi'ÉâùtgJ7r.ð d',¿tøà.- Ð i L{ ð
r38
>>>>> lt)t)I-!=!
,jù. È, /Ã. tt. -> /¿. H El X+-cËffiãû: â, È ffi Ëf, r,. { a â L. ËffiË ¿* n0) }.
i t:S i¡' "
Itr[ä(" Ì1. ffØFåØÈiù:. -ÉHIø l¡ùtÆâ : ¿ ¿:]F* : { r. 6 À,rì"
Ë ò ËÈ¿-c t 't Â,È ùt ¿". Y ftä¿:lÈËð d'tË + : /¿ I .l
È¡riuç r¡1.
ffi.æ. professor {Et'- low LêËt.J
ì
a grovp of students that ÆJì ¿ ,T a smal1 cushion for
meets regularly with a l:Æâffi¿:E
sitting on
designated professor to jzJrt/¡!l/"1
study specific topics L'
6tl,¡,L
=À+
tr( to 1ay flat (to sit on)
ilüÅ afüc)e; essay; thesis tot (
uJir.u'
to invite
4 the back t:^ b U¿. 6 )Ë
tE'r#-T a r,.Ffl
aE *1. ,I
Ë¿:ìt i to get lost
/4 \ /Á ôl
[:ËÈìâr). È trØrÆ
,(, f
alcove
e ìRØ9l;E#,¿-,, e. ff u uI € 0) l- o. FåË :( tr õ Ð 0) l- x ä ? It rd Ë u t.
6
trees.)
ttFãtxT
{_EÞt4_rle_þ,-6__ã__Þ_).
LT URE No o
a
o
a
C
n the U.5., even elementary school and junior high school children sometimes work to
J
I earn pocket money by babysitting, delivering newspapers, mowing grass for others, etc.
High school students with part-time jobs are not at all rare. ln Japan, on the other hand,
youngsters through high school are usually discouraged by their parents and teachers from
working part-time since they must study hard in and out of school to survive "examination
hell." They are expected to devote their full energy to studying to get into the "right"
school or college. They simply do not have time for part-time jobs.
Once in college, however, things change dramatically. Since course work is not even half
as rigorous in Japan as in the U.5., many college students acquire part-time jobs. The best
kind of job is tutoring students from elementary school to high school to prepare them for
entrance exams. They also work as sales clerks, sports instructors, interpreters/translators,
or anything else as long as it brings in money.
ln the U.S., one often hears about students working their way through college. That is
not usually the case in Japan. Parents are supposed to take care of their children through
college, and they do. Japanese college students, therefore, work part-time to earn extra
money for enjoyment. They may buy small used cars, motor scooters, sporting goods, or go
on trips abroad.
Job lnterviews
hen looking for a part-time job, an American student in Japan may be expected to
speak in Japanese, depending on the type of work he/she wants. When interviewed
in Japanese, either face-to-face or over the phone, you must speak very politely, using il#.
There have been cases of Americans selected over their competitors only because their ff#
was better. Therefore, learn to use expressions such as tTLCdl)t and, above all, never refer
to the interviewer as 6f¿f¿ !
o
o
o
a
a
>>>>> 7JLl{.f l.# U
EËJÞ. t
=, t .75r. õõæâEÉ+tî^7,l,/ tI f-øt¿ ¿zcEE=Egõ "
*ItØL : ?14 y v#ê:ÉÉ+ffi{-î.
C )v: ò Lð L. ir/¿ ( Ull y t åFL* -l.r)ì. ,€âffiffiÊfr7)ttsø: ¿(.Ë I
: å fiJ!.1¿ u.'1,{"Tåì"
5 9{tØ^ : 4 {L:AIi - lfrØÊ ¿ ftir b * Tør. ,t'4 t61+t, ( /¿"ð r,."
***
EE ò Lö L. ftb b * Lt¿. ÈffiØEBltT¿;.
A'l+t'
C)v b/¿ ( LffiEX+ØH++î17 v l. ¿ FL*T" ffiEt+øffir.lrft+rï,b-
7c t, å'e#:*#WÊfrþWL( u' 6 o t- + â LF=l¿Ø{". tá€fifru'È L * L
+-
/q o
l'q=
z-+lv "C"ö. 4lLItL ¡o ¿......"
t= I
ffi
I
I
I
>>>>>Vlbl\.( ¡-#l'l
b l-I¿ ( /J t..Ø-c.
w++tfr fiå.f+ffiàìó b * T¿."
Ðs.4 f v tt ( å"j ->l.l41t-&)ù'"
ffi++l flJ¡t.ttl,ù.0>^j bl#¿:"C"È ¿" {tìJåùÌ'. 3v¿--ì -ù:Ë+Lu'åå.
å:
Æ#'ØffiRþ l-I¿¿ ¿ àìó â L ù'"""o
l-4YY ffiHt¡ à. f+{"++ffiffia4t#þ t' }. o Lf : ( * LÈ"
10 W++æ1 4{tÌ¡ à. â. t ¡: Ðt€?#ÎH{"ffiRø,s4 lþWL(u-*T}" Ëffiffi
Ekffi.L{ ó üt'* îzJ'È>. €# L'C. ô.1¿ 6 Ð i 1"1å'.
Ð-4YY D ç. FË7r.ttl a*.T"
ElPE"
Ð-4Yv * 0) iÊ?#iH¿:€ff L t ô-I¿.1r"îàì. Èe)r L l¿.
t5 H++ffi IÌu)ol ?
Z Xf, -?+
È /ø< 4 ù:
" Ehï' 7
¿ t" 1'
i\!rf4v
fr^ j tv7 l.
=Hl""v
+ år þt t /'tt
ü: Inr È, 0)
EÈt€tf14 =
A'# 1o)
o);tÈ-þLX.
ffi¿i,Ë å'e
trffi.
k+I¿.m É,Ê
*Ø+1L
ÐX
'c*^À,ffi
lIr" Ø ri
F- Ë¿ië
rêËØÉi:
^ffi+b
Fþü:{LT
-) Ì '{ 3
'c(#l.r)
È H, IIJ â" ),
tÌ 1." o) I¿
fþtH-(
b Èr
âHffiI
o 2 ^
Y
-ñR Èì
I¿Ø
trh\t1¿,81, (,
Ftts
ffi++
FrlÉiÉ tr - t .u - t = ) t¿ & 2<ËtlËîFf EtÊ< 5 frt¿. .L
¿ìþØ
=
T tb l: < t t:t lV ¡.ø=.¿H# (memoria l)
E t¿H
(5ÊtEH : FilËÊ tr- t t) - t.))
)KØÙ:
äåì *
ü: t¿
Øo)lI
È #F
Ð rlj
ù:ri-) F-')
l¿
im
t-
I¿
o
-c
:e
{-C
1P.? È
ü,
.t" ffi
/¡ f *
b)vñ!
tttttTrlrltir F#u I
147
l8*,,,,,
¡i:È
Ê.i'¡
¡5t l.tL ri
wt to look for 6E|ll lfamily name]
irùaÙ ¡trp*
z Llt receptionist ? ffiill lfamily name]
¿l( l'¿ so5 J:+r'
-+ffi school [:Y&;often 10 +Éä junior and senior high
used for names of school students
schoolsl rt.u¡ i
åii L f,fæ target; object of
3 &.Êw teacher l:rÊe) ,, ,È'r-yî 4 T volunteer
¿l¿, U ò o) tÐ-
s lfrØ# person who handles a r: *a El ù: Ðr¿¡ 6 to meet lhumble form
patttc;lslat business
of à )l lu.i.l
mattü [ã is generally (tl, -
a humble expression #Lt' detailed
for ,,\] L'r J
ù'r
I5 ut*. aft.er
to replace someone
-LR/n'â
lu.i.l
17 Ii'c. i ît fine; good
vliv¡t
Þa a little; short (time)
lformal for ÞL]
l, ry'l: lu
6Èft a person in cftarge
tt
z î->w,b
¿ ¡J+l
4 quick and simple ,, i¡ connection(s)
vttu â r.
s L+Xa to chatter t:trTl 16 #,Æ relative(s)
ì
,1., ¡lxE
fffi)x.w v z private lesson tÙrT. surely
¿['f trt¿+
, ffi+þl
<
ç'i , t ( +o¿l¡.
1w+ftúÃ
¿¡
ffiæ editing
tr f,.,
¡5 ç* Lfu
o#lll lfamiþ narneT e ù7vlL Dutch (person)
¡¡t( À
177yF'.<2 r*f.ryr* Ê^
u
Caucasian
Ranald McDonald r:ç'i; (
¡¡['¡ <
to enter a country [:El
tEE continent ^EX ¿:^å: ¿l
q'l
z 7t'- l..tj-t FortGeorge 10 #-l to allow
t - r:r\, attt '
7av l.7Yt*^ scot 11 lffi å. ( warmly
s ìvf ¿7Y Americanlndian - Q ) t¡,F,¡tT â to feel as if -
ôr9DþaiL+
4 iH ùft å a person who goes adrift +';t¡r before long; soon
on the ocean €.v¡'
a
I (- å ) l*,ù'T 6 to be determined to
s (-ù:)ffiizË ( to drift ashore -; to resolve to -
¡,t¡,8 i r: [¡t¿*t¿¡'n
6 ffigJ-f â to be moved; to be 13 Elatlffi Japanese waters; offthe
impressed coast ofJapan
e- ttu t¡ Br.+¿
?Mft ancestor(s) ffifif;trÈ whaling vessel
"etluÈ. +-luu, lu
Effi legend flâEl crew member
*tt ts- t*ti t¡ i
s,Bt.Hi- to recall t4 frt# method
t[' ' ¡['¡
-i:f-üîå toward- #t. fortunately; luckily
a!¿t {¡ c;,\,
Ëd'r longing; yearning frffi direction; area
r.tf- Tr'
ru( to hold [u.f.] [written rs (--.) fiìJ, i to head toward _ lu.i.l
t t gi
expressionl
- tr_, 711=ZE [name of a shipl
e ffiEX national isolation
.lg#,,,,,
t¡F. ¡l¡ f ¡ ¡t(
JhiEË lthe biggest island in 30g the next (day / year / etc.)
'o
the north of Japan : E l:4.øl
Æø-&ítøxå u.61 {Lttu
¿5' '
31 Fffi warship
(-ù:)tEj-( to approach (-) [u.i.] *r( Èlå
+-tuÈ ¡ i ËbìET to send back
flâE captain of a ship ¡t u¡ ¡
t (tÈ -+. throughout (one's) life
EEru Tand o['
Y¡9¡<
33 Æ niece
18 (-ù:) LW'f â to land (on -) tt¡ri L
ffiM-r a
t!
to be shipwrecked
ülftl: splendidly
çl È.
:tiç( 'tÞfrc to be useful; to be
25 ì8il interpreter
helpful l:'tÉ.t:-v'>l
^¿ ¡l
26 õÆ(r¡) inconvenient
*î¡
28 Èå
J-âr
¡s
to learn; to study
""t TJlrl{r h#t I
This radical stands for a rice plant and is generally used for characters
representing kinds of plant, states of, or uses foç the rice plant, etc.
151
8*-"'
t "' Xf*Y< åür?T='Y is about the only X.' lã#t > t. t z >>> äâ.Ê< Surrttrt]
This expression is used when Y is about the only case where X holds true. X and Y are both
b) Eë *"rftrr'Ë b * î.
(tf you only sleep, you will getbetter.)
152
tttrt 7rLlr{ F#U I
d) Ë+ð àfr i
?rrtrft'#îEflÈrffie) 6 È r,. btI {..ùtó b * È,L"
(It's not the case that knowing kanji guarantees that you are able to read newspapers.)
(¡È
e) EHðåó*11{. Lóirl¡îî.
(The only thing I need to be happy is free time.)
f) (TbðåÊnôfr^'. iÊb*1.
g) <T b þffi,¿rë àTtrff. ÌÊb *f.
(If only you would take your medicine, you would get better.)
r0Ð
a) *.6îÞÛf¿tt"
(Ifs iike a dream.)
153
.lg#>>>>,
c) ä Ðr ä ¿¡.fl=Fþì /¡ ¡. ;1 ¡. ç t /ìda.
(It seems difficult to find a¡ob.)
Ilc¿lu
d) X+ffi4FT â7tt¿rrJ-"
(It looks like lhel is going to get married next year.)
| ," N/¿Þ (lI) ='because (of); due to' lffiævl > n a >>> ìEãRi¡tu rr¿ur,zu)]
-l¿Ð(t:) follows [Nø], lt¡-adjective*t¡1, and plain forms of ,- e[Þ.$, :,4"F d,.1,],,+-
fÁ6¡¿l:.ex:.
adjectives. It indicates the reason or câuse for the following clause. -l¿ Ð ::is.¿
.:.:i,, r.i :. :..: .,...-r:i.:i:.-:....::;. ,.: r ,
(Because of the deteriorating economic conditions, many people havebeen laid off.)
1 ,,, El-)b7Vl
- ,{7i: Ì¡ b /¡ð t.. -Å¿lBä¿: aHYE.t_ Hæþ#.2 â7 y.,s 4 | þ LÈ t.Øf".
¡<l'
u-
!' å !. ô tÃ#¡#+ffi.Effi#þ tr.ti'Cr,. * 1" ù i -^¿t'< î ¡ y y#à##nriift'.
a Ø+ffiÓ¿Ì. âË ¡ ) Efr,EþWv" !. * T" î- Ø- /\Øàffi?ffiH L /¡ ð r,.. âffi
ØffiI¿.t..ffi (detail) ùlÉÉ.
f ,,,n-rVJVl
e '<7 t=àù'{1. -^ÌtB+4.. t) i -^ÌÌâ&E¿: Ì¡ b r¡ è t." B++.ù:rtJÐ tâ?{F
l:É#þlt,ttJ'C.- ##øvy Tvtt:t r.{ffUãiàffiþffiHL/J ð r,.o 4.ø:- L þffi
L'å)àr. EH. ffiFå. EFfr, +ahLt¡¿Ø#E¿.u.,ffillÉlÉ"
J "' E-rVJVl
e,{z¿:t¡ D t¡ð r." âff 3 Ø, r.4 y vttt._ l9€?ffEf,¿:Êffiþ t--c ô,r¿l åË={r.*
TTJt- 'ffi.ùttrFffiËf,¿:€ffiþ¡" ùll¡ffiØâffiþëì,- *^¿r, t4 f y- ù i-^Èì#
Ff,Tf ø^¿: t¡, ->'c. - ffiH L /J ð !."
4uAv-r71.-l7t
e BÄr"t€ffi?Ë r EA^ùt. +ffi?ffið Ì¡ It {L¿x'-r¡ à /¡ ( /¡ a ¿ . Éilç¿. L årc ( (to
actshy) t¡¡,t¡ù"ffi4 i L u *ìi¿,. Ð i Lt¿ 6. ffiðìÌ å ¿ ¿ ¿s-("È å {" l, ¡. ) ù""
4¡lv-7"þlF->f - 741¡7 ?HLâr,.. y 7l7vZ"l./JðL.o ,Ã l.¿l-c-å/¿ò.
,, 7 Ø lur¿L r-fr¡¿L /J ð !.o
5'o 4v2-?
O ^e7¿: /J b. âh'Ø+Xf"f"-*É#l-ù.->/¡ (* /; ù*-Ér,.t/¿'o r:) T )v)t 4 l. ù::
t. {. ffi Lât. /J ð !.o
1s6
--' 7rLlrr F#u I
6,,, fFJt
e ãlJø L/¿: å Øb67 tvtì4 l. ù:?!.(. frtl^L7 tv,s4 l' J å t,')ffit'-tr^?f 6 u'
ø(Fxþ#ä /J ð r,.o
( ) øñffit_ù.fn à /J r.."
a) ffiätt-<f ¡vvËàffi#W ( ) øz ¿eÀ(ffi->'c.\'-âo
( ) t:11'> l¿ : å ùtb 6 "
( ) æ\ffiì-ârìôi"
c) )-t)-ftvl¿YY*à#+Wt ( ) æ)Eû=ffiFåffiL âtì ô ) "
( ) -ìEFñ¿:Xffiffräå- âIìô i,
( ) ++ ¿ Hffitffi.ì- 6 z L t:TÌ. c Ì¿
"
d) 9- l/ -li ( ) ++ä LÊffi+.þ *ffi¿ffiL â tì ô i "
( ) +++ È É&ä¿:âffirì11ffi.ì-d'tùl't't,' å Ë{rd'ul¿"
( ) -ffiFñr:=aEò 6 irìôi"
e) Ì- 1/ -ùÌ ( ) -B¿:=fH6òiTìôi"
( ) -ffiFñ¿:=É'Hò ò )Ììôi"
157
.lg#>,,,,
ti 7
'{.''r
'l
I
w
Ëril
-si 4 -àìFlai:Ë#l-r ô': ( b t-I¿ a ¿ Ø-? ¿i,. E#)yø17 y l-Í0,,
lfu/¿-.lÈ. BA^fi ( ffi- 'hx l. 7 r \ t) -t:l¡lù.taâçùt"?f+r(!. oT¿fr
fìlr [r È ,Hu.- tóÎð À,tt:ll, , 4. *ôËð Å,ù: ü*2. y l."rì v ì_ ?l^*l¿t,
^,
ù:Ìå7 J t) hØ^+0)T !r)kHo{t..rÈo *ô1ð ¡4,L?Hr¿Èü*Ë,n
(' ( Ìt Èàì. *rËð À,È.b *., l tLl- Q i t¡ffiþ Ur¡.ù.->l¿" 4 Ø.,,y t"rìy
ìti- ffifrßØWØ7 - | 7 .¡-7 (.'Ë: r¿#(F b o),s v ìt- trJ.t z iHu-PVlÈ
-cÌ¿lt, å. -ì7 ¿
-iÌàì: ù, b U{ L * oÌ¿" ã¡ ¿ (.. fáËð À"øt#o{ !. å
,syl"ilâJ]ü[llv t"4z¿å-'à.b/a'¿ r.) I åù:ftcu./;o ,ìv."rìùlf/J (.
17, Ã{à-ì,,v l- ty y / z¿ù1i v F-WJtrì,ù'b T¡øIì" 4Øt, | 4 vøz
,) y r* *'C Cr-;v - fi tvl"y øñø),.->f¿11 y l-tùr¡Ø{"-
^ìi ¿ -iÌ l.
4 vtË)yä È e¡¿: taù.t- ( AW..-C l, *. -cl¿"
r .ì_
L a1- t'J<
Ii v r*frrfu Uit.,brand-oriented, +fF b Ttandmade l:î-c(F.
i.e.,Ilkingfor /¡l
narr'ebrand goodsl
:-å¡i *tg' ¿s'r ¿J¡ î â to be disappointed
ffiwØw hometown
-l¿ ô'¿: whenever -
EÍTEÍ;
ürff â/ t'àö
e_çn-.__*_l¿F-ÞA.u.1lt_il{U
vtuhb\
. tr-lvl{fr8-EÞt4SKÞ
o UP. ËËfd<.' .'1r "";¡r
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i +t\,3îtuäãTäò;i'ft
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IJRE No a
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Humble Expressions
hen one gives a gift in Japan, one uses an expression that minimizes its importance:
)t.òT&V\V)C175ì (lit., it'sjust something insignificant). The spirit of humbleness has
always been valued in japan. lt is the same spirit that makes Japanese speakers say {EIÐõ'd
tìtttfu75ì (/it, there's nothing worthwhile) when they serve a meal to guests, or LìUìZ, å
lvCþõDtËl\',/¿lvCtcrdtl (Cl) (lit., it's far from the truth) when they are complimented,
for example, on a member of their family. 2ãòl'a!\+r)elñì, howeveç is a fairly formal ex-
pression. So, when you give a gift to your homestay family, a less formal expression such as
t t,fcbo) U t ldLìfu Cdäì wil I suff ice.
Gift-giving
hen one receives a gift in Japan, one is not supposed to open it right away. wanting
to open a gift immediately has traditionally been interpreted as a sign of beíng
materialistic. Don't be surprised, therefore, if someone you give a gift to in Japan does not
open it in your presence. Likewise, if you receive a gift, thank the giver profusely, but do
not look too eager to know what ís insíde. Like so many things in Japan, howeveç this
custom, too, is perhaps in the process of changing. some young people nowadays may ask
you to open what they give you at once.
Another difference in gift-giving between the U.5. and Japan is that when one receives a
gift in Japan, one often starts worrying about what gift to give back. For example, if one
receives an Aäiur 0.e., gift for special occasions) from a neighbon one must give back a gift
(r.e., an AffiUl of equal or near-equal value. When you are in a student-teacher situation
where you are the teacheç however, you do not have to worry about this. ln other words,
if you receive a year-end gift from a student you have been tutoring, you are not expected
to give anything back.
Since an average middle-class Japanese family is accustomed to receiving so many gifts,
they are not easily surprised these days. lt may be difficult to give them the kind of present
they might find extraordinary. The best kind of gift for a H#Ë to take to Japan for his/her
host family, therefore, would be something that would be hard to obtain in Japan. Take
with you, for example, T-shirts from your college if there are teenagers in the family. Picture
books with beautiful color photos of your city or state might be another good choice.
o
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,,,,, *o* I
ñz ¡. (Jè) ,^Øft+ØTvrY?
t À: z ì¿. æØ^+{"^ñ ùr b âT / r v /¡. À,1-l .
,+x Ì.(1)
^åo
161
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9-4Yv âB ¿* Ë ¡ , ¿ HFËÈìð â A"îT I,T T*
"
ffiäåffit: ¿å t.. {41. t- ¡. ) ù."
ù-4lY H#Ä0)EìËØffiiÊffiffiäù:ryür-'/"vl¿ A,'aT ù;- Ð i L /¿ à u. t.. Ø å.- ð
-tIf,brllr.Èrl¡ ( {El:{t,.6 À,ícT"
w#\ffi: {4¿ìâr). È /J u. A,acTù'"
l¡.,lYv å Ù:à. (. HÄf'ffiffiF¿:ff¿ll"¿/¿: åfì/¡¡.0)1- l\tþË{u..'È àr,.
¡.. Øå. ò âà. à /J U. A,tt
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{Èr*1È."
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t5 ùr.4lY bb, jå.:t. FË b42ltt Ð i î l- ¡ i ¿." Ela{"ùJ- wæHìËB¿sùr,a È.
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,E-)þ-&-È--I-à'.
3
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H#äffi: U-t.åo ì..r{.6¿iA"
162
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fnr 4 ¿ ùt' =''C. Lr /¡ b I 7"
^
I lVr t 1 vl-0)1 =
aV- t-ñDrã (5HEH: +EffiHtl)
164
rrtttHËDM I
15 10 5 1
Ðþ0)^L'cÌtb4åì{{ât0)
Ø ;y+rJ
R ffi ¿i l: o) ò I ül Ø É {-L' Æ +
l¿ þt iËH 6.,r â ò Ø lir
Ð ? s d'r 4 ¿: î,tH ) I : ^E o) {" 4
,: ) +tJ
¿:1:.r
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ü*
qryÈ)lvt*â'cL#É?'0)+
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åitr¡ rt ô tù {L * ti n 1 " àì
H u
ã)
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âi
r â ) /: T¡ Hh ffi 6 4 +rJ
a)
Ër ¿' f ) k l¿ :'
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1l ò ffi, *,8 ô?'ffi.âW.FtJ r" Ð u o)
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NH
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A v þt þt r.i7È. f+ !r i v ffi ØÊ ^
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165
.lg#>>>>>
,:,1:r
;Ì!i
ûr.¿L u 4iLL u
t¿.r¡ I
4 ffiMWæE wedding reception n- i b flã¿¡r¡ l- to have no choice
but to - [>>>*rål- t.2]
¡ ', ¿*t þ - /¡ ¡. not at all -1,
14ffi navyblue
7-y
f
suit
Èr(
t1
-Ê lcounter for suitsl
¡5'¡ ¿ L pri *:
IWÆ tfamiþ namel ìEX weekend
r ¡.¡g t¿¡
¡ .ti Ð "C.-Æ
È
at least once t6+L g¡ft. of appreciation
ì
[>>>*;ã.i - t'4] '&t
12 ãøa tea cup (for green tea)
-/JÈ+ lcontraction of -t¡I] {t
¿fl
>>r>>ÊDlpÀ
ttr¡rJ<
O
-FÈ
å [rt
fond of - [: -¿lf-] g /¡ l 24 HùR(r¡)
.tr-- )
exftavagant; luxurious
UùÒ
1 #Kl season 25 #îËF groom
aTuL i't , ü¿s
6ffiÉ!¿: traditionally ffihñ búde
tt, i tf ru uJit.
2 *õ+fi mid-year gift tH'r#t 6 to invite
d¡"*..
3+* end of tl'rcyear 28 *'¡-.* ¡- increasinglyl:ò-lÈl
È¡ tr a'J
4 tôffi,H end-oÊthe-year gift 29 Ell å È. ¿: clearly
t+t ¡
ttt< v vt/,,¡'lu
fáËffù: /J 6 to be indebted to mffiæ vicious circle
someone iu.l.l ¿['*r;
t¡ro I 30 ffiw influence
6 #Lto to eqjoy
,c. ì
9 EIIâ
tl ,'ìzlrv Christian
to deliver [u.f.] È¡9¿'n
tt,
¡ i ¡tð #,à church
fá8tr New Year
'¿ LrJ*
34 /C'lì just; only [>>>*tÊ,/-t'e]
to *á+:Ë New Year's gift of cash _t
¿
rË ã,tÀt -t:FE à not limited to
rc IËTþ,øÊVI loca1 product [>>>EË,/-t-1oJ
ù'7u¿it11¿) clt v
rc ffi,ItffiTt sightseeing trip -hd one's superior l:âlt¡¡
.xt! e, ¿"f'ÉâÌ b t1)Ll
zo õfrffi¿: weird; eery
{¡"{¡.
22 n&.
40 Ì2 ¡.'i E exactly
cash '¡, ì-
ÈtT t- 42 t6ìEl, reciprocal gift
B WTIã) to help each other 'f
24
rl¿ E r' 4s *,Ð 6 to decide[af.]
Æ*,0) original
þ
- æ.?
t.E a e.Ës q.ffiÍF
6.grW ro.
-Ë'
rr.xfl rz.ìEü* r¡.Fñ ttffi
r¿. ts.ffiIT 6
ro.EE tz. taS:Ë ß.ffi*râ ts.tffi zo.õf¡,ffi
zr.#îBF 22.ffiffi zs.tEî# z+.8Ã 6lt' zs. ÆÂ
zo. t'El
this radical comes from ñ and is generally used for characters repre-
senting god-related objects and activities.
obtain something, or to reach a certain state. It is often used with expressions such as Ø ¿:
and Ì14'¿ È'.
d) t2 ë"t? ð'X¡¡ ( (
ò L. t.f"T J.
(You don't have to take the trouble of coming.)
T,hiç,s¡prossion, means that X,,is.notr what one normally wants :to, :do'bq1 óne hag :no, choÍce-,..
r' . . ::,r .:i.:rit.:.:r ,,r. -.:.:.,, t, . r,: . ., :. rll,jl
,:,:.¡.i,ì1.,1.-
r: 1..:.riri.J,.r.li.:..).1,r:.r:,1'.,' .:jitrll:: a:: :i': .,ri
but to do it. ì:ì'
169
.lg#,,,,,
b) ft+ùt7 t y rt
^)Fà tLt¿i.6lt- + T.r-Jì.LËaf
¿ I'l¿ À,'e l, ¡ 1tt"
( lfalking to a professor] When you came to .{merica, things were very different from what they are
now, weren't they?)
Qr>r> ËÐ"< (-f*) ='at least' lã#3 > ¿. z >>> ttþ)<-El#Í¡ïaÊ ì5 t¿e)r¿]
170
*uo* I
]¡?À,
e) ffiL!.HÈìF zâ e.Ò|;W#.þ Ltt.* T"
(I am saving money so that I can buy a new car.)
,
i.No,tlc-é..thatine)', th9.verblis,4po-t9nti-.yèrb, whilè in f), the veú!s'..an a9ti9-n,v ,..'
$ tt *JZ,/ 1Eã-â='seems -; appears -' lffi¿*t > t. z o >>> rFñEËtcEz az ;-e øaf
a) t., ò fr-ã"IZE,Z6"
( [Hel always seems to be in good heaith.)
b) BA^rr+J bã<Eà6"
(Japanese look younger than their age.)
:.r , . :
Sentence a), for example, would be used when someone has said that kanji is troublesome or
that he wishes there were no kanji. The speakei then rejects that idea by emphasizing the
,"u.on clause. i4 generally replaces particles lJì/k,/lr,/lt, but is attached to other
particles, as in,r ¿ 4, L i ?, etc.
171
o
J s,,,,,
t:
This expression can also be used in the affirmative, as in d.
c ) *+Wt:fttl 6 Øttx+þ+XL /cåEE "
à n< t\6
(Only those who have graduated from college/universit¡r can go to a graduate school.)
d) t ¡-t¿ffi:cü. {Èe)¿x-'ffiri"
(Any place is a home once you live there. [:There is no place like home.] )
>>>>>ÊDwÅ
lrrrdVv-,
e ,s7ù: tÃ->f., Éâåsâ* r' ò 6 '>'c.-&) {Ll-¿.rr:ËÉ bFht=-tt.'cffLâr..- EL
r¡7" v€ y þ /ì: /: å.. /¡-tl' i {Lt-ù. oi¿ù,þffiBÃ L /J ð !."
f,r,Ã-rVJVi
e,:Zù:ä b. --^àìg+ä. ò i-^àì,+ 7 | 7 r I t) -0)).'û:/J b /Jð !.o a) øHY
+.ØÊHÞ{r[tJ- ( /¡" ùl t BAffi ù: T 6 "
173
.lg#>>,>>
3,,"iii.7tv-J7- j
tlcilvl,à ö biZÁ, L¡i
4,",fF*.
e 1 -c'ffi l-ã-cI¿/vë v t Ø,Hr.Hù:?r.{. I i {LU¡t .r¿Ëú¡+h) ¿ r. iffif.'ffx?
ËÈ ¡¡ ð ù.o Fð ¿* H?" 0 øFtlz !. <-ffiA,íctr.69 ( å Ì r,.")
n c 4 ØhÉl|*,o))vì, t-u-"
n ) d
*J ì: t\,
*6#ØlÊÊ9.ItE+Ef"ó å.
tr e ) ¿ Ø^lÌ. +,#ø tiå.i:ñE ò H: lcØIì ô i "
IE ilÐl
w
o 7-+Tr. v / u hØ*+ØãtJJffil¿+fi8ä=< "
ôÈq
E.tIt HÃ ft+^
ffiEc
Fu'FÆ¿ÀËI¿t-îr.6 i Èù:. \,-)0)*ü:È.-E tr:/Ì,->{ L* r.* LÈÈ¡. ft
+t*l6lúF,(*[. à : L+ t,. * -fà.o 7ct, Èr¿t,. tóæt. : ¿ T- l, ¡ i. BAù* 4 À,/¡
d) 4 {Ltt /J't}'11È."
. .: rijtì:i:;r:
t:;ra;t:':;::::F!;!:
1 'L,.
I lìtq-
!tt,
,rtli1
.
. :t!Þú
':!ì_r,
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'lt''trt ,,-..,
' I' : I í"t iÌ,1 rl,rf r-r1rf q"rlr
':'jil rr r-.t
'
LT URB No a
a
a
a
o
ULþLÈL
Shinkansen (trËf,ffi)
tTt h" Shinkansen, or the Bullet Train, started as one line in the 60's, but has since
I expanded to a few lines running the length of Honshu, Japan's main ísland, as well as
part of Kyushu. lt is not inexpensive, yet it is a fast, safe, and comfortable way to travel.
Trains are on time 99% of the time, and even if you miss one, you don't have to wait very
long for the next one.
R¡okan (ffifr)
here are enough hotels throughout Japan, but if you really want to relax, go to a ffiÊE,
I
I
a Japanese-style inn. lt is expensive, but if you wish to experience part of traditional
Japan, splurge one night and stay at an above-average fftÊE in a hot-spring town. Soak
yourself in the hot tub, eat the food they serve, and get good night's sleep on a futon.
Hopefully you will feel all refreshed the next morning.
Travelling
T apan is a populous country and everyone loves to travel, which means wherever you go,
J it is usually crowded. ln the spring and in the fall, many schools have so-called iäVffii+,
teacher-led trips for elementary through high school students. Although it is impossible to
avoid these crowds completely, you should at least try to find out from travel agencies
when the peak times for school excursions are so that you can enjoy at least some sem-
blance of privacy and quietude.
a
a
o
a
a
>>>>>tft fr
ev, U z5 ät 5*x,-^tF U < t lc ì 7-. ìiE;Ñl.ffiffi E ffiãl b6 ¿¿ l; U. JTB effiffi ú) ?fflEï 6"
It Ë1 [.à:L{"t,.*.tù"
W B ¿. å ---ÌÉ{t'fÊ4E^f-rÈ È t. Â,1"Tåì. п z).#È.{. ó * b H( z¡ r.fRÊH
¿frtl"[.f.("l- t jù,"
+rE trI o 3- i'CT" ,Þ4 r61+t, ( Èð u..
180
a t È, ffi Ë¡t+ú) g +8, il,- JtlrHilJú)EË t- Ë < . -ffi I r ,R lctl rtôft äär#Ë lc 5 ë ff t, ( ur õ.
zjr ff : ô.A,t¡W.{vl¿{.L¡).
ìt4YY:41îöób*'Ù¿,"
d\ ff : â. ãffi"C"ti'r" ,È.ùÌ^ffiÈ4 )rìù.È,, õ ¿-ffiFåó b *Tdâ. f/.ù*
L ¡ = ¿ tôIl,Eù:Ã:'c < 6tI Ð- r)À,/¡ å j L*-få..
C )v: æÙÈtrJkF,Wl-Ì¿L'("f"
d\ ffi: 4{Lttì.- 9È.ø'tþc7>À,Ì¡{"LÌ ) å,H:{[./¿ A,IitJ
c )v : Dç.,fxð tôJÉtEi:^b *f. å¿ ¿: bâ À,'aTù".
zjr ffi : T"C"î k " frÐ LkÐùtb âù. 6. FåËå /J t.'(.. da"
10 9t4 f v : b{L ì-" -ffi D ç /¡ L'.å,{"Tå."
dr ff : I v/y vð À,ttt- [.? òft#..trìoù.b " ¿ : ¿ÌtÈ u'Rffi/ìå. t, æyE
L*tÐL b6 À,îT j" zjrð t'RffiDç*aÆl,tr¿s-: L¿./Ju'ül à"- 4 {L
-c" òEØ^¿ 4Ø^l*. Ë) ffiFå¿: xâ 0) !" :-.0)táÆtr8ù*tÈ !.å" à-
{FJ^ö -l#ù-)',{v*TJ.
15 l-4 ,v L; +. Æ tò ì 1 v IE L-f#t-Lô i ù'tÃo
drffi táiÉt.Ëtt:^â^¿å. fâæþt#o{r':( ( /¿'ð u."
C)v [tpå.j|J .'CIilfTù'" ln
¿\f ¿i 6. : : ü: ü>aÊFltø: ¿'cTJ.
{lo
C)v ù* l..o
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dr f^ $áJFI.EØ+îí+kffi,b/J r.{" ( Èã t.ùr.
Ð-4 ,v æùt#.ì-* 1à. à- Èu. D * i :;*("T J"
181
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tþ,!r ü*, ç ¿: w. äß
o)"à. lt,ùå#þ
ËI 7C Ù: /'I't E ò ñË
æUòÙ:Hç,þda
T..C òA
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ê&it't E, t{'-
-ìtþ,/¡âØ¿tËùå*
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7) b FEI'å lL -c ¿ *i5H
â 6 ffiuffi ð *i äß
¿ Ìffi üå¿* b ð Ø ù:i4
ffiRç&âF,tóFn:
Ét"tX rr "VJ + 6i
f.rIÞB"{Lço
l¿'-)r¡iôr¡ffiH
ô ( ¿-r*\ l\lf
oÈì¿tüß
i,.{ð,XØ
TF HFJffi
þ rlr& äß É->R
tF þ ' ¿.
Ðffi *ó
'deffi, l1 È' {4Ë
+X-
182
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Øffit¿â*i:+=tr'-JrtH
gJ g É : lf, b {" lrl )Eû {" I T ù: -) H
+,J þ f*
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->
5 åì ffi. =.'
t;,
(
â )V' l# 7 F Ë /¡ þt Tt :
11 7
L-
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H å s
BþËtt1+r¿'goð7t2;'rt
+ z H å ÊÊßi
r
A ffi Ø [r ¿ Ð t2 ø. 7c t: ä13'c 7
î Tr Ë åì 7 :1-u; U j ñ'*á I ) ^¿Ì
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f '+Ëi€B È " m. HËã
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Tt t*çFrt ìEÙÌ!\r¡7-'{
7 /¡ # l- A {* )1' .tì ffi FË \ o t'- /y 7
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¿t'ii -f L ) \ o rH, lþ, Ël¿ H '{
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183
10=#>>>>'
lt+ ( i, Lt
AKIT 6 to make a reservation -äÉ number - car
¡t ¡l u k¡+*-lr¿
ÐJre ticket 11 ffiftffi# reserved-seat ticket
¿'. å pri lt /,
tKn
*t¿lc ¿
(ticket) window 12 wa# special express fare
u'¡,¡J¿"+ ln ticket
, tr+f#å bullet train
Urrl-+lr¿"
¿t¡-l-¿
3 ,ffRE raikoad station ### passenger ticket
tr-iȿ,
4z
employee 14 fl# fee; fare
i-¡,¡, ¿"
]g'ct' ¡ ) l- ¡,¡"
business trip K Inn
' rtt;
HdF
t¡
KßH
r: tL¡ ( ¿
ffiË lplace name] :ê{úå with two meals
ri çt '
¿'.a s-[
l# þffiÐ. â to rest Uit.,to rest one's ffi
1
inn;lodging
bodyl t¡rùt
v-tlt¿-¿-- Ðbø view
J TB Japan Tlavel Bureau l, tl--
ut tf
11
frä Japanese-style room
: -ifi <
gti ¡ti
1yfr¡tl, late afternoon, usually tl n#,
u ri.¿
joke
just before dinner time ,gt' È
¡{av" <
16 Yã& informal cotton kimono
Effi private house providing r l,ø
18 Ê4Ð kimono
lodging and meals to I
Ètàt
tourists 20 Êæì-â to change (one's)
ctù' - clothes
, [Ê.{16 to become tired
å
tl,
5 $áÆ1,8
FJ.
bath ftffirtl, I
feeling
å
vE¡t ñffiÈt-t- comfoftable; pleasant; to
ø(-þ)F,Wîâ to see the sights (of -)
¿-t¿: rÞ
feel good
9HÐ men's section of a -tr
bathhouse
2s ffii to wash
¿o'lut¡ @
*È women's section of a
bathhouse
f
to b{L z [uttered when
something unexpected
happensJ
27 iv!z7Y-
trl
rushhour
F[ffi¡lJ Mt. Aso
¡t( 6 uå
glcv t &H Mt. Sakurajima
28 ffiffi otdet ¿l r¿
Lt<t,¡t
WW characteristics
'XlJl volcano
¡l< È
vs'i¡tu r.È &ffi, various parts of the
2e + tJØ- one tenth [>>>*iå.2- ¡ r ] country
30 T')t y n 6t b America,for instance lot;ui ln
lñR hot spring
r¡ãfr'
ts# CTllnC t9; i b leisurely
ia
31 &. at night
t t-â
ü.¿ bËå walking alone
186
,,,,,* ol
This radical comes from # and is often used for characters representing
kinds, conditions, products, etc., of thread.
187
.l to#>>.>.
,l
F li ¿, srl mêans 's2 to the eÍtent sr, or 'itissó tllât st.' S, is'ge.nryifplain'.f-,9, s,'
c)
(Tokyo has an amazingly large number of people.)
a) â- l¡[J U €'lFÈìffiLt-t"Tiâå"
(Right now, IwarLt a car more than anything.)
t, tú: i
b) l¡[å fJ ú&gÆFÈr*#(.'T"
(Health is the most important thing in the world.)
Y in this construction can be either a noun or a verb in plain present tense form. This con-
struction means 'As for X, Y is the best thing to do; As for X, there is nothing befter than Y'
,ù
a) ã1. B ù: ¿Ìht¡ t, è - ¡vþffiùi:ffi,õ.
(Orinking cold beer is the best thing to do on a hot day.)
*I
6tt
188
ttrrrfft fi
Í.c, l:Lv+
a ) Hfl¿: ù*Ëú) * * Ø#++ffi+Ltrt&,t -"
(There are marry old temples and shrines in Kyoto.)
Lþ 2b
b) BAE¿liâ/¿tr:f ¡f Êft.å,Í.. Ë¡ *at - L l'.
(Japanese rice wine tastes good even co1d.)
¿r. ,' r¡
c) #.þlrlltt¿**86 ¿. F,ff? ¿¡ ( .
(If you go to sleep with the window open, you will catch cold.)
189
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(ËÉÉ"c)
l,,,HSAAU
e Hê*(p.192)þEa, wØHfñ,^æàäð !."
a)
b) HH¿.6ÉåF*-r". lô¿.
/J :' f
bl {'r. ( àà.à. b *Tà..
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Øùt?
190
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e ffiW#&ØWr^lj*(p.193) þ Hr - /r ð !'o
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lóÈ ð r'
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fftÊË-c'¿*. ./ dnr,/Jt."
n b) ffiÊEo)Èt.l*. #C ¡¡f'-143Ë[E^f'5:{
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194
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Effi anecdote
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LT URE No c
o
c
a
o
Homestays
Making Apologies
mericans and Japanese don't necessarily apologize in the same situations. Americans,
for example, always say, "Excuse me" when they bump against someone. ln Japan,
however, don't expect to hear lArtËlv, ft+Ltrt [,fi, etc., on crowded trains, platforms, and
sidewalks although you are pushed and shoved allthe time. Japanese don't usually apologize
in such cases, unless they feel they really hurt you, e.9., by stepping on your foot by mistake.
On the other hand, salesclerks and service personnel in Japan would apologize much
more readily and profusely than their American counterparts, at even the smallest hint of
inconvenience they may have caused you.
Also, Americans don't apologize when they fear some legal or financial disadvantage
that might arise. For example, in a traffic accident of which you yourself were the cause,
you are not supposed to apologize in the U.S., because apologizing in such a case might be
interpreted as an admission of guilt. ln Japan, on the other hand, the person who was
responsible for the accident must apologize at once, to show how sincere he/she is. ln fact,
the presence or the lack of sincerity could very well be a big factor when settling the issue.
o
c
o
o
o
>>>>> fiZ l-7r=U-¿Ofóffi I
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200
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201
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202
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203
õt
14
EI
IE leg; foot 18 S'il. * L,'r,- to be fussy; to be overly
"t_ critical
17 Ë side ¡7 *.¡,
('È
E mouth
27 fr,[Ft â to endure; to put up
ì with
'ar
Eà¿Ìðtî to butt in
t
ô'
o ltlv Jil1 a Àð"ù1.âi to kid each other
(' g V(past) l¡
æÈrT to live øÈ used to (do something)
*tt¿ [>>>9tË-/-t.ro]
t/Àä [famiþ narne] *t¿i¿
#1þ.t:
-.
iþ
This radical comes from the shape of a house and is used for characters
representing kinds, parts, conditions, etc., of houses.
207
.l t t #>>>>>
1 "' - $Lff-lrr à,/ ttOTllI à='because -' lÈ#l > ¿. z >>> rd: l¿ Þ Hâ: tcÐrutrt' a]
lÊtr¡ >¿.0 >>> e<gËJËtrnõÈn t;n o]
Y4. : T 6*.-r¡Â," )
HÈ. tI J, L t-I¿ L a ô t:X.ù. à tÉffiÈt7). tt -> l¿ Ë,oTl ñ' ò
"
(I am sorrSr. It's because my parents called me just when I was about to Teave the house.)
i'.W,,hèn'.9'3,,þri9,'pr,
eded..þi'a.:lê€,a-tiyq:v,,erb,'f.9,r,m;f.ex,Þ,,r-. es the,,m.e.a.ni. g1 ,,
:befþig
something hapþens.'
This phrase can be used with either a negative or affirmative predicate- In a negative sentence,
.",itm .:eanl..f (iСã'-rnme.i.trow.næ. a ffies,' In an afûrmatile ltê,nce';ít..1i ,tne.-s@
..ói...:.'am.l:.....:.=,:':..:...'.',.'...'.'.,.............:.:'"..'.'.i],
b) i 4It- ¿aV<bâìL*r¡Â,.
(I can't tell a lie no matter what.)
b) A: D+. ó ur¿#Wz
(So, you arc Teav íng tomorrow?)
B: ) À,"
(Yes.)
A: Ds. -flä2llTtJ"
(well, take care!)
209
l
ft is used in many'idiomatic expressions in Japanese. The following are some of the expres-
sions containing ñ.
f ) ?ãã,l:/rftrf. mtðt.å*T.
(You can do anything if you put your mind to it.)
b) *rË ð A, ù: y = þ,,t y y þ ¿* t.
- Í+ffi,\
Ttù. t¡,t. å à {:ÈË ä fx É"
(My host mother advised me not to go to school wearing shorts.)
a) T t yù t:f
-c LlÌ.A,cÌ,.6 Ø(". i€ffiØãàìBAffiÌ
b < l,+/r åtr("f .
(He has lived in America so long that his English is almost better than his Japanese.)
lV(plain, past) ö ØÈ] is used to express something one used to do in the past, to reminisce
+
a ) ffi,ä t¿T Ø',s Y ùÌ,*a!' L !..
(Bread fresh from the oven is delicious.)
211
.l tt #,>>>>
a) ,,, yfrä,=ö
b) "'öP-TEâ >>>>>[âffir]
Iiv| : Í*t,r. znÐ à-flã,?l-l *t 2" person to be caref,rl the next time
or not to make the same mistake
again, you can say I lr,È. â ù1,-
J. i i:l,t ( Èã t-ia, 47). à tÌfi
þ2tl'c,h, D +.âËùl-f ia,
etc.
1 ,,,E|-lbJV'l
¡.¡
- ,{zù:r¡ b_ *Ä¿tB+ä. ò i-^¿t,tr4 l. 7 r }. t)
-Ø*a&¡ A,^rÌ. t að !.o B
6¿, (
f ,,,jV-rZ h,-l7¿r
e E#ffi0)ft,+.t¡ e,, EAffiøSä¿:ff L a E*/.,ÌÌxaþÊi f.L I ) tr."
lF-cî_ 74î ¡ 7 þfrLêr.. 4{Lþ' | 7 v Z"t_A_ .fhtr' 7t:##.Läð
"j:ì)v-/þ
r."
^
I * /¿ËËà Ëd-¿l¡ À"1 T ù. )
"
J "' E-wJVI
e LØ 2 î y 7 b 7 v 7" Lt¿ r,. ô\,- ôr¡XÊJþlÈ.-c-c. _ ft+.L++.Ø*#Z L t ð t..
.o):ôt
<ffi^*i-dâà"
++- Ð t ò -r 4*. ì¡¿," -ìEFå f 6 r,.Èi¿:Æl,ff? ôr,.{. 4 ttù.6ffiØÉEfåsHr,.
ò Ø{. 1à.6.
ftÆ. 4 i 11ù'" : Ø a.óæt.zJ. È'F,þ'c il{ ( /ìð r,."
++, ¿t r._ ft?r ùl * î"
4rrrdVz-,
e ,{7¿: tÃ->'C.. Ëlâ¿lBÄ^frct å:Jr-a77 4 þ L/¿r,.à. ¿" i ù.tr:-tr.(_ fH+Ø
L/¿ ( f {¡. L/¿ ( /¡ ( {ò. Ðt L-tl-I¿r,.Øå._ Eit-At-
^¿ffiLât./Jðù.o
/¿ ( /¡ r,. Øà. z - ffiHÃ L /J ùtfLll't. ùl * È.1,.
5 *'fF)t
e LØ 4(.'ffiLâ:/¡: å þÊ..>A- lf¡t*+ -¿^77 4 þt-T¿u-,/ L/¿ ( r¡1..1 å r,. iffi
-É'+ f 6 øíFXþË.þ ð r,.o
"c". t,. /J
213
.l t t #>>>>>
t like that l:
ù¡'À,t¡ Å ö> ø ¡ )l -Ø*aà.t1"(" thanks to -
!.' rJ
J==31â to smile Ét'ffiT to begin to talk [:Ët.lâÐ å]
tã ¡,
t-c, Ys'i s]¡u
$álllllftt. washing dishes +tì enough
214
lvtU)r^ J=¿,cT
t,wä¿¿l
w
BA¿:E&YL{t. â7./,) rt )yää.t:- IBAùtÐi{"1à.J tFfl ( ¿. l#Lr,.
'c"T.l LÆì_å ØårffE/ì. Lå. L- lr,.f /¡ ¿ ¿ ¿i,/¡u''l,(.'TÈ.. {4{.' òffi L{
( /¿ðr'l ¿Ë, ¿. l,rér\ôt¡¿Lþffi\-'c.<{Lâ. -6u.f /J¿ ¿ù*. 9pg
uF,È,{Lâ. Lrì7c i /a'" FHù*. .ØCô7 / t) rt t* De). fl-El\¿¡îu.s
¡,& ( rÃ.o-C. Èlu. âØî-- Jrz I uF,e'fuâ a ¿ ¿t¿i ^kL À, /¡ ( /¡:l¡ùlfr.å'È¡.
¿*
- {,'
Jo Ð v E'a to stare .,ìXË bus stop
.l 1 1 ËF>>,>>
1.
2.
3.
4.
ffil*,ã=dfrzâ
uÅluei )tf¿
V
v
v
v
v
V
V
V
. Ê-,!ç5ffiÞÞ-!ËSHefç&; """"""""">âËÉ 1
L¡(À<
..e_8Ð_4_Ë_?ÞÞ.Ë.Ë-&.¡
tt.. D
.ÊJ.çþg_çIru:r_.
ô 9E¡t¡ifi[r¿är&¡rffi<c"
LT URB No o
a
O
a
o
n America, when you want to see a doctor or a dentist, you first call for on appoint-
J
I ment. ln Japan, too, it is getting to be that way, but there are still some doctors who do
not accept appointments. You just have to go to their office and waít for your turn. Pre-
scriptions are also becoming fairly common, but if you go to a neighborhood doctoç he/she
might still prefer dispensing drugs himself/herself.
Health insurance is virtually universal in Japan, and it covers dental care, as well. EYä,
too, should carry health insurance. lf you are covered by your parents' policy in the States,
however, that might cover only emergency cases in Japan. The wisest thing to do would be
to buy health insurance in Japan. Most of the time, premiums will be reasonable.
Before World War II, Japanese medical science was greatly influenced by Germany, but
since the end of the wal American medicine has become more and more influential. As a
result, you might not find much difference between medical practices in Japan and the U.S.
There are, however, small differences here and there, one being that, in Japan, one's
temperature is taken not in the mouth, but under the arm.
The Japanese, as a rule, do not take care of their teeth as well as Americans do. Preven-
tive dentistry is not as common, and orthodontics is not as advanced. As a result, you find
few youngsters wearing braces, and uneven front teeth are not unusual.
Doctors and dentists, like teachers, are always addressed ftfr. Don't make the error of
addressing them X ðfu !
hile chicken soup is probably the most common food for people with colds in the
U.5., in Japan sick people, especially those with digestive ailments, eat okayu (hot
rice porridge) with umeboshi(very sour and salty pickled plums). Okayu is easy to digest,
and umeboshi is believed to have all sorts of healing powers.
o
o
C
o
a
>>>>> fiñl-tJ 2 rc 5
z-+lv : trH"
¡Jr ff : ti L* L/¿È". H&¿¡Hu..C"îÀ.
z-¿f v I u9 i,{å_ ( l:€i4 þ:_z_!._¿-g!'?-.-.,ä,¿:-nr#È åìH ( rÃ':I¿ À"eî.
12
zJr ff : ?lLt|u.ùl* ÈÀ,tJ" L ¡ o Lfl^Øffin?ØY 7 r-'ctßÀ'fu'/¿ å ¿ir"
Tà."
z-+fv: î^*ìù¿,.
Q !-1Y v, E.Ét¿fi<"
E ft: Ði L* L/¿å..
l-4lv b0) ). ìEFË (' à !.ÈiÈ. e'FJ ¿z¡ ( {AÈs/¿' âtt cl¿.ta"i-Ès. -. = FlÈi
ù.t- +Ê¿*Ø Ðàì[ffi ( /¡.c'C"
s E ft: 4 ) 1îù."
9-4/v +rJþÈf.l)L¿rffi/mu. lùî-1" 4{tt:- u9),{¿Ì#!ÈìrHr. Kî:,{¡ L* Ll¿.
E ft: r. ùl * È À,tJ" È&.1* z
ì¡.4fY b *. , b,
*.È À," 4 {ut:, ò
_l
ê*t
CT#ût".
E ft: Dç. L ¡o ¿ Ø ¿"þH'c.a*.1- Ì i. tÈ
( ErSFfitl-c < t"ð u.. ðð.
10 f: ùf b îu.À.i,fit.'cTd'e" È.Ìl{'T #kH L * Tìr'Èr. -ËFñßft
!"
A,1a"c ( Èð u."
ì¡.4YY - El-*E{'f ¿."
E fi: !'F. -E=81. '-æÈ¡þ.t:EftH LÍ ( /¡-ð t,..
9-4Yv /n\ÌJ,, * LÈ.
tr s: 4 {Llr. à. - B l:1n¡q¿.. j Èsu. þ Ua ( Èå t."
ì¡-4lY [ ) ¿ìr.j ->'ClaJ1cTù""
E ft: ##ø Í"T i .
gargle
Ð-4YY ê#¿* Ð i L/¿ È u.!.{" L !. ) ù'"
E ft: 7c )-r:1^tr" êâtð i-frþ¿l'. fFJk
220
--' *U,-r*r r. U I
tdËå
'1,
æf,*t'T¿s. +n-Ðr u.tÈ bt| ù: fi,!'È./J ì.'{" L ! i ù'"
<
É ff: i6ñffitJ?
*áËË Á, : I v/y v LF L*T"
20 *, ff: I v ly v ë A,Tî*J" 4 {Lícttt- -ffiù: E^ ) 4--"
tdËð ¿, : ("ü*. ØLttt ¿*" (æffiþtlJ6")
ì-4)v ¿i ò bbùì- å ) ¿.ð.r,.* Ll¿"
*a&ð
'å,
: r,.[.åo .c"ò ] lt.oi¿tt. t, ¡i å*u.-C(. E[6ft+., -L+f'âf rË(
6. t..? ð [.n('. â Ø ! "
/¡ ¡.¿r
2s 9-4)v 4 i f-f ù'"
lá&ð ¿4, : I- 4yv ttt - I't À, Lùl)Eàìt'l,'u\da"
221
-ll2#,,,..
¿ +tr,
dat, ¿str,T+3 ¿åç* Ë
fr ÈrØ
6H, "z,if ,; i:\iF=;S
É "+;;,Al.t=;q3þffi
')'À,À,"oÈrãoio)Jû,þtyk
Ë rn ft ¿-- /¡
iilt,^:_
u
Lì È f:4 L ì- ¿ Ë Ð Ør: H(
E !r
ü* î+Ëi Lr I L o) tr ¿Ì ,{ :
"C L,Z' Ìa- å;/: t:iþ
!rîF-tùü:iÐÉfd*dr;Þãr
0)
ts*|iÏ?íå#$FðätriiEi
t:. \ ul
f,? +g1'H 4 ååä'g i:" É í
r,gV 6+¿är¡
i t 'L
-
ð
:tfr,
É4
9 ¿i'À
,
Èìl-{L? +Èi I i
ffi;H f ö r; Ð k'à F i¿.à.rFt'
t ;i * ,' î 4 ( * x
1Ê ù:-c r,-.ù.Þ'¿äË+?, 1¿tf y
rZ Ë?Øful¡
kAi;';å?,€gl ËL i.í'=
î''oi"i:,1^,! dâa
þä i1f-?¡;Y,t:;gRgfiä
?zibtrZ'î Ë'lT" HLå
'ffi ð
â!. ÈE;¿iþ,
tùAÀ"à U i) tr ,!'
t#,! L
-r,?.¡,j
ãtâ-.C+^Iljí¡-+,¿Lãa
S ¿: /¡ 6,1 I -C"
r^
z ¿ ò
^ a h aH þt '-å 2 1
Ì :l È L\ + ¿: r¡ ,r
#F ¿r ï þt
# ¿ r* #'' ( I . t¡ ,Ei6¿x*
=L:,¿*/¡tJlUþrÀ,¿? :
.Ë È9#ffiF{, r*c Èì iiÀ,!o ê
Ìb 9F--:- T t¡ â ¿å e' JiH +
t- ffiâ rr: tiFË ¿
222
6¡5c¿i something affects one
ffi Ðt the condition of a negativeþJ [>>> JÕ'Êl- F 2]
disease or illness
f
-
jtl¿
Y7T- sofa
# L6 -.x.1,
to complain of ll'
È
t Ã,tl feeling
10 rL( to throw up
,'tLç
¡I¿u,a
3 ffiþ complexion
11
E# doctor; physician
-l
t¡r¡a, ì ¡1 ¡i
3,fEI¿ä( somehow 13 nRH-l â to take (medicine)
t:#àÊftÛl
Èb.u' to feel tired; to feel
langvld rs i'¿r¡. gargling
I
o oit throat zr
çt¡
ffiÇ¡.¡, soft
o)t ¿
6ffi,aìLlî to swallow 22 tõ'lìtþ hot rice porridge
¡ttr u. -aI
æfrÈrî å to feel a chill za (-¿;¡¡[Ll¿¿å¿l/Jt.
u¡?¡ <
nothing canbe better
? È.ffi appetite
(than -) [>>>Eiâz- ¡s]
llrtt
STffi diarrltea t¡t¡u'
2s lÈ6 to getbetter; to recover
<1¡
rc# medicine from illness [¿i.]
-Tl L'2È lu
ËÈ 6 to get up D*m suddenly
-tr f
' cÈ
l,ì¡a) -cffi grimace ß E'ì-â lpolite verb meaning X6l
rt' ltrlu' +
ffi tooth Ëå patient
¡r-ËÈ L ¿' -f
-112*>'>>'
22s
-lni*>>>>>
CIOl\CO TAICO I
Japanese has arich system of sound symbolism. Roughly, they can be subdivided into two
categories: ffiËffi (phonomimes, onomatopoeia) and ffiffiffi (phenomimes, psychomimes).
ffiËffi represents words that imitate acfual sounds. English has some of those, too, such as
sounds that animals make. Compare the following:
¿:s-tó Sound cats make: meow l*-/¿ if /¡ Water dripping.' drip, drip
ü- Sound cows make: moo ÐL't- å'Èe H eavy obj ect falling : thud
ffiffiffi are words that express states, feelings, mannersof actions, etc., impressionistically.
English has some ffiRËfl"-like words, too, such as roly-poly and shilly-shal/y. In this lesson's ffi
a+n lFfl:#l,wehavequiteafewffiffi,ffi, suchas È b È b, L < L (, ¿f¿,¿flÀ",ìì4trî4,and
Øùb<Èr\.
There are three important differences between Engtsh and Japanese here. First, in English, if
one speaks with too many #EËffi or ffiffi,ffi, one may run the risk of sounding childish. In Japa-
nese, there is no fear of this unless one uses onomatopoeia specifrcally used in baby-talk, e.g.,
b À,b Â, for t. Second, English is actually filled with verbs and adjectives that originated as
ffiËffi or ffiffffi but are no longer regarded as such, e.g., slam, whack, flash, slick, smooth,
plump, glisten, etc. In Japanese, on the other hand, many ffiË# and ffitrffi are used adverbially,
often with the addition of å, as in the following examples:
226
>>>>> fift|-fd ? f¿ 5
Third (and this is related to the second point above), there are very often cases where, in English,
completeþ different verbs are used for related actions while, in Japanese, one and the same verb
will do with the addition of different ffiËtr or æffi#, as in the following examples:
tl Èrtl ÈrX,) to guffaw <'r <'rx, to giggle
tl6Ll àt)
æffi <T <Tæ'
227
12ffi>>>>
I tt' 6(l¿-t¿Ll='not much; not enough' lã#l > t. ¿ >>> ã < t-ËrdD a tctùrrD]
b) ffifrøffiÙf. å ( l¿ê^råÈ¿/¿ut.
(When yoú are sick, you can hardly eat anything.)
/rr, ^,{t[r/t-'perhaps because -' lâ# I > ¿.¿ >>> ã < t-€t¿rûra/ettrrrtr]
c ) 4 {Lltfr,ØËütlìJ.
(It's just your imagination.)
e) ffi*ilffi¿rìEL.tlürár_ ifrô.ùt&u,"
(There ate marry absences, perhaps because the final exam is near.)
228
>>>>> fiñltl4 p lc 5
(ð ãtuEêrr]
J >o' V<¿àLf¡{¡,r='1ry V-ing' lã#'l > t. I ¿ >>>lî:
N'(',ì6 1., in this case, indicates that,N is thè ininimum fevel, degree, etõ¡ Gg.; eqs st,,lightest,
etc.) f åt. isoftenreplacedby ( ài-.
a) fá/J¿.ØtË!-F¿Ì- 7-7" (åurù: L/¡ãàìt.t'f.. L I ).
(When you have a stomachache, you should limit your diet to something light iike soup.)
l.-ÕTdâ" -ù¡tâ(æfr,ftåfi,Ð*r.,
etc.)
tl\
z-qlv: ftL.. 4it-*.î. -þ:fâCFffi) L¡(r(
!., ê ffrrä t.,
ffiùtb 6,167)rlì6
ftÆ.: t¡*EFl: 3. fifËüz)sfft'
3 : To someone who is sick, you nor-
mally say lát$ù:.
--tffiñ1.14?r'c5 |
| "' E-wJVI
e ,{ 7 ù: r¡ b - -Âùåg+ä.ò i -^¿È A*XøÈÆ¿: /¡ b /J ð !.o g+ät*å.Ìl'? ô
t.t- âEå¿: HâØffinþffiHà L-C !. * T" *ØH#þLfr,-c ( ò À r,.,
¿tt *-
E head Ø à'
trl f f
throat
a?a
<?o
# medicine u.S/J'ti È r)sfl 6 to have abad cough
r'
r¡f,'*,1,¿t
{älñ;J thermometer
f ,,,g-IVJVl
e ,{7ù:z¡ b- -Ä¿tB+ä. ò i-^t*È-À 714 Ø*d&ð À,tr:/¡ b /¡ð t." g+4.
àìÉEåå f :' /J !.Øt. *dËð Å,às#E^ÿ: È * 1" H++.tt. *á/Jå'àì/È < a+t+
nilrtrÌ/J!. å !. ) : L þ#HAL * 1" {> I !.o
^0)H#þ1fr,:{
rltb i ut r).
Tffiþt 6 to have diarrhea
i EtÈ Ã,lrtT 6 to feel like vomiting
J "' A-w7"V1
e ,{7t:¡¡ b- -Ä¿rHaffiØ{.'å å 7 t, h^++.. ò i-^rÌ 4Øtv-a./ 4 lØE
A,,\#ä¿: t¡\t¡ð!.. z ,, ù^àrÉEËå 6ù¿¡¡ ( r. BA^åì,ù,,mL{!.*T. ffi
ã¿i [¿.-rt'?Or.tl f' ò l*á/J¿.¿:-ffir,.J 'r..ò r,.r.å1. âffili ( /¡'ùl/¡ÉÊ{''L/Jð t..
4"rrl{V.|-?
e'<7 ì,=h\ù, lL- HtlØ+ffi1) a ô øffiÇ=øÆwût? !. {# Lâr. /J è Ì,.o
5'*fF*
e ãtì1)ÍffiØ. ôØ:ffirÃØÆWt:-tr.{. -É'+ f 6 r,. ø{Fy-þE* /J ð !.o
231
-llz#>>>>>
órLr .àl
Eþffi â to break one's leg C J- C :e - [the sound of the howling
windl
à.'bt. di t: I feel sorry for you. ¿¡[:<
I sympathize. Éñ (r¡) ironic
¿ 'L¡ i
ffiFÊ-T A to break down
n ) zøEÍV4l*-
cØ-^ù*. -ffit:7+-t,-ft-> /c: ìrìbâ"
¿ å
n d) z +-þL{1. :-Æ.þift-r¿.
n e)'¡Ê.zJtÐþtft-cÈ Elt- Kt,. EÈa/;.
n f ) , 7 | It., zc0)E- -E+Ë tr¡zJ,->Ìc" (É.â: tobe fixed)
232
>>>>> frñlrt4: /t 5
127fi w
',fr.W./\-7J
Ðt. U lriÈ. ù'
EEIå (ra0s-tstz) Ø a ô, 7 ./ t) ù Ødr#,xøi 7 ù 1 ¡ ù . ).¡-y
iÅÈ¡FlA^*l¿" ZrlJÐùåJt -f y z l. ¿ ¿1[g1t--C
(l,afcadioHearn) å r,.
-l I
+f,.¡'cîìr' u q À
Ét a t¿l
to love älÉ^ # standard of living
* ¡¡1'
lñl?t â tobecome anataralized {Et. low [*É1.]
citizen åpri t ¡ i
fiâ Þt salary
n ) )\-
)\- v tt, æ#þffi.i- âI¿d;ù: Ef^.fa,
a ¡¿"
n ) ur-YÌ1,.
b Ø4ð BAu\È: Y Å,ù* /¿"
n d) ur-7ù1.
ô- 7c { Ìå.:t.
EÄØfl.8tr^W1fr0XÈfr+å ¿ ò
tr e) EA¿:cr.{-m Lù,ÆþEùr/¡7)r2/¿o
iEtoffiffiãiË^6
o ¿øFá. v /uhî)Ëfêh\
l,'ii
,.i'
1', '11
URE No o
o
c
o
o
ust as Japanese people make many errors when they speak English, non-Japanese
T
J naturally make lots of mistakes when they speak Japanese. Making errors and learning
from them is part of the learning process and should not be avoided. Japanese people
might laugh more than Americans would when they hear mistakes, but you should learn to
accept that because their laughter is well-meaning and good-natured.
trtråt,r ¿
Loanwords (or ft'lFH
>>>>>
r¡ oday's Japanese vocabulary consists of three categories of words: wago (l1"+o, i.e.,
I Jupun"re words), kango (Ê#, i.e., words that originated in Chinese or made-in-Japan
pseudo-Chinese words), and gairaigo (tl*F", i.e., words that have been borrowed from
languages other than Chinese). Most gairaigo come from English, and their number is
increasing rapidly. ln this lesson alone, we have seen several English-based loans: F4lt, <>
! =), Z/ (- l'., I t r-, etc. Loanwords are troublesome for English speakers because they
very often change their shapes. For example, many words are cut short. A good example
would be l'.1Þv l'. (from toilet) shortened to l-.1Þ. Loanwords frequently change their
meanings, too, as you have seen in the case of <2!
=7. Loanwords undergo significant
changes in pronunciation also. When you pronounce them, the best thing would be to
forget they were originally English. Pronounce them just like any other Japanese word. You
will then not only sound more authentic, but will be understood much better.
efore World WarII, the only Caucasians who spoke Japanese were missionaries, and
even they were not all that good. Japanese people therefore developed a mistaken
notion that their language was simply too difficult for gaijín. Even today, when foreigners
who can speak Japanese are no longer oddities, many Japanese still hang on to this same
old myth. When a foreigner, especially a Caucasian, suddenly speaks to them in Japanese,
they sometimes just freeze, i.e., answer with a blank stare, unable to say anything. This
might be particularly true if you go shopping at a store where you are not a familiar figure,
or if you stop a stranger to ask directions. Don't be discouraged, however. At the university
where you are a&#Æ., you will definitely receive better responses!
6
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dr ff : èÀ,/¡l à(.-Tå..
7-+)ìv Ëw¿: Efr/\ØE.r\à¡t' â À,f:Tùt. 4 ØLØ i È ^ -- = BffÕlì¿:fÍ:
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di ffi:
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4\ ffi: 4{11?
A-+lv *áËð.à È t. ôt- ôffiL( t. â ) ttt:- ì. 4 tr,-fÍå /¿ ( /¡ oI¿Ø'e - l*a
fÌfru.,^-fÎÈ t r.. À,"aî ù t ) o1Ê ->I¿ À,1T "
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7-ìv "Cð. Q )ÊoIcb- tóÐð À'7rt l4 i" Dr. HÃE4À'r¡t'f]å * L*
i ) o"CÊ ) lù1T !"
di ffi: L? Ð)t')btIù'Ut"
ts 7-qìv fÁù*¿{òWoLf :{- ll4 vîT" t y' v^f-rÈ/¿t,..TîTj
å ¿:¿. (
o"C_Hffi.ft.ã: È à _ {c . f/v\htol 6 È, Z-C. "
dr ff : ..,L?
7-+lv $áËð h!çh- fl'àì l*ó+^-liÈ/¡u'Â,1îùf ÐJ o'c.ão/¿ åH:r¿t'l-
I
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20 dr ff : ôó. Fryfiù:ùå#)Et:{u.
iH&t¡+á+àrð âþ'È>"
z-qlv 4 ) t¡ À"1T "/¿"à. å -ft^ø I *a
+iftr,. j Ø#ËàrHù. = Ì¿ A,t _
237
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trtì-Y flrår B4a" j : if' Ð#Z¡Ë È, l- þ L ( r,. â L E,-tÍ t.. å âl¡ r,. t¡ A"tT .
2
s ffi ffi: ^.i. Lliti L(("Ll i"
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H ffi: ##ø mansion Í. HA#ø l< yy = y) L 4 lvt¡¿:Ë, À,"ATtt "
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ò 30ö bâØtrtÊE{.'Tda"
Ë ffi: D+ó. EÆø-zy! a y å t*. È LÈ"ù:Ër.*Tde.
Irtì-Y : ØfËò. 4 Ø :- ¿ {"*óà. L/¡ : ¿ Èìö cl¿À,'C'1
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ls É ffi: Ði Ll¿lvtTù."
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ll¡ A,Iì" 7 ¡1-
þ D+ä ( (-"vy = YD+b, *tÂ,¿..1 o'CÊol¿A,"C- KoL ç!.*
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u. È Â,/¿'.
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ì-4)v flJà¿*'. EAffi/ì¿ lfl'¿i+4("j-l ¿¿.. lË¿*+4r;'.1 å¿.- l*áttùl+
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iff{rø ¿:.
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å
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[>>>git-z- ¡¡]
¡|¿" L.
4 lù'À,zc À,t â to be modest; to humble 21 lpl'CÉ.Î lr whatever eise might be
oneself said; after all
¡t( Ë.
ã'1¿sY-'4 '/ Y thafs worthy of &Æ(t¡) complex
you, Jason; thafs truly rtt. ¿.
242
v't si
o F^'Ìtv t'. +-'Y Donald Keene 72 ËlË selÊstudy
r[' u* ttv
r Éfr¿: formally ß F,merSJ l:ffit'Ì¡t^ /
unfamiliar
Èqri:(
+Effi
¿'
Chinese language F,/¡: åØär.l
'tr tç5 ¡, ¡!¡ u
: (-t:) *Ð å
â to decide (to -) [u.¿.]
14 tr#f+æ
F _l-
Chinese food
L-i v
5ffi in those days [: 4Ø¿ 4l 16 4 o)tA in those days
-cf t['u¡ <
-x
^.r;r
one sentence
¿'!..¿
nÉ
II-
.{. êt
¿
to drop out
[>>>gitz- ¡ l¡] b
-r,,'
46
vsli v,\'
IøH motaT education
ss æffit â to understand
245
.l t ¡ #.,,..
..;¡ùaàùiV,@m*¡,uu1,,,.,'.:.r-:
a) ËìEø 7 r yr^tÌ. N+ØïE+.I*iff ¿Ëiå?)ìô 6 ¿,Hz(t'6 1 i /ì.
(Most,{mericans seem to think that university professors have a great deal of free time.)
lPt_og.ó.r,v¡n9....1¡.,1¡,s.ta msofæ
a ) ó Â, 2¡^ È rÌ,X.t :IÈ.À"î u- â À,TÌ lt, t - t.'> tf à#r¡ 4åìÉ þ l' 1. lr 6 l;lËü r /J ü to
(Since he lives in a big house like that, he must be realþ well-off')
Qrrr, ËTår(fE) ='¡ndeed; as may be expected' lãfri > u >>> È3-rïv¡ I v >reaf
5 "' NtslvlÎ,lNtcrl? le#z > l.z >>> ÐJÐãÄtrì !. 1 2. 26 >>> #letvh\ !. 22 >>> ¿O)tâO)
*+*.fílv< 2.24 >>> *l||Ãréárålu< !-26 >>>the books Etu<]
Both /¡å,å. and l¡A,1 can follow a noun, wittr the meaqing of :things (or people) like-.'
Only t¡ ¿"'ç, however, can follow a sentence. Ì¡ À,'C, is a contraction of many forms such as
tj å'ÌÌ- /¡ à'I. tj å ¿ t. i o)lt. orthelike.
li:lirlr:::Ì lii: 1 li li:l:..:i ':. ,.: .::. :':::, :r::l:::: , l:.. .. --
| ,r, -fr( (f*) ='on one hand; on the other hand' læ¿¡ry¡>¿.gf
ÈEi
:aiïi.i,iÈ t"i'nse¿fi;4,Þn*.êlÊø;.r: *È:Jii'Hu*.êi.éi,j "r
it
often omitted.
ffi å r¡ ->'c.\. â o
(es for U.S.-Japan relations, while, on one hand, cultural exchange in the private domain is quite
popular, on the other 1nand, trade friction is a big probiem.)
It means that it appears like every day, although it is not actually every day. ¡.8:'cãh:ibè
replaced by ìEû, Fl, +, El, FFÉ|, etc.
b) EÆØt)-i y
-3vtå.- lfraþIfial¿ Ll,aLÙ- tft,rütrEf. ãElf Lr ,.
(Japanese white-collar workers, when they take vacations, take at most four, five days.)
248
,,,,, Eä#ftffii
b) îåãt¿ år å. â El ¿r,fEl å * rÌ ô.
(I am sorr5r but I can't visit you today.)
í f *" N ¿ LÍH ='îorì considering' lffiuW > ¿.¿ t >>>,1 \+ll-+¿+ e uzm]
It is used to set limits within which the fo[òwing statement trol¿S true. tt generAty follows
plain forms of verbs and r,.-adjectÌves. Nouns are in ÍJõ å-form (t.r., {+.X.cA a m I l,
,,'.r
id'..rarãdjeòti., either in t. ó a rorrn,a!,ø.¡jr.Þ,,rl .'(i.
.,)Èi.,::',.,r.,
"l
13 ëF>>>>>
1 ," EI-IVJV'(
Ë r, t/,1
e â# t (p.237) þÆfr, (to recreate) t-t¡ ð r..o -i 7 tt:/¡. b.
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Ì¡ b t¡ð r.. É#ùtâ ( IEI Df /J ( { ò I t.à1. /a'r. /¿ r. Øff¿ÌlEl D ù: T 6
^¿ìft4.¿:
¿ ¿ . âffiàì#$ir ¡ 6, iúHJ (roles) þFWt--t -
'r¿
ü t-Ëâffi?L/Jðt."
251
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f ,,,iliOtv-J7-,
e E6^'ltolc ¿ å 0)ù)âLùt, 1<t=u.l¿ à - 4Ø)x.(f¿È)3F,ù'¿- V-c. ijl,Z"rr-l
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{,,,dVv-t
e,{7 ù- tÃ->f , âJ}ø L l¿,fEIà.*áå. L r¡ffiffit:o r,.fffi L.âr. lJ ð !'" {E* (partner)
Øffiþ H, À: -C. i6 t. (. få-c, i 7 Ø )',f¿ tt l:ft6¿L /J ð r,.
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5 *' 4tTþ-J|-,
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ì,.-c *; t,l. - 4þ.î, 7 7 Ø )yf¿L t:#*.L ä ð t,.o
252
t rtt Eä#ftffi I
S "' fF*,
Ê Êâ¿: ¿ o-CEÆF*o) ¿'a àì-ËffiL (. ¿: àr-æffifrt.¿.þZì-. 4{tt-?r.{
IEAffi¿ fÅl ¿ r. iEf.:É+f òt-IxFx.þÉÈ /Jè t,'.
a) f[rut€ffi L u- i o) ¿Ì{trJ(.'îà."
tH# w
vfrJ
) = - vîð ¿¿*. FHt¿bâ7 / y )t øãïtt:WÐ'c.t- â" EAffi¿Bil
/J r."cElÄ^*/;ør". RÉ¿:Ër,.rT C EÆ#þffiifr-r a ¿ ¿ ù: LÈ. Y&
nTr ( [HÌt/¡!.Øf.. lffi/\#.ffi.þrÊ.ry a: t ¿: L. H^^ØlÉffi¿: HAffiøft
+-þtr4 L( ð 6-cl¿" 7c Øjl,tllå u. i ftE.t*- 7./ t) rt Lþ#.ì-/;; å ùå/¡
l..Èì- BAF"+&{"ãS f å u.+El^fHffir 17 Ø)yr¿Ë ù: ElAffiþW.ì;-Î
u.å àËf,l,./¿" lE]ffir)ìË#'cjl,tlJra+¿fft'c <{L'c- ffixtÌE - zk.#.ø
W:, = -v Aã À,Øæ'a-ffiFËî:. 7c l-'C+*Xt¡-l¿t-EIãfH ¿ ltr* c È.
-EIH o)ffi#tt ¿ { òHÊà.: l;. ftrllftäùÌffi.ì-frrltL+1- ) = -v A
Ë.t ¿ifg#øwh b *r¿:. lE^#ùÌHÊr,.'cTl ¡¡ Ð å u. )ffi.H/¡x¿¡Ëà
â t ) ùJrÃ..t /¿. ffi#årf&b:-¡. y' = - yf.ð À"¡t. Ftfrù, È,*fr L r.ã+Hl
lLþfrUr, l¿ i òl ÈËu./¡n;t,ftE.ù:ÌÆT ¿. ftä¿tL ¡,c ¿ffir.t¿Ì j
t¡ffiþ L l;. lElffià. 6fg#Ëlùåã+Fl ¿ Ëf,r. r r. /¿ Ø{"- 7 L {itå¿ìffir. ¿"
t: u.tÈ¡.iup ÌÌttØ+îftk#ì-â. ¿l
IEL#.+9 individual instruction:
private lesson t:*^ envelope
A ;RØYE#,tu e. jE U U I t, ú) l- O. FdlË :( t t õ ü ú) lE x Ë 2 It fd Ë U l.
n ) )= - v1ð
a i\,|t, r, h'er)'t-EÄ#þffi,$frl-I¿"
y''
= 7
n b) - Àð A,ØàTI¿:¿*. vEA^òÐÐ{!.6o
ü ) ítwftÆ.øYiñ¿:¿*. J LØÈlftrJìes¡. t, l¡,"
c 7 y rt
n ) fgx¿*æ)Eü-øfb
d â.
n e) y'=-v1ðÀlÌ¿rã+FlUù.+Lr;'tÃù,->tØî- jllJJft+.ltô': ( bL
Í1,*.-cl¿"
254
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LT URE No o
c
o
c
o
Man's World
Ithough Japan is changing from a man's society to one that is kinder to women, the
transformation is quite slow. Women are enteríng all phases of Japanese life, but still
many positions are closed to them. Female office workers, because they are not given
important jobs, have more free time than their male counterparts. They save money and
often spend it on traveling. Housewives have to spend much less time on household chores
than before thanks to modern conveniences. As Susan's host mother explains in âEÉ 1, they
have more freedom to engage in other activities. Men, on the other hand, especially if they
are corporate workers, have to spend too much time working in the office. They come
home late and exhausted and thus have very little time or energy left for their families. As
a result, mother-child relatíonships tend to become excessively dependent while husband-
wife relationships suffer.
ëlþ ¿a
3ñ
the lmperial Household has held in its possession the
ince Japan's mythological times,
Q
J so-called "Three Jingi," i.e., the Three Sacred Treasures: a mirror, a sword, and a
crescent-shaped jewel. A set of three to make up a meaningful whole has always fascinated
the Japanese. ln the 1960's, the new "three treasures" were a refrigeratoç a TV and a
washing machine. ln the 70's, "3C" (notice its singular form because of the lack of plurals in
Japanese grammar) represented a cal a color TV, and a cooler (r.e., air-conditioner). "äH"
íntroduced in âËÉ 2 is a term coined in the 80's and refers to three qualities young women
wanted to see in choosing husbands.
a
a
a
o
o
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L'(.yãJþÊb /¡ u.îfÌ,lE Lr L. å : L+â lvîî ù'"
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7-+lv L=? t"i L{f'1å..
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1
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À,11þ."
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./ y ù /\Iìù'6, 4 À,/¡: ¿ É
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vn -tfu,1frUf¿ b U'C- trI -c J- )#UÀ,1â¿.6. ffiLl../J À.,-CF"cI¿¿
å /J!. L.
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ti ) ¿1, À^ L\ Tt!rù*'c *È
k tb1) {" i)r^bÉ.Ttt
'{"rg "+ T¿
'lÉòb¿Ì
ú:.+{t 6È.-f â
*
r¡ þ
o
i
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k
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å,rE Ë
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"1[r
frft.
l-ð4-e)
+ Ø
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ð fþ
k¿ì ffi
tË(*"c
tì=n
È -+F
262
""'EäoffËl
ùå "a) tt å
*{"
ÈË'¿f ¿t
J+k âòÐrñ
+
þo)þÌ¡
D bB ö
ù- "c * r'H
L\11ö
4
l-
iË E, l¿ A. î ¿ì Ê. t * o o lE -c
j
þ åH â È^-c.-r " ffDÌ
fÐ æ å t-' Øffi
þ {.'Ë 7c tþ.
Øi
(
"C.
Èi ù' * àì /¡ tT E É [Ð(
kf¿" ti¿l ^À c, æ ìì ð
b (" àì h È L\ n ^b Æ. þ: Ë
Ê Ø Ë ffi
¿ k
ffi
ft
tT,E'i kî ffi'fñtt¿*Fxð,HÈrHl' ùÈÈr
¿ìl,.i a "ft * u T L'c. Æi,
ffi*lâÈØTk+T'cffir¡Í=') U ð " ( a b ¿" É
fÌù:' îi ¿1.':
r¿i7ffi Ë
{" B ^ì
I'c. f {L Ø À, ö
1
o) å
'â i:i ð k 7c !r b- /¡ Ë {" þ Ë l¿
b ó 4 i â r. X Ít Ë l. o)
È7crffiT^*å¿-+'C.7)ü:
-c0)+uâf0).Ìþâþ
É )J rr¡ -ì-f Ë ô ( TÉiH
ffi (" | Ø !- È 'É=É þ'ì-ffif âffitj Èì
þ â 7 ri 4 ò É dâ Æ.
ìr #ùk - L.ùt LrLu Ë'c.ffi* ùS2
16 ¿ I Ø å /¡1
iE ü: Y Ø Ø {L ^È
Ø ¿: B . "c r¡
ür. {L
¿å /;{.'* i:'f {" rt A"c"X. ( /¡
' t ò * ^ì I
Ùå !\ ¿ì 0) -f Ø /¡ L\
4 f: b ù: I k å "Ë b ø
âÀ.âUHryLØ#*("
+ {i8^ t FÌ nÆ a + þ u
-c" (t Ø !r (" {" ù: Inr ù: 1 /¡
4 {Li ftË 6 å t * â ¿* â " 't("
30 25 20
*114*,.,,,
r.tltrl
ËF, opinion Efñ da5rtime
^[, s
o *fr(¡¡) unperturbed; caTm )t'ra * -+-v, - akind of adult
school [it., culture
ro ¿1.'¿'l¡- unfair; cruel
centerl
tt *¡'L /¡ l,-t. quiet; submissive ¡tr¡ -
I
ù,rc
a ffLu' lonely
n ffifit¡ ¿ L þ-l â to have one's own ,f-
+t¿¡ll' L'¡u¡, ¡i
1ft# one's senior (in job, HF, height
school, etc.) Lq)l:ry2
l: F¡¿' ry^ income
H+ lfamily name] ¿{<
+Æ
n*
level of education
DK lfamale given namel ¡Ju
+t*t¿
14 x# housework
, tllÆ lfamily name] o¡të
g{.{' to desire; to wish
tnÀ,
L i ¡,
t6frY lunchbox
lrrc + È.* ¿'
ffi fate;karma
4 F'Æ*tF thick omelet (in
Japanese style)
trl
7 ) e'S* Lu' to be envious
-ì
t0 616 to be popular (with)
tQi
,t
r TH*E ideal
¿tL¿ i
oË
J tËt 3 high's
rrtrr Eätf,fcl
r*t;¡ E irtD ò ¡
o ffi( to work Htâ ratio; percentage
*t uB'
rË¡[ increase ñ3- to indicate
È tt¿ u+ bc
I WMã marriedperson t:ffi{Ë -F - rate
Lf r. ã^l uj'i j i
LEI
L
¿'i+t,ô) !)v¡i
11 [ÊTl â to decline lu.l.l
tr*.xffi'È Ministry of Health, t{¡,2¡, ¡,
2 WÊûh :?HþÉr-r+ffir)rH ( /r
Labor andWelfare
ðuC
r
*¿Ðå to put together (in a rl(
report); to summarize
ßÊn u
child-rearing
¿) Èì1,
tfcV ¡
*{Ë
I
current situation 35-39ffiE :35ffiå.È39ffi*('-Ø^
+-+
l¿ D
(status)
¡ 9r;
r¡t(
Ég
L¡
wltite paper
75 ËxT6 to st¿rt a business
*114n,,,,.
+.ti l.
16 Ëft generation zt -lJ ¿ Þ: l/a to manage to -
t,t" t o[.¿<
Ët) r - + lùr
-\t'bl*n)
2
ffiffi continuation
ut" ¿,. r¡[.cr ¡
t7 *ffi¿: actually Æ# to close one's business
¿l¡ ¡ r'tB Èr, È ¡.,
18 ltæ looking after one's aged r#Jdfi a 1itt1e over 10 percent
parent(s); care -f
v sri t¡ lu
+tf â to give - las a reason, as
*W.Q¡) flexible an example, etc.]
¿ã '.
triple afflictions 12
-ffiØ *
¿tù
some womerl
[>>>*;t,z- ¡s]
15 ÐØ*,b ØË# b carein one's home
life
4ax
Ètå'¡ i
industry; business
(-þ"'l:) *'¿.l}'a to enhust (some-
5 Ðb" * L,'u- spectacular; amazing thing) to (someone)
[>>>*;tz- t'o]
o L-C toward
-ù:i¿.!- Ùtru? ¡ i
^h,v¡,
*.HT â to change oneself [:
76 ## holding two jobs at the
5ìþA.Lâ)
P¡
same time l:*tØtt#
a- ?lEffi¿:f 6. Ll
<t6 I
T6D 6 to adapt te #L t) suffering
s Tô,Lâ to end; to finish [u.r.] /JU.
-F
a -daùl/¡ 6 have to [:-ä ülÈril
Ëü to give a birth /¡ 6 /¡ u.l
¿1g ' ¡otù t:
Êta to raise [u.r.] 19 Éffi burden
, ¿
9JE
¿o'. L
,o
r¿'¿g¡; ud
g#È4ñ J.
wife who devotes
2t Íffia holding a lower position
\ ì-ò)
, _
furthermore
equal (to -) llit., not to - Ç'¡
lose to -l Fffi family register
Qttutl t- o ?r.
Æölî â to respect Ãft.T 6 to reject
ftD¡( t:q5r¡È
'qt
)J effort 7tÆï â to have one's name
¡ã+¡ entered into the family
(-ù:) Hffi't a to agree (with -) register l:ffillâL-C.- F
È ¿'i Etu
2e Ë^Jìb being like a superman Æt-462VùLâ. Ll
Èti r¡,'
[:Ë,,\É'!r¡{ffi È ] 40 lEll* living together in a de
¡o facto relationship [:ffilF
-/¿ CJìl: every time - Lär.r'-ffi¿-.fÈtr: ¿l
[>>>*tÊl- F7]
¿5'q'
)J strength -m a groltp of people doing
the same thing
Èi¿ ¿. ) r
to fr,gltt È
tt¿
trt MfrÍ-T â tobreak:up
:z (-¿;¡6'bÈ 6 to adapt (to -) ?-L
tf Hþîâ to be to one's
rllá i to carry (something) on disadvantage
one's back u'
t àlÈ
¡ t¿ti
äÈË way of life; life style
õ^+
^r'
unfair ¿ty /,
,fE^ individual
33 â'e) ¿1,/¿ not acceptable [-- t.ç/¿'] v -g-i
ÉÉ freedom
34 ¿t-f'T to remove; to get rid of
å.SÈ. ( t,. ) to say this and that;
36 -fv â to throw (something) to meddle in (other's
away; to discard affairs)
* tt*
, ù>'øt'a to combine 48 ffi:t+t â to expect; to count on
sa ¡,'¡t$6 so-called
*114u,,,,.
268
r This radical comes from the image of a house with a hanging roof and
was originally used for characters representing kinds, conditions, etc., of
roofs and buildings.
tËl tEl fHt rd¿
>>>>> Eäú)g1!Ë
a) #I=I*#,OEiÊrrr ô â.
(Parents have their own lives [to live].)
a) A: t) it"x->Lfulfrl-T¿È'?
(Why don't you study more?)
|ì¡. ¡- å ò Ëà /¡ t..
(Both America and Japan have their respective good points, so we can't say one is better than the
other.)
269
14gn>>>>
,;.,, ,t'
i, isa,eøflwra ¡o or' t¡',1),,Td this ptrase
{o11"*r " 9_q"j",,,,
r,,,ÞJui.ng ,,'*
b ) B ä-c" ùt ffiÍF -f â ¿ ¡ t ) IE É ?
"
ç Ð 7a fll*tr'l & \.
".â11 for the reason of mariage.)
(Many Japanese women quit companies
(2) N ¿ L t:7V
lplain, present) å & È¡ ¿:
l>
¡¡,¡ffis'tiìidicáte-s':,thatr:lAqjX:dápp.e ¡s,.grdoe¡.Y',It"often'indicàtes that ¡vo changes'p_roè.eæd-,
11P.4.!..9.9ouslY.
c ) Ë*¿rffift¿ ¿ trYÆl\t 7a
"
(Langtage changes with time.)
l r> X/eüÍ:V
t
læa*¡z>1.30>>>Ë ,srãatá.lcrÍt f
¡1.¡Bl : 7 -+|'z ùt. H^0)k/Ê.rJìfH¿ì4.* d"r6 ¿. I : When you want to express your
opinions, you can use expres-
â&eç Ð6 -c{t. j ¡' ¿ i:r!.{ å i,Hr,. sions such as _¿ì È f¿ ¿ ,8r,.
* 1È'" * T, - ¿: ùl ËÞl'c å * l} l',,
-(1,) D r ä !.à: ¿,8,1. * T
z -¿l v : fÄ ¿*. ftràìä * d'¿l¿ 6 . f{É ¿åâ+*þ p È) or -(.1,) D + /¡ r...6 L r i z)..
Obviously, when you use -lå
å å Ë ¿ rr ã ËE,r; sHËË<. ä *Ë lt 1" 'should,' you are expressing your
^
irt/Jt¡ltÐt¡ tffiry å -ì * u \þ ät tá¡ä ? u' opinion in a very assertive man-
ner. Framing your opinion in a
E) lvTï [t ¿ 1" rhetorical question, as in -Â,
: ljçt¡¡.¿:¿Hì..*T or -.t D
rjrEl a 11,. Z nß< a h, Ír |,ttt¿¡,rtt Ë 2. BA +ä t"e l, ¡ ) ìt, makes it less
r¿ÌÍ{*effi û â v 77 À ò ü¡ *. b r¡!.å. 6. assertive.
1 r"r [f -JlrJV'î
/<¡ ,{7¿:z¡ þ. -z\i*ã^.iE (R.>aXr¿i. ü i-^Ìt. 7c{Lþ)E( *{..fsotr,./¿#
-
t:/¡ b /J ð !.o *¿å. /Jt-'ìE ( /¡ ->l¿øn'þ1fr,HAl,TÃtt iLù*'r. ùt * r¡¿,"
2,,,4tllV-JV-,
e = Ä1: Ø 4t r" )v - 7' þ lF -c'( - ã Jì t¿ È Ø El -r" ¿Ì. ¿* 1,, Ì¡ HI+.,/ //(tt¡ts ù { å à.. #
L.âr./Jð!.o fr{åÈË_H,þr) z l7 vzlt-'c.*6r,.t. få{" r 7 7ø)yI¿Lt=ry,p¿
/J ð t,."
272
3'* a-wJvl I
6*'dv2-,
O t>Ì¡l¿ØElf"it. Â{*àìîfâ¿:Hf ftSVT âffi. ËEtl (discrimination) åró 6 å,8,t.
* f à." t¡t Q i,Bt. * TÐ.. ffiUãc-C, th"e , I 70))yI¿Vt:#*, Lä ð !.o
7 ,,, fpjt
e [A{* ¿ fr+J å r,. i ffir. :E?¿. ù=É.E++ f 6 r,. o)(FX_þ#â /J ð !.o
273
-lu#>>>>>
n
tr g nli
) Ëffi¡ À,øfwr¿ Ë ¿Ì. 4fFå tt:7 ) t) tt < rì ô I "
il h) Ëffið A,ØcÈ^tr, Ht*a¿7, , rt,-flr ( à Lr,.,
n ¡ ) ìËmð.LØ rÈ^ I>##øftE-tì ô i "
tr j ) )Éffið Å,Ø ¿.È^¿r. ËffiØ b â HI+.iì "
(zØffiar+nEltg¡#æi)rõ D tttÁr. â75' 5lÁUì
+=ØËffi äãzã Ð\ 5 ñard ð r \. )
fþl W
F'7J
) -4 y vùtElfi¿:ffi¡.t Eø ¿ å /¿'.2È. ljrx l. 7 r ì. t) -ØX):Êt-
/¡Øù*. HffiEl Ø+tþWwcôIìoÌ¿" 'lr-À 77 4 ØXJ:ùÌ. *ffiØ¿iå.
¿:. É&+Ørsî: ¿ ++äø4Ëà¡u.-c. âËFr"wL7)xffi.Tbâ" .Øx
ffiüåêf+Ë È, U <. Ë¡lf€r I¿ffil,u-X.rltÀ,f !. åo /Jå./JÈ.+ lvt¡5¿
r. HAFå¿Ì-É{ELå./J (. ó ¿ üåâ#i+FÆícbâo )- 4 y vùt7€0)x.
¿:Ë( ¿. *îsáËð1,Èìã"i;þF,È< <{L'C- l: ¿à;ð/¡/¿ØËßtrll
rf
tå.. ltôRãþÐl*::jl ÈÈ.- ll4v¿*:¿l Lffi.ì-{(f¿È. *álÉ[E
üÌ EIA>t(". l. 4 t, ¿*i#=tÈ L h\ù. o I¿
"
9Èffit:- y'- 4 y v ¿* 1.4 vnTrottá¿ i å,H:{. l4 vØÈi*("
Tt ( L. t"ZàrL* -:(t.. âØt_ âtìl)ffiÉù:Eb. -. È,
=ât#->-Cþ,
¡¿{#¿.¡,:{1. â b t, < - þ"2¿* L * :t *
*.1¿Tro:- ô.1¿" L a ô7rì- *
*/i-. ftä¡¡(- */¿Lùså ( Eh'Øffiãact#c'Cù't>, ò i-ÊTt-tîô.
/¿å:'. */¿'L*:l[.åo g-4 yy¿ÌElo-Cl-*:/¿. 4ØW- táEð¿,
Èr lrÊEî'Tll àffsË¿sL/¿. êË^.lr( ¿. r))xffiè_Ër,.îü:Æ:
'c) -4 / vþ1#o(ì../¿o | 4 v ù:À:{r.tØ¿Ì=ñÉla'6iù,"
/¿ ØÈ"
ætîltrå
4>rë,2-Tâ
ô *rtEä#o)t=7eJE ,ãlr<L\t,lr<.
...urauraôffiäôHËi tã0)el7)ì" ......>âtr 1
. Eäl¿{Ètuerìc.
¿nÊv ru'd¿Ê516¿F,,
<L\ ,.
. ltttâ J,, _ë-þ;t
lË õffi lá ã.
r.:
.66v\)ø)ttëãBurä3-är
. i¡
_ø_.__4_ã_ltë_.
URE No o
ó
o
c
c
Kawaii (r}þtrtr)'Cute'
n Ëffi in Lesson 2, Sachiko used the word kawaiito describe a squirrel. The word kawaii
1
I was originally used to describe only babies, small animals, and dolls, but in recent years,
it has come to symbolize Japanese pop culture. Hello Kitty and Pokemon are no doubt the
most famous examples of this "cuteness" culture, but cute elements are found not only in
character goods but also in fashion, personal appearance, mannerisms, etc. You even see
these cute characters on the body of commercial airliners and many government offices
have cute mascots, so they are not just limited to children's goods. A young female office
worker might characterize her male superior's mannerism as "kawaii ." Once a seal
wandered into a river in Tokyo and became very popular because it was "kawaii." The word
"kawaii" has indeed become a handy word to express one's positive feeling.
Group Society
n Japanese society, the group you belong to is very important. So, when you meet
J
I someone for the first time, the first question you are asked might be which company
you work for or which university you are attending, rather than what type of work you do.
Within the group, maintaining group harmony is considered to be very important.
Conciliatory and cooperative attitudes are more valued than strong individualism. 50,
confrontation in public is avoided as much as possible. Japanese value unanimity in any
decision-making process, and so, consensus building is sought before any important
decision is made.
úòl¿<þ')¿Ò
trffi¡Eü (job hunting)
o
a
o
o
a
I
I
I
tTh\ãñfcEä. y
I
>>>>> l-.?)ìSFlttEâ I
TzJ"o
lTvb ùå r\ Ilcii
ffiffiîT. -C"
ùÌ,. xìEûØrtw? - +tþ-ffi ¿:ftä øffi*,Et:f{u- * T
I5 Ø(". tô1, ( Ëmt.u./¿L*T.
dr ¡l¡ : Ù*L.O D ç. Xì8"
JaÐt2 t-'l-rol#fr
279
.l t s#>>>,>
280
I
281
.l t s #,>,..
I
I
>>>>> û7h\ànf¿Fl6.Y l"¡)ì5ElcE* I
v=t - r+zfit¿gÊtã
a^v=uØ7rtT¿E
(5ÊæH:*FlìËlË+l)
.l 'l s #.,..,
7 ù ù: Ø L tL
-C ¿Ì, ¿ Ë i1 ò e) å /¡ l, Ð {L
^4 v B {L b ¿å 2 U ù' !\ å 4 f: !r'C. ¿i
("f ¿ È ffi,Ø þr l,Ì¡ ) y 4
^ Ðiffi+rJþt *d ¿'
¿tfr 'crråì*wfrt,
' E ^"c * h Ë;#'c.þ söf:+
t* â tL b ø l*' io r¡ ffi ; i: *á É z)r ì- Ì¡ Ì¡ È,
¿Xò/¡Fåâ;t,bÉ
LâÈDBÙ:1I.ØbÙ: r¡
ù* Èi * À' ä *á T àr
/¡Øtr{"ü:LrJ- -ì..rE.* ffi
þtfLï¡U!\'c+^#Lù:U
-) ùå !r * /¡ #, I E , ö I
I¿\L)fr!^EyØ4 gTÌÈ lF-)
F o)' L'c. ¿ÌTg
;:ù:4:âF;*â*1
t"ØôrlrØry{Lbð
fl'
r* Ø i:4 2 Ì* r â ÐL t,
À" L\ Ø ffit+, Ë ¿ì,
t. FåuTi4
'ï+ c^'È, [fii
( 7.¡
t,&:
b !' ¿: [r ¿;itzfì !r t
ìæU6EþtØ1,.*át !rE¿ì
&
Ti /¿ U B l'{ r.i Inr A ("
æ t*^Aü*
¿ EI D ^¿isïi /¡ +E - t"
ü*i â â
.ì F" Ð lÉt â L\ ffi ô ¿ "
'* ü:'(. ffii Ø þr z¡
Ù: ò i -
,i 4lì å i ù'ù)
<ÌffiârÈ,H,.rÞo*
(, þ " 4 * i I¿ UÆ t)
tÆBØþofr,^i_ L/\ft4
Y D^ ùJ,È
i r:r:FJ ù:+ rÌÈìffi*
284
I
Ét ò ù: å r:: â ä 4 sårË'ffi.ffiþJ
¿ ùT LI H ¿- J A L i I: ËäF
ffi H Ø
gJ A
ffi ð i u. i ¿t ¿S È' * !\ -¿ì 7)l
ü: oL/¿vb-c e)
TtËrãt¿4 6
àr â * R # õ 'C L /¡ j ( f/. L!\ b = â B
( H o) â , tr A
b o) ¿:ie-# þ H .
âo ù.i lli ØigE- * H /: B H {"' ä ¿ - ¿:
È r¡i âi ü: -r" a " È ^ù: a ù: 1 È Ê
B * ful T,ì B {È o) ffi } !\ ) !r
A Lb bt ùii â'!i ül Ì - À
/¡l äi o : ^4 Ø < i * Hr ù*" À"'I¿ ffi/¿
A ¿r'Êl {L
1."
Fì ù: t'i t'io : ; tL if Íffi È t'L * Ë E a)
ffi ù'o {LEþ â È ù: ù* ffi.
ÌÉþ,Ðþ')ffiü:l-'cùÈ
gJb À' ¿*åBttrArr\ ^ffiÊr
[s â /¡ É:rre
*t ] ¿: & * A Ð ffi.* 6 trL4-
r'ffiJ ù: {L b.+ ( þ Ø ÉE ¿i, oÈìù*,
È
?,
Ø Ë'c ô o) þ ffi n- ù: , +.
Ø2 É'l* + ¿ å ( ÉF-c"åì ( ¿: fL È
ll¿:
t¡ {")iu
É L
*+*bþ"(.
â L â'ã
ËË¿r
à.
¡l.âE+[rLLl-oLl5îtå
^'c,
þ,& /¡:;, â i)ì L'c. t" < rÍ-^ {L
ffi
+ØÉt,2LâDB/;^Ø{"
üÈHT¡4â æ lÌ^#
t- Ø JEEXtr
ËÉÉffi. ¿:ù:o) EXçæ Ì¡ HW +ù:
þ,å ißËÊHfÆ <EÉE HÉS
l,' *,') Ø ¿: üÌ " È.
FE
rr < k ÊH (" * Ma
,' l"
t,
t,
b ,^ ËF{4 'c. ìts Ø
l¿ ^â iïkåì B ò È" ¿* ,- ^¿i â 2å 'C
, L E ^
{L
4 i: T t, ¿ S ô) ¿: ìâ â å; L\ f+ L\
ff 9 ¿* h. ò tr L W. rxr /¡ ¿*, ¿ â
^ÌåT'{ ór'h'a'c.EÊ ll, try L\âF
o
F" & i R;
t) È
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&
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g
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+ 'rÊ.
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tr U I +- ('
l ;Ì Ì: åtT Èe, Kru 8 t r¿ î'r;
4 t:
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l^ H * Þ I â
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ffiâ,e þ
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ã þ Þ rr ô ù f b frÊ. {ü â^ I ù-'u')
ØH, È â À,b {L f âtr àì _:f'k A, },
å t¿
o /¡ * b L w !r, iË Ð åì â {L u ù'-)
* Èl
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¿ t /¿
L, U ¿: - {L {L
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ò ¿ "C Ì¡ FË ò H 'f fU : /¿ A
þ *ì,ìàì¿ìâØ ¿"1ìÆ ô
7c : (" {. È' â -E )F À' â T ü: ^ç
¿:
.l 'l s#,,,..
a J1
ì
;-+*
r rJr¡11 tfamiþ namel r fifft¿i¡'¡. be convenient
årriòj(
g Tfr fi1A to cooperate
r!' ¡ trf
y
?Ë^ lfamiþ namel 22 7 ) 7 | v-! a frustration
I tr
tot¡
a (-þ)ÊÀ,D â to value -; to give Ì¿*. â to accumulate [u.i.]
'et 11. I 1
importance to - B frâffi,It i T¿lt'â stand out from the
* t<lr
g frEÉ b consideration (for -) crowd and you just
*u.Q invite trouble for
rc (-tr¡#.b â to learn
ì yourself.
r¡tt q
75 'lÐ å ù'trJ 6 to approach (someone) t; t'ò 2
t''¿': ¿
I 24 Niî- opposition; confrontation
rz Erù\üUàìt- L- to be comfortabie ¿'ø-
ôt'
¡JIE lfamily namef 7e âgÈ 6 to get bored
ut¿rf.rcu'
x.¡ + lfemale given namel 20 ffi#ffi new product on the
market
ùr'd6 to be popular lu.i.l Lr¿+-o¿i¿
¿ì¡'¿r¡. 21 ffiH.Fn new product
6 ffirf- abroad tf¡,¡',+
È'.u p, trfÆ(¡¡) sensitive; susceptible
7 w.'ffi technology ¿t
I
u't¿u¡; ø! zz ftCÌì'c ( to jump at
11
friæ- ¿ffia - left an impression on ,tr
(me) [u.i.] B Hb around (someone)
r{' u.
U AIL#Lâ to change 2s f\+I:T â to take agoodcare of-
I
¡1r¡^
O ÙHË lfamily namef rz Si¡ 6 (¿:) excessively;
di . indiscriminately
rÈ+ lfemale given nameJ ¿til:¡i
t:È
r: (-¿;¡g Ð T 6 to appear (on TV,
r -ìË lplural forml etc.) [u.i.]
:i( ' 4)¿oi
,ffiH words and phrases t4 4 trLtqffi|: in its own way
l.
t
*È, ¿' tÈ Èr uq.i,
Ëu.FlL expression fffi{ÉËF standard ofvalue
- F-ì
v'ã
flt':t â :l¡üEH \' 15 *Ù: really;truly
r:Bu¡i¿l¡ à try\*i ¿1, ôÌ,
E Ëâffi everyday conversation tB +R/À-#
.t -
[name of a journal]
u'lu¡f À, ¿ ( Lþ
Æffi¿: frequently; often ffiÆ' special issue
. a _ ¡-
utL ¡ Dat\Òtu ,
context
ffiB-r a to stride; to swagger
about
d¡¿¿¡"
to judge *oE ì
HW.T 6 WøA to put away (to include)
u¡-ur
'È< l: gradualTy lu.t.l
ctlr' ¿lu+
s fft,-Ì r :18.r,"ã 20 Eâ
l{¿¡-'r'
author
r¡[r¡¡ã
üEËt' wide 22 IRÆ original title
rti ¿*6
just as
Flx in aword; in short -Eb
r['ue,
-
l.tÈ
F(r¡) stylish; chic B x.* the general public
t[.a¿ {--td-
, æÆTâ to suggest; to propose (a GNP gross national product
plan) ' ti¡.i
(-å)lÉffi justlike-t:¿lEDli
+t,
afr\ achap; agvy t:l [>>>**/- F.s]
t.ø a to have a dispute ,iy - power
it" t,
[quarrell with ffiNt a to acknowledge
4F¡'tlg
, I+É.b 1 6 to make it up with; to ¡'
24 #,< to explain [u.f.]
reconcile x.rï, s
]
r¡[: ll
rc latffit¡( tJw fie1d
without much thought È ¡ti t:-¡ ¿(
{"t ËIAEI super power
,ùrftl: desperately u k*
*F* -ì TEffi-T A to point out
r (-¿;...?) IIJÈ¿{.0 to hammer ... .¡{¿+¡
into -'s head 25 tìffi analysis
b-zÌ"
26 Êgm theory
.l t s #>>>>>
Lt¿ut' t i+Lv t i
zo ÉËffi-t' extension 33 ük tt+.î to praise; to make much
È-Á, of Lu.t.l
zz $.¿:-1ùå/J u- not merely; not ttÀ,t,< r'
simply [>>>gtt/-t'6] æÆæ architect
2s
r{.t r'
,xl6
j' 't
medium r'+"¿
,=l gt u
r- fashion designer
gadgets
3e ffitF Ë to be indifferent
o Èi b rules ç!1.
.,f-
* t'u. nolsy
1 impression strictly
t0 ffilr.¡,:
Lp. L
3Ëfl
¿ t*'lr6
capitzl ?3 E=# objection;
Bangkok counterargument
^-y=?
*h'l r.È
a |$¡. dirty -6;þff!¿ì/¡ ¡' there is no room for -
[>>>liåz- ¡e]
I
u¡ri Lå tti ¡
73 ffiffi common sense 2s +fi blanket
¡¿[' ¡ ¿ à''-
É5 (r¡) proper; reasonable;just â
l#l,f to put - on
14 (-ù: ùå) ¿.'f¡ ir-Z¡ r.. to be no matdn 30 b'* {L6 to be dumb-founded
for; can't win ¡Ínt r tuir '
[>>>*;å.t - t"s]
31 ffigJþH,Z â to feel impressed
,4,,
võ ¡,vs
ffiæ cooking
,, Ê+-î 6 to observe (the rules) 56
t{.t
#æ
¡,
development
¡ttÈf tr- l. -
Hll,*r.. chilly 57 Ëffi consciousness;
za fiil ( to work effectively awareness
I
Ëåù: :òcå (-ù:) r¡'U.tr to get used to -
U'À,€ b Ll â tobe chi11y/cool 6t tJ6r.åf6 to get frustrated
2e ôÞ (one's) lap
.l t s #o>,,.
This radical is based on the image of grass and is generally used for
characters representing kinds, conditions etc., of grass.
290
I
>>>>,Ùîh\òEÈEâ. Y l=i5t5EfcEô I
ll
' 'ðh'- tweerl.the'two alternatives,',,, .,
a) BAæàì,r'LÏEL/¿i )t¿RtìL:f f.
(I feel my Japanese has improved a little.)
291
.l t s #>>>>>
{,,, *ë,1î(Ëä) ='to (say) something like -' l*#l > t. t z >>> l¿nDþrìrìJ ¿ñ'l
l$ t>> !ËE-?t*/¡!t='¡o1 merely/simply -' l#atvl't > t. z t >>> ël¿vÀãñ z ?:ta ør t*aur]
èÌ,ô¡',+.Ud,r'ffi
Èàii I Ë
a) *tfro)*lüÐr¿tt"
(There is no room for compromise.)
292
't
I
I
tf àì5.ElfcEä. y l'.r)tSElcEä
I
>>>>> I
293
.l 'l s #.,,.,
a) ttt lrtë,2-ålâ
1 : You can start interviewing some-
ffi+: FFE*+øI¡Ë¿ ¡fr L :f; 11. +Et* I ù I one by fust introducing yourself.
¿. àF,/¿ FläJ ¿ rrã 7-vt. BAØlÌâ 2: First, let the interviewee know
à à.8ä¿:rì,.f B råÆ D{ L. ù -c I,+ what the topic of your project is
and then ask if it is all right to
â .- L ts, E ã, vtôrrå+JH:Iã L Êrr¿,Etür question him/her on this subject.
*f2 ør'. eôU < *rffirr L:f f3" 3:Conclude your introductory re-
Et;ì- Y ¿ËÈaQi.ôU<J6ffit.L*T" markby saying I ó L ( ÌáÆt. L
x 9.
ffi# llzì-Yð.1,¿lù ,F+EA¿:{È¿,f.. L. È c
L + å.t-cTÈs. Bäf"G{l,r â Øtrt-æffi|- 4 : It's important that you preprre a
number of questions ahead of
ù.-tf¿ a ¿ lffif f U t )lta" time. Your questions can be
*** framed in such expressions as
¡
ùl,lEüf L i Ð. and
-
-t:zr-.r
Ð
w+ D + ó. èø#ãl=cü\( ft ¿ a tr# x-Tf i *"'4LîTù..
ñtno 5 : When you did not understand
**t what the interviewee said or
when you need more explana-
ffi# T e*.ì¡¿,. ú ã-ËfrEtr L *T5. tion, you can say, for example,
ð i-Ë*dÆL. L*.1, l) i,tl.
*** #t ( ffLrr.t;È¿t*+¿,à.
w+ âE Htr,ft Ltr ¿ z ô ãL\ ât r 6 ¿ 2 E t, t) or - å t,. i d)ll ¿' i t. i ; ¿'C
f Ð'.
hì¿5 ¿'ë-'tr:f l.,t¿" **.ffitf,ElJ t)*1.,t¿6"
6: You can end your interview by
thanking him/her. ftÆfúffit-- t¡
b * L l¡ means that you learned
a lot from the interview.
294
I
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4vl)YlþLrlJðt.o
J>,, 12rv,z-
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e Eãrfto /¿: å 0)b â.L ?F,ù,i: L{. ¡Jr ìv-lþlF b /J ð !.o 4 0)/\t:- _ Bä^
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7" tttþîæ Zþ 2 i 7 ù-#*L /J ð !..
$orr 4V.1-,
e atøhÏÊ¿óåò 0;î, à.:'r,-L.t,Hiò o)ùtt)t*Tù'o el,LrÌ,fElf L¡ jà., E
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l rrrfFl
e
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bùTâ lffiùJâl to open [ut.] 1.9-â1 United Stâtes of America 1.13-ñ
vr LÞ < ,.ä tæffiÈ61 (-f ) U¡ à -> l-+ â [honorific form of TT] 1.1-â 1
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t \b àì0) tô Ìrfâ ?ffiØ*l some women L.|4-ffi,2 U\hl. Xi tm*l impression L.15-:n2
U¡Ë,1ìÀ [-A] one sentence L. 5-E1t I u\hv x jùc0¡¿âlñ*8ffiâ7
t \b t. 1,, à- /-ë 2 l-E H+Ll 10,000 yen bill L. 0-â 1 1 - left an impression on (me) [u.i.] L.1s-â3
,ì VT'r 7/ Atnencanlndian 1.8-ñ àË tml frain station 1.4-â3
t \l"N iTâ LíIHTâl to quote 1.6-T È.Ëì'rÀ[Htr] railroadstationempioyee 1.10-â1
i là <" tf$å Cl to fade; to decrease 1.1 i-ffi *iL¡t)ù\ [Èj#lù.] cetebration L.7-^1
(-Ø) ib within the domain of - 1.14-â1 tå i à- I'T 6 tI6#9- ä I to cheer for t./-="ñ
Ò L#Zâl
->l¿à-6 to complain of 1.12-r ¿5¡.rvr IBXJ
West Ui¡., Europe and Á.merical l
i2âl(-1.)1*61 to move (to -) [r.i.] 1.5-â2 L- --erÌ
i à+È Lì/\ tobe envious L.14-^2 *i *iùt /ù ùÍ*i *i t \ lt, ë lÐùT rLdt Lr lÍ ål
ì âlæ,â1 to sell [zr.] 1.6-â3 the more (students) Ihete ate, the more - 1.3-ffi
*iëå totreat (someone) to (something lusuallyfood Jsla¡à¡v¡L:lT [lsÆu. LËT] please. L.1-+2
or drinkl ) L.6-È2 tili L t*iäl chopsticks 1.9-FÉ
¿5/Êù¡ Dlc [*¡ÌlFl:] rbke care! L.12-^1 *j t lfï [Ã'lffl [¿¡.] L.1 5-ffi
to exert linfluence] 1
*j/¿z)¡U¡ [*sE^v.] each other 1.1-ffi tåì2 l"t¿l:,4-ltrvY^l Dutch (person) 1.8-ffi
*sË+ t*s#l (seen) tea 1.6-â2 tô ì, ì"t¿È Ì'lrf , v Yffil Dutch ship L.at-8,Ì
*¿'l 9 change;balance of money returned to the 15â Lffi6l to snap 1.1 3-ffi
purchaser 1.10-â1 *¡þtr¡ [*¡&] gift of appreciation 1.9-â3
Js(ðàv¡ [*¡?tftv'] $bâl$bâl be finished; be over [ui.] L.2-È2
bathroom llit.,pTace to wash one's handsl L.i3-â1 *jÀÈr< tË$l music L. J- õrÍ
tS Ìtte@ lkÐl women's section of abatlhouse 1.1 0-â3 å.llî[Hf] behindsomeone'sback L. I l-õî
å'ùlÈrL+ tËrfi#l [amoviename] 1.7-â3
@tt-*' ìJ.lI6lWTâl to put - on L.1s-ffi2
å¡V¡ð ( [!tþl] foreign country; abroad 1.6-â3 ¡ä.tlåtI( [ÃtrËA< ] to catchacold 1.1 1-ffi
È.ìrr? < l*Ë] super express train or bus L.7-+2 Ì¡? 1 l*ffi] family 1.1-â2
lt ut:CÀ,TL tElffiTLl å./êU¡ [#Æ] problem L.l4-ffi1
a selÊservice style sushi restaurant 1.15-FÉ å./¿ð å [hÉ] broken [e.9., Japanesel L. I J-fl
Ì¡.à->î on the contrary 1.13-# l¡rbñrlrlÌfrfiÊffi1 one's sense of value 1.1 5-ffi 1
l¡ràÈ>T UfrerTl lwritten form of Æà r¡r,'t] 1.5-ffi l¡rbâ DW /|füfÈ#$] standardofvalue 1.15-ffi 1
û.Ë'9 l-ffi I 12 as far as -; as long as - L. t5-ú¡ àìta LL¡ [7ËLt,.] sad 1.2-Ë
¿ì< /L* t+Æl level of education L.14-à2 È.Øi tEIËEl possibility L.15-ffi2
321
ù,0)D¡læf.1 she 1.1 ù{À'll,â to do one's best; to ry hard
I
I
tttt'ÊËã*El I
Ëp ì LP i Ur'llll lthe name of one of the four < +û t{E+bl to regret L. I l-dtt
major islands of JapanJ 1.8-ffi < àìrr/¿ -
such that; to the extentthat L. I t-#r
å ro ì L¡e ilâlWMf âl to absorb 1.15-ffi1 < à L IæàLl living; life styie t.13-+2
3wÒ0 ¡i tffifll salary 1.1 2-Ê < ÈrTlæòTl tolive 1.1 1-ffi
É ¡ iå.L¡ täñlêl textbook 1.1 3-ffi < ôa l#Xl hardship; suffering L.14-:il,2
Z 6lqâl tohangup (aphone) [l¿t.,to cut] 1.12-â3 lTt,¡8Lr [#Ë] economics 1.3-ffi
323
ùlu\ë lwTâ13ÍHTâl to calculate L.þ-Ërr ùlÀSuro) l&EØl curent 1.1 s-ffi 1
1-ñ
by no means; never 1.1
-ëì L+ t-å#l number - car L.i0-â1
II "> L /'T â t (- ¿ ) i*,ù'Èãl ðÌ L¡ i tæÈFl' nesotiation L.ð-õr¡
to be determine¿ ¡o -; to resolve to - 1.8-ffi ði L¡ aïó-lf'iúf â1 tonegotiate L.J-ñ
ùf oTv\T6 [(-ù3)i*ËTã] to decide 1.8-# ¿ i.tlurã ì E) l- ¡ i lEÆfrMÊl
Ì19 tTffil diarrhea L.12-È2 Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare L.i4-ffi1
t'T l) êl â lf ffitT âl to have dianhea 1.12-E ¿ i'rtilFl lplace nameJ 1.1 0-ffi
Ì-lRl prefecture
ùI ¿ i À i iil#l fall colors (of leaves) L.4-ffi
ùTl-läl sphere 1.1 1-ffi ¿ ì I + < tæffi1 the iatter part omitted 1.11-ffi
ùT Ì"1ül decrease L.14-#,1 ¿ à tËl voice t.2-*2
llÀt,¡Ë lB-l lmale given name] 1.6-â3 ðâl< tffi+l language srudy 1.8-ffi
IT l"z1'1 lc lffitttlc] strictly 1.15-ffi2 (-Ìc) ¿ 82ù16 to manase to - L.14-ffi1
ùl kìJrÌ'| l9'Ð) front hailway 1.4-tr ¿å ¡ i o)t.iple$ØWl hometown 1.8-Ë
ùT/.ù,lu'z lË,ffil ð< tffiAl words and phrases 1.1 5-ffi 1
324
rrttrH#i*El
è ( /at,¡ [Eñ] domestic 1.1O-ffi ë,ÈìË /cTä to neglect to write for a long time; not to
¿ < lfÀ ljRæl blackboard L. I5--E I correspond for some time L.4-ffi
ðD¡Þ i ¡¿¡t fnfftl in one's fifties 1.6-â2 ð&* [rJ.¡l¡] lfamilynameJ L.1s-â1
è LÌ i TâleWTâl tobreak down 1.12-FÉ ¿ À tffil navy blue L.9-^2
ê Lâlt ùI â lFtìr,tI â) :r.îr,Æå 1.6-â2 ë lvì¡r.> å tâ+Hl this semester L-4--ñ
¿ DÀ, IIE^I intlividuat L.14-#,2 ë1"3'> L/¿ [ùE*ËL/c] crowded 1.1 0-#
è DÀ,å À i Dlo l'lE^ä#l ¿ À ¿'tâËl one of these days L.1-^2
individual instruction; private iesson 1.1 3-Ë il'teà,ì ù3 [¿Ài4Ãù:] inthisway 1.15-ffii
¿Dl"V v 77 llÛ)t v v zv) private tutor 1.8-â2 aì"Ê,/,'l+WJ tonight 1.1-ñ
¿rlÊ tF#l famiþregister L.14-ffi2
¿Z ¿4 ¿ in whispers; secretly L.i 1-ffi @t=--'
(-lc) ¿È*¡àr*u¡ qf- / tVù,2ëa l+T-, )v#ü)
not to be particular; not to be picky 1.15--ñ2 extracurricular activities L,5-õ,¡
ä< well; now [used when switching to a new, usually Lz)./¿t¡V¡ l{fËr¡u.l rt can,tbe helped. 1.3-Ê1
more important, topicl L.12-ffi Lìttd> ->'z Lå.r)cffi] grimace
È> [ 1.12-â3
Ë¿ i t{Ëffi1 lfamily namel L.s-â2 Låt{¡ moreover;besides L.2-^2
ä tìLV¡ [trLu.] tonely 1.14-â1 Ll¡tâ to scold 1.11-â3
s,lì¿À [m..¡r¿¿,] l)ìtrl"lt¡t¿'t lffiFf,ÐtÈa] time passes 1.1 1-â 1
ð t, <' tffi <"1 to make a lot of noise 1.7-rÉ èl-l-l9Ðl self L.l4-^3
Ëþbà tlX+fl ffamilyname] L.7-ffi, LTå. (re) [ËSr. (rÁ)] quiet 1.10-â2
é/'ù'lâleÒ*ffiTâ) D/¿1,ì[H#] itseif L. 5-õn I
3 Ì,t¿1, (re) \fr,ã tòl regrettable t.7-È1 D?lù [*et] actually; in fact 1.1-â2
L ttrl poem; poetry 1.1 3-ffi Lplfu¡Tä IXWTâl
LðLr lilâ] same L.7-È1 to be unsuccessful; to fail 1.1 1-#
326
I
I
ttrtt
I
!Ë Ei * El I
D ¡ ¡llv [üÉ] advice 1.1 1-ffi T j D'>t. ålc [trHtrlc] several days ago
D¡ LtÐãÐl particle(s) 1.13-â3 7-Y suit
D ¡ D ¡ 13 [æ¿ Ìc] gradualþ 1.1 5-# Ti l!/-lff.^l severalpeople
1
328
l
I
l
I
l
,,,,,+=*Erl r
I
'ÙJ5 i to carry (something) on one's bacl< L.14-fr,2 Èl'9 +( (Ë¿C[ffiffiÊ9lc] stratesically 1.15-ffi1
.tàâ.v¡
lttjt] world 1.10-# Zì lÉl demographic L.14-:úx1
Èe)<ù¡Ë ¿lÈÐ<-Ël atleast once 1.9-â3 ?l¿2L(-?)È21 togrowup (in-) t¿i.l 1.1-â3
ÈÂ,V¡À[ñÈF] crewmember 1.8-ffi Zt¿<â [Ë<6] toraise [u.t.] L.l4-ffi2
Z2€ xaT6let)+#TâT /ct,¡ Llcð è t*tr¡ [tL/¡ð è/*ù¡]
to graduate (from -) 1.1-â3 not too good; not great L.7-^2
?Ølt't¡\lcl?Øß,bt)t.l inplace of that L.2-ñ /cìr¡ Lrp i tt*l the general public L. I )-ãrd I
?o¡È,ù>ut lZØEÈl in that case L.5 - õr1 /cL¡lÈ? (¡¡) lÌfl (r¡)] import¿nt 1.5-61
/Èr. ¡ås (
V r Â,.tàì, ¡ ti+H¿f l /¿å.liL[Ëffi] [familyname] 1.6-â1
graduate student L.1-^2 t¿Ìt *.6 tÉË61 toincrease [u.i.] L.7-ffi
lcytùI l"l#ffi1 personal experience 1.1 3-T ÈÊ ¡ ì 16l*ffiTâl to compromise 1.15-â2
330
t¿TùT6 lWrùJ âl to help [ur.] /êäV¡ to feel tired; to feel languid L.12-*2
tcTtaâ tÊüte6l to visit 1.9-ffi /cÀ,1¡ [lF{ü] credit (for a course)
tcTkâ [ãteã] to inquire 1.1 1-ffi lê¿4,'Ètr¡ [4T*] man; mate 1.1-ffi
/clê just; only 1.9-ffi ÈÌ"f¿/-¿ gradualþ 1.1 1-ffi
/c/¿å.Ì [tri ] to flght; to compete L.7-ffi, 1 lt /eì/ r l$lc -<¡ tr l
tc Ì'IC. - tù ù r
being iike a superrnan L.l4-ffi2 T,l V ,7 DINIß ldouble income no kids] L.14-ffi2
Ë ¡ ì ÈV¡ [colloquial form of ( Èð Ir; most often <åsA [+ffi] letier 1.11-â2
by chüdren or womenl 1.11-â1
used
<å*ji9-å [(-t:)üËfå]
Ë¡ ì/cV¡ð < tËtþ¡l superpower 1.1 5-# 1
to adapt (to -) L.|4-ñ2
ËÀì å" exactly 1.9-ffi < Ë ¿ i (¡¡) [ü5 (¡e) ] âppropriate; suitable L.1-ffi
6 ¡ ì ¡f tffi4l cooking L.15-ñ2 îCË tHEl exit L.7-*2
laaV'h chocolate 1.9-ffi <¿6 affordable 1.9-FÉ
b t2 L [a kind of sushi; a box of sushi rice covered with (DrOÂ,[?ffi] procedure L.12-ffi
small slices of fishl 1.6-â2 <-)< t) l+fÊ91 handmade 1.8-B
?i+< tìüãXl interpreter 1.8-ffi <?¿.i tg^ìËl railway L.1 0-ffi
?årì/¡&ì [Ær.¡i] :&r,'ä L.1s-ffi1 î">ë0 ¿È+Lr [+,ÐtD+vr]
clt lt,â l#tLâl to become tired 1.10-â3 quick and simple 1.8-â2
[ffiì/¡] strong
v2 À ì/r L-l-õn 1/-Lâ Ë tE+æå*l
eleclronic instnrment; gadgets 1.1 5-ffi
-Cþtrr :-t: ( t'
1
L.1s-ffi,2
2tL<\\( [iÉfu<v.< ] tot¿kesomeoneto 1.1-ffi îÀL+ t€¡Fl rrain L.4- õn
332
I
I
I
I
I
r""+æ*El I
èi å ¡ ìËç( t¡fixËl arrivingrbkyo 1.10-â1 (-/¿) å ë, ä/ê have just done something 1.4-Ê3
¿ i D tgffil in those days 1.13-ffi ¿¿ôî bytheway L.l-*2
å i D/Èt,¡ tþffiftl rhns dynasfy L. tJ-il ¿L tffil ase 1.1 3-ffi
¿'i L? tlãfËl same room L.2-^2 ¿Li à-l+f] older L. I -õr
¿i L< ö no matter how hard (one) rries L. i 1-â 1
-å L( as- t.7-^2
åì D¡ ïTâIET.)HETâ] - ¿ L< ùt for; considering L.i 3-ñ
to appear (on TV, etc.) [ui.] 5-ffi
1.1 1
è L ¡ å¡À [EtËÊË] library 1.1 3-ñ
¿i'tàì'¡ [FlË] ëttØë ?"à¡\-tl*Wø*Wl local product 1.9-ffi
living together in a de facto relationship L.l4-:n2
åzËpiITl,,lWR#l
¿i ¿a ûnaily; atlast 1.13-ffi special express fare ticket 1.10-Ê1
¿"i ¿ < å.À tìËffiffi] view of moratiry 1.1 3-# ë.2ÈÌvl*Fål suddenly L.12-â3
å"Ì ùC O i tË^l infroduction L. I ¿--srÌ
å.2Ëz).èt,¡ì è [è"2Ëå.èËì è]
ë j ì'¡'tlffiVtl animaT 1.9-â1 ifl have to choose one over the other L.1s-â2
¿'i {, ¿<{, very (much) 1.1-â3
try å(
somehow; no matter how hard one may L. l-õ7i
*¡
-/ætr¡ -
can't possibly L.i-ffi
¿"i À i t(-¿)mël justtike - 1.1 s-ffi 1 ¿ 6 lE'ùÌ âl to deliver [¿r.]
ë*t'T L.e-ffi
à"Ì I ¡i tlÉûfttl colleague;co-worker 1.6-â1 è fe I [ts[] next door; next to L. i -â2
è ieUr [Ëv.] far 1.4-â3 Ìrt/¡, F' +- Y Donald Keene L.1 3-ffi
Ì. -r-l 7 Ì. tournament L. / ---oit èõl¡z( lftcla1] tojumpat L.1s-â3
¿ *"' I l-lÊ I I jort
"r -
L. I )-ãn I å * ã [ÌÉ* ð] to stay (over night) lui.l 1.1-Ê3
¿ < t#< I to explain [u.r.l 1.1 5-ñ 1 ¿ * ð [(-13) lå* ä] to stay (at -) t¿¿.1 L.O-il
å ( v¡ (rr) [€,Ë (re)] to be good ar L.1s-ffi1 ¿v>ä-1üB>âl
¿ < S tffi#l special t¿lent; skill 1.8-â3 to have - stay (over night) [u i.J 1.1-ffi
å ( L ¡g i tffiÆl special issue L.1s-ffi1 ¿ {r/¿Ë lÂël friend 1.1-â2
è ( Ë¡ i tffiætl characteristics 1.10-ffi èÛ together with; in company with
å {¡ 1.13-ñ
¿ < ùC [f+fc] particularþ L.5-õ,I (-¿) ¿ Ûù3 togetherwith - L.14-ffi2
å (.sç [f+FJ] special 1.4-Ë àðüf/¿àÉ [Jtlf/¡àå]
¿< It,/-!ffi7rl rcader; reading book 1.13-# husband and wife both working L.14-#2
ë 1 0't Ll¿[T4üL/¿] independent 1.11-â2 å&¡ä.( t¡ì
è'( I ç.rlr,' Ll" tätsü#5#l to say this and that; to meddie in (other's atrâtus) 1.14-ffi 2
spirit ofindependence 1.1 1-ffi Ì¡7:f 7X Dragons lname of abaseballteam] 1.7-â1
è ùltr¡ lFãfl clock; watch L.2-^2 ¿ I t,Rl chicken tltf.,birdl 1.6-â1
¿ u) u\tLâ IWV to adopt [u.t.J 1.1 5-# 1 telxùTre ( ü-¡ûfi¡e( l
¿ tq
Vä â to ^tLâl
manage all by oneself L.14-:n2 without much thought 1.1 5-ffi 1
334
,,,,,H**Erl
-ùC
( l¡ hard to -; difficuit to - 1.1-ffi tabã IÉEål to sleep L. I -ú¿
ù3Ë.\ùr IH?ß] Japan and the U.S. L.2-:út since - years ago 1.1-â1
ùcz Ê [Hlü] diary L- l--fl t¿l'*,21+*1 end of the year L.e-ffi
ùC(ì/¡å [(-lc){X<v.a] to resemble (-) 1.4-â1 o>) € xi të#l agriculture 1.1 0-ñ
_lc.ëoî fel _; fe _ L.7-Ê2 ) -)l v I. uncut L. / -EJ
ìJtt?i (¡¡) [ffi?Ì (¡e)] iooking sleepy L.2-â,2 ÌÈùÌtl Im*Tl to encourase L. I 5-En
335
ùt ¿ ta tffiæl [place name] 1.10-â2 tìt)ùy F Hollwood 1.13-â2
ll¿'lì[ì9..!ì] tocarry 1.6-ffi ùù 0 åra m9ffil
,fy7 1 y I . r) -/- Pacifr,cLeagae L./---on paper posted (on a board, a wali, etc.) 1.5-Ê 1
336
,,,,,+#*5rl
average; ordinary; like normal people 1.13-ffi À< ¡iTá.lEeHTâl totake (medicine) L.12-â2
¿1.¿lf¿,t*41 onenight 1.1-â3 Àëi.lv¡lõâ+l unfair L.14-ffi2
f)¿t) ùrâ Ê t¿l.¿ 9lFål walking alone 1.10-# ÀSùlôi tÀSttâil tokideachother L.i1-ffi
tlùc( (¡e) [ÆH(re)] ironic 1.1 2-FÉ ÀLStT,B*l mystery 1.3-Ë
Llt¿tlwTâ t#flTäl to criticize 1.1 0-ffi ÀDÀtffi^l woman 1.13-ffi
ôô[H.+] days 1.1 1-ffi Àl¿lcö[Fîús] again L. I 5-õrX
337
-./c [T* (¡¡)] not good; unskilled
(tæ) 1.13-ffi It,l"Lø i t+ttll lmain island of JapanJ L.1o-ffi
.rz?ì [FJ#] summer cottage 1.1 3-# E./-¿.413 [+Elc] rea1ly; truly L.4-+3
¡\? ù3 -t¡Lì lflJlC -fa¡.1 not parlicularly 1.4-â1 ItÀ'lg/-(Ê, ) (to speak) withoutreserve or ln
machine gun fashion
^ç [#E]
room L.2-^2 L. I ¿-ûr,
^å [Hð]
to decrease [ui.] L-l-õn
It i À (¡¡) iËË (ra) I bountitul; pienty L.l-*2 (-lc) * ¡treu. comparable (to -); equal (to -) [ltf.,
¡ti lt i tfì*l method L.B-ffi not to iose to -l L.l4-ffi,2
Ita ùl.lfrffi1 direction; area 1.8-ffi i.l|âlAtTâl tolose (agame) [ui.l L.7-ffi,
Iti t¿ /-l â tÊüHlTãl to visit L. / - -oJî
ìIf firstofall L, J-ËÎ I
(to speak) in a subdued tone L.12-ffi ìfz/ê [fÄet] [family namel L.14-#,2
lÍ"rå.r,¡âÌ tJtùEËl t a/c ( -tar¡r [g( -r¡¡r] not at all 1.1 1-ffi
[the biggest island in the north ofJapan] 1.8-# tcð è tfÄ*l lfamilyname] 1.1 1-ffi
lÍå¡1,å" almost L./--ñ ìf ¿'CË t,$El (ticket) window 1.10-â1
ItÈÀå"-tet ¡ hardly; aimostnever 1.3-ffi; 1.11-Ë *,¿Ò6
lfù* almost L.15-ffi2 to put together (in a report); to summarize Lj4-ffi1
,+ 7 -Ì.ùrÈl[,ir7-48[] hor¡or film 1.7.8 Ë /eÀ [S,ì¡] to learn; to study 1.8-ffi
,ß, Yî ,I 7 vohtnteer 1.8-â1 *ia< I#<l toinvite 1.1 3-ffi
338
*.teT 6 lÊ"MTâl to imitâte L.1s-#1 7tl'LW < tEßl private house providing lodging and
Ë A lÊ+l lfemale given name] 1.11-+3 tourists
meals to 1.1 O-â3
it ð tA ( not much iater; soon Èr.z)ri [(-/\) ¡¡È\i ] to head toward - [u.i.] 1.8-ffi
ìf ð ã t+äl to obsewe; to keep (rules) L.15-ffi,2 ð¡à.åä [ì4àã] toweicome; to meet; to greet L.i-ffi
*,W7, lfemale given namel 1.1-â2 ðrà.L tËl the past; the old days L.7-*2
* I ¿ t* D +l ffemale given name] 1.15-â3 f]Û hÙa[trmlc] withoutlimit 1.1 1-ffi
*.þ9 lBîl around (someone) 1.15-â3 tsl)w/,T6le¿)frÊ'f âl
7¡ ù>u t trT -> ð À [F,åv.ffiffi ] to contradict (-) L. I5-E¡
anangedmatrtage 1.9-* bLb rather 1.6-ffi
7ràâlnà.âl lpoliteverbmeanins*6] 1.12-â3 ür9.¡ä. LU¡ [tr Lt.] difficult t.2-^2
7¡ättt¿Vtl.EflÌur¡t.] can'tsee them all 1.1O-ffi bTe) tffil daughter 1.1-ffi
7¡.2 I'L+ t*ffi#l unmarried person L.14-ffi,1 f3l¿ (rá) l^trffi (/r)] wastetul L.11-ffi,
A Då\ìr¡ lÆùìl short 1.1 1-ffi {¡Ë+ (¡¡) [*#(¡e)] unreasonable 1.12-#,
á^l-òùàl.Etràf¡] unfamiliar 1.13-ffi f: ë ktz + < t^trüÈl to be indifferent L.I 5-ffi 1
ir ¿Ðâ [:&Ðä] to request; to ask for 1.4-â3 lÞi ¿ tffi+l [female given name] 1.1 5-ffi 1
-öú)È usedto (do something) 1.1 1-ffi Wjl.x < ttÊl dinner [lit.,eveningmeal] 1.4-â3
ð I /¿ t#El lfamilY namel 1.14-â3 ¡þì Ðr,. (ra) [ã^å(¡e)] famous L.4-ã2
ð I +Ë [*ilJ] lfamilY namel 1.8-ffi ¡Þ¡ä.1¿ [lãã] informal cotton kimono L.i0-â3
ð¿,< tÏãl complaint 1.1 1 -T Wo 19 leisurely 1.10-ffi
EVJ)V Mongolia L.7-=,î, WØblñØlrl tea cup (for green tea) 1.9-â3
Èr¿,/¿l,r [Flff] problem 1.1 1 -T lÞö'ðl t(-ä)fË#Tl to point (to -) 1.1 3-ffi
lþAì lfemale given nameJ 1.6-â 1
À ô ¿ ù) å [nf A'nÐ ä ] to flag down L.O-8,l with matters pertaining to foreign studentsl 1.8-â3
À,5ìl(-ä"'î) F.tll to call - by 1.1-ffi ..
I ro i ås ( .rlu¡.ì'a å¡ [B+!ËHtf+]
Ìe<lå ll*fTål tomakeareservation L.1O-T special division for foreign students L.5- úù
easy; comfortable; leading an easy iife L.5-Eñ fLì,¡ [fif] example t.2-I
- à LV¡ it seems that; evidentþ 1.1-ffi þv¡ è ( (re) [¡*ffi(¡a)] cruet; hearttess L.15-#"2
tzL x j ðÀ|ffi¿fFTl [amoviename] 1.7-â3 tLl"\o)lwØl
9y!t-TV- rushhour 1.10-ffi usual; that whích was mentioned before 1.13-ffi
,l)Vl:.?, I:+)V ls RanaldMcDonald L.Õ- E ¡ þv¡lf i [;âF] air conditioning 1.15-ffi2
b /-1fl,1 [a movie name] þË LtÆÈl history
I t+l lchinese family name] L. t5-úù V ,'t) t-, a 7 recreation L.7-1
- I
r) Teague t. /---"ñ, lz.\Ìz leve1 1.5-â2
th ffemale given name] L.14-*2 lr,Ë- l- rcportjpapei
34'l
tLlvbU\ùI 2 ¿ /- lÆ*:ffiffi1 iove marriage 1.9-Ë *tùI rcason;explanation 1.1 3-â 1
tul'LW i tffigl practice 1.13-â3 t¡ùltù*/et ¡ ifs not the case that L.3-ñ,
graduate who is spending a year studying for a college z.:'fcTlËTl to hand (somethins) to [¿t.] 1.6-ffi
entrance examination L.f-8,Ì
irlcr¡.r[iËË] lfamiþ nameJ 1.1 5-ffi 1
b 1ìC-teLt not much; not enough L.12-^1 (-ùt) t>t¿v) :-o)lã 1.1 5-ffi 1
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