Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology

College of Arts and Social Sciences

Department of Sociology

Andres Bonifacio Avenue, 9200 Iligan City, Philippines

THE PREPAREDNESS OF BARANGAYS AS A STRUCTURE IN ILIGAN CITY:

PRECAUTIONS AND POLICIES AGAINST DISASTER DURING THE PANDEMIC

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the subject

Qualitative Methods for Social Research (SOC108)

SUBMITTED TO:

JOSEFINA M. TABUDLONG, Ph.D.

BY:

MARBY G. BAYUBAY

JERALD S. TAJADO

DECEMBER 2021
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

The Philippines lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire also called Cir-cum-pacific Belt. This is
a path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. In the
record of Philippine Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), there are 300 volcanoes in the
country and twenty-two (22) of these are active. This is one of the factors why earthquakes occur
other than movement of plates and big rocks below. Considering the Philippines geographical
location people can expect more typhoons or rainy seasons, in fact, the Philippines is visited by an
average of twenty-two (22) typhoons every year. Five of the typhoons were destructive, according
to the record of the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA). ‘Disaster’ is defined differently by different people: to some ‘disaster’ is a summative
concept’ (Kreps, 1984) or a ‘sponge world’ (Qurantelli and Dynes, 1970). Some researchers
mentioned disaster as a ‘collective stress situation’ (Barton, 1969) while others identified it with
‘social crisis period’ (Qurantelli and Dynes, 1977).

Disasters, as social events, cause enormous loss of life and infrastructure, frequently
negatively influencing development and reducing economic progress, exacerbating poverty and
inequality. Disasters produce serious social upheaval and have a negative influence on people's
lives and livelihoods, with far-reaching immediate and long-term consequences for society.

A field research focused on individual and group behavior half a century ago. Smith and
Hoffman (1999) urged developing-world researchers to reconsider disasters from a political-
economic standpoint, citing a high correlation between disaster proneness, chronic malnutrition,
low income, and family potential, which led to the realization that the root cause of disasters lay
more in society than in nature. Blaikie and colleagues (1994) created an interdisciplinary, applied
approach to disaster research, as well as a conceptual tool and methodologies for social scientists
and disaster practitioners. Disasters, according to them, are a result of the social, political, and
economic environment (as opposed to the natural environment) because of the way it shapes the
lives of various groups of people. It is risky to see disasters as unusual phenomena deserving of
their own particular attention.

If we think about these lives and property devastating disasters: typhoons, earthquakes,
etcetera it is indeed terrific for it could occur in any moments that we don’t know and we are not
prepared for. Talking about preparedness, each one of us has our own preparation: securing first
aid kits, saving money in case of emergencies, or something else. Whenever disaster occur the
government will give assistance to the people in fact the government implemented a Republic Act
No. 10121 that is defined as an act of the Philippine disaster risk reduction and management
system, providing for the national disaster risk reduction and management framework and utilizing
the national disaster risk reduction management plan, appropriating funds therefor risk reduction
management and for other purposes. In this situation the barangay officials also have to play a big
role for the sake of the community, so the barangay officials should have their plans and
preparation against probable disasters. In support to barangays role, local government unit (LGU)
remains integral across phases – before, during, and after disasters – as mandated by the Local
Government Code of 1991. Solway (2004) outlined the basic roles of the local government in
facilitating the community during a disaster. The LGU must be able to (1) assess the vulnerabilities
of the area and its constituents, (2) instill basic knowledge of natural disasters and the possible
impacts, (3) conduct an information and education campaign (IEC) on disaster mitigation, (4)
coordinate with officials in charge of planning, construction, health, and welfare, (5) conduct first-
aid trainings, (6) partner with educational institutions to broaden awareness and support existing
knowledge, and (7) build evacuation centers and determine safe locations for those affected.
(Dynes, 1970; Qurantelli, 1978; Mileti, Drabek and Haas, 1975; Drabek and Boggs, 1968; Drabek,
1986) discusses vulnerability and the impact of disaster upon patterns of human behaviour and the
effects of disaster upon community functions and organization. The barangay as a social
organization and part its functions and roles in ensuring the welfare of the constituents in times of
disaster.

Disaster is a severe, relatively sudden and unexpected disruption of normal structural

arrangements within a social system over which the system has no firm control (Barton, 1974). In
this study the researcher intends to determine the preparedness of each barangay specifically in the
City of Iligan. Knowing the common disaster related event and their resources capability towards
it, also to determine their coping strategies towards probable disasters during the Corona Virus
Pandemic since this pandemic takes a place to be prioritized as of this time and also takes various
resources just to support the needs of the people.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Since the pandemic causes various impacts to our society, and also the fact that “disasters
bring disruptions in the normal social life, create chaos, destroy social structure and contribute to
replace social order, disaster research may be viewed as the study of ‘social pathology’ (Dynes, et
al, 1978) the Lower Government Unit also the barangay has the big role to deal with it, the
barangay enforces the law to control their community, support their people, and many more.
During this pandemic the barangay have to utilize some of the resources for the sake of their
people.

The intent of the proposed study is to determine if the barangay still has the resources and
capability to deal with probable natural hazard or disaster knowing that the pandemic creates a
various impact to the structure of barangay and the people.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

• to discover the extent of preparedness of every barangay in Iligan City towards

disaster during the pandemic.
• explain the elements of barangay as a social organization
• to identify the structures that are intended to respond to disasters and emergencies
• to describe the integrity and effectivity of the constructed plan of action to the
society
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This part of the research contains the following beneficiary of the research:

The higher government unit, since the study is conducted to every barangay the higher
official could implement an action or to support them in their needed resources.

The Barangay and its officials, this study will inform the constituents of the barangay
captain and so that they can make an action to improve their plans towards probable disasters and
hopefully this study will be noticed by the higher officials and could give support to the said
barangays lacking resources.

The people in each barangay in Iligan City, for this study will give them information and
awareness of their barangay’s current situation.

The study will benefit the researcher for it will give them an experience and this study is
also conducted not just for compliance for Qualitative Research.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The proposed study follows a qualitative research approach, with the use of semi-structured
interview as the primary method of gathering data. This study tackles the disaster preparedness of
each forty-four (44) barangay in the City of Iligan. This study includes the plans, actions and
resources capability of each barangay in Iligan City. The informants would be the 44 chieftain or
barangay captains that were chosen through Judgment/Purposive Sampling.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

BARANGAY. The smallest administrative division or lowest local unit of the Philippines and the
chosen locale of this study.

BARANGAY CAPTAIN. Also known as barangay chairman who have the smallest administrative
divisions of the Philippines also the respondents in the study

DISASTER. A sudden calamitous event bringing a great damage, destruction, or loss

PANDEMIC. A virology or disease occurring over a wide geographic are and affecting an
exceptionally high proportion of population also the moderating variable in the study

PRECAUTIONS. A measure taken beforehand to prevent more damage and casualties, to be

identified if they already have the plans or they are still planning

PROBABLE. An event or cases that is likely to occur or happen any time

PREPAREDNESS. Measures taken to prepare for and reduce the effect of disasters, the
availability of resources and the preparations taken by the Barangay authorities.

RESOURCES. Things or materials that the barangay should have to support in case of disaster/s
to be identified if it is lacking, sufficient or et cetera.

This study will gather data from the respondents which is the captain of each barangay who
will be individually interviewed. The “preparedness” of the barangay will be counted through
identifying their capability and resources whether it is just sufficient or it is lacking according to
the responses. Then Descriptive analysis will be used to discuss and analyze the constructs.
THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The concepts that help to form the framework of this research are mainly drawn from the
Structural Functionalist theory: The Structural Functionalism Theory by Talcott Parsons assumes
that societies are made up of differentiated and interrelated structures. In a healthy society, all parts
work together to maintain stability, a state called dynamic equilibrium by later sociologists such
as Parsons (1961). Functionalism, it postulates that to ensure survival, social systems must satisfy
the functional requisites or needs of adaptation, goal attainment, integration and latency. Through
the interconnecting structures or social institutions, these functional needs are satisfied; and those
social institutions reorganize and bring the social systems back to the ideal state of harmony or
equilibrium, all through the process of reorganization of social institutions (Trevino, 2001). In
support, there is a significant body of empirical and theoretical work in the planning literature
looking at how to conceptualize decision-making processes, the individual planner’s role and
influence on outcomes, the role of planners in wider governance processes, how power is exercised
and the degree to which the public and their interests should be Involved. Few theorists, however,
have explored the cumulative impacts of the interactions and relationships between the multiple
institutions involved in developing, implementing and reviewing strategic-level planning over
time. (Booher, 2003 et. al.)

The structural approach sees disaster as a consequence of administrative or institutional

weakness. This approach makes a valuable contribution regarding structural remedial measures to
cope with disasters but lacks an understanding of people's own initiatives to cope with disaster.
According to the historico-structuralist approach individual responses to disasters in Bangladesh
should be viewed in a broad socio-cultural and historical context ( Haque and Zaman, 1989). Some
of the researchers (Latif, 1989; Custers, 1993) have pointed out that any steps to control disasters,
e.g. floods, should emphasize both the structural (i.e. building of embankments) and nonstructural
(i.e. people's initiatives) approach. They have discussed the problems and the negative
consequences of floods and flood control projects for the environment, fisheries and many other
aspects of life (Adnan, 1990; Boyce, 1990; Rogers et al., 1989; Pearce, 1991; Custers, 1993,
Khalequzzaman, 1994).
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

As shown in figure one (1) Disaster Preparedness is the independent variable since the
section 18 of Republic Act 10121 state that “There shall be established an LDRRMO in every
province, city and municipality, and a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Committee (BDRRMC) in every · barangay which shall be responsible for setting the direction,
development, implementation and coordination of disaster risk management programs within their
territorial jurisdiction.” therefor the management already exists and should establish actions to
prepare for upcoming disasters.

The Resources would be the dependent variable for it relies on the plans of the disaster
preparedness because there should always be a plan before using the budget on purchasing various
resources and the moderating variable is the Pandemic since it influences the preparedness and
resources/plans of the of the barangays, with this we can see if the pandemic affects the disaster
preparedness.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, the goal of the framework is
to Prevent new and reduce existing disaster risk through the implementation of integrated and
inclusive economic, structural, legal, social, health, cultural, educational, environmental,
technological, political and institutional measures that prevent and reduce hazard exposure and
vulnerability to disaster, increase preparedness for response and recovery, and thus strengthen
resilience. In their approach to disaster risk reduction, States, regional and international
organizations and other relevant stakeholders should take into consideration the key activities
listed under each of these four priorities and should implement them, as appropriate, taking into
consideration respective capacities and capabilities, in line with national laws and regulations.
Priority 1: Understanding disaster risk Policies and practices for disaster risk management should
be based on an understanding of disaster risk in all its dimensions of vulnerability, capacity,
exposure of persons and assets, hazard characteristics and the environment. This is to to encourage
the use of and strengthening of baselines and periodically assess disaster risks, To promote the
collection, analysis, management and use of relevant data and practical information and ensure its
dissemination, To promote the conduct of comprehensive surveys on multi-hazard disaster risks
and the development of regional disaster risk assessments and maps, including climate change
scenarios,and others.- Sendai Framework(page.14). Priority 2: Strengthening disaster risk
governance to manage disaster risk. Disaster risk governance at the national, regional and global
levels is of great importance for an effective and efficient management of disaster risk. Clear
vision, plans, competence, guidance and coordination within and across sectors, as well as
participation of relevant stakeholders, are needed. Strengthening disaster risk governance for
prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery and rehabilitation is therefore necessary
and fosters collaboration and partnership across mechanisms and institutions for the
implementation of instruments relevant to disaster risk reduction and sustainable development. To
achieve this, it is important in both national and local levels to mainstream and integrate disaster
risk reduction within and across all sectors and review and promote the coherence and further
development, as appropriate, of national and local frameworks of laws to carry out an assessment
of the technical, financial and administrative disaster risk management capacity to deal with the
identified risks at the local and national levels and others. - Sendai Framework(page.17). Priority
3: Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience Public and private investment in disaster risk
prevention and reduction through structural and nonstructural measures are essential to enhance
the economic, social, health and cultural resilience of persons, communities, countries and their
assets, as well as the environment. These can be drivers of innovation, growth and job creation.
Such measures are cost-effective and instrumental to save lives, prevent and reduce losses and
ensure effective recovery and rehabilitation. - Sendai Framework(page.18). Priority 4: Enhancing
disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation
and reconstruction The steady growth of disaster risk, including the increase of people and assets
exposure, combined with the lessons learned from past disasters, indicates the need to further
strengthen disaster preparedness for response, take action in anticipation of events, integrate
disaster risk reduction in response preparedness and ensure that capacities are in place for effective
response and recovery at all levels. Empowering women and persons with disabilities to publicly
lead and promote gender equitable and universally accessible response, recovery, rehabilitation
and reconstruction approaches is key. Disasters have demonstrated that the recovery, rehabilitation
and reconstruction phase, which needs to be prepared ahead of a disaster, is a critical opportunity
to “Build Back Better”, including through integrating disaster risk reduction into development
measures, making nations and communities resilient to disasters. .- Sendai Framework(page.21)

As constituted by the Republic Act No. 10121, known as the "Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act of 2010", reinforces the disaster risk reduction and management
system, allocating for the national level and its management framework, and establishing the
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, seizing funds herewith and for other
initiatives. This Act bestows for the enhancement of policies, and the execution of activities and
means concerning to all factors of disaster risk reduction management, containing proper
governance, assessment of risks and early warning, minimizing the underlying constituents of
danger and risk, and preparedness for successful response and fast recuperation. The National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) satisfies the prerequisite of RA No.
10121 of 2010, which gives the legitimate premise to strategies, plans, and projects to manage
debacles. The NDRRMP covers four topical territories, to be specific, (1) Disaster Prevention and
Mitigation; (2) Disaster Preparedness; (3) Disaster Response; and (4) Disaster Rehabilitation and
Recovery, which compare to the structure of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (NDRRMC).

Just to sum up this law this is all for the sake of the people in this country, this tackle about
the preparation such as plans and precautions, establishing emergency evacuation, acquiring
equipment, empowering authorities and et cetera all for the good of the people in case of any
disaster that would occur to lessen the damage, quick response, and others. “Basically, protection
of its people is a mandated role that the state is bound to perform. In relation to providing
humanitarian aid during disaster events, the states are responsible for “calling” a crisis and inviting
international aid; they provide assistance and protection themselves; they are responsible for
monitoring and coordinating external assistance; and they set the regulatory and legal frameworks
governing assistance” - (Viloria et. al., 2014).

On January 2019, Lilybeth Matunhay with Jonel Milan and Cilio Paqueo on their study
localizing disaster risk reduction. Their study focused in determining the level of performance in
the implementation of the programs of the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Committee (BDRRMC) in Barangay San Miguel, Compostela, Compostela Valley, Philippines
for C.Y. 2015. The intent of their study is to determine the level of performance of the Barangay
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee in the implementation of the programs for
C.Y. 2015 in Barangay San Miguel, Compostela, Compostela Valley Specifically, this sought to
find answers to this question: What is the level of performance of the BDRRMC in Barangay San
Miguel in the implementation of disaster risk and reduction programs in terms of preparation,
mitigation, response and recovery?

In their study they determine that the barangay San Miguel of Compostela, Compostela
Valley show a high-level performance in terms of dealing disaster and it earns the award of Best
Implementor of 2015 in regards of dealing disaster. The efforts of both the barangay and the
community results a good coordination and implementation: they held community-bases seminars
and workshops, the learn from the past events “their experience from Typhoon Bopha in 2012 has
made them better prepared”. The actions initiated by BDRRMC of Barangay San Miguel in the
implementation of plans and projects that controlled and prevented the extreme effects of the
calamity that took place were effective. The activation of contingency plans, execution of rescue
and rehabilitation initiated by BDRRMC were effective as demonstrated by the residents who
understand the potential dangers that these events may bring. - (Milan et. al.,2019). The post-
disaster projects and services initiated by the BDRRMC was a significant factor that restricted
extreme effects among community people notwithstanding the able leadership of their community
chief executive. In connection to this research the work of Matunhay and others could help the
barangays in Iligan City to figure out what actions they would implement: the preventive measures
taken by the barangay San Miguel of Compstela Valley to be much prepared. This study Localizing
Disaster Risk Reduction is just limited to one barangay only so the proposed study would intend
to study a bit broader setting and it will be in the City, Specifically the forty-four (44) barangays
in Iligan City.

In the case study conducted by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Society that is titled Risk reduction in practice: a Philippines case study, shows ways or strategies
that could be used to construct strategies “Much can be done with relatively simple means at the
community level to reduce the impacts of natural disasters. The PNRC(Philippine National Red
Cross) encourages people to collaborate in protecting their lives and the resources on which they
depend (ICDPP)” -IFRC,2003 In the case study of IFRC implies approaches that is also called
integrated community disaster planning programme:1. Partnership with municipal and provincial
government units: This helps to root the preparedness concept in local planning, to gain technical
and financial support for mitigation measures, and to ensure the programme’s long-term
sustainability. 2. Community disaster action team formation and training: The core of the
programme is the group of community volunteers (including fishermen, women, youth and
businessmen) who are trained in vulnerability and capacity assessments, disaster management and
information dissemination. They work with the community to prepare a disaster action plan. 3.
Risk and resources mapping: This identifies the most important local hazards, who and what may
be at risk, and which mitigation measures are possible. The maps are often employed as land use
planning tools by local government units. 4. Community mitigation measures: Based on the
disaster action plan, the community will initiate mitigation measures, which may be physical
structures (e.g., seawalls, evacuation centers), health related measures (e.g. clean water supply) or
planning tools (e.g. land use plans, evacuation plans). These measures are undertaken by
community volunteers with support from the Red Cross and local government. 5. Training and
education: This is integral to all steps of the programme – both in training the disaster action teams
and in disseminating information to the whole community. 6. Sustainability: Long-term impact
can only be ensured by embedding the concept of community-based disaster preparedness within
local government units (LGUs). This means incorporating the recommendations of community
disaster action plans into LGU land use planning and annual budgeting. Local Ggovernment Units
have incorporated community disaster action plans into their own development plans – resulting
in projects such as: planting trees to prevent landslides, cleaning canals to prevent flooding,
constructing flood control dykes and should conduct hazard mapping like what the Xavier
University Engineering Resource Center in their case study about Seismic Risk Mapping at Micro-
scale: The Case of barangay Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City.

The case study Risk reduction in practice: a Philippines case study presented positive
impacts such as The Integrated Community Disaster Planning Programme (ICDPP) project covers
75 rural communities in 16 municipalities across five provinces. A total of 105 mitigation projects
have been completed, including seven sea walls in three provinces. From 1995 -2000, the project
directly benefited 154,700 people. And during 2000, a typhoon hit a project area on Limasawa
island in Southern Leyte province. The community safely evacuated 300 people without injury or
loss of life. In the City of Iligan even though this city can barely experience disasters but the fact
that it is unpredictable the community and mostly the barangay cannot just ignore it especially to
those who experience disaster with the worst case. The relevance of this framework in this study
is that actions and plans that is in the framework, article and related studies can be a good source
of information to the local government unit for the framework is generalized in its concept. It is
already generalized that the only thing that can be done to it is just to implement it, the literature's
and studies, it discusses about the prevention that includes plans in it, actions taken and should be
done, ideas that can help the officials, its constituents and the community specifically the forty-
four (44) barangay’s in the city of Iligan.
 Chapter III

Research Methodology

In this chapter presents the methods that will be used in the future study. In this chapter it
includes the research design, locale of the study, sampling design, research instruments, data
gathering procedure and statistical treatment.

Research Design

Qualitative approach will be used as a research design. The researcher will conduct an
interview with interview guide in the future study as a tool to collect the data or to gather
information for describing the population of forty-four (44) which is the chieftain or the barangay
captain of every barangay in the City of Iligan.

Locale of the study

The setting of this study will be conducted and limited to the area of Iligan City only.

Figure 2 Locale of the study

Sampling Design

Purposive Sampling also referred to as judgmental sampling or authoritative sampling, is

a non-probability sampling technique where the researcher selects units to be sampled based on
his own existing knowledge, or his professional judgment. The Purposive or judgement sampling
will be used since the target respondents of the study is the forty-four barangay captains in Iligan
City.

Research Instrument

The researcher in the future study will obtain/gather the data through individual interview
with Interview Guide which will be the main data-gathering instrument for this study. The
researchers will utilize the use of audio and video recording as well as field notes to document the
needed contextual information.

Data-gathering Method/Procedures

Since the target respondents of the future study is the Chieftain or the barangay captain of
the forty-four (44) the researcher will ask for permission and with the dated schedule the researcher
with the formulated questions will request to conduct the interview with the chosen research
subjectt on their free time that can allow them to answer the needed data without interrupting their
duties. The question to be asked in the interview will not bring trouble or image destruction to the
barangay captain for the questions are not personal, if the barangay captain will refuse to answer
a specific question the researcher will proceed to the other questions.

DATA ANALYSIS

The researcher will transcribe all interviews, observations, and documents before analyzing
the data. The transcribing procedure helps the researcher to become acquainted with the data. For
the interviews, observations, and documentation, the researcher will prepare Microsoft Word files.
The researcher will seek for description as well as the meaning of analysis context as the unit of
analysis. This means that the material is coded for meaning rather than sentence by phrase or
paragraph by paragraph. For data administration and analysis, the researcher utilized the
qualitative software Atlas.ti 4.52.

The collected information and data that will be gathered through the interview will also be
evaluated using content analysis to analyze and translate the existence, meanings, and correlations
between each barangay’s preparedness against disaster during pandemic.

Ethical Consideration

Ethical considerations will be applied in this study in order to protect the rights and
confidentiality of the participants. A conversation will be done to the participants informing them
the purpose and process of the study. Prior to the intervention, it is also the researchers' obligation
to seek an informed consent. The consent’s goal is to reassure respondents that their participation
is entirely voluntary and that they are free to leave at any time for any reason, and as part of our
obligations as researchers we will protect and respect the participants' confidentiality, privacy, and
rights, as well as to limit the risk of emotional and psychological discomfort. Following receipt of
the results, the researchers will notify the participants of the findings as well as how they will be
utilized and published.
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