CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a 2006 Holocaust novel by Irish novelist John
Boyne. Much like the process he undertakes when writing most of his novels, Boyne has said
that he wrote the entire first draft in two and a half days, without sleeping much, but also that
he was quite a serious student of Holocaust-related literature for years before the idea for the
novel even came to him. The book has received mixed reviews; while positive reviews praise
the story as a moral, negative reviews attack the book's historical inconsistencies, and the
potential damage it could cause to people's Holocaust education. As of 22 October 2021, the
novel had sold eleven million copies around the world. In both 2007 and 2008, it was the
best-selling book of the year in Spain, and it reached number one on the New York Times
bestseller list. In 2008, the book was adapted into a film of the same name, and, in 2017, it
was adapted into a ballet.

‘‘The Holocaust is not only a tragedy of the Jewish people, its a failure of humanity
aswhole’’(Moshe Katsav). Throughout history, the human race has faced numerous disasters.
Many of them were natural, while others were cruel human inflictions. Holocaust was of that
kind. Holocaust was introduced by Germans who claimed to be ‘‘purifying’’ races. They saw
the Aryan races as superior and the Jews as inferior, and they blamed Jews for the war
failure. They attained this purification through the holocaust, which is defined as the mass
murder of innocent people. Approximately 5million people or more were slaughtered as a
result of this heinous human activity. Holocaust was a European genocide that took place
after world war ll. It is also known as ‘‘the shoah’’, the Hebrew term for ‘‘catastrophe’’.
Holocaust began when Hitler and the Nazi party came into power. They had a false belief that
Jews were the reason for their failure in world war I and they believed that Jews will bring
miseries and failure to them.

We may never be able to comprehend the enormity of the holocaust, particularly the
reality that so many people participated in, supported or failed to act or speak up when they
observed others being injured. Antisemitism and Holocaustobliterated a fundamental sense of
human bonding and trust. We are still struggling in many ways. We must be on the lookout
for when we, too, become "adapted to" the tyranny of others on a daily basis, when our
everyday compassion for individuals who are not like us vanishes. Without compassion, there
is always the risk of another Holocaust. The Nazis were virulently anti semitic, they attacked
Jews. This implies that they were anti-Semitic and despised Jews. Antisemitism was, in fact,
a central pillar of their philosophy and the bedrock of their worldview. The Holocaust, which
the Nazis termed the "Final Solution (for the Jewish Problem)," cost the lives of 60 lakh
Jews, including eleven lakh children. Without humanity, there is always the risk of anything
similar to the Holocaust happening. The Nazis began prosecuting Jews as soon as they took
power in 1933, calling for a boycott of Jewish businesses and hanging posters in German
saying "Die Juden sind unser Unglück," or "The Jews are Our Bad Luck, "inciting state-
sponsored hate crimes against the community. The Nazis strengthened the persecution by
imposing the "Nuremberg Laws," which prohibited Jews from holding public office or
associating with Germans. Jews were systematically deported and stripped of their property
and employment opportunities. Only approximately 16 percent of Jewish breadwinners had
permanent employment by early 1939. As a result of numerous restrictive legislation, life in
Germany became increasingly tough.

Nowadays horrors of the holocaust can be widely seen in the literature. Many writers
express their views, knowledge and some of them share experiences of their family members
through dairies, fiction, autobiography etc. One of the examples of Holocaust fiction is ‘‘The
Boy in Striped Pyjamas’’ by John Boyne. A movie with the same title was also released in
2008. The movie deals with a friendship between two boys where one belongs to a German
and the other to Jew.

Bruno, a nine-year-old boy living in Berlin, comes home one day to find his maid,
Maria, packing all of his belongings in a box. His mother explains that the family is
relocating owing to his father's new job. Bruno's father had been promoted by "The Fury," as
Bruno refers to Adolf Hitler, who had visited Bruno's house the week

before. His father is a commander in the German Army. He is a severe and intimidating
figure, but he nevertheless shows concern for his children. . Bruno is disappointed to be
abandoning his best friends, grandparents, and the bustle of Berlin, but he has no choice but
to accompany his family. At their Christmas gathering, Father gets into a confrontation with
Bruno's Grandmother, a former singing star, before they leave.

Grandmother is enraged that Father would accept his new job offer, but Father
responds that it is a wonderful honour for him and the Father land. The family quickly packs
their possessions and boards a train to their new residence. In a barren area, the new house on
a hill is the only house. Bruno is both unhappy to be away from Berlin and bored to be alone
with his twelve-year-old-sister Gretel, with whom he has a strained relationship. The mansion
is staffed by their maid Maria and butler Lars, but there are also new waiters who Bruno has
never met before. Pavel, one of them, is an elderly, stooped guy who cleans up Bruno's
injured knee when he falls from a tyre swing one day. Bruno is perplexed when Pavel inform
Shim that he was a doctor in a previous life, and he wonders why a doctor would be working
as a waiter in his home. Bruno discovers that Pavel lives on the other side of a fence that runs
alongside their property. Thousands more people live on the other side of the gate, as Bruno
can see from his bedroom window, in a sandy, fenced-in camp, all dressed in the same striped
pyjamas. Bruno can't say the name of their new house, so he calls it "Out-With."

As he fits into life at Out-with, he starts to dislike Lieutenant Kotler, a soldier who
wanders around their house. Bruno is tutored in history by Herr Liszt, who informs him that
Bruno's father and family are in Out-With to remedy the "grave wrongs" that have been
committed against him. Gretel becomes highly interested in history and politics, and she
begins to follow current events on her wall with pushpins in maps. One day, despite being
told not to, he walks the length of the fence. He meets Shmuel, a boy who lives on the
opposite side of the fence. Shmuel is quite thin and wearing the striped pyjamas that Bruno
has seen from his window. Bruno begins to see Shmuel virtually every day after the two boys
form a bond. Shmuel narrates how guards whisked him away from his house in Cracow,
Poland, to the camp, which Bruno discovers is also in Poland.

Gradually his friendship with Shmuel develops. Once he saw Shmuel working in his
house. While they were talking to each other Lieutenant Kotler came and dragged Shmuel
From there. Later Kotler got transferred to another place. Eventually, His mother came to
understand what actually is happening. So mother started to compel to go away from there.
But he was not ready moreover Bruno was not ready. Bruno becomes upset by the realization
that he must leave Shmuel behind. When he goes to bid farewell, Bruno decides to explore
Shmuel’s camp. The next day before returning he went to the camp wearing striped pyjamas
given by Shmuel. His intention was to help Shmuel to find his father. Inside, he discovers
sick and skinny people being yelled at by troops. He wants to flee, but Shmuel pleads him to
join him in finding his father. Before Bruno can get back under the fence, the guards pick up
slaves for a march, despite finding nothing. The two boys, scared, end up in a dark room
together.
 After that, his family hasn’t heard of him. Anti semitism and it's backlash can be seen
in this book. It is a heart breaking plot with a heart breaking climax. This project is analysing
this scenario in five chapters. In the first chapter, it discusses the holocaust history and a brief
description about the plot of the book. Second chapter deals with the analysis of the book on
the basis of anti-Semitic theory. Anti semitism is the hatred towards Jews and in this chapter
the book is analysed based on anti semitic theory and how it is employed in the book. In the
third chapter, it deals with the difference of point of view within Germans in the holocaust
scenario. Fourth chapter deals with the relevance of holocaust in modern world literature and
in the last chapter, conclusion, sums up the points discussed in the project and highlights its
findings.

John Boyne has described the conception of his novel as an idea popping into his head
of "two boys, the mirror of each other, sitting either side of a wire fence." While the
conception of the book came about fast, his inspiration for writing has a more lengthy
foundation. Boyne has stated that his style and writing process has been influenced by
Malcolm Bradbury at the University of East Anglia, who suggested he write every day
without rest days. Much like other novels he has written, Boyne has described how he wrote
the first draft of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas in roughly two and a half days, with the idea
for the novel coming to him on Tuesday, 27 April, then wrote non-stop until Friday at noon.
Afterwards, he ended up writing ten different drafts before sending his book to the editor. As
for the subject material and research that Boyne undertook to write the book, Professor Gern
Bayer from the University of Erlangen has stated that Boyne relied on "well-known facts" to
create his narrative.
 CHAPTER 2

CONTENT

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice

towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an
antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism. Antisemitism may be
manifested in many ways, ranging from expressions of hatred of or discrimination against
individual Jews to organized pogroms by mobs or police forces, or even military attacks on
entire Jewish communities. Although the term did not come into common usage until the
19th century, it is also applied to previous and later anti-Jewish incidents. Notable instances
of persecution include the Rhineland massacres preceding the First Crusade in 1096, the
Edict of Expulsion from England in 1290, the 1348–1351 persecution of Jews during the
Black Death, the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391, the persecutions of the Spanish
Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, the Cossack massacres in Ukraine from 1648
to 1657, various anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire between 1821 and 1906, the
1894–1906 Dreyfus affair in France, the Holocaust in German-occupied Europe during
World War II and Soviet anti-Jewish policies. Though historically most manifestations of
antisemitism have taken place in Christian Europe, since the early 20th century, especially
under the influence of Nazi Germany, antisemitism has increased in the Middle East,
resulting in Arab and Muslim antipathy to Jews and sometimes attacks on Jewish
communities leading to the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries.

The root word Semite gives the false impression that antisemitism is directed against
all Semitic people, e.g., including Arabs, Assyrians and Arameans. The compound word
Antisemitismus ('antisemitism') was first used in print in Germany in 1879 as a scientific-
sounding term for Judenhass ('Jew-hatred'), and this has been its common use since then.

From the outset the term "anti-Semitism" bore special racial connotations and meant
specifically prejudice against Jews. The term is confusing, for in modern usage 'Semitic'
designates a language group, not a race. In this sense, the term is a misnomer, since there are
many speakers of Semitic languages (e.g. Arabs, Ethiopians, and Arameans) who are not the
objects of antisemitic prejudices, while there are many Jews who do not speak Hebrew, a
Semitic language. Though 'antisemitism' could be construed as prejudice against people who
speak other Semitic languages, this is not how the term is commonly used.
 The term may be spelled with or without a hyphen (antisemitism or anti-Semitism).
Many scholars and institutions favor the unhyphenated form Shmuel Almog argued, "If you
use the hyphenated form, you consider the words 'Semitism', 'Semite', 'Semitic' as meaningful
... In antisemitic parlance, 'Semites' really stands for Jews, just that." Emil Fackenheim
supported the unhyphenated spelling, in order to "dispel the notion that there is an entity
'Semitism' which 'anti-Semitism' opposes." Others endorsing an unhyphenated term for the
same reason include the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, historian Deborah
Lipstadt, Padraic O'Hare, professor of Religious and Theological Studies and Director of the
Center for the Study of Jewish-Christian-Muslim Relations at Merrimack College; and
historians Yehuda Bauer and James Carroll. According to Carroll, who first cites O'Hare and
Bauer on "the existence of something called 'Semitism'", "the hyphenated word thus reflects
the bipolarity that is at the heart of the problem of antisemitism".

Objections to the usage of the term, such as the obsolete nature of the term Semitic as
a racial term, have been raised since at least the 1930s. In 2020, the Anti-Defamation League
began to use the spelling "antisemitism".

The Boy in The Striped Pyjamas fits into the genre of Holocaust fiction. Boyne uses
general knowledge about the Holocaust to create a self-described "fable", that relies more on
a story of moral truth than historical accuracy. This type of literature, as shown in The Boy in
the Striped Pyjamas, tends to be told to children, from a child's perspective. By having one
child share the "bitter herbs" of history with another, the novel instills moral obligation in
children. Kenneth Kidd, professor of English at the University of Florida, argues that John
Boyne's use of fable allows him to explore the darker elements of the Holocaust with more of
a cautionary tale resulting.

Bruno is a nine-year-old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin. He lives with
his parents, his twelve-year-old sister Gretel whom he has nicknamed 'A Hopeless Case,' and
maids, one of whom is named Maria. After a visit by Adolf Hitler, whose title The Fuhrer
Bruno commonly mispronounces as "Fury", Bruno's father Ralf is promoted to Commandant
of the death camp Auschwitz, which Bruno mispronounces as "Out-With".

Bruno is initially upset about having to move to Auschwitz and is almost in tears at
the prospect of leaving his 'best friends for life', Daniel, Karl and Martin. From the house at
Auschwitz, Bruno sees the camp in which the prisoners' uniforms appear to him to be "striped
pyjamas". One day Bruno decides to explore the wire fence surrounding the camp. He meets
a Jewish boy, Shmuel, who he learns shares his birthday and age. Shmuel says that his father,
grandfather, and brother are with him on his side of the fence but he is separated from his
mother. Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends although Bruno still does not
understand very much about Shmuel or his life. Nearly every day, unless it is raining, Bruno
goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food. Over time, Bruno notices that Shmuel is rapidly
losing weight. Bruno concocts a plan with Shmuel to sneak into the camp to look for
Shmuel's father, who has gone missing. Shmuel brings a set of prison clothes and Bruno
leaves his own clothes outside the fence. As they search the camp they are captured, added to
a group of prisoners on a "march", and led into a gas chamber, which Bruno assumes is
simply a rain shelter. In the gas chamber, Bruno apologizes to Shmuel for not finding his
father and tells Shmuel that he is his best friend for life. It is not made clear if Shmuel
answers before the doors close and the lights go out though Bruno determines to never let go
of Shmuel's hand. Bruno is never seen again, with his clothes discovered by a soldier days
later. His mother Elsa spends months searching for him, even returning to their old home,
before at last moving to Berlin with Gretel, who isolates herself in her room. Ralf spends a
year more at Auschwitz, becoming ruthless and coldhearted. A year later he returns to the
place where Bruno's clothes were found, deduces how his son disappeared and died, and
collapses in grief. Months later, Allied troops liberate the camp and Ralf, wracked with self-
loathing, allows himself to be taken prisoner. The book ends with the phrase "Of course, all
of this happened a long time ago and nothing like that could ever happen again. Not in this
day and age."

Many people who have read the book or watched the film adaptation believe that it is
a true story based on real people and real events. However, it is important to understand that
the book is a work of fiction. The events portrayed could never have happened.

Bruno is the main character in the book. He is a young German boy whose father, a
high-ranking Nazi, takes a new job meaning the family have to move to a new place. Bruno is
nine years old but doesn’t seem to be aware of the war around him, who the Jews are or even
who Adolf Hitler is. As a young German boy, and the son of a senior SS officer, Bruno
would have been, by law, a member of the Hitler Youth. He would have attended a German
school where students regularly swore oaths to Hitler and where antisemitic propaganda
infiltrated every part of the curriculum. Children were taught that the war was something to
be proud of as it meant that Germany would become a great power once more.
 Bruno’s characterisation perpetuates the belief that most German civilians were
ignorant of what was happening around them. In fact the general public in Germany and in
occupied Europe were well aware that Jewish people were being persecuted, forced to
emigrate and eventually deported. There were also many who knew that Jewish people were
being killed. Many Germans profited from the Holocaust as Jewish properties and belongings
were ‘Aryanised’, which meant they were taken from their Jewish owners and given instead
to ‘ethnic’ Germans. A minority of German civilians resisted Nazi ideology. Nazi authorities
stamped out resistance to the regime quickly and brutally.

Shmuel is a young Jewish boy who Bruno meets whilst exploring near his new home.
The first time they meet, Shmuel is behind the barbed wire of a concentration camp. Over the
course of the story the two boys create a friendship despite being separated by the barbed
wire fence. As an audience we learn a lot about Bruno, so he becomes a real little boy in our
imaginations. However, Shmuel is only ever depicted as a one-dimensional victim.  Shmuel
has no personality or individuality, so the audience doesn’t build an emotional connection
with him. This means it is harder for the reader to empathise with Shmuel and his situation.

Shmuel’s characterisation portrays Jewish victims as passive and unresisting.

However, Jewish resistance did exist both in and outside the concentration and death camps.
At Auschwitz-Birkenau a group of Sonderkommando (Jewish prisoners forced to do the
terrible work of herding people into the gas chambers, then removing the dead bodies)
successfully managed to blow up one of the crematoria and kill a number of guards. It is
important that people understand that Jewish people did not go to their deaths without trying
to save themselves.

Shmuel’s story is also historically inaccurate. For readers of the book it is clear that
the camp is probably the Auschwitz concentration camp complex as Bruno calls it ‘Out-
With’. If a young boy like Shmuel had entered Auschwitz-Birkenau then it is very likely he
would have been sent straight to the gas chambers on arrival, just like the majority of children
who arrived there, as the Nazis didn’t consider them useful as forced labour. A small number
of children were chosen for medical experimentation but these children were kept away from
the main camp. Even if Shmuel had been selected for forced labour he would not have had
the opportunity to spend most of his days sitting on the outskirts of the camp.

The story’s conclusion leaves many readers upset. Bruno digs a tunnel under the wire,
crawls into the camp, then he and Shmuel go looking for Shmuel’s missing father. Both boys
are swept up in a group of prisoners being taken to the gas chamber, where all of them are
murdered. The emotional focus of the story is on Bruno’s family and their distress as they
realise what has happened to their son. The reader’s attention remains with the experience of
the concentration camp commandant and his wife whose son has been killed in what is
portrayed as a tragic accident.

Because the focus of the story remains on Bruno’s family, the book does not engage
with the main tragedy of the Holocaust: that none of the people in the gas chamber should
have been there. Due to the way in which Shmuel’s character is portrayed in the novel, his
character doesn’t engage the reader’s sympathy in the way that Bruno does. Shmuel
represents the 1.5 million children murdered by the Nazi regime in Auschwitz-Birkenau, in
the death camps of occupied Europe and in the killing fields where millions of civilians were
shot into mass graves, yet the reader’s sympathy is directed towards a Nazi concentration
camp commandant and his family.

The Auschwitz-Birkenau Holocaust memorial museum has said that John Boyne’s
children’s novel The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas “should be avoided by anyone who studies
or teaches the history of the Holocaust”, after the author criticised the spate of recent novels
set in the concentration camp. The museum made the comment after Boyne criticised the
current ubiquity of novels with names such as The Tattooist of Auschwitz, The Saboteur of
Auschwitz, The Librarian of Auschwitz and The Brothers of Auschwitz. Boyne had tweeted:
“I can’t help but feel that by constantly using the same three words, & then inserting a noun,
publishers & writers are effectively building a genre that sells well, when in reality the
subject matter, & their titles, should be treated with a little more thought & consideration.”
The research centre at the former Nazi death camp in Poland responded by saying that “we
understand those concerns, and we already addressed inaccuracies in some books published”:
the organisation has laid out at length the issues it has with Heather Morris’s bestselling
novel The Tattooist of Auschwitz, which it has said “contains numerous errors and
information inconsistent with the facts, as well as exaggerations, misinterpretations and
understatements”.

Bruno is the first character chosen to be analyzed because he is the main character in
The Boy in The Stripped Pyjama novel. He was the second child and the only son in his
family. He also the youngest character in his family. In the novel, Bruno was only nine years
old. “All the other nine-year-olds are bigger than you” (p.22), here the quotation explained
about Bruno‟s height and age at the same time. Bruno was small compared to the other
child‟s character of the same age, such as Karl, Martin, and Daniel, “He only came up to their
shoulders” (p.22). Bruno was a victim of some bullies in his own house. Every time Gretel's
friends visited the house, they mocked Bruno because of his height. Bruno was short
compared to his friends. Bruno often gets bothered when Gretel's friends say, "Then why are
you so small?" (p.22), or, “Bruno‟s not nine, he‟s only six” (p.22). All those verbal insults
happened because of Bruno's height. In his daily life, Bruno liked to spend his time with three
friends from school named Karl, Daniel, and Martin. When Bruno realized he was leaving
Berlin very soon, he only worried about leaving his best friends, “And what about Karl and
Daniel and Martin? But they're my three best friends for life!'” (p.7). In the end, Bruno still
did not want to leave their best friends. However, he and his family are still moving out.
Besides spending time with his friends, Bruno also has some interests. Bruno is interested in
the adventure world. "I like stories about knights and adventures and exploring” (p.99), this
quotation showed that Bruno liked adventure and exploration. This interest came after his
Grandmother, who liked to create a play, always invite him to become one of the actors, "...
every Christmas and at every birthday party she would devise a small play for three of them
to perform” (p.88). Bruno has a very good attitude, such as polite. This was caused by his
mother, who always told him to be respectful. When he deal with a bad situation, such as
tired after school and found out Maria, the maid in his house, packed all of his private stuff
from his room, Bruno still behaves in a good way, “... he asked in as polite a tone as he could
muster for although he wasn't happy” (p.1). Bruno was very well-spoken to everyone,
included all the maid in his house, Maria and Pavel.

Gretel: As a first child born in the family, Gretel was Bruno's biological sister. She
was the only daughter in her family. Here, even in the novel, the author did not mention her
age directly in the beginning, but this quotation helped to figure out about Gretel‟s age,
“Gretel was three years older than Bruno ...” (p.21). Since Bruno was mentioned as nine, and
Gretel was three years older than him, it was concluded that Gretel was a 12-year-old girl in
the novel. Gretel has a nickname. Bruno often called her a Hopeless Case, "She's a Hopeless
Case" (p.19). Gretel got the nickname because Bruno believes that she could only make
trouble for him. Bruno even says that he would not feel bothered if Gretel was moving out of
the house, "... she was a Hopeless Case and caused nothing but trouble for him" (p.3). Like a
girl of her age, Gretel has a typical girls‟ hobby. Gretel loves collecting dolls and putting it in
a neat arrangement on the shelf, “She had a large collection of dolls positioned on shelves
around her room...” (p.21). When the family was about to move to Out-With (a house in an
isolated place near the concentration camp), Bruno asked whether she brings her dolls or not,
and she replied with, "Of course I did" (p.23). Gretel really liked her dolls, she liked to play
and even talked to her dolls like a living friend, “Bruno could hear her talking to her dolls in
the room across the hall ...” (p.159). At school, Gretel was a smart girl. Gretel was known as
the Brightest Girl, “She was twelve years old and was considered to be one of the brightest
girls in her class ...” (p.33). In the class, she was well known because of her ability to
understand and remember almost any subject. Gretel always has a logical mind that makes it
easy to analyze everything correctly. Even though she was good at studying, Gretel has a bad
attitude. Gretel likes to make fun of her brother. Gretel has friends who go to the same school
as her in Berlin, which portrays as bad individuals, "She had some very unpleasant friends
too" (p.22). Gretel's friends are including Hilda, Isobel, and Loise. When they are playing
together at Gretel's house, the four of them liked to make fun of Bruno, “All Gretel's
unpleasant friends seemed to enjoy nothing more than torturing him and said nasty things to
him whenever Mother or Maria were nowhere in sight” (p.22).

Mother: Mother was one of Bruno‟s and Gretel‟s parents. Here, the author of the
novel did not give this character any name, this character was only mentioned as Mother. In
the novel, Mother was described as someone who was good at persuading others. When
Bruno worries about moving out of Berlin, Mother tried to calm him by saying, "Now, you
don't have to worry, Bruno" (p.3). She also convinces Bruno that moving out is great, “In fact
anything it‟s going to be a great adventure” (p.3). Mother has portrayed as a person who
loves her two children. She always nurtures her children, so the children have a good manner.
When Gretel interrupts Father for saying bad things about Lieutenant Kotler in the dinner
table, Mother reminded her just to continue eating, "Eat your dinner, Gretel" (p.148). Here,
Mother tries to reminds Gretel about table manners. She told her that she should keep eating
and not interrupts his Father because it is an impolite act. Another example of Mother‟s good
attitude was when Bruno mocks their neighbor in Berlin. Mother said, “You shouldn't laugh
at poor Herr Roller, You have no idea what he's been through in his life” (p.68). Here, she
told Bruno that even other people consider different, there is no excuse to laugh at them.
Mother reminded Bruno that every person acts differently because they also experience
different things. It can be concluded that Mother was also a wise figure. Mother always
knows what to do. When Bruno and Gretel got into a fight, Mother know what to do, she
ended the fight by saying, “Don't call your brother, an idiot, please” (p.117). Here, the
quotation showed that Mother nurtures Bruno and Gretel in the best way possible. She tried
to make her children understand that calling someone by inappropriate name was a bad thing
to do. Despite being in a high-ranking family who used to concern a lot about social class,
Mother secretly had great empathy towards the lower class. Mother always told Bruno to
respect Maria, even she just a maid, “his mother had always told him that he was to treat
Maria respectfully and not just imitate the way father spoke to her” (p.1). She told Bruno that
every person deserves respect from others no matter what their position was.

From the description of Bruno's, Gretel's, and Mother's character during their lived in
Berlin and Out-With, there are some differences found. Researchers believe these differences
are caused by the loneliness feeling experienced by these three characters. To strengthen the
statement, the following is a loneliness experienced by Bruno, Gretel, and Mother after
moving from Berlin to out-with, analyzed with the theory of loneliness by Berscheid and Reis
(1998, p.197). In this novel, Bruno is portrayed as the character who experienced loneliness.
It can be seen from his change behavior. Based on Berscheid and Reis (1998, p.197), Bruno
experiences hostility as the indicators of loneliness. Here, hostility means get into a fight or
not having a good relationship with someone. Bruno‟s hostility is expressed through his
relationship with his homeschool teacher in Out-With, Herr Liszt. In the story, Bruno shows
that he did not like Herr Liszt. Bruno did not like Herr Lizst because he only gave Bruno a
lesson in history and geography, even though Bruno did not like the subject at all. “Herr Liszt
was particularly fond of history and geography, while Bruno preferred reading and art.”
“Those things are useless to you,” insisted the teacher. “A sound understanding of the social
sciences is far more important in this day and age.” ... “something in his eyes made Bruno
feel there was an anger inside him just waiting to get out”.(p.98) When Bruno asked why
there were no other lessons, Herr Liszt said that other lessons were not important. From here,
Bruno feels sad and his relationship wth Herr Liszt's relationship gets worse. This was made
worse because Bruno denied Herr Liszt and asking about the importance of other lessons,
“But aren't books important?” (p.98), and instead, Herr Liszt continued to pressure Bruno
with lessons he did not like, “Herr Liszt made a hissing sound through his teeth and shook his
head angrily. 'Then this is what I am here to change,' he said in a sinister voice” (p.99). Here,
Bruno is easily hostile because his teacher does not give him the chance to study something
that he liked. Bruno‟s hostility may mean that he feels lonely because in Out-With he has to
face different things than in Berlin. In Berlin, he can freely read his favorite books and his
grandmother also support him. However, in Out-With, he feels like nobody supports him in
having his favorite things, which is reading and art. Moreover, in Berlin, Bruno goes to
public school where he can meet his friend and have many teachers who teach him many
things. In Out-With, he has to bear himself in having home schooled with only one tutor
whom he has to meet every day. it can be sad and boring for Bruno to have such thing, thus
the condition affects him to be hostile. To strengthen the statement, Perlman and Peplau
(1981, p.21) also linked loneliness with feelings of boredom. In the novel, Bruno experiences
boredom because he has no one around his age to talk to inside the Out-With. For that reason,
Bruno chooses to talk with Maria whose age is older than his. Maria is a maid in the house.
Usually, Bruno never talks to Maria about something not related to her job as a maid. Since
Bruno experiences loneliness of not having someone his age, Bruno has more conversation
with Maria. Bruno talks about his feeling to Maria, “He felt as if he was about to cry again
but stopped himself, not wanting to look like a baby in front of Maria” (p.19). Through this
act, Bruno shows a sense of dissatisfaction with his new life Out-With. Another prove for
boredom which leads to loneliness based on Perlman and Peplau (1981, p.21) is when he
decided to have a conversation with Pavel. Pavel is a cook and waiter in the house. In Berlin,
Bruno never talks to Pavel. After Bruno fell from the swing in Out-With, and Pavel helps to
treat his wound, Bruno then has a conversation with Pavel. In Berlin, Bruno even did not pay
attention to the existence of Pavel in the house, “Bruno had never laid eyes on him before ...”
(p.83). Bruno‟s boredom, which leads to loneliness based on Perlman and Peplau (1981,
p.21), makes Bruno decided to become a friend with Shmuel. Shmuel is a nazi prisoner lived
in the camp. Bruno finds Shmuel when he did forbidden exploration. For the first, Bruno did
not know that Shmuel is Jewish. One day, he asks Gretel about why he can not go to the
camp, “I don't understand why we're not allowed on the other side of it. What's so wrong with
us that we can't go over there and play?” (p.182). Gretel told him that everyone who lived in
the camp is Jewish and Bruno should not have any relationship with Jewish, “Jews, Bruno.
Didn't you know that? That's why they have to be kept together. They can't mix with us.”
(p.183). Bruno did not care and he keeps visiting Shmuel every day. Here, Bruno feels bored
for not having a friend of his age, thus he makes friends with a Jewish boy although it is
forbidden for him. In the novel, the author also described Bruno‟s loneliness in direct
quotation. When Bruno meets Shmuel, a boy around his age, he is happy and forgot about his
loneliness, “... he remembered how much fun they used to have together back in Berlin and
he realized how lonely he had been at Out-With” (p.110). When Bruno thinks about Gretel,
the author also mentioned that Bruno experience loneliness feeling in Out-With, “And
although he had never bothered to ask her, there was every chance that she was just as lonely
as he was at OutWith” (p.96). Also, almost at the end of the story, Father concludes that
Bruno experiences loneliness feeling, “It must have been lonely for you at times” (p.190). In
this novel, Gretel is also portrayed as a character who experienced loneliness. Gretel‟s
loneliness is also caused by boredom. Boredom can lead to loneliness feeling, states Perlman
and Peplau (1981, p.21). Gretel is bored because she did not have anyone around her age to
play with when the family move to OutWith. To overcome the boredom that she experienced,
Gretel decided to befriend with Lieutenant Kotler. Kotler is a soldier who acts like Father‟s
assistant. He also lived in Out-With. In the story, Gretel decided to befriend with Kotler even
he works for Father. Gretel choose to befriend with Kotler because he is the only person in
the house who has the same age as her, this is shown when Gretel states about his age to
Kotler, she said she is a teenager “... A teenager. Just like you” (p.74). In the novel, Gretel‟s
loneliness is also described by the author directly through Bruno. When Bruno about to have
a conversation with Gretel, Bruno wondered, “And although he had never bothered to ask
her, there was every chance that she was just as lonely as he was at Out-With” (p.96). When
Father asks Bruno and Gretel about their feeling during living in Out-With, Gretel answered,
“Very lonely,” said Gretel in a determined voice” (p.110). In this novel, Mother is the next
character who experienced loneliness besides Bruno and Gretel. Perlman and Peplau (1981,
p.21) states that unhappiness can be the source of loneliness. Mother is experiencing
loneliness because she feels unhappy to lived in Out-With. Mother‟s unhappiness can be seen
through her act when Mother gets into a conversation with Father. Every time Mother and
Father have a conversation, it never turns out good, the reason because Mother keeps saying
that she does not feel happy to live in Out-With. Mother feels stressed because living in Out-
With that is located near with concentration camp and surrounded with nothing is not normal,
“It's horrible,” Mother was saying. “Just horrible. I can't stand it anymore.” (p.189). At the
beginning of the story, Mother already shows how she is unhappy about moving out.
Especially since she realized that she is going to move to a faraway place. Mother's
expression of unhappiness occurs when she had a conversation with Bruno right before
moving out. “Oh my,” said Mother with a laugh, although it was a strange kind of laugh
because she didn't look happy and turned away from Bruno as if she didn't want him to see
her face. “Yes, Bruno,” she said. “It's more than a mile away. Quite a lot more than that, in
fact.” (p.7) Here it can be seen that Mother is unhappy. She made a strange laugh and an
unhappy expression. Mother is trying to hide her face to cover up her feelings so that Bruno
did not see her unhappy expression. But still, Bruno catches the unhappiness through her act
strange act. Another Mother‟s unhappiness is portrayed by the author through a narrative. As
it explains before, unhappiness can caused loneliness Perlman and Peplau (1981, p.21). Here,
the author describes the reason for Mother‟s unhappiness. There are several factors that
caused mother feels unhappy which later lead her to feel lonely. “Over the course of the next
few weeks Mother seemed increasingly unhappy with life at Out-With and Bruno understood
perfectly well why that might be. After all, when they'd first arrived he had hated it, due to
the fact that it was nothing like home and lacked such things as three best friends for life. But
that had changed for him over time, mostly due to Shmuel, who had become more important
to him than Karl or Daniel or Martin had ever been. But Mother didn't have a Shmuel of her
own. There was no one for her to talk to, and the only person who she had been remotely
friendly with - the young Lieutenant Kotler - had been transferred somewhere else”. (p.187)
From the quotation above, the author describes Mother‟s unhappiness increases through the
day they live in Out-With. After months, Mother still can not adapt to the new environment.
Moreover, she feels more unhappy. The author describes through Bruno‟s point of view,
Mother did not have a friend like Bruno have Shmuel. Kotler, who used to have a
conversation with the Mother is also moved somewhere else after made trouble with Father.

The Descriptions of Reasons for Characters’ Loneliness: Here, the researcher

discussed the reasons for loneliness experienced by three characters, they are; Bruno, Gretel,
and Mother. The researcher link the reasons of loneliness directly with the theory of
loneliness from Rubeinsten and Shaver (1982).

Rubeinsten and Shaver (1982, p.214) states that dislocation means the transfer of an
individual or group to a new, unfamiliar environment. In this research, dislocation is one of
the reasons for characters in The Boy in The Stripped Pyjama novel experiencing loneliness.
The dislocation in the novel is when the family is moving out of Berlin. Moving out was one
of the beginnings that created loneliness feeling for the characters in the novel. Bruno, Gretel,
and Mother are the characters who were feeling forced to leave Berlin, German, because their
house was so lovely. The portrayal of this move was in the very first place which begins the
whole story. “Mother,” he insisted. „What's going on? Are we moving?” (p.2) “Now, you
don't have to worry, Bruno ...” “What is?” he asked. “Am I being sent away?” “No, not just
you,” she said, looking as if she might smile for a moment but thinking better of it. “We all
are. Your father and I, Gretel and you. All four of us” (p.3) The quotations mention above are
the conversations between Bruno and Mother in one evening after Bruno just got back from
school. Bruno was asking Mother about what happened at the time because he saw
uncommon activities in the house. Bruno saw Maria, the maid in the house, packed his stuff,
and Lars, the butler in the house, packed Mother‟s stuff. Mother then explains to Bruno that
everyone in the family will be moving out of Berlin. The move in Bruno‟s family happened
for a reason. When Bruno asks Mother why they would leave, Mother answered, “Your
father's job”, “You know how important it is, don't you?” (p.3). Mother told Bruno that the
reason why they leave is because of something related to Father‟s job. Mother also added,
“The man who employs him asks him to go somewhere else because there's a very special job
that needs doing there" (p.4). The statements made by Mother explains the reason for the
move clearly. The move that was experienced by the family, is of course, not the best
experience ever. Bruno was the character that shows his reluctance towards the move out of
Berlin. When Bruno realized he would leave Berlin, Bruno was shocked. Many things were
went through his head. One of his concerns was about his school in Berlin, “But what about
school?” (p.7). Here, the first thing that he asked Mother after knowing about the move was
school. Bruno was worried about leaving his school. Other than school, Bruno has another
thing to worry about. He was most worried about his best friends, “And what about Karl and
Daniel and Martin? How will they know where I am when we want to do things together?”
(p.7). Bruno was even angry when Mother told him to said goodbye to his best friend, "But
they're my three best friends for life!" (p.8). Here, Bruno shown his rejection of leaving
Berlin. He knows that leaving his house in Berlin also means he left his best friends who also
lived in Berlin. Mother was also another character described to be unhappy with the move.
Mother seems to be sad to leave the house in Berlin. The house they lived in Berlin was
portrayed as a very beautiful house that made everyone felt comfortable to live there. When
the family was forced to leave the house in Berlin, it can be concluded that they feel
disappointed and unhappy. “Mother sighed and looked around the room as if she might never
see it again. It was a very beautiful house and had five floors in total, if you included the
basement, where Cook made all the food and Maria and Lars sat at the table arguing with
each other and calling each other names that you weren't supposed to use. And if you added
in the little room at the top of the house with the slanted windows where Bruno could see
right across Berlin if he stood up on his tiptoes and held onto the frame tightly” (p.6-7). The
quotation above proved that Mother was admiring the house that she has been living for
years. She sighed when she realized she would leave the house very soon. The house located
in Berlin was portrayed as almost perfect. The house was beautiful and huge; it has five
floors, including the basement. The view from this house was also amazing. The family can
see the whole city from the room at the top of the house. Here, Mother's act shows that she
feels uneasy about leaving the house. Moving out from Berlin is one of the reasons for
loneliness experienced by Bruno, Gretel, and Mother. In this case, moving out from Berlin
includes in dislocation. Rubeinsten & Shaver explain dislocation means transfer an individual
or a group into a new place that is unfamiliar for them (1982, p.214). Here, related to the
story in The Boy in The Stripped Pyjama novel, the reason for loneliness for Bruno, Gretel,
and Mother is dislocation because their family moved to Out-With, a new house located in an
unfamiliar place for the whole family.

Rubeinsten and Shaver (1982, p.214) explained that forced isolation means someone
has been severely cut off from his or her relationship with another person in a certain period.
In The Boy in The Stripped Pyjama novel, when the family lives in Out-With, this family is
isolated because they live in a remote area with no neighbor. Moreover, the family can not
leave the house if there is no important matter.

After moving out from their old house in Berlin, Bruno, Gretel, and Mother now lived
in Out-With. This name first mentions in the novel by Gretel. Out-With was a new house
located in a place that was different from Berlin. Bruno then asked her sister about what it
means. When Bruno asked Gretel about it, “Well, what's Out-With then?” (p.25), Gretel
answered him by saying, “That's the name of the house” (p.25). Gretel knows that the house
they would live in the future has a name from Father. She once heard about Father talks about
the house. Out-With was called as how it was because every person who live there usually
lose their job as soon as they live in this new house, "I heard Father say that whoever lived
here at OutWith before us lost their job very quickly ...” (p.24). This probably happened
because no one wants to continue their job if they insist to live there. Out-With is a house that
looks different compared with the house in Berlin. The author describes Bruno's expression
after seeing the house for the first time as something that was not good. Bruno's reaction
already proved that the whole family would not enjoy their stay there. “When he first saw
their new house Bruno's eyes opened wide, his mouth made the shape of an O and his arms
stretched out at his sides once again. Everything about it seemed to be the exact opposite of
their old home and he couldn't believe that they were really going to live there” (p.11). The
quotation above portrays Bruno's reaction as something that was not good. When Bruno's
eyes become wide open, and his mouth looks like the letter „O', it seems like the author was
tried to make him look shocked. Bruno's shocked expression was the first time described
when he saw the house. The second sentence of the quote explains that the house looks
different than their old house, and Bruno does not even believe they would live there means
the house was awful. Besides the outside look from the house which was described as totally
different from the house in Berlin, the author also described the inside of the house. The
inside look was described with more details. Out-With has many differences with the old
house, as explained in the quotation below. “The house in Berlin was enormous, and even
though he'd lived there for nine years he was still able to find nooks and crannies that he
hadn't fully finished exploring yet. There were even whole rooms - such as Father's office,
which was Out Of Bounds At All Times And No Exceptions - that he had barely been inside.
However, the new house had only three floors: a top floor where all three bedrooms were and
only one bathroom, a ground floor with a kitchen, a dining room and a new office for Father
(which, he presumed, had the same restrictions as the old one), and a basement where the
servants slept” (p.11-12) Here, the quotations described the difference between the house in
Berlin and the house called Out-With. The house in Berlin was big. It has five floors,
including the basement, whereas the new house only has three floors including the basement.
The different size of the house, of course, make the family feel not so comfortable. When
someone was used to live in a large space and then forced to move to a smaller space, they
would feel trapped. Out-With was also portrayed as a house that is not well maintained.
There were a few parts of the story which described the bad condition of the house. Besides
the different sizes of the house, which makes Bruno, Gretel, and Mother felt uncomfortable,
the condition of it added their odd feeling towards the house. “The white paint was cracked
and peeling away from itself in a most unpleasant manner.” “ ... he lay there and stared at the
spidery cracks ...” “... the paint and the ceiling itself which were pushing it out, cracking it
wide, opening it up, trying to create a gap ...” (p.55). From the description above, it can be
concluded that no one took care of the house quite well. The look from the inside of the
house has made the conclusion that the previous owner did not pay attention to the house, or
the house has been empty for a long time. The author describes the house with cracked and
peeled off paint, spidery cracks, and the pushing off ceiling. While the house itself was not
having a good condition, which makes people who lived there felt uncomfortable, the area
where the house was built was also uncommon. The area where the house located was in the
middle of nowhere. The area was so quiet and remote. This then becomes another factor that
created loneliness towards Bruno, Gretel, and Mother. “The new house, however, stood on its
own in an empty, desolate place and there were no other houses anywhere to be seen, which
meant there would be no other families around and no other boys to play with, neither friends
nor trouble” (p.11). “But there were no other streets around the new house, no one strolling
along or rushing around, and no shops or fruit and vegetable stalls. When he closed his eyes,
everything around him just felt empty and cold, as if he was in the loneliest place in the
world. The middle of nowhere” (p.1213). The quotations above explain how the condition
around Out-With. The new house stood alone with no neighbors at all, which means there
would be no family or friend to talk or play with. There was also nobody passing by the
house and the area was very quiet. There were no shops along the way that can be seen near
the house. The lack of other people around the house was also contributing to the loneliness
feeling experienced by Bruno, Gretel, and Mother. Because of the condition of the house and
the surrounding area were not good, Bruno, Gretel, and Mother feel unhappy during their
living in Out-With. After a few hours of their arrival, Bruno uttered his feeling about the
moved by saying, “I think this was a bad idea” (p.14). Bruno also added, “This isn't home and
it never will be” (p.16). This clearly explained Bruno‟s feelings about living in Out-With.
The new house (Out-With) located in a mysterious place with no people and buildings
around. This caused Bruno and Gretel to started to felt lonely after only a few days in Out-
With. This condition makes this sibling shared their feelings towards each other, even though
they do not like each other. Bruno says, “I miss Karl and Daniel and Martin” (p. 26), while
Gretel also says, “And I miss Hilda and Isobel and Louise” (p.26). Bruno and Gretel missed
the feeling of having friends. In Berlin, Bruno and Gretel had best friends from school who
liked to play with them around Berlin or at their house. In their new house, they only had
each other to talk about their feelings because other people are adults. Besides the fact that
the family now was living in a place that was isolated, which makes the children unhappy,
Bruno and Gretel now forced by their parents to continue school to study. “Father decided it
was time for the children to return to their studies” (p.96), here in this quote, both, Mother
and Father were agreed that the children must continued studying even they lived in a house
that was near with no school at all. For this reason, Bruno‟s and Gretel‟s parents decided the
best solution was to have home schooling. “... a tutor should come to the house every day and
filled their mornings and afternoons with lessons” (p.96). Home schooling was not the best
choice made by Mother and Father. Bruno and Gretel start to feel more lonely and frustrated
because of this. The children used to go to school with many friends in class, while home
schooling makes them do their study with only a teacher and two students, "... it seemed
ridiculous to Bruno that school should take place when there were only two students to
teach ...” (p.96). This new school situation was not what Bruno and Gretel expected to be.
Bruno and Gretel now did not attend a normal school: they continue their studies from home.
This reason makes both of the children craved more for other existence of people of the same
age. And even after busy with homework from their home schooling‟ teacher, Herr Liszt,
Bruno, and Gretel still feels alone. The narrator explains Bruno‟s feeling, “... he no longer
had any friends to play with ...” (p.98-99). Gretel also describes that she feels bored and
lonely during their spare time because she had no friend at all, “I've got nothing to do”
(p.152). Lived in Out-With was not fun at all, especially since Bruno, Gretel, and Mother
were not allowed to leave the house, and even if this rule was not exist. They still have
nothing to do outside the house. The author did not describe this rule directly, but it could be
seen from the plot. In the story, there always be more than one guard to look after Out-With
and everyone inside it. Every activity in Out-With always in control. There, even every door
in front of each room had one soldier, “... when the door creaked open, but that had turned
out to be the unfriendly young soldier who had stared at Bruno without any warmth in his
eyes” (p.42). This rule also can be seen with Bruno‟s act. Every time Bruno leaves Out-With,
he always used the back door and always did it secretly. Living in Out-With is miserable.
Bruno was lonely since he lived in Out-With. He had no friends at all. Bruno only spent his
spare time to play with a swing in the front yard, which his mother later forbids because he
fell and got several scars, “... he was happily installed inside the centre of the tyre and
swinging back and forth ...”. Bruno plays with the swing even the swing is not comfortable
because he had nothing left to do, “... he was ignoring the fact that it was one of the most
uncomfortable swings he had ever been on in his life” (p.77). He also spent his time reading
books, which later he left because he already read most of the books he had, “Bruno had read
enough books” (p.105). Gretel was also feeling lonely in Out-With. One of the main factors
was because she had no one to play with, “Here she had no one at all except her collection of
lifeless dolls” (p.155). She then spent her time playing with her dolls, such as speaking and
rearrange her dolls position, "... preferring to arrange and rearrange her collection of dolls
constantly during her free time" (p.152). Later on, these activities also left by her because she
was bored to do the same thing over and over again, "Gretel had decided that she didn't like
dolls anymore and had put them all into four large bags and thrown them away" (p.180). This
family feels bored and lonely during their living in Out-With. Bruno, Gretel, and Mother are
having the same activity to do for each day. They only read books in their spare time because
there was nothing else to do, “Mother, Bruno and Gretel were sitting reading their books”
(p.116). There were no other activities that can do in Out-With. Inside, no place in the house
was comfortable. Outside, there was nothing to do with no shops, neighbors, or people
passing by. Live in Out-With was another reason for the family to experienced loneliness.
Live in Out-With is includes in forced-isolation. The theory stated that forced-isolation
means a person‟s relationship with another person had been severely cut during a certain
period, which happened intentionally or unintentionally (1982, p.214). Here, related to the
story in The Boy in The Stripped Pyjama novel, the reason of loneliness for Bruno, Gretel,
and Mother were forced-isolation because every person in the family unintentionally losing
their relationship with friends and neighbor in Berlin.

Bruno's Ways to Overcome Loneliness: Bruno is one of the characters that positively
react towards loneliness. Based on the theory, the reaction towards loneliness in Bruno‟s
character is Active solitude and social contact. In dealing with the loneliness he felt, Bruno
had tried to overcome his feelings by reading a book. When one afternoon, Gretel visits
Bruno’s room, Bruno did not want to get bothered by her. He was trying to read the book that
he bought from his old house in Berlin. When he read books, he did not feel bored and
lonely. By reading, his mind will full of imagination about living outside OutWith. “What do
you want?” asked Bruno. “That's a nice welcome,” said Gretel. “I'm reading,” said Bruno.
“What are you reading?” she asked him, (p.152) “Boring,” she said in a sing-song voice. “It's
not boring at all,” said Bruno. “It's an adventure. It's better than dolls, that's for sure.” “What
are you doing?” she repeated, irritating Bruno even further. “I told you, I'm trying to read,”
he said in a grumpy voice. “If some people would just let me.” (p.153) Here, the quotations
above describe one of Bruno‟s activities in Out-With to overcome his loneliness. Bruno likes
reading books. When he read the books, he did not want to get bothered. Bruno explains to
Gretel that reading books is not boring. For Bruno, reading a book was a fun activity, and he
enjoys it. By reading a book, especially adventure, Bruno could imagine a better situation
than the situation in Out-With. Based on Rubeinsten & Shaver’s (1982:215) theory about
reactions towards loneliness, reading adventure books is included in active solitude. The
theory states that active solitude means the person who feels lonely will choose do to positive
activities (1982, p.215). In The Boy in The Stripped Pyjama novel, the reaction towards
loneliness in Bruno’s character was active solitude because he chooses to read an adventure
book that refers to a positive activity.

Another choice that Bruno has made to overcome his loneliness was made a swing in
his yard. There was a yard around Out-with, and a big old oak tree stood in the side of
Gretel‟s room, “... the large oak tree on Gretel's side of the house ...” (p.77). This was the
beginning of the idea in Bruno‟s head about making a swing. To starts making a swing,
Bruno needs to find the tools. Bruno goes to the front yard and meets Lieutenant Kotler and
Gretel. Bruno then asked Lieutenant Kotler where he could find an old tyre around the house,
“I wondered whether there were any spare tyres around” (p.73). When Lieutenant Kotler
asked him the reasons for it, Bruno explains that he wants to use the tyre for making a swing,
“I thought I'd make a swing” (p.74). After understand that Bruno needs something,
Lieutenant Kotler then asked Pavel, the cook in the house, to help Bruno get the tyre and rope
for making a swing. Pavel has listened to Lieutenant Kotler command, and as immediately he
led Bruno the place, he could get things that he needed, “... Pavel turned and led the way
towards the storage shed, followed by Bruno ...” (p.76). After Bruno was getting what he
needs, Bruno starts making his swing in the oak tree. Bruno was struggling hard because he
needs help from others to make the swing even he used to make one before. In Berlin, Bruno
had friends to made the swing, “He had built one of these once before, but back then he had
had Karl and Daniel and Martin to help him with it” (p.77). Now, the only person who
possibly helps him was himself, “Bruno had climbed up and down and up and down and up
and down the trunk to tie the ropes securely around the branches and the tyre itself” (p.77).
After Bruno was finished the swing, Bruno starts playing with it. Bruno plays happily with
the swing to fill his spare time. When he first realized swinging was quite fun, Bruno played
too fast. Unfortunately, Bruno fell from the swing after playing for a while because Bruno‟s
hand slipped while he swings harder, "This worked very well until his grip on the tyre slipped
a little ..." (p.78). Because of Bruno‟s carelessness, he fell with his face on the ground while
playing with swing, "... his body was turning inside and he fell downwards, one foot still
inside the rim while he landed face down on the ground ..." (p.78). Not stopping there, when
Bruno tries to sit up, the swing hits his head and leaves scars on it, "... the tyre swung back
and hit him on the head ..." (p.78). For this reason, Bruno left the swing and never play with it
again. In this case, Bruno decided to make a swing. Here, the activity od making a swing is
included active solitude. Rubeinsten and Shaver explains that active solitude means the
person who feels lonely will choose do to positive activities (1982:215). Bruno’s character is
doing an active solitude because he chooses to make a swing in his yard, which refers to a
positive activity.
 CHAPTER 3

CONCLUSION

A Boy in The Striped Pyjamas is a novel written by John Boyne in 2006. The story is
about a family who moved from Berlin, Germany, to a house called Out-With, which located
in the middle of nowhere. This move happened due to the job that Father does. After the
move, the family, especially Bruno, Gretel, and Mother experience loneliness because of the
lack of activity to do and people to talk or play with. The researcher did this analysis because
this kind of study never conducted before. There are many researchers who analysed
loneliness in novels, but all of them only analyse one character. In this research, the
researcher analysed three characters; Bruno, Gretel, and Mother. Also, Bruno, Gretel, and
Mother are the characters with a different range of ages, which could cover the reasons and
reactions towards loneliness in; Children, Teenagers, and Adults. Besides, this research also
shows characteristics of loneliness which all previous researchers not. For this reason, as far
as the researcher’s knowledge, no one has done something like this before. Another gap
found by the researcher, there is no previous study that can identify the loneliness in the
literary work. This research identifies the characteristics and symptoms of loneliness in each
character from the novel.

Social interaction is one of the best ways to react when someone feels lonely, said
Rubeinsten and Shaver (1982, p.216). Loneliness tends to mean not having anyone. When
people who experience loneliness choose to interact with others, the loneliness will disappear
instantly. Social contact means the person doing interactions with the environment, such as
make a visit or call a friend. From the theoretical framework, new criticism, especially the
character concept, is used to analyse the characters who experience loneliness in The Boy in
The Stripped Pyjama novel, which are Bruno, Gretel, and Mother. Moreover, the other
theory, which is a psychological approach especially loneliness concept used to analyse the
reasons of loneliness and ways to overcome the loneliness in the characters that are Bruno,
Gretel and Mother from The Boy in The Stripped Pyjama.

From many studies conducted above, there were many researchers studying loneliness
in literary works. The researcher also realized that all of them already analysed the caused
and the impacts of loneliness, but none of them using this to analyse loneliness experienced
by the characters from The Boy in The Stripped Pyjama novel. Each character that
experiences loneliness has different reasons and the reaction can be in the form of a negative
or positive attitude in one and another. Now, the researchers see this as an existing vacuum
and intend to analyse the reasons and reactions towards loneliness in the characters from The
Boy in The Stripped Pyjama novel.

Rubeinsten and Shaver (1982, p.215) believe that the positive impact of feeling lonely
is active solitude. Here a person who experiences loneliness will choose positive activities.
There are many positive activities in these worlds include; exercising, reading, writing, go
watching a movie, listening to music, studying or working, walking, working on a hobby, and
playing. This can make the person forget about being lonely and find happiness in
themselves.

The result of this study shows that for Bruno’s character, the author describes him as
the main character, the youngest in the family, got bully from his sister and sister’s friends,
have best friends at school, interested in the adventure world and polite. His loneliness
describes directly and indirectly through the quotations. For Gretel’s character, the author
describes her as Bruno’s biological sister, who has a nickname „Hopeless Case‟, loves dolls,
smart at school, has a bad attitude. Her loneliness describes directly and indirectly quotations.
For Mother’s character, the author describes her as love her children, always nurtures, always
knows what to do, and has great empathy. The loneliness characteristics of Mother describes
indirectly in the novel. The reasons for loneliness in all Bruno, Gretel, and Mother are the
same. There are two reasons for loneliness in these characters. The first reason is the move
from Berlin, which includes dislocation (1982, p.214). Moreover, the second reason for
loneliness are live in Out-With, which includes forced-isolation (1982, p.214). The ways to
overcome loneliness in Bruno’s character are; reading adventure book (active solitude, 1982,
p.215), having good conversation with Gretel (social contact, 1982, p.216), having deep
conversation with Maria (social contact, 1982, p.216), making a swing (active solitude, 1982,
p.215), having conversation with Pavel (social contact, 1982, p.216), doing forbidden
exploration (active solitude, 1982, p.215), and making friend with Shmuel (social contact,
1982, p.216). digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id
digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 69 The ways to overcome
loneliness in Gretel’s are; being friend with Lieutenant Kotler (social contact, 1982, p.216),
and studying history and geography (active solitude, 1982, p.215). Moreover, The ways to
overcome loneliness in Mother’s character is; sleeping all day (sad passivity, 1982, p.215),
and complaining all the time (sad passivity, 1982, p.215). The researcher has some
suggestions for future researchers. First, if the future researchers want to analyse the same
issue, that is, loneliness, many theories could be used besides loneliness theory by Rubeinsten
& Shaver (1982). The researcher believes that different theorists have different ideas and
views towards something, which could give impacts on the different results of research.
Second, another suggestion is, if the future researcher wants to analyse the loneliness issue,
the future researchers could compare the reaction towards loneliness in a different gender.
The last suggestion is if the future researchers want to analyse the loneliness issue, the future
researchers could compare the reasons and reactions towards loneliness from literary works
from different eras for drastic differences