DERIVATION OF TERM SYMBOL

PRESENTED BY:
AQSA ASLAM
SUMAIRA NOREEN
SUBJECT:
COORDINATION CHEMISRT
CONTENT: Azimuthal
quantum Hund's rule
number

The Spin
Quantum TERM SYMBOL
Number (ms)

d1-d10 P1-P6
configuration configuration
 Hund's rule
● Hund's rule states that"In the orbitals of the same
subshell, electrons are filled singly first before
pairing starts "Alternatively, Hund's rule states that
electrons don't pair up in a subshell until they are
occupied by a single spin.

According to Hund's rule:

1.Doubly fulfillment of orbital is only possible after singly occupying

in the orbital.

2. All electrons in a singly occupied orbital have the same spin to

maximize total spin
 EXAMPLE

The electronic configuration of Nitrogen is 1s 2,2s2,2p3

There are two possibilities to fill electrons in 2p orbital which

are shown below:

2p INCORRECT

CORRECT
2p
 The Spin Quantum Number (ms)

➢ The Pauli Exclusion principle states that no

two electrons
can have the
same four Quantum
Numbers.
This means that if
-1/2
an orbital is holding +1/2
two electrons then the
electrons must be spinning in opposite
directions to one another.
➢ ms has two values: +1/2 and -1/2
 Azimuthal quantum number:

➢Azimuthal quantum number determines angular

momentum of the electron. This is denoted by l. The
value of l gives the sublevel or sub-shell in which the
electron is located. It also determines the shape of the
orbital in which the electron is located.

➢Its values range from 0 to n-1.

I= n - 1
Azimuthal quantum number:

l sublevel orbital shape

0
Sharp-p Spherical

1
Principle-p Dumbbell
2
Diffused-d Clover-leaf
3
fundamental-f Too complex
Shapes of orbitals:

S orbital

P orbital
d orbital
F orbital
 TERM SYMBOL:
We should see this in the context of atomic term
symbols, which describe:

• The type of orbital (s,p, etc)

• The number of unpaired electrons

• The possibility for spin-orbit coupling

An atomic term symbol looks like this:

2S+1L
J
Where,
S is the total spin angular momentum of all ms for each individual
electron in set of orbitals; it's a fast way of telling you how many
unpaired electrons there are
• 2S + 1 is called the spin multiplicity, which
basically is a more concise way of
telling you what S tells you, and gives rise to the
terminology "singlet state", "doublet state.

3p
We call 3 as triplet p zero.
0

0
S
3/2 And 4 as quartet S as 3/2

• L is similar to l, which is the orbital angular

momentum, i.e. tell the shape of the orbital.

• J is the total angular momentum, which is just

a value that collapses S and L into another
variable.
 EXAMPLE:

So, let's take an example. Let's say we had a 2p orbital with one
electron in it. That's known as a p1 configuration.

2px 2py 2pz

DETERMINING TOTAL SPIN ANGULAR MOMENTUM:

To determine S simply add the ms, that you see for each electron.
The paired electrons are always going to cancel out.

S = + [1/2] =+1/2
Determine the spin multiplicity, and you should get:

2S+1=2

DETERMINING ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM:

Now, since it's a p orbital, l = 1, and for the term symbol itself, just
as l corresponds to the p orbital, we write out L as P.

L = 0, 1, 2, 3, .....

0 means S
1 means P
2 means D
3 means F
 DETERMINING TOTAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM:

Finally, J is where things get tricky, because there can be multiple J

value ranges from (L – S) to (L + S). So, you can have:

J=total angular momentum

J=(L+S)………..(L-S)
As the value of L is 1 and the value of S is
½ ,we will get:

J=(1+(1/2)}…..(1-(1/2)} J=1/
J=(3/2)……...(1/2) 2
FOR J VALUE:

● If e are less then half full-filled then the value of J should be minim

● If
e are half full-filled or more then half full-filled then the
value should be maximum.

So the value for p1 configuration is shown

J=1/
below:
2
 INTRODUCTION:

The term symbol for a particular atomic term in the

form of
2S+1
L
J
L = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..... 0 means S
S = total spin quantum 1 means P
2 means D
number 3 means F
L=Total orbital angular
momentum
J=total angular momentum
J=(L+S)………..(L-S)
P1 CONFIGURATION:

1
Configuration is
The ground state term for a free ion with P
1 0 L = 0, 1, 2, 3, .....
2S+1L
J -1 0 means S
1 means p
2 means D
S=total spin quantum number 3 means F

S=1/2

L=Orbital quantum numberL=1 2(1/2)+1

P 2PJ
J=Total angular momentum quantum numberJ
J=(L+S)……...(L-S)
The ground state term for a free ion
J=(1+(1/2)}…..(1-(1/2)} with p1 Configuration is
J=(3/2)……...(1/2) J=1/2 2
P1/2
P2 CONFIGURATION:

The ground state term for a free ion with P2 configuration is

1 0 -1 L = 0, 1, 2, 3….

2S+1 0 means S
J 1 means P
2 means D
S = totalLspin quantum number 3 means F

S=1 2(1)+
L = orbital quantum number L = 1 1 3P
P J
J
J = Total angular momentum quantum number

The ground state term for a free ion with P2

JJ ==(L+S)
(1+1)..........
..........(L-S)
(1-1) configuration is
J = (2) ………….. (0) J=0 3p
0
P3 CONFIGURATION:

The ground state for a free ion with P3 configuration is

1 0 -1
2S+1 L = 0, 1, 2, 3….
L
J 0 means S
1 means P
2 means D
S=Total spin quantum number 3 means F
S=3/2
L=Orbital quantum number L=0 2(3/2)+1 4S
S J
J
J=Total angular momentum quantum number
The ground state term for a free ion
J = (L+S) .......... (L-S)
With P3 configuration is
J = (0+(3/2)) .......... (0-(3/2)) 4S
J = (3/2) .......... (3/2) J=3/2 3/2
P4 CONFIGURATION:

The ground state term for a free ion with P4 configuration is

1 0 -1
2S+1L 0L=0, 1, 2,S 3, .....
means
J
1 means P
2 means D
S = total spin quantum number 3 means F
S=1
2(1)+
L = orbital quantum number L = 1 1 3P
P J
J
J = Total angular momentum quantum number
The ground state term for a free ion with
J = (L+S) .......... (L-S) p4 configuration is
J = (1+1) .......... (1-1) 3
J =2 P2
J = (2) .......... (0)
P5 CONFIGURATION:

The ground state term for a free ion with P5 configuration is

1 0 -1
2S+1 L = 0, 1, 2, 3, .....
L
J 0 means S
1 means P
2 means D
3 means F
S = total spin quantum number
S = 1/2
L=1 2(1/2)+1P 2
L = orbital quantum number P
J J
J = Total angular momentum quantum number
J = (L+S) .......... (L-S)
Ion with
The ground
3
statePterm
configuration
for a free is
J = (1 +(1 /2)) .......... (1-(1 /2))
2P
J =(3/2) .......... (1/2) J=3/2 3/2
P6 CONFIGURATION:

The ground state term for a free ion with p6 configuration is

1 0 -1
2S+1 L=0, 1, 2, 3, .....
L
J 0 means S
1 means P
2 means D
S = total spin quantum number 3 means F
S=0
L = orbital quantum number L=0 2(0)+1 1
SJ S
J
J = Total angular momentum quantum number

The ground state term for a free ion with P6

J = (L+S) .......... (L-S) 1S
configuration is
J = (0+0) .......... (0-0)
0
J = (0) .......... (0) J=0
 d1 CONFIGURATION:

The ground state term for a free ion with d1 configuration is

L = 0, 1, 2, 3, .....
2 1 0 -1 -2 0 means S
2S+1L 1 means P
2 means D
J 3 means F

S = Total spin quantum number

S=1/2
L = orbital quantum number L= 2 2(1/2)+1
D 2
D
J = Total angular momentum quantum number J
J
The ground state term for a free
J = (L+S) .......... (L-S)
J = (2+(1 /2)) .......... (2-{1 /2)) Ion with d 1
configuration is
J = (5/2)…………..(3/2)
2D
J =3/2 3/2
d2 CONFIGURATION:

The ground state term for a free ion with d2 configuration is

2 1 0 -1 -2
L = 0, 1, 2, 3, .....
0 means S
2S+1
L 1 means P
J 2 means D
3 means F
S=Total spin quantum number
S=1
L= orbital quantum number L = 3 2(1)+1F 3
J F
J
J = Total angular momentum quantum number
J = L+S) .......... (L-S) The ground state term for a free
Ion with d2 configuration is
J = (3-1) .......... (3-1) 3
F
J = 4 .......... (2) J=2 2
 d3 CONFIGURATION:
The ground state term for a free ion with d3 configuration is

2 1 0 -1 -2
2S+1L
L = 0, 1, 2, 3, .....
J
0 means S
S = total spin quantum number 1 means P
2 means D
S=3/2 3 means F

L= orbital quantum number L=3 2(3/2)+1F 4F

J J
J = Total angular momentum quantum number
The ground state term for a free ion with
J = (L+S) .......... (L-S) d3 configuration is
J = (3+(3/2)) .......... (3-(3/2))
4F
J=(9/2)……..(3/2) J=3/2 3/2
d4 CONFIGURATION:

The ground state term for a free ion with d4 configuration is

2 1 0 -1 -2
2S+1L L=0, 1, 2, 3, .....
J 0 means S
1 means P
S = Total spin quantum number 2 means D
S=2 3 means F
L = orbital quantum number L=2 2(2)+1 5
D D
J J
J = Total angular momentum quantum number

The ground state term for a free ion with

J = (L+S) .......... (L-S) d4 configuration is
J=(2+2)……..(2-2) 5D
J=4………...0 J =0 0
 d5 CONFIGURATION:

The ground state term for a free ion with d5 configuration is

2 1 0 -1 -2
2S+1 L=0, 1, 2, 3, .....
L
J 0 means S
S = Total spin quantum number 1 means P
2 means D
S =5/2 3 means F
L = orbital quantum number L = 0 2(5/2)+1 S 6S
J J
J = Total angular momentum quantum number
J = (L+S) .......... (L-S)
The ground state term for a free ion with
d5 configuration is
J = (0+(5/2)) .......... (0-{5/2))

J = (5/2) .......... (5/2) J = 5/2 6S

5/2
d6 CONFIGURATION:

The ground state term for a free ion with d6 configuration is

2 1 0 -1 -2
2S+1 L=0, 1, 2, 3, .....
L 0 means S
J 1 means P
2 means D
S = total spin quantum number
3 means F
S=2
L = orbital quantum number L=2 2(2)+1 5
D D
J J
J = Total angular momentum quantum number
The ground state term for a free
J = (L+S) .......... (L-S)
Ion with d6 configuration is
J = (2+2) .......... (2-2) 5
D
J = 4………….0 J=4 4
 d7 CONFIGURATION:

The ground term for a free ion with d7 configuration is

2 1 0 -1 -2
2S+1
L L=0, 1, 2, 3, .....
J 0 means S
1 means P
S = total spin quantum number 2 means D
3 means F
S = 3/2
L = orbital quantum number L=3 2(3/2)+1 F 4F
J J
J = Total angular momentum quantum number

J = (L+S) .......... (L-S) The ground state term for a free

Ion with d7 configuration is
J=(3+3/2))……….(3-(3/2)) 4
F
9/2
J=(9/2)……….(3/2) J=9/2
d8 CONFIGURATION:

The ground state term for a free ion with d8 configuration is

2 1 0 -1 -2
2S+1
L L=0, 1, 2, 3, .....
J 0 means S
1 means P
2 means D
S = total spin quantum number 3 means F
S=1
L = orbital quantum number L=3 2(1)+1 3
FJ FJ
J = Total angular momentum quantum number
The ground state term for a free
J =(L +S) .......... (L-S)
Ion with d8 configuration is
J = (3+1)………...(3-1) 3
F
J =4………..(2) J=4 4
d9 CONFIGURATION:

The ground state term for a free ion with d9 configuration is

2 1 0 -1 -2
2S+1
L L=0, 1, 2, 3, .....
J 0 means S
1 means P
S = total spin quantum number 2 means D
3 means F
S = 1/2
L = orbital quantum number L =2 2(1/2)+1 2
D D
J J
J = Total angular momentum quantum number
J =(L +S) .......... (L-S) The ground state term for a free
Ion with d9 configuration is
J = (2+(1 /2)) .......... (2-(1 /2)) 2
=' D
J = (5/2) .......... (3/2) J=5/2 5/2
d10 CONFIGURATION:
The ground state term for a free ion with d10 configuration is

2 1 0 -1 -2
2S+1
L L=0, 1, 2, 3, .....
J 0 means S
1 means P
S = total spin quantum number 2 means D
3 means F
S=0 1
L = orbital quantum number L=0 2(0)+1
s s
J J
J = Total angular momentum quantum number
The ground state term for a free
J = (L +S) .......... (L-S)
Ion with d10 configuration is
J = (0+0) .......... (0-0) 1
s0
J = (0) .......... (0) J=0
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION