Illustration

Example

If the uncertainty in velocity and position is same, then find uncertainty

in momentum in terms of mass.

Solution
 Illustration
Example
An electron has a velocity of 40 ms–1 with percentage error in velocity
equal to 0.01%, then calculate the uncertainty in its position?

Solution
 Illustration
Example

Solution
Wave Mechanical Model of an Atom
Fundamental equation of quantum mechanics is developed by
Schrodinger

Second derivative
With respect to Z Wave Function (Amplitude)

𝛛𝟐 𝚿 𝛛𝟐 𝚿 𝛛𝟐 𝚿 𝟖𝛑𝟐 𝐦
+ + 𝟐 + 𝐄−𝑽 𝚿=𝟎
𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐲 𝟐 𝛛𝐳 𝐡𝟐
Position Total Potential Energy
Energy
 Quantum Numbers
To obtain complete information about an electron in an atom 4
identification numbers are required and these identification numbers
are called quantum numbers.

Principal quantum number (n)

Azimuthal quantum number (l)

Magnetic quantum number (ml)

Spin quantum number (ms)

Quantum Numbers

n Shell

l Subshell

ml Orbital

ms Spin
Quantum’s Are Like an Address
What do you need to know to find out where you live?

State City Street House

Principal Angular Magnetic Spin
Quantum Quantum Quantum Quantum
number (n) number (l) number (ml) number (ms)
 Quantum Numbers

(1) Principle Quantum Number (n)

It represents a shell to which e– belongs

The value of ‘n’ lies between 1 to  i.e n = 1,2,3,4– – – – –  corresponding

name of shells are 1(K), 2(L), 3(M), 4(N), 5(O), – – – – –

Greater the value of n, greater is the distance from the nucleus.

Greater the value of n, greater is the energy of shell

Maximum number of electrons in a shell = 2n2

 Quantum Numbers

(2) Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)

This quantum number is also know as angular momentum quantum

number or Subsidiary quantum number
It represents the subshell.

Value of l between 0 to (n – 1)

i.e. l = 0,1,2 – – – – – – – – – (n–1)

l = 0 → s Subshell
l = 1 → p Subshell
l = 2 → d Subshell
l = 3 → f Subshell

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 Value of l is always less than n

Quantum Numbers
It describe the shape of orbital.

s → Spherical shape

p → Dumb Bell shape

d → Double Dumb Bell shape

f → Complex shape

The number of subshells in a shell = n

 Quantum Numbers
Principle Quantum Azimuthal Quantum
Subshells
Numbers (n) Numbers (l)

s
1 l =0
(1 subshell)

s
l= 0
2 p
l =1
(2 subshell)
s
l =0
p
3 l =1
d
l =2
(3 subshell)
s
l =0
p
l =1
4 d
l =2
f
l =3
(4 subshell)
 Quantum Numbers
𝐡
The orbital angular momentum 𝑳= l(l + 𝟏ሻ
𝟐𝛑

𝐡
Or, L= ℓ ℓ+𝟏 ℏ ∵ℏ= { is called as ‘hash’}
𝟐𝛑

For s subshell, L = 0

𝐡
For p subshell L = 𝟐 𝟐𝛑
𝐨𝐫 𝟐
 Quantum Numbers
The number of electron in a particular subshell = 2(2l +1)

For s subshell number of electrons =

For p subshell number of electrons =

For d subshell number of electrons =

For f subshell number of electrons =

 Quantum Numbers

(3) Magnetic Quantum Number (m OR ml)

It represents the orientation of electron cloud (orbital)

3D space around the nucleus where the probability of finding electrons

is maximum is called orbital.

Number of orbitals in a subshell = (2l +1)

No. of orbital in a shell = n2

 Quantum Numbers
Values of m : all integral value from – l to + l.

for 's'  l = 0, m = 0
Interchangeable

–1 0 +1
for 'p'  l = 1, m = –1, 0, +1 (three orbitals)
px pz py

Fixed

Interchangeable

for 'd'  l = 2, m = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 (5 orbitals) –2 –1 0 +1 +2

dxy dyz dxz dx2-Y2

Fixed

for 'f'  l = 3, m = –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3 (7 orbitals)

 Quantum Numbers

(4) Spin Quantum Number (s or ms)

Given by Goudsmit and Uhlenback

It represents the rotation of electron (spin) its own axis.

Spin of electron can be clock wise or anti-clock wise, for these two
𝟏 𝟏
states values of ms = + 𝟐 𝐨𝐫 – 𝟐

𝐡
Spin angular momentum of an e– = 𝐬 𝐬 + 𝟏 . 𝟐𝛑 𝐨𝐫 𝐬 𝐬 + 𝟏 
 Quantum Numbers
Each orbital can accommodate 2 electrons with opposite spin.

Correct Spin paired e– or

Wrong Spin paired e– or

Summary of Quantum Numbers

Number Number Number of

Subshell
n l m of of Electrons
Name
Orbitals Electrons Per Orbitals
1 0 0 1 1s 2 2
0 0 1 2s 2 2
2
1 –1, 0, +1 3 2p 6 2

0 0 1 3s 2 2
3 1 –1, 0, +1 3 3p 6 2
2 –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 5 3d 10 2

0
0 1 4s 2 2
–1, 0, +1
1 3 4p 6 2
4 –2, –1, 0, +1, +2
2 5 4d 10 2
–3, –2, –1, 0,
3 7 4f 14 2
+1, +2, +3
 Illustration
Example

Pick out the correct sequence of quantum number in the followings:

(A) n = 3, l = 2, m = 3, s = – ½ (B) n = 2, l = 2, m = 1, s = + ½
(C) n = 3, l = 1, m = –1, s = – ½ (D) n = 2, l = 1, m = 0, s = +1

Solution
 Illustration
Example

Calculate the total number of electron in d Subshell.

(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 10 (D) None of these

Solution
 Illustration
Example

Total number of orbitals in 4th shell are :

(A) 8 (B) 16 (C) 32 (D) 4

Solution
 Illustration
Example

Calculate maximum number of electrons which have following quantum

number n=3, l = 2, m = +1, s = – ½

Solution
 Illustration
Example

Calculate the orbital angular momentum for a d-electron.

Solution
 Illustration
Example

Calculate the number of electrons present in the M shell that has

magnetic quantum number = –1.

Solution
 Illustration
Example

In n = 3, l = 2 orbitals, determine the number of electrons having the

value of spin quantum number = –1/2.

Solution
 Atomic orbitals
Nodes in orbitals

It is point/line/plane/surface where probability of finding electron is

zero.
There are 2 types of nodes :

(1) Radial node/Spherical node/Nodal surface

Number of radial nodes in an orbital = n – l – 1

(2) Angular node/Non-spherical node/Nodal plane = l

Number of angular nodes in an orbital = l

Total node = Radial node + Angular node = n – l – 1 + l

Total node = n – 1