130 Bakelite is @ three dime) APPLY IED 4 sional cross linked polymer. Sa iS: PpROPERTIE! an i | 1. Bakelite isa hard, rigid and strong material. has excellent heat and moisture resistance. 7 ‘ re possesses excellent electrical insulating properties, 4. It is resistant to chemicals. : 5. Bakelite has good abrasion resistance. USES : 1, It is used in making plugs and switches. 2. It is used for making handles of utensils. 3, Soft Bakelite with low degree of polymerisation are used laminated wooden planks and in varnishes and lacquers, 4, It is used in the manufacture of combs, fountain pen barrels, Bramo as binding fl ae Phone 5. Bakelite is used for impregnating fabrics, paper, wood etc, 6. It is used for making moulded articles like telephone pazts and cabing and Television sets. 7. It is used as hydrogen exchange resins in water softening. 8. It is used for making bearings used in propeller shafts in the rolling mills. 7.4 LUBRICANTS ts for Paper industry, “Hard work is the lubricant when your career gets je " Jammed feeling of the axle of life stuck.” ee DEFINITION AND FUNCTIONS OF A GOOD LUBRICANT DEFINITION A lubricant may be defined as a substance which is introduced between two solid s faces rubbing against each other, to reduce frictional resistance and prevent wear and te ie ee caused to the surfaces, The main function of lubricant is to prevent direct co ing surfaces to minimise frictional resistance and damage to the surfaces. Th 5 a e process of reduction of friction between two moving or sliding surfaces in di pplication of lubricant in between them is called LubricaAsperities . Surface ‘#71 Schematig represe, FUNCTIONS OF q Gop 1 The use of lubricant between two lifetime of the machine by reducing should play the following roto 1, Wear and seizure reduction; two moving surfaces in contact, chinery parts. In other words a lubricant increases the Coolant; Cooling is an important function of lubricating oil. The lubricant trans- fers heat generated due to friction to the cooling system and Prevents energy loss, which keeps the engine cool an id helps increase the life of the engine, Sealing; Good lubricants function as a sealin, contaminants in the engine which can reduce 4. Cleaning; The lubricants act Atation of a Surface showing roughnoas ‘UBRICANT rubbing surfaces in general increases efficiency and Wear and tear caused due to friction. A good lubricant 'S when placed between two contacting surfaces, A good lubricant should reduce friction between and resulting wear an d tear or seizure of the’ ma. life of an equipment, » J 6 Agent and prevent, entry of outside the efficiency of the engine, a8 Scavengers to remove i to settle at the bottom and cause intrusions, es against damage due to corrosion, 6. Shock absorption; Application of a lubricant helps in shock absorption between bearings and engine parts and thus reduces noise from engine, CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS The lubricants may be classified into the following three types depending upon ae sical state. : 1. Liquid Lubricants; The liquid lubricants form a continuous Para Tubing surfaces. The following materials may be employed asliqui es ne _ i) Animal and Vegetable oils; The vegetable oils found in | rt “ny plants for example, peanut oil, coconut oil, cotton seed oil, soybear bh132 Jubrican ) “ liver and tissues of animals may be ‘Animal oils such as Whale used as ‘This category of lubricants is quite popul normal conditions. (ii) Blended Oils; Fatty oils are generally mixed with mineral git, In ; They are obtained by furth ii) Mineral or Fetroleum Oils; ey fa ee alae by fracicnal distillation of petroleum at temperatura" Tallow oil, Lard ete, ob tain lubricating oil, Fri ki ar because of being cheap, ang lubrication andl are known as Bended oils. These Blended Oils provide desiney Ibe lay, "e properties for the machinery. 3. Semi-solid Lubricants or Greases; The greases are the Mixture o persed in liquid lubricating oils or mineral oils. These are prepared by the Pree ification of fatty acids with alkalis such as caustic soda. reaises are used wherecilse iin, remain in place due to high lond, low speed or sudden jerks, for example pj st Certain additives such as graphite, mica, asbestos, barium sulphate ete poe te properties to the greases. Molybdenum sulphide is a frequently used grea. eta ‘ors , ha use under high load and high temperature. Greases are classified depending a 7 © SAD used in their synthesis. Calcium based greases or Cup grea ses are prepared from calcium hydric ut fatty oils or mineral oils. These are the cheapest and most widely used ‘They are way resistant but cannot be used at higher temperature conditions, iad Soda based greases are prepared from sodium soaps and mineral oils, but they are not water resistant. Axle greases are very cheap greases, pi water resistant and can be used under high repared by adding lime to fatty oils, These an load and low speed. Greases are preferred over lubricating oils where leakage is undesired such as in the food industry. 3. Solid Lubricants; Solid lubricants are used when lubricating oils and Rreases do not serve the purpose such as in extreme temperature conditions such as in nuclear power stations, ballistic missiles and aviation sectors. Certain solid substances with high chemi- cal stability at very high temperatures may be used as solid lubricants. They can be usedin conditions of high temperature and heavy load, The most commonly used solid lubricants are Graphite, Talc, Mica, Soapstone, Moly denum sulphide ete. Graphite is a very good is greasy to touch, non-inflammable and not or in suspension form in oil or water, When particularly used in internal combustion © ‘Aquadag’. and most frequently used solid lubricant, asit oxidised easily. It can be used in powder form Graphite is dispersed in oil it is called ‘Oilday ngines. When dispersed in water it is called These are used as lubricants in air compressors, rail track joints, foodstuff indus and internal combustion engines,4133 The most im, in ite resint system, lubricant 3 lity of o lube the the icta the quality dee a Pr enh i id ear ‘ “alts dese Sot 1, OILINESs ants om acer ite quality. sctseed below, The Silinesy es of the ma 8 lubrica ; an Chine Under the very importan; i ec e two surfiac- \ DPerty. of cohditons or? FA lubricant to stick between th Ty ¢ 8 Of he, | extreme pressuy, ; o | y oncom « oiliness is ditions gt OFicant pai **Y load and high pressure. me diunder tions of hea a pnet Oil may eecatty whee Ceectine srfeces under contl- tobricanta hy And Luby. Ut ofthe two sliding surf Th different pice Me Viscosity "neation action may be stopped. The lu Ticant whi, ‘Y May °° different oilinese, siding surfaces | INS a op nder Mtinuons ch degree of aimee tions ar ‘ | ad AVINg the gaye SPeed “fad does not aqueeze out from two pre “St. high speed or heavy load is said to have Animal and ve table cls genera) dae to the fact thee Voile ea ta high “oiliness than the mineral oils. This is Sw hich offers hetget EP At ba th ends while fatty acids have - attachment to the surface, ‘ Minera COOH group at one on imu Metal surface Fig 7.2 Moving surfaces bearin g fatty acia groups Thus to improve the oiliness of mineral oils while Tetaining the advantage of their temal stability, small amounts of fatty oils are added to mineral oils to give compounded tls. There is no specific method to determine oiliness of a lubricant. LVISCOSITY Viscosity is a measure of internal resistance to flow of a liquid. . ined to rain Absolute viscosity is defined as tangential force per unit area required to main- i fluid which are ‘unit velocity gradient between two parallel planes in the flui unit apart,34 cae ; 4 paolute viscosity is defined as the tangentiat force in fference of Lem # between two parallel Oh Avery In other words, ores e required ees Absolute viseosity, 7 (eta) is measured in the an eee ata distance of 1 seconds (Pa- s)or kgm igtinS! system. The ratio of ah 5 gystem and Passe! fluid is known as Rinomatic ir ’ fo! : _ The CGS unit of Kinematio visnsity j second or m's*. ced unit for practical measure of the viscosit ofan oy unit is square meter Per of the oil to flow through a standart ones ‘The most commonly used in seconds for a given quantity a See most important properties of lubricating oil, The 5 Viscosity is = rise in temperature, thus the lubricating oil becom, thins Tiquid decreatt pe increases. The viscosity of lubricating ail should not chang ating tempers rature so that it can be used in a wide range of temperatun, Le. = a preferred under conditions of high speed and low pressure as tubreat high vistosity wil offer more resistance to moving parts particularly in winter ay be determined by an instrument called Vion, Viscony ea: The viscosity of lubricating oil m: r Three types of standard viscometers used are; Redwood Viscometer, Engler and Saybolt Viscometer. The basic principle in all of them remains the sam volume ofthe oils allowed to flow through a standard orifice and time of fowinsaaee'® recorded. 3. VISCOSITY INDEX The viscosity of an oil decreases with increase in temperature, which causes the Tubs. cating oil to become thinner or less viscous under the operating conditions. To avoj ing of lubricating oil its viscosity should not change much with change in temperatur @ that it may be used under varying temperature conditions. The rate of change of viscosity of oil with change in temperature is measured on an arbitrary scale known as “Viscosity Index”. Since some heat energy is generat. ed due to relative motion of two rubbing surfaces, the rise in temperature causes the v cosity of the lubricating oil to change. If the viscosity of oil decreases rapidly with ris in temperature, the oil is said to have a low viscosity index. On the other hand, if the mate change of viscosity of lubricating oil is only slight with rise in temperature, the lubricatii oil has a high viscosity index. Thus a good lubricant must have a high viscosity index 9 that the same lubricant may be used continuously and over a range of operating temper: tures. For example, incase of internal combustion engine, aircraft engine ete. the lubricating oil must function well at low starting temperature conditions and at very high operating temperatures, and thus should have high viscosity indexnet vay pnditions an P — no under operating & $8 oi ahold not wai wer a gah : onaure safety during working no yw Hea 2 an inflammable mixture Wi "MK oil arw important parameters to The Nash. ve inbricating gt ray the tinea as the ania Femperassre io cM ENCE WIth a ya es AtMTIctent vapours that ignite fora meen used FOr Lubricate tM® In case of lubricating oie Mash:point aan ae tubricant with re spect to Bre and gga tt aah point indicates the safety hazards of i bh aR era prt ferred to avoid the eM. That is why lubricating oils with higher ces teak point reasonably higher Manger of explosion, The lubricant chosen should have al tinh dunk storage tran its working temperature conditions 0 as to avoid fire has The firey rand application sufficient y apa {Ae mIniOUM tomporature at which the lubricating oil rives contact witha try ° burn Continuously for at least five seconds when oe ne than its Mash-poing. “"™€1n most hubricating oil the fire-point is about & to 40" highe The Mash-point gy nd fre named a8; The Abeta nae fl below 50°C. Pensky Man ve at which the brought Point arw usually determined by using two standard apparntas Point apparatus is used for dotormining the ash-point of the oil ens’ Apparatus is used foroits having fasts paint above 80°C, 5, IGNITION TEMPERATURE The igniti temperature ofasubstance the substance starts combustion lubricating oil is the temperature ignited by aNameorspark, Fi isthe minimum tomporaturoat which Auto-ignition temperature (or kindling point) of « At which it starts burning spontaneously without being ‘Srexample, the autoignition temperature of Diesel oil is 210°C. Asubstance cannot eateh fio until roaches ite ign ature and flammability characteristics of lubricating oils are important for fite hazards associated with their uso. This characteristic becomes oven more perature applications such as in military mineral oil based fluids w1 ion Lemporature, Ignition temper pronounced in high tem: ‘and commercial aiteratts, Most lubricants ane hich form flammable mixtures in contact with ait. ‘These fama: ble mixtures when come in contact with electriea spark, hot aves et te cause Autoignition and thus fire hazards are caused, For measuring auto-ignition temperature, « small amount of fuel is injected into a uniformly heated vessel in a thermostatic oven mati ignition i detected by observing the flame or by sharp rise in temperature,ca . ; APPLIED CHEMIN, 136 6. POUR POINT cease to flow of pour when Cooled nde, 7 | jus srature at which the oil will Lied ‘The lowest temperature at wl Le eaagell 1 et pol prescribed conditions is alled the ‘pour f od Goines will not bo able to provide : o| i 0 " . ° If an oil is used at a temperature below its p dicator of suitability of a i 7 seg, The pour point is an in} . ; oon a ee the , nen working the lubricating on cold climatic onc wo avoid solidification of lubricant which at low temperature should have low pour pol may cause the machine to jam. a pala eat Pour point becomes particularly important when used ee : cats per such as refrigerator plants and aircraft engines which may sta empe. o8 the viscosity of th temperatures of even below zero degree. At such low temperaiuree uel lubricating oil decreases and it becomes a solid waxy mass which is not s C4 VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. What are Plasti Ans. Plastics are the organic materials of high molecular mass which can b moulded into any shape by the application of heat and pressure, 2. Define the term polymerization. Ans. Polymerisation is the process in which large no of small molecules unit together to form a big molecule with high molecular mass, » Name the monomers of Nylon-66, tion purposes. se Ans, Nylon 66 is a polyamide prepared by condensation polymerisation of adipi acid and hexamethylenediamine at high temperature and pressure, 4. Write uses of Bakelite. Ans, senaed in making plugs and switches, handles of utensils, combs, fountai pen barrels, gramophone records ete. Soft bakelite with low degree polymerisation are used as bindi: i n 6 ing glue for laminated woos i varnishes and lacquers, Tee 5. Mention won. 0 meres