THERMO-FLUID

MECHANICS 1
MIET 2095

Fluid – Lecture 4 Flow Measurement

Reminder

 Lab Reports due date in Week 10 (10% of total

mark)

 Test and Assignment Results are now on-line

This Lecture

Examples of application of
Bernoulli’s Equation

And, where appropriate, in conjunction with

the Mass Conservation Equation
Your Learning Objectives
 To be able to use Bernoulli’s Equation and
the Mass Conservation Equation to derive
equations for some common flow and velocity
measuring devices

 To be familiar with some of the issues

relating to correct or appropriate use of some
flow and velocity measuring devices
Note that :-
 Most of the relationships of interest are
derived in class
 Where appropriate, reference is made to
corresponding sections of Cengel and Turner
(3rd Edition)
 The Flow Measurement Lab Sheet is a good
source of reference
Bernoulli Equation
 p/ + v2/2 + g*z = constant

 p/(*g) + v2/(2*g) + z = constant

 p +  * v2/2 +  *g*z = constant

 Refer to Ch. 12 starting from Section 12-2

Conditions for Bernoulli’s
Equation

 The equation applies to

 Incompressible
 Inviscid
 steady flow along a streamline
Viscous Effect (Flow Separation)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHCTM2QOqT4
 Frictional effects and components that disturb the
streamlined structure of flow in a flow section
make the Bernoulli equation invalid. It should not
be used in any of the flows shown here.

When the flow is irrotational, the Bernoulli equation becomes applicable

between any two points along the flow (not just on the same streamline).
 Air flowing horizontally from a
large reservoir into a pipe
through a bell mouth entry
 What is the relationship between flow rate
and pressure difference across the entry ?
Use Bernoulli Equation
 p1/ + v12/2 + g*z1 = p2/ + v22/2 + g*z2
 Now z1 = z2 and v1=0 (in big tank), so
 p1/ = p2/ + v22/2
 Therefore v2 = [2*(p1 - p2)/]1/2
 And Q =Q2= v2*A2 = A2*[2*(p1 - p2)/]1/2
 Liquid flowing out of a large tank
through an orifice

 What is the relationship between flow rate

and head drop, assuming no friction losses ?
 Refer to Example 12-3
Example: Spraying
Water into the Air
Applications – Airfoil (Wing)
Applications - Sailing
Applications - Spray
Industrial Problem – Cavitations
Cavitations can cause serious damage

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpklBS3s7iU
Applications – Velocity probe
 (pitot-static probe in air)

 How does the air velocity relate to the

pressure drop ?

 Refer to Figure 12-13 and example 12-4

Static Pitot-static Probe

Close-up of a Pitot-static probe, showing

the stagnation pressure hole and two of
the five static circumferential pressure
holes.
Streaklines produced by colored fluid introduced
upstream of an airfoil; since the flow is steady, the
streaklines are the same as streamlines and
pathlines.
Stagnation Pressure
The sum of the static and dynamic pressures is called the stagnation
pressure. It represents the pressure at a point where the fluid is brought
to a complete stop isentropically.

The static, dynamic,

and stagnation
pressures.
Accuracy of Pitot-Static Probe
 The shape of the probe is very precise and
designed to avoid losses. Consequently a
properly made and calibrated pitot static
probe is regarded as providing accurate
velocity information.
(Hence it was used as a reference in your
experiment)
Velocity probe in air with
vertical water manometer

 Relationship between velocity and

manometer reading ?
 DP = airv2/2 = waterghvert
 Therefore v = {2ghvert water/ air}1/2
Velocity probe in air with
sloping water manometer
 Relationship between velocity and sloping
manometer reading ?
 hvert = L*sinq

P2
P1

hvert

q
Venturi meter

 Relationship between inlet area, throat area,

pressure drop and flow rate ?
 Venturi meter
p1
p2

 From Bernoulli p1-p2 = 1/2(v22 - v12) = 1/2v22 (1 - v12/ v22)

 But v2A2 = v1A1, So v1/v2 = A2/A1
 Therefore p1-p2= 1/2v22 (1 - A22/ A12)= 1/2v22 (1 - b4), where b=
d/D
 So v2= {2*(p1-p2) / /(1 - b4)}1/2, and since Q= v2 A2
 Qideal= A2{2*(p1-p2) / /(1 - b4)}1/2
 Qactual= CdA2{2*(p1-p2) / /(1 - b4)}1/2. Cd, the discharge
coefficient, accounts for pressure losses due to friction and other
non-ideal flow effects. Cd, varies between 0.95 and 0.99 for
venturi meters.
Coefficient of Discharge
 Correction to ideal flow rate, to allow for
pressure losses arising from viscous effects

(Used in your laboratory experiment both for

the orifice plate and the venturi meter)
 Orifice meter
p1 p2

 Similar treatment to Venturi meter, however, Cd is smaller (may

vary between 0.5 to 0.7) with orifice meter because of bigger
pressure losses.
 The orifice and venturi meters are examples of “obstruction flow
meters”.
Orifice meter losses
Other Flow measurement
techniques

 Positive Displacement Flowmeters

 Turbine Flowmeters
 Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters)
 Ultrasonic (transit time and Doppler-effect)
flowmeters
 Electromagnetic Flowmeters (measures
ion accumulation in magnetic field)
 Vortex Flowmeters.
Other Flow measurement
techniques

 Thermal (Hot-Wire and Hot-Film)

Anemometers

 Laser Doppler Velocimetry

 Particle Image Velocimetry (See next

slides for author’s research)
PIV SETUP

UBCRICM
t1
t2
Doppler Effect
 When the source of the waves is moving toward the observer,
each successive wave crest is emitted from a position closer to
the observer than the previous wave; causing an increase in the
frequency
 While they are travelling, the distance between successive
wavefronts is reduced; so the waves "bunch together" ; reducing
the frequency.
Other Flow Field Property
Measurements

 There exists a plethora of sophisticated

optical techniques that can be used to
measure other flow field properties such
as temperature and density.
 E.g., PLIF-Planar laser Induced
Fluorescence
 Laser absorption spectroscopy
Read and Study

 Chapter 12
 Problems 12.12C, 12.23C, 12.24, 12.26,
12.30
 Examples 12.3, 12.4

 It would then be a good learning exercise

to close the books and derive the answers
to the worked examples for yourself
Next Week
 Fluid momentum and forces

 Steady flow Momentum Equation



 Steady Flow Angular Momentum Equation