"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......

AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 1

ENVIRONMENTAL
MOVEMENTS

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 2

Environmental Movements
The environmental movement or ecology movement including conservation and green policies,
is a diverse scientific, social and political movement for addressing environmental issues.
Environmentalism is the most popular social movement in the world.

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 3

Phases of Environmental Movement
This movement can be divided into two phases:
● Early conservationist movement
● Modern environmental movement

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 4

Resource Conservationism/Preservation
Movement
This was the movement Led by Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot, the conservationists
focused on the wise and efficient use of natural resources.

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 5

 1900-1960
Environmental Awareness Grows

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 6

Theodore Roosevelt
U.S. President 1901-9
Instrumental in founding the U.S. Forest
Service and National Parks.
Believed the health of the nation depended
upon the health of the land.

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 7

John Muir
Perhaps the first preservationist.
Said nature is a mirror reflecting the Creator.
Founded the Sierra Club in 1892.
Fought for the preservation of Yosemite
National Park.

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 8

Gifford Pinchot
A conservationist.
Believed that forests should be used both to
conserve the environment and to provide
resources for humans.
Muir and Pinchot disagreed over the Hetch
Hetchy Dam project.

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 9

Aldo Leopold
Wrote A Sand County Almanac in 1949.
Widely considered the most important
environmental book ever written.
Argues that we have an ethical responsibility
to be good stewards of the land.

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 10

Modern Environmental Movement
Yet while preservationism was an important part of the environmentalism's goals, the
movement's agenda was much broader and more diverse.
Modern Environmental Movement is marked with following significant events in the world:
◦ leaking of toxic fumes from pesticides plant in Bhopal
◦ explosion in Chernobyl Nuclear plant in Ukraine
◦ Killer Fog
◦ Accident at Three Mile Island

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 11

History of Environmental Movement
A-Early Awareness

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 12

History of Environmental Movement
B-Growth of the Environmental Movement
Rachel Carson

Wrote Silent Spring.

Warned of the effects of
pesticides.
As a result, DDT was banned.

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 13

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 14
1960s- Modern Environmental Movement
Gains Momentum
Prior to the 1960s, environmentalism focused on preservation of wilderness and conservation of
resources.

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 15

1970s
The movement goes global.
A number of prominent NGOs (private organizations) were formed.
Public concern for the environment became clear during the Earth Day demonstrations of 1970.
Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace were both established in 1971.
The first UN Earth Summit was held in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972.
CITES Treaty – 1975

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 16

1980s
1984: Union Carbide pesticide plant released 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas, immediately
killing nearly 3,000 and ultimately killing 15,000+ people.
1986: Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine exploded. 4,000 immediate deaths, estimated
30,000+ deaths ultimately.
1987: Montreal Protocol was signed, requiring nations to reduce CFC emissions.
1988: UN forms the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
1989: Exxon Valdez runs aground and spills 10.8 million gallons of crude oil into Alaska’s
Prudhoe Bay.
NIMBY (Not in My Backyard)

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 17

1990s
1992: Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Focused on global warming and global economics.
Green awareness became widespread in developed nations.
Green Party gains power in Europe.
Ecotourism thrives.

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 18

Environmentalism Today
2002: Earth Summit in Johannesburg
Kyoto Protocol became a legal requirement in 2005.
In recent years, the environmental movement has increasingly focused on global warming as
one of the top issues.

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 19

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 20