"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......

AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 1

ENVIRONMENTA
L
MOVEMENTS

2
Environmental
Movements
The environmental movement or ecology movement including conservation and green
policies,
is a diverse scientific, social and political movement for addressing environmental
issues. Environmentalism is the most popular social movement in the world.

3
Phases of Environmental
Movement
This movement can be divided into two
phases:
● Early conservationist movement
● Modern environmental movement

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Resource Conservationism/Preservation
Movement
This was the movement Led by Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot, the
conservationists
focused on the wise and efficient use of natural resources.

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 1900-1960
Environmental Awareness Grows

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 Theodore
Roosevelt
U.S. President 1901-9
Instrumental in founding the U.S. Forest
Service and National Parks.
Believed the health of the nation
depended
upon the health of the land.

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 John
Muir
Perhaps the first preservationist.
Said nature is a mirror reflecting the
Creator.
Founded the Sierra Club in 1892.
Fought for the preservation of
Yosemite National Park.

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Gifford Pinchot
A conservationist.
Believed that forests should be used both
to conserve the environment and to
provide resources for humans.
Muir and Pinchot disagreed over the Hetch
Hetchy Dam project.

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 Aldo
Leopold
Wrote A Sand County Almanac in 1949.
Widely considered the most important
environmental book ever written.
Argues that we have an ethical
responsibility
to be good stewards of the land.

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Modern Environmental
Movement
Yet while preservationism was an important part of the environmentalism's goals, the
movement's agenda was much broader and more diverse.
Modern Environmental Movement is marked with following significant events in the
world:
◦leaking of toxic fumes from pesticides plant in Bhopal
◦explosion in Chernobyl Nuclear plant in Ukraine
◦Killer Fog
◦Accident at Three Mile Island

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History of Environmental
Movement A-Early Awareness

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History of Environmental
Movement B-Growth of the Environmental Movement
Rachel Carson

Wrote Silent Spring.

Warned of the effects of
pesticides.
As a result, DDT was banned.

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14
1960s- Modern Environmental
Movement Gains Momentum
Prior to the 1960s, environmentalism focused on preservation of wilderness and conservation
of
resources.

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1970s
The movement goes global.
A number of prominent NGOs (private organizations) were formed.
Public concern for the environment became clear during the Earth Day demonstrations of
1970.
Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace were both established in 1971.
The first UN Earth Summit was held in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972.
CITES Treaty – 1975

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1980s
1984: Union Carbide pesticide plant released 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas, immediately
killing nearly 3,000 and ultimately killing 15,000+ people.
1986: Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine exploded. 4,000 immediate deaths,
estimated 30,000+ deaths ultimately.
1987: Montreal Protocol was signed, requiring nations to reduce CFC emissions.
1988: UN forms the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
1989: Exxon Valdez runs aground and spills 10.8 million gallons of crude oil into
Alaska’s Prudhoe Bay.
NIMBY (Not in My Backyard)

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1990s
1992: Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Focused on global warming and global economics.
Green awareness became widespread in developed
nations.
Green Party gains power in
Europe. Ecotourism thrives.

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Environmentalism Today
2002: Earth Summit in Johannesburg
Kyoto Protocol became a legal requirement in 2005.
In recent years, the environmental movement has increasingly focused on global warming
as
one of the top issues.

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 UNITED NATIONS
CONFERENCE ON
HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
(1972)
Introduction
United Nations Conference on
the Human Environment
(UNCHE) held in Stockholm,
Sweden from June 5 to June 16,
1972.
Representatives from 113
countries
 19 Intergovernmental
agencies
 400 IGOs and NGOs

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Outcome of
Conference
 Establishment of UNEP (UN Environmental Programme)
 Establishment of an Environmental Fund
Declaration of UN Conference on Human Environment (containing
26 principles)
 An Action Plan (109 recommendations)
 A Resolution

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Agenda of
UNCHE
 Emphasizing on defending and improving the environment

 Indicating “industrialized” environmental problems

 Promoting underdeveloped countries

Developing set of recommendations that governments communicate

about environmental issues

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Stockholm
Declaration
It is including 26 principles concerning the environment and development; an Action Plan
with
109 recommendations and a Resolution
Principles of Stockholm Declaration are:
 Maintaining human rights
 Safeguarding natural resources
 Maintaining of earth’s capacity to renew resources
 Safeguarding wildlife
 Sharing of non-renewable resources without exhausting
 Pollution must not be exceeded

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Principles of Stockholm
Declaration
 Preventing oceanic pollution
 Promoting the development
 Providing assistance to developing countries
 Providing subsidy to developing countries
 Environment policy must not hamper development
 Assisting developing countries to develop environmental
safeguards
 Integrated development planning is needed
 Resolving conflicts between environment and development
 Planning of human settlement

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Principles of Stockholm
Declaration
 Planning of pollution policies by governments
 Planning of development of state’s natural resources
 Using science & technology to improve the environment
 Environmental education is essential
 Promoting environmental research
 Exploitation of state’s resources without endangering
others
 Compensation is due to states thus endangered
 Each nation must establish its own standards

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Principles of Stockholm
Declaration
 There must be cooperation on international issues
 International organizations should help to improve the
environment
 Weapons of mass destruction must be eliminated

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United Nation’s Environment
Programme (UNEP)
UNEP established after UNCHE
UNEP work consists of:
 Assessing global, regional, national environmental conditions and
trends
 Developing international agreements and national environmental
instruments
 Strengthening institutions for the wise management of the
environment
 Integrating economic development and environmental protection
 Facilitating with modern technology
 Encouraging new partnerships and mind-sets

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Results of UNEP Activities
 Enhancing environmental protection
 Periodic assessment and supporting decision making on environmental threats

Supporting effective responses to environmental threats and incorporating

environmental considerations into the sustainable development process
 More effective coordination of environmental matters within the UN system

Greater awareness and capacity for environmental management among

governments, the private sector and civil society

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2
Global Environmental
Challenges

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Brundtland Report,1987: Our Common
Future

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 Histor
y
Conservation of Nature
 The 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment
 The leaders of our world realized that we needed to create an organization whose
 The World Conservation Strategy of the International Union for
sole purpose was to raise awareness of the need for sustainable development
1980 the
 During this time period, people in developed countries were starting to become
more aware about environmental issues stemming from industrialization and
growth
 (RACHEL CARSON'S SILENT SPRING)

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 Evolutio
 n
Developed countries wanted to reduce the environmental impact of their growth

 On the other hand, developing countries were becoming discouraged because they were
not at and could not reach the higher levels of economic growth that industrialized
countries had.

 Because of this need for growth, developing countries were desperate to use cheap
methods with high environmental impact and unethical labour practices in their push to
industrialize

 The United Nations saw a growing need for an organization to address these
environmental challenges which were intertwined with economic and social conditions as
well

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 Birt
 h
To rally countries to work and pursue sustainable development together, the UN decided to
establish a Commission

 In December 1983 , the Secretary General of the United Nations, Javier Perez de Cuellar,
asked
the Prime Minister of Norway, Gro Harlem Brundtland,
 to create an organization independent of the UN to focus on environmental and
developmental
problems and solutions

 ]This new organization was the Brundtland Commission, or more formally, the World Commission
on Environment and Development (WCED). The Brundtland Commission was first headed by Gro
Harlem Brundtland as Chairman and Mansour Khalid as Vice-Chairman
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Mandate of the
Commission
Examining Environmental issues to propose realistic actions
Strengthening international cooperation on environment and development to propose intended
changes
Raising level of understanding on the part of individuals, businesses, governments etc.

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Our Common Future:
Review

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First
Revol
Environment and Human actions are inseparable

ution
Urgent need:of sustainable development for underdeveloped populations to reduce poverty,
inequality, environmental degradation etc.
Invent
Defining global agendas
ion of
Susta
inable

Devel
opme
nt 10
Seco
nd
International cooperation in the field of sustainable development

Revol
Need of coordinated political actions

ution:
Earth Summit, 1992 which lead to Kyoto Protocol 1997

The
Re-
invent
ion of
Multil
aterali
sm 11
Third
Revol
Addressing environment and economic development
ution:
Triple Bottom Line (3BL) i-e People, Planet and Profit by John Elkington, 1994 in
Invent
Brundtland Report

ion of
Corpo
rate
Social

Resp
onsibi 12
Organization of the Report
Part I. Common Concerns
1. A Threatened Future
2. Towards Sustainable Development
3. The Role of the International Economy

Part II. Common Challenges

4. Population and Human Resources
5. Food Security: Sustaining the Potential
6. Species and Ecosystems: Resources for Development
7. Energy: Choices for Environment and Development
8. Industry: Producing More With Less

9. Part III. Common Endeavours

10. Managing The Commons
11. Peace, Security, Development, and the Environment
12. Towards Common Action: Proposals For Institutional and Legal Change

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2
Introduction
Agenda 21 is an environmental action plan
Not legally binding
Major document of Rio
Dealing with resource degradation and aid
to the developing world

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Structure and
Contents

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 Objectives of Agenda
1.21
Sustainable Development
2. Elimination of Poverty
3. Management of Chemicals and Wastes

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 Contentious Issues Not Agreed
Upon
Desertification
Implementation and Finances of Agenda 21
Population Issue
Implementation Hierarchy

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Agenda 21 Tackles Social and Environmental
Problems
including:
Air pollution
Deforestation
Biodiversity loss
Health
Overpopulation
Poverty
Energy consumption

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 WORLD SUMMIT ON
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT (WSSD)2002

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World Summit on Sustainable
Development (WSSD)2002

4
9
What is Sustainable
Development?

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0
Objectives of
Summit

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Johannesburg
Declaration
Plan of Specific goals for nations and organization include:
 A deadline of 2020 to achieve the use and production of chemicals in ways that lead to minimization of
significant adverse effects on human health and the environment.
 The establishment of a solidarity fund to wipe out poverty, developed nations are urged to dedicate
0.7% of their national income to this cause.
 Cutting in half by 2015 the proportion of the world’s population living on less than a dollar a day.

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 Good governance
Poverty

Water quality and Technology

availability

Agenda of the summit

Oceans and Fisheries
Cleaner energy

Health Production and Consumption

Terrorism

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Outcome of the
Summit
Water and Sanitation: Government agreed to halve the number of people lacking clean drinking
water and basic sanitation by 2015

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Energy: Government Agreed to Take Action to Help
the Poor Gain Access to Affordable Energy

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Global Warming
Russia and some other nations announced they would
ratify the Kyoto Protocol. This was seen as positive because
earlier some had implied that they might not

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Biodiversity : Nations agreed that by 2010, the rate at which extinctions
of rare plants and animals are occurring should be cut.
Commitment to restore fisheries to their maximum sustainable yields by 2015. To
establish a representative network of marine protected areas by 2012.

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Biodiversity and Natural
Resources
Nations agreed that by 2010, the rate at which extinctions of rare plants and animals are
occurring should be cut.
Commitment to restore fisheries to their maximum sustainable yields by 2015.
To establish a representative network of marine protected areas by 2012.

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14
 Trade/Global Economic Related Issues
 WTO wordage changed Specified that environment shouldn’t be secondary to trade, which is a
positive development.

 Health : Agreement that recognition that access to healthcare be consistent with human rights,
and “cultural and religious values”.
 Countries agreed to phase out, by 2020, the use and production of chemicals that harm human
health and the environment.

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Corpo
ratewas recognition that corporate accountability must be increased.
There

Acco was placed on the agenda.

According to The World Development Movement, First time Proper regulation of multinational
companies

untabi
lity

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17
Agricultural
Revolution
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 Agricultural
Revolution
An agricultural revolution or agrarian revolution is a period of transition from
 The pre-agricultural period characterized by a Paleolithic diet,
 Into an agricultural period characterized by a diet of cultivated foods;
Or a further transition from a living form of agriculture into a more advanced and more productive form
of agriculture, resulting in further social changes.

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5
6
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5
Green
Revolution
Major Developments and
Innovations
 Crop rotation
 Ploughing
 Enclosures
 Intensive Farming
 Market development
 Selective breeding

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
AGRICULTURAL
REVOLUTION

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Impacts
 Deforestation
 Climate Change
 Genetic Engineering
 Irrigation
 Environmental Impact of
Pesticides and Fertilizers
 Soil Degradation
 Particoloured

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 Impac
ts
Eutrophication
Loss of Natural Habitat/ Biodiversity
Greenhouse gas emissions
Dependence on non-renewable
resources

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11
The Industrial
Revolution
Today, most historians agree that the Industrial Revolution was a turning point in the history of
the world. It changed the Western world from a rural and agrarian society to an urban and
industrial society

2
 How It
Began…
It began in Britain ?
in 1700s
Use of Machinery led to Mass Production
Which led to numerous environmental hazards
Industrial Revolution changed the relation between the humans and their
environment

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4
5
resource stress Air pollution

Impacts Of
Industrial
population Water pollution
change Revolution On
Environment
urbanization Wild life extinction

Global warming
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Resource
Stress
for more production more resources required e.g.: deforestation

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 Population
Change
Due to advancement in medicine and Improvement in living
standards Human population explosion took place.
In 1700s human population was 700 million (57% growth)
In 1800 it reaches 1 billion

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Urbanization
Industrialization replaced human capital as a
result
Farmers migrated to cities to earn livelihood.
New houses were built quickly and cheaply.
Cities became rapid growing industrial towns

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Global Warming
Global warming and its direct effect,
The climate change ,which demands
much of the efforts of the
international scientific community to
study and control because, they say, it
threatens the future of humanity.

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 Air
Polluti
In 1873 in London killer fog killed 1150 people n just 3 days.
From severe air pollution from burning of coal.
on

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MDGS &
SDGS

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4
8
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Definition
The Millennium development Goals(MDGs) are 8 international development goals, 18 Targets &
48 Indicators that were established by the UN in 2000,following the adoption of the UN
Millennium Declaration. It was stated from 1990 and will be complete in 2015.Its duration was
15 years.

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6
5
Backgroun
dGeneral
Preparation for the 2000 Millennium Summit launched with the report of the Secretary

entitled,
"We the people: The role of the UN in the 21st century”
Additional input was prepared by the Millennium Forum, which brought together
representatives of over 1,000 non-governmental and civil society organization from more
than 100 countries. The Forum met in May to conclude a 2-year consultation process
covering issues such as poverty eradication, environmental protection, human rights and
protection of vulnerable.

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Human Capital, Infrastructure &
Human Rights
The MDGs emphasized 3 areas:
1 Human capital
2 infrastructure
3 human rights(social , economic & political)

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90
91
92
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94
POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA

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Sustainable Development Goals
(SDG) A Major Achievement

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as proposed by the OWG
Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture

Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Goal 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all
Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all
Goal 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all

Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation

Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries

Goal 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development

Goal 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land
degradation, and halt biodiversity loss

Goal 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels
Goal 17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

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 Why
do
Zero Goals
We
Universal Goals
Need
More Comprehensive Goals
Distinguishing Hunger and Poverty
Anoth
er Set
of
Goals
? 16
 Why
do
Funding
We
Peace Building
Need
Data Revolution
Quality Education
Anoth
er Set
of
Goals
? 99
How were the Goals
Chosen?
The UN has conducted the largest consultation programme in its history
Establishing post-2015 goals was an outcome of the Rio+20 summit in 2012
The open working group, with representatives from 70 countries, had its first meeting in March
2013

“global conversations”
This included 11 thematic and 83 national consultations

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0
When the winds of
change blow, some
people build walls and
others build
windmills

(Chinese
proverb) 10
1