Lecture 2

1
ENVIRONMENT &
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 3

Environment
“ Environment means the surroundings. Land, water, plants, animals, solid wastes and
other
things that are surrounding us make our environment”

4
 Sustainable Development
 Sustainable development is a process for meeting human development goals while sustaining the ability of
natural systems to continue to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the
economy and society depends.
5
Dimension of Sustainable Development

6
1. Economic
Sustainability
Seeks to maximize the flow of income that could be generated while at least maintaining the
stock of assets which yield this income.
Economic efficiency plays a key role in ensuring optimal consumption and production.

7
2. Social
Sustainability
Social sustainability is based on the concept that a decision or project promotes the betterment
of society. In general, future generations should have the same or greater quality of life benefits
as the current generation do.

8
3. Environmental
Sustainability
Environmental sustainability means that we are living within our natural resources. To live in
true environmental sustainability we need to ensure that we are consuming our natural
resources, such as materials, energy fuels, land, water…etc, at a sustainable rate.

9
Important Measures for Sustainable
Development
Resource
utilization as per
Technolog carrying capacity
y
Improving quality
of life including
social, cultural and
Reduce, Reuse and economic
Recycle Approach dimensions

Promoting
environmenta
l education
and
awareness

10
 Characteristics of Sustainable
Development
Attempts to minimize green house gases, reduces global warming and preserves environmental
resources
It emphases green architecture and eco-friendly building practices.
Use of natural, biodegradable building material
Protection of natural habitat
Planned replacement for any resources used
Emphasis on renewable resources like wind and solar
Non-polluting construction practices and industries

11
Issues in Sustainable
Development
1- Population Growth
One of the major issues in Pakistan. The total population was last recorded at 188.2 million
people in 2014 from 45.9 million in1960, effecting an increase of 310 percent during the last 54
years.
Need for resource usage increases resulting in unsustainable future.

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13
Population Growth
Impacts
Food Supply

UN Food and Agriculture Organization found that the population in 64 out of 105 developing
countries has increased faster than the availability of food supplies.
Water

Water shortages = food shortages

Global climate change

Biodiversity

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Some More Consequences of Population Explosion:
 Depletion of resources
 Competition for food and space
 Psychological stress
 Pollution of the environment
 Large-scale unemployment

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2-
Poverty
General scarcity or death, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material
possessions or money.

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 Impacts of Poverty on
Environment
Degraded rural environment
Leads to deforestation
Often confines poor people in rural
areas to marginal lands

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 What Needs to be
Done?
Promote decrease in the population growth rate.
Invest in additional employment opportunities.
Improve standard of living.
Increase in economic development.
Initiate family planning programmes.

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BIODIVERSITY

LOSS &
CONSERVATION
What is
Biodiversity
“Variety of living beings on earth” or “Degree of variation of life” is Biodiversity.
It includes micro-organism, plants, animals and ecosystems such as coral reefs, forests,
rainforests and deserts etc.

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Elements of
Biodiversity
Genetic

diversit
y
Eco-
system Species
diversit Diversit
y y

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 Elements
of
biodiversit
y
22
1- Genetic
Diversity

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2- Ecosystem
Biodiversity

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3- Species
Diversity

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Measurement of
Biodiversity

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Hotspots of
BiodiversityMega diversity zones are also referred as hotspots

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 Importance of
1.Biodiversity
Maintaining balance of ecosystem/providing ecosystem services
2. Climate stability
3. Medicinal value
4. Social benefits
5. Bio-diversity and industry
6. Bio-diversity and food

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 Causes of Loss of
1.Biodiversity
Alteration and loss of the habitats
2. Introduction of exotic species and genetically modified organisms
3. Pollution
4. Climate Change
5. Overexploitation of Resources
6. Alterations in ecosystem composition
7. Environmental degradation

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"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 30
 Causes


Continue…
Filling-up of wetlands
Conversion of rich biodiversity site for human settlement and


Shifting cultivation
Urbanization
industrial development  Tourism business

 Destruction of coastal areas  Illegal trade

 Uncontrolled commercial exploitation  Soil degradation and erosion

 Fragmentation  Diminishing green cover

 Populations can be adversely affected by introduction of non-native  Mining for ores

predators and competitors  Greed vs. need

 Disease-producing organisms play an important adversary in reducing  Infrastructure development (Roads, river valley projects)
populations of endemic species.

 Poaching  Exploitation of timber and non-timber forest production

 Man-wildlife conflicts  Loss of land fertility

 Overgrazing  De-vegetation

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32
 Impacts of Biodiversity
Loss
Biodiversity loss affects regulating services that regulate ecosystem processes, climate, floods,
disease and water equality.
The preservation of the number, types and relative abundance of resident species can enhance
resistance of a wide range of natural and semi-natural ecosystems against invasive species.
There have been worldwide declines in the diversity of pollinating insects that are essential for
the reproduction of many plants.

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 Impacts
Continue…
Biodiversity, in particular the diversity of plant forms and the distribution of landscape patches,
influences climate at local, regional and global scales. Thus changes in land use and land cover
that affect biodiversity can, in turn, affect climate.
Some components of biodiversity affect carbon sequestration and thus are important in
fighting
climate change.
The ecosystem's ability to control pests is strongly dependent on biodiversity , it further benefits
food security, rural households, and national income of many countries.

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35
IUCN Red
List

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 Biodiversity
Conservation
In-Situ Conservation
Ex-Situ Conservation

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In-Situ Conservation
 National Parks
 Wildlife Sanctuaries
 Biosphere Reserves

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Protected Areas in
Pakistan

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 1- National
Parks
 An area which is strictly reserved for the betterment of the wildlife
 Well marked boundaries .
 Usually small reserves spreading in an area of 100 Square Kilometer to 500 Square Kilometer.
Following are the major National Parks of Pakistan :
• Hingol National Park
• Kirthar National Park
• Lal Suhanra National Park
• Margalla Hills National Park
• Ayubia National Park
Deosai National Park
Khunjerab National
Park

40
 2- Wildlife
Sanctuaries
Area reserved for the conservation of only animals and human activities like
 harvesting of timber,
 collecting minor forest products and
 private ownership rights
Boundaries of sanctuaries are not well defined, and controlled biotic interference is permitted,
e.g. tourist activity.

41
3- Biosphere
Reserves
Special category of protected areas where human population also forms a part of the system.
They are large protected areas of usually more than 5000 Square Kilometer. A biosphere reserve
has 3 parts—Core, Buffer and Transition Zone.

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43
 Advantages of In-Situ
Conservation
The flora and fauna live in Natural Habitats without human interference.
The life cycles of the organisms and their Evolution Progress in a natural way.
In-situ conservation provides the required Green Cover and its associated benefits to our
environment.
It is Less Expensive and easy to manage.
The interests of the indigenous people are also protected.

44
 Disadvantages of In-Situ
Conservation
Demographic uncertainty resulting from random events in the survival and reproduction of
individuals.
Environmental uncertainty due to random, or at least unpredictable, changes in weather, food
supply, and the populations of competitors, predators, parasites, etc.
Natural catastrophes such as floods, fires, or droughts, which may occur at random intervals.
Genetic uncertainty or random changes in genetic makeup due to genetic drift or inbreeding
that alter the survival and reproductive probabilities of individual.

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Ex-Situ
Conservatio
n
Method
s1. Seed Gene Bank
2. Cryopreservation
3. Tissue culture bank
4. Long term captive breeding
5. Botanical gardens
6. Animal translocation
7. Zoological gardens

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Advantages
It is useful for declining population of species.
Endangered animals on the verge of extinction are successfully bred.
Threatened species are bred in captivity and then released in the natural habitats.
Ex-situ centers offer the possibilities of observing wild animals, which is otherwise not possible.
It is extremely useful for conducting research and scientific work on different species.

47
Disadvantages
Captive animals may lose their knowledge of the
natural environment.
Representation of limited portion of the gene
pool of the species.
Require a regular supply of resources, funds and
institutional support etc. Any interruption in
the course of this effort may result into
considerable losses.
Usually concentrated in one or few places. There
are possibilities that the entire population of
endangered species may be wiped out in a single
stroke of natural calamity or catastrophe, such as
a war, caused by man.
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 In-Situ Conservation Ex-Situ Conservation

It is conservation of endangered species in their natural It is conservation of endangered species outside their
habitats natural habitats.

The endangered species are protected from predators. The endangered species are protected from all adverse
factors.

The depleting resources are augmented. They are kept under human supervision and provided
all the essentials.

The population recovers in natural environment. Offspring produced in captive breeding are released in
natural habitat for acclimatization.

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50
3. Energy
Security
Definition:
“The uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable prices”.
(IEA)

5
1
Energy Security- A Growing
Issue
Major Challenges:
Conservation of wastage of energy resources
To bring a system that is environment-friendly
To over come the energy shortage

5
2
 How to Achieve Energy
Security
Sustainable Energy?
System
Energy Conservation
IEA and its Role

5
3
A) Sustainable Energy
System
It servers the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their needs
Sustainable energy focuses on renewable
energy resources and energy efficiency.

5
4
Renewable Energy
Resources
Inexhaustible or non deplete-able energy
resources for example:
Sunlight
Water
Wind
Geothermal
Biomass
Waves
Tides

5
5
Geothermal
Energy
Thermal energy is a energy generated and stored in the earth

5
6
Solar
Power
8
Wind
Mills
58
Hydro Electric
Source
59
Biogas

60
Tidal Power

61
Wave Energy

62
Bio
Fuel
63
Hydrogen Energy
64
 B- Energy
Conservation
Energy conservation means to reduce the quantity of energy that is used for different purposes
which may result in increase of financial capital, environmental value, national and personal
security.

65
 How Can We Conserve
Energy?
1.Renewable options 2.Balance of 12.Turn engines off when not in use
energy mix 3.Avoiding loss of
energy 4.Sustainable transport
5.Reduse,reuse and recycle (3Rs)
6.Home improvements 7.Getting
around
8.Home heating and cooling 9.Home
appliances 10.Prefer public transport
11.Public awareness
13.Do not put appliances in standby
power 14.Embrace natural light
15.Government policies
16.Small investment that pay off
17.Other ways to Conserve Energy
18.Minimize use of outside lights.
19. Save energy by reducing use of
appliances
20.Insulate your house and keep it
cool or warm, 66
depending on the season.
 C- IEA and Its
Role
The international energy agency (founded in 1974) in an autonomous organization which
works to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and
beyond.

 It focuses on four main areas:

• Energy security
• Economic development
• Environmental awareness
• Engagement world wide

67
4. URBANIZATION
& SUSTAINABLE
CITIES

68
 Urbanization
Urbanization refers to general increase in population of cities or expansion of the cities either through
migration from rural areas to urban centers or through an increase in population of urban centers.
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 Sustainable
City
A sustainable city is a city designed with consideration of environmental impact, inhabited by people dedicated to minimization
of required inputs of energy, water and food, and waste output of heat, air pollution-CO2, methane, and water pollution

70
 Facts & Figures of
Urbanization
In 1800, only 2% of the world’s population was urbanized
In 1950, only 30% of the world population was urban.
In 2000, 47%. of the world population was urban
More than half of the world’s population will be living in urban areas by 2008
By 2030, it is expected that 60% of the world population will live in urban areas.
Almost 180,000 people are added to the urban population each day

71
Urbanization as a Key Challenge
to Sustainable Development
The survey produced by UN department of economic and social Affairs (DESA) examines three
key challenges to sustainable development:
Sustainable cities
Food security
Energy transformation

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GLOBAL TREND OF URBANIZATION

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74
Effects of Urbanization on
Environment

75
Impacts
Uncontrolled physical expansion
Liquid and solid waste disposal
Air pollution

76
Some other Particular Effects of
Urbanization
HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
CHANGE IN AIR QUALITY
CHANGE OF LAND COVER
POLLUTION(All Kinds)
IMPACTS ON BIO SPHERE

77
 Sustainable
Development
?Development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of
future generations to meet
their own needs is called
sustainable development.

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13
Sustainable
City
• SELF SUFFICIENT
• ABLE TO FEED ITSELF
WITH A SUSTAINABLE
RELIANCE ON
SURRONDING
COUTRYSIDE
• ABILITY TO PRODUCE
WITH RENEWABLE
ENERGY SOURCES

14
Principles of
Sustainability
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
GREEN TRANSPORT
CITY FOR PEOPLE NOT FOR CARS
AGRICULTURAL PLOTS IN SUBURBS
AVOIDING THE CREATION OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND
DEPENDENCE ON RECYCLED WATER
PREVENT POLLUTION AND REDUCE WASTE
PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY
REUSE AND RECYCLE AT LEAST 60% WASTE

81
 STRATEGIES FOR
SUSTAINABLE CITIES

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 Eco-industrial
Park
An eco-industrial park (EIP) is an industrial park in which businesses cooperate with each other and with the local community in
an attempt to reduce waste and pollution, efficiently share resources (such as information, materials, water, energy,
infrastructure, and natural resources), and help achieve sustainable development.
83
 Zero-
energy
Buildings
A zero-energy building,
is a building with zero
net energy
consumption, meaning
the total amount of
energy used by the
building on an annual
basis is roughly equal to
the amount of
renewable energy
created on the site

18
Sustainable Transport
Systems
TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
GREEN TRANSPORT
PUBLIC TRANSPORT

85
"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS......AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 86
Cluster Development-Vertical Growth
Concept

87
 Sustainable
Drainage
System
Techniques of SuDS
Source control
Permeable paving
such as
pervious concrete
Rainwater
harvesting
Storm water
inflation

88
 Urban
Urban agriculture is the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a village, town, or city.
Farming
Urban agriculture can also involve,
animal husbandry, aquaculture,
agroforestry,
Urban beekeeping 23
Rainwater
Harvesting 90
Green
Roofs
91
 Xeriscaping
It is landscaping and
gardening that
reduces or
eliminates the need
for supplemental
water from
irrigation.

26
Suggestions
Develop a sustainability framework with a series
of indicators and targets to measure progress
Vastly improve city planning
Transit oriented developments
Increase funding for public transport
Find ways to increase energy and water
efficiency
Zero carbon developments
Engage in more effective government, industry
and community collaboration
93
Suggestions
Solutions to decrease urban sprawl, by seeking new ways of allowing people to live closer to the
workplace
Renewable energy sources
Optimal building density to make public transport viable but avoid creation of urban heat island
Energy conservation systems/devices

94
CARRYING CAPACITY
“AN ENVIRONMENT CARRYING CAPACITY
IS ITS MAXIMUM
PERSISTENTLY SUPPORTABLE
LOAD” 95
Determinants of Carrying Capacity
The technologies available
Our efficiency in the use of resources
The acceptable standard of living
The size of the population
The amount of resources available in the
ecosystem
The amount of resources each individual is
consuming

96
Determinants of the Carrying Capacity of
a Community
Equally important to community sustainability is living with in the carrying capacity of the
community’s human, social and built capital.
For example:
1. A community that allows its children to be poorly educated, undernourished and poorly
house is eroding its human capital.
2. A community that allows that allows the quality of its social interaction to decline through
the lack of trust, respect, and tolerance is eroding its social capital.

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98
Carrying Capacity of Earth and
Human Beings
Carrying capacity of earth and human beings depend
upon standard of living that is acceptable for the
average human being.
Human carrying capacity has systematically changed
over time by a number of physical and biological
factors.

99
 How Many
People Can
Fit on Earth?

10
0
Factors Affecting Carrying Capacity of the
Earth
Biological factors
a. Death rate
b. Birth rate

Technological
advancement Physical factors
a. Green a.
revolution Deforestation
b. Industrial b. sanitation
revolution

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1
10
2
 FOOD SECURITY:
A GLOBAL
CONCERN

10
3
 Food
Security
“when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a
healthy and active life”.
 Food and Agriculture Organization, UN

 Food insecurity is a situation of limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and

safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable
ways“

 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

10
4
10
5
World Food Problems &
Environmental Concerns
Population growth
Poor agriculture practices
Degradation of agricultural lads
Loss of genetic diversity
And others----(Plz consult
book)

10
6
Four Pillars of Food
Security

10
7
 Causes Behind Food
Insecurity
The ‘financialisation’ of food
Market dominance of multinational agribusiness
& exports
Biofuels
Conflicts
Land grabbing
Natural disasters and climate change

10
8
Causes Behind Food
•Insecurity
Unfair trade rules
• Food wastage
• Population explosion
• Land use change
• Agricultural diseases
• Scarcity of water

10
9
Options to Achieve Food
Security
• Institutional support for farmers
• Trade related issues
• Protecting genetic diversity
• Conserving wild relatives of crop
plants

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0
 Options to Achieve Food
Security
Environmental friendly farming methods
Prevention of water ad land degradation
Population control
Changing food habits
Alternative food resources

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1
11
2
SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTUR
E
1
1
Introduction
FAO defines sustainable agriculture as the one which conserves land, water, and plant and
animal genetic resources, does not degrade the environment and is economically viable and
socially acceptable.

“The food gap…the impact of climate change on food production”

A 2020 Perspective

1
1
Sustainable
Agriculture
System of cultivation with the use of manure, crop rotation ,minimal tillage with minimum
dependence on
◦ Synthetic fertilizers
◦ Pesticides
◦ Antibiotics

1
1
Benefits of Sustainable
Agriculture

1
1
Benefit
s
Environmental
preservation

Sustainable
Protection of vibrant
public communities
health

11
7
Other
Benefits
Supports profitable production
Protects environmental quality
Uses natural resources efficiently
Provides consumers with affordable, high quality products
Decreases dependency on non-renewable resources
Enhances the quality of life of farmers

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8
Industrial Agriculture –
The Practice in Vogue

11
9
Industrial Agriculture –
Disadvantages
Increase in water borne disease of

Chemical
Loss of natural fertilityFertilizers
of the soil
Loss of organic matter from the soil
Threat to quality of dirking water

12
0
 Industrial Agriculture –
Disadvantages
Species ofare also killed.
which are not targeted
Pesticides
Pests develop resistance against pesticides after
some time.
Soil fertility reduced.
On short duration exposure cause
illness. On long duration exposure
cause cancer.

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1
METHODS OF SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE

12
2
1. Organic
Farming

HOR: IMRAN BASHIR(P

2. Bio
Fertilizers

12
4
3. Vermi-composing
Efficient technique for recycling of animal wastes, crop residue $ agro-industrial
waste.
Process of conversion of organic materials into manure is chiefly microbiological.
Earthworms are the best friend of gardeners.

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5
12
6
4. Integrated Pest
Management
IPM integrates sustainable practice for economic control of pests.
It is a careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration
of appropriate measures.

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7
5. Mixed
Cropping

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8
6. Crop
Rotation
Sustainable
seasons .
practice of growing series of different types of crops in same area in sequential

crop rotation gives various nutrients to soil, it also mitigates the build up of pathogens.

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9
7. Soil
Management
monocultur
e

"ENVIRONMEN HOR MR N B R MS)" 13

0
 8. Integrated Nutrient
Management
Judicious combination of organic, inorganic and bio fertilizers which replenishes the soil
nutrients which are removed by the crops is referred as Integrated Nutrient Management
system.

13
1
9. Reduce Soil
Erosion

terracing Reduce tillage

intercropping

Counter plowing Agroforestry

13
2
KEY CHALLENGES
TO SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE

13
3
 Key
Challenge Fast degradation of natural resources
Competition over natural resources
s Climate change
New threats from diseases

13
4
24
ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION
IT IS THE PROCESS OF ASSISTING THE RECOVERY OF AN
ECOSYSTEM THAT HAS BEEN DEGRADED, DAMAGED OR
DESTROYED.
1
3
1
3
4
Conservation Biology and Restoration
Ecology
Conservation biology often has organisms, but not entire ecosystems and their functions, as its
focus it towards a narrowed approach with limited aims.
Focuses
 Conservation biology has historically focused on target
individuals and has thus concentrated on genetic and
population level dynamics.

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9
 Theoretical
Foundations
DISTURBANCE:
Disturbance is a change of environmental conditions which interferes with
the functioning of a biological system.
SUCCESSION:
Ecological succession is a process by which the component species of the
community changes over time.
RESILIENCE:
A system that has experienced a more severe disturbance may require
restorative efforts. This ability to recover is called resilience.
Fragmentation

14
0
 Attributes of Restored
Ecosystems
The restored ecosystem contains a characteristic assemblage of the species that occurs in the
ecosystem
All functional group necessary for the continued development and stability of the restored
ecosystem are represented.
The restored ecosystem apparently functions for its ecological stage of development.
Potential threats of the restored ecosystem have been eliminated.
The restored ecosystem is self-sustaining to the same degree as its reference ecosystem.
The restored ecosystem apparently functions normally for its ecological matrix or landscape.

14
1
 Goals of
Restoration
To provide specified natural goods and services for social benefit in a sustainable manner
Restore ecosystem to provide habitat for rare species or to harbor a diverse gene pool for
selected species.
Provision aesthetic amenities

14
2
 Restoration and
Planning
A clear rationale as to why ecosystem is needed
A designation and description of the reference
A statement of the goals and objectives of the restoration project
An ecological description of the site designated for restoration
Strategies for long term protection
Well-developed and explicitly stated performance standards

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3
 Reasons to Restore an
Ecosystem
Mitigation climate change
Restoring natural capital
Aesthetic reasons
Helping threatened or endangered species

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4
 Problems with
Restoration
Many times uncertainty is not addressed
An ecosystem is so degraded that abundant may
be the wisest option
High economic cost may also be perceived as a
negative impact of the restoration process

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5
 ECOLOGICAL
FOOTPRINT
Lester Brown of the Earth Policy Institute
said:

"It would take 1.5 earths to sustain our present level of

consumption. Environmentally, the world is in an
overshoot mode."

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6
Ecological
Footprint
The Ecological Footprint measures

it consumes and
absorbs the
carbon dioxide
emissions
amount of biologically
productive land and sea area
an individual, a region, all of
humanity or a human activity compares this
requires to produce the measurement to
resources how much land
and sea area is
available

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7
Definition
Ecological Footprint is the amount of resources needed by an individual to survive by inputting a
wide range of data. Scientists have calculated the current human population’s ecological
footprint as equal to 1.5 earths.

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8
Ecological
Deficit
An
and
area’s ecological footprint is larger than the biological capacity to replenish its resources,

absorb the resulting waste and pollution, it is called ‘Ecological Deficit’.

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9
Components of Ecological
Footprint

15
0
Component 1

Biologically Productive
Land Area

15
1
Component 2

Bio-
capacity

15
2
Component 3

Global
Hectare

15
3
Component 4

Ecological
Overshoot

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4
Measuring of Ecological
FootprintCountry Population
1997
Footprint
(ha/cap)
Available
capacity
(ha/cap)
Deficit
(ha/cap)
Total
footprint
(km2)
Total
capacity
(km2)

India 970,230,000 0.8 0.5 -0.3 7,761,840 4,851,150

China 1,247,315,000 1.2 0.8 -0.4 14,967,780 9,978,520

Peru 24,791,000 1.6 7.7 6.1 395,056 1,901,207

France 58,433,000 4.1 4.2 0.1 2,395,753 2,454,186

Germany 81,845,000 5.3 1.9 -3.4 4,337,785 1,555,055

Canada 30,101,000 7.7 9.6 1.9 2,317,777 2,889,696

United States 268,198,000 10.3 6.7 -3.6 27,623,467 17,968,663

World 5,892,480,000 2.8 2.1 -0.7

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Measuring of Ecological
Footprint
WWF’s Living Planet Report 2014:
Global ecological footprint 18.1 billion gha
Earth’s total bio-capacity 12 billion gha
This means that the Earth’s people needed 18 billion hectares of productive land
in order to provide each and every person with the resources they required to
support their lifestyle and to absorb the wastes they produced.

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Calculating Ecological
Footprint

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1. The Ecological Footprint of a
Person
Amount of material consumed by that person (tonnes per year)
Ecological foot print= - - - --
Yield of the specific land or sea area (annual tonnes per
hectare)

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2. The Ecological Footprint of an
Activity

Calculated by summing the Ecological Footprint of all of the material consumed and CO2 emitted
during that activity

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3. Ecological Footprint and Carrying
Capacity
Carrying capacity a technical term refers to the maximum population of a species
Ecological Footprint accounts approach the carrying capacity question from a different angle

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 Benefits of Ecological
Footprint
1.
The Footprint tracks current human demand on
nature
2.
3. Ecological Footprint neither pro- nor anti-
The
trade
4. Footprint and bio-capacity results shows how
The
the technology impacts resource
flows
Footprint assessments are historical rather than
predictive, and make no judgement
about the value of technologies

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Ways to Reduce the Ecological
Footprint

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